WEBVTT - The Anarchists of Chile feat. Andrew 0:00:01.720 --> 0:00:05.200 Cozon Media. 0:00:05.400 --> 0:00:06.880 Welcome to it could happen here. 0:00:07.040 --> 0:00:10.080 I'm Andrew Sage of the YouTube channel Andrewism, and I'm 0:00:10.119 --> 0:00:13.480 excited to discuss yet another facet of anarchist history from 0:00:13.480 --> 0:00:16.119 another part of the world. This time we're taking a 0:00:16.120 --> 0:00:19.119 look at the history of anarchism in Chile. In my 0:00:19.160 --> 0:00:22.920 discussion of Peruvian anarchist cyindicalism, I mentioned the cross border 0:00:23.000 --> 0:00:28.560 contacts between Peruvian and Chilean syndicalists, particularly of the IWW variety. 0:00:29.320 --> 0:00:31.760 So what else were they doing in that time? Howid's 0:00:31.760 --> 0:00:36.800 syndicalism gets started in Chile, let's find out. All credit 0:00:36.920 --> 0:00:39.440 due to the work of Larry and Bone's anarchism in Chile, 0:00:39.840 --> 0:00:43.560 and especially Jose Antonio Quterres Danton's eighteen seventy two to 0:00:43.640 --> 0:00:49.880 nineteen ninety five anarchism in Chile without father Ado nos Coomensimos. 0:00:50.560 --> 0:00:53.040 During the French Revolution of eighteen forty eight that founded 0:00:53.040 --> 0:00:55.320 the French Second Republic, which was part of the so 0:00:55.480 --> 0:00:58.880 called Springtime of the People's where revolutions swept through Europe, 0:00:59.280 --> 0:01:03.280 two notable figures of Chilean and liberal revolutionary history happened 0:01:03.280 --> 0:01:06.800 to be at Paris at the time Santiago Arcos and 0:01:06.840 --> 0:01:11.399 Francisco Bilbao. Santiago Arcos was a Chilean liberal who lived 0:01:11.400 --> 0:01:14.280 in exile in Paris because of his father's involvement with 0:01:14.319 --> 0:01:18.080 the independence government. There, he rubbed shoulders with French socialists 0:01:18.120 --> 0:01:22.120 and liberals alike and also met Francisco Bilbao. Upon his 0:01:22.160 --> 0:01:25.039 families were two into Chile, they tried and failed to 0:01:25.080 --> 0:01:28.040 start a bank due to government pressure, so his father 0:01:28.200 --> 0:01:31.480 returned Europe, but Arcos stayed in Chile, and after his 0:01:31.560 --> 0:01:34.319 father died he got a hefty inheritance and would go 0:01:34.360 --> 0:01:37.200 on to take part in various struggles around Latin America. 0:01:38.080 --> 0:01:42.240 Arcos also famously wrote Frontiers and Indians, A Question of 0:01:42.280 --> 0:01:45.680 Indians and which he advocated for killing off of the 0:01:45.680 --> 0:01:48.560 indigenous people because it was cheaper than maintain the garrison 0:01:48.600 --> 0:01:51.680 to protect the settlers from attacks. Bit of a record 0:01:51.720 --> 0:01:57.920 scratch movement, but unfortunately typical of the time. Francisco Bilbao 0:01:58.160 --> 0:02:01.400 was another Chilean liberal who lived in Paris. Prior to 0:02:01.440 --> 0:02:05.320 his migration, he published a rather controversial article to Chilean 0:02:05.400 --> 0:02:09.760 sociability Las Sosiability dad Chilena, which was condemned by Chilean 0:02:09.800 --> 0:02:13.000 authorities as blasphemous and immoral for its critique to the 0:02:13.080 --> 0:02:17.000 Church and state. After his condemnation, he moved to Peru, 0:02:17.360 --> 0:02:20.560 where he was condemned for criticizing the Peruvian president. So 0:02:20.600 --> 0:02:23.640 he left for Paris, and in Paris he met Racos 0:02:23.760 --> 0:02:27.240 and upon their returned to Chile. Together, Arcos and Bilbau 0:02:27.360 --> 0:02:30.400 founded Las sosier Dad de la igual Dad or the 0:02:30.400 --> 0:02:35.960 Equality Society, which was marginally influenced by mutualist thought. You see. 0:02:36.360 --> 0:02:40.560 Anarchism thus came to Chile by way of the mutualist strain. Unfortunately, 0:02:40.639 --> 0:02:43.520 it was quickly suppressed by the conservative government, but not 0:02:43.600 --> 0:02:46.880 before the establishment of the country's first mutual aid society 0:02:47.240 --> 0:02:51.120 of as many of one hundred artisans. Those artisans would 0:02:51.120 --> 0:02:54.280 take part in the eighteen fifty one Chilean Revolution against 0:02:54.280 --> 0:02:59.480 the Conservative government, which unfortunately didn't succeed. After the feeling 0:02:59.520 --> 0:03:02.600 of the revolution, the conservative government began a program of 0:03:02.639 --> 0:03:07.400 political persecution against the instigators of the uprisings, which included 0:03:07.480 --> 0:03:12.840 arrests and deportations. Bilbao and Arcos were among those exiled. 0:03:13.639 --> 0:03:15.919 Other mutual lid societies were formed in the late eighteen 0:03:15.960 --> 0:03:21.280 fifties as mutualism was caden influence among artisans like printmakers, shoemakers, 0:03:21.320 --> 0:03:24.720 and tailors. In eighteen sixty two, the Mutual Aid Society 0:03:24.760 --> 0:03:27.639 La Union was founded as a general mutual for all 0:03:27.720 --> 0:03:31.440 artists of all trades in Santiago and offered both workshops 0:03:31.480 --> 0:03:35.240 and medical services, and established a school for artisans and 0:03:35.320 --> 0:03:38.920 their children. By the early eighteen sixties, there were some 0:03:39.040 --> 0:03:44.240 seventy cooperatives, both consumer and producer. By eighteen seventy there 0:03:44.240 --> 0:03:47.600 were thirteen neutrals which served alleviate misery. In spite of 0:03:47.600 --> 0:03:52.320 the economic depression. La Union branched out over a dozen cities, 0:03:52.880 --> 0:03:56.920 and in addition to education, health and welfare, it formed 0:03:56.920 --> 0:04:00.400 a philharmonic society. So why do you think they orcs 0:04:00.440 --> 0:04:04.600 became influential. It's probably because they were practicing what they preached, 0:04:04.920 --> 0:04:07.800 showing the proof of concept of their ideas through practical 0:04:07.840 --> 0:04:12.920 application of the principles of liberty, mutuality, solidarity and self education. 0:04:13.920 --> 0:04:16.680 In eighteen seventy two, the Chilean section of the International 0:04:16.680 --> 0:04:20.360 Workingmen's Association was established in Valparaiso, which is a major 0:04:20.400 --> 0:04:23.800 coastal city in Chile. Eighteen seventy two was also the 0:04:23.880 --> 0:04:26.640 year the anarchists were kicked out of the International, so 0:04:26.680 --> 0:04:29.440 the Chilean section didn't last too long, but it did 0:04:29.480 --> 0:04:33.440 plant to see libertarian ideas were spreading, particularly among the 0:04:33.520 --> 0:04:34.599 nitrate miners. 0:04:35.080 --> 0:04:36.400 Keep that in mind for later. 0:04:37.440 --> 0:04:40.040 Then boom eighteen seventy nine, Chile goes to war with 0:04:40.120 --> 0:04:45.120 Bolivia and Peru and actually wins, which makes Bolivia landlocked, 0:04:45.160 --> 0:04:47.080 and that's why it's still land ocked to this day. 0:04:47.960 --> 0:04:51.240 The war profited the Chilean and English nitrate mind bosses 0:04:51.600 --> 0:04:55.240 and the Chilean state, but of course the workers themselves suffered. 0:04:56.000 --> 0:04:59.000 By eighteen eighty there were thirty nine mutual a societies 0:04:59.040 --> 0:05:03.200 responding to those needs after the war. In eighteen eighty seven, 0:05:03.640 --> 0:05:07.520 the Union Republicana del Pueblo or People's Republican Union was 0:05:07.560 --> 0:05:10.040 formed with an anarchist platform. 0:05:10.440 --> 0:05:13.000 Not long after, with a series of strikes by rail. 0:05:12.920 --> 0:05:16.520 Workers, miners and others, the workers launched the first national 0:05:16.520 --> 0:05:20.120 general strike in eighteen ninety and it was brutally crushed 0:05:20.600 --> 0:05:23.760 and followed by further brutality as in eighteen ninety one. 0:05:24.080 --> 0:05:27.359 The President Bamasada tried to press through reforms against the 0:05:27.360 --> 0:05:30.640 wishes of both Congress and foreign capital interests, which. 0:05:30.600 --> 0:05:31.600 Led to a civil war. 0:05:31.960 --> 0:05:36.000 The workers suffered semur Semo and Bamasada was defeated and 0:05:36.040 --> 0:05:41.039 deposed and then committed suicide. Truly revolutionary anarchism came to 0:05:41.080 --> 0:05:44.120 Chile in the eighteen nineties through an anarchist immigrant from 0:05:44.160 --> 0:05:49.560 Spain named Manuel Chinchilla. Chilean anarchist Carlos Rquera was influenced 0:05:49.600 --> 0:05:52.799 by Chinchilla, and together they formed the Centro des Studio 0:05:52.880 --> 0:05:56.039 Socialists or Center for Social Studies in eighteen ninety two 0:05:56.400 --> 0:06:00.000 and published the paper El o Primido The Oppressed. Another 0:06:00.080 --> 0:06:03.240 group of anarchists from iri Centro Sociality, the Tarbajadores or 0:06:03.279 --> 0:06:06.400 Workers Social Center, founded the journal L three to dil 0:06:06.400 --> 0:06:10.520 Pueblo the People's Scream. Among the other societies and papers 0:06:10.520 --> 0:06:13.960 forming during this period included societ Dad, the Protecti al Trabajador, 0:06:14.080 --> 0:06:17.720 Imuto Apoyo, a Society for Workers Protection and mutual Aid, 0:06:18.080 --> 0:06:22.280 and El Proletario the Proletaria. In eighteen ninety four, the 0:06:22.360 --> 0:06:26.200 Chilean mutualists formed the Federacion de Trabahadores Chile or Workers 0:06:26.240 --> 0:06:30.359 Confederation the FTCH, which was the first national federation of 0:06:30.360 --> 0:06:33.880 workers in Chile and history. It wasn't all that radical 0:06:34.040 --> 0:06:37.120 outside the context of conservative government, that is, as it 0:06:37.240 --> 0:06:40.320 fought for social reform as well as the usual activities 0:06:40.360 --> 0:06:44.200 of education and health insurance. But it was influential. By 0:06:44.279 --> 0:06:48.360 nineteen twenty five it had more than one hundred thousand members. 0:06:49.120 --> 0:06:51.359 In eighteen ninety eight there was a general strike in 0:06:51.400 --> 0:06:54.760 the coastal city of Ikike, and new societies were formed, 0:06:54.760 --> 0:06:58.400 like Partido Obrero Francisco Bilbao, which became an anarchist group 0:06:58.400 --> 0:07:02.200 in eighteen ninety nine. Eastern societies were also formed for 0:07:02.400 --> 0:07:05.159 railway workers and carpenters, which should go on to play 0:07:05.160 --> 0:07:07.800 a major role in the Santiago general strike of nineteen 0:07:07.800 --> 0:07:12.640 oh seven. Magazines, as always were also founded, like La 0:07:12.760 --> 0:07:17.160 Tromba Irrabele and Latin Torture. We also got to see 0:07:17.160 --> 0:07:20.440 the full demonstrations against military service and the army in 0:07:20.480 --> 0:07:24.800 Chilean history, under the slogan the army is the academy 0:07:24.880 --> 0:07:28.960 of crime. From nineteen hundred to nineteen ten, anarchists were 0:07:29.000 --> 0:07:32.040 the best organized of all the radical groups, according to 0:07:32.120 --> 0:07:37.080 Larry Gombone, particularly in print making, bacon shoemaking, and the docks. 0:07:37.800 --> 0:07:42.280 In nineteen hundred, there were thirty resistant societies concentrated in 0:07:42.360 --> 0:07:47.800 central Chile. Among industrial workers. The resistant societies were decentralized, 0:07:48.160 --> 0:07:53.720 rotated positions, acted autonomously, and were active in strikes. By 0:07:53.800 --> 0:07:57.440 nineteen ten, there were four hundred and thirty three resistant 0:07:57.440 --> 0:08:02.680 societies for total membership of fifty five thousand. The YIR 0:08:02.760 --> 0:08:06.360 nineteen hundred also marked the establishment of man communales or 0:08:06.400 --> 0:08:10.160 brotherhoods within the mutualist movement, which fused the mutual aid 0:08:10.160 --> 0:08:15.160 societies were trade unions. The first man Cuminale organized Nikike, 0:08:15.640 --> 0:08:19.040 ballooned into a movement of six thousand members, which is 0:08:19.080 --> 0:08:22.240 the majority of the nitrade and maritime workers in northern Jile. 0:08:22.680 --> 0:08:24.160 The man Cuminale movement. 0:08:23.880 --> 0:08:27.360 Favored direct action at a much greater level of organization 0:08:27.560 --> 0:08:32.400 and solidarity than the resistant societies. The resistant societies were local, 0:08:32.840 --> 0:08:37.520 man communales spanned large territories, uniting different trades on a city, 0:08:37.760 --> 0:08:41.960 then provincial, then national level. One of the accomplishments of 0:08:42.000 --> 0:08:45.520 these movements was the growing presence of workers' strikes, empowered 0:08:45.520 --> 0:08:49.360 by solidarity. In nineteen oh two, harbor workers staged a 0:08:49.480 --> 0:08:51.880 sixty day strike, and in nineteen oh three there was 0:08:51.920 --> 0:08:54.920 a general strike in the port city of Alparaiso. Resulting 0:08:54.960 --> 0:08:56.959 in the murder of more than one hundred workers by 0:08:57.000 --> 0:09:01.960 the state. That rebellion spread to the cities Antofagasta, Iota 0:09:02.400 --> 0:09:06.480 and Coronet and lasted for forty three days. Where the 0:09:06.480 --> 0:09:09.520 Man Communales federated in nineteen oh four as the Grand 0:09:09.559 --> 0:09:13.520 Man Communal de Abreras. They brought together twenty thousand members. 0:09:14.400 --> 0:09:16.960 A year after their federation was the Red Week of 0:09:17.080 --> 0:09:21.160 nineteen oh five. Tired of the inhuman conditions, the cost 0:09:21.200 --> 0:09:25.320 of living, the high taxes, a workers committee known as Sentreo, 0:09:25.400 --> 0:09:28.800 their studious sociate Dad at the Nao Obrero called all 0:09:28.880 --> 0:09:31.720 workers to join the strike and to support the cause. 0:09:32.600 --> 0:09:35.600 By October twenty second of nineteen oh five, thirty eight 0:09:35.679 --> 0:09:40.920 thousand people had joined the uprising, including pushers, shoemakers, tanners, 0:09:41.200 --> 0:09:48.600 cigar makers, truckmen, tapestry makers, typographers, telegraphers, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, bakers. 0:09:48.200 --> 0:09:49.280 And railway workers. 0:09:50.120 --> 0:09:52.880 The mayor eighteen hundred police officers tried to kill the 0:09:53.000 --> 0:09:55.800 energy on the streets, as did the ruling class funded 0:09:55.880 --> 0:09:59.880 White Guard, but despite their massacre two hundred and fifty workers, 0:10:00.320 --> 0:10:04.520 the movement continued to grow. By nineteen oh six, workers 0:10:04.559 --> 0:10:07.559 were active in the Feracion de Tabadores de Chile or 0:10:07.600 --> 0:10:11.280 the FDCCH and students had organized the Feracion de Sudiantes 0:10:11.360 --> 0:10:17.000 de Chile or FeH. Unfortunately, the Mancominale movement almost died 0:10:17.040 --> 0:10:20.480 after the nineteen oh seven Depression and severe military repression, 0:10:20.920 --> 0:10:23.960 the worst instance of which was the Santa Maria massacre 0:10:24.040 --> 0:10:27.360 of Ikike, where over three Thouist and manitrad miners and 0:10:27.400 --> 0:10:31.160 their supporters were killed by machine gun file after going 0:10:31.160 --> 0:10:34.160 on strike for better living conditions than the company towns 0:10:34.160 --> 0:10:37.160 built around the mines. The company towns were run by 0:10:37.160 --> 0:10:40.280 the mine owners, who owned the workers' housing, owned the 0:10:40.320 --> 0:10:44.720 company store, monopolized all commons, employed a private police force, 0:10:44.960 --> 0:10:48.680 and paid workers in tokens instead of money. The strikers 0:10:48.720 --> 0:10:51.880 was joined by their wives, children and other workers in 0:10:51.920 --> 0:10:54.439 the city of Ahike and had set up strike headquarters 0:10:54.520 --> 0:10:57.240 at the Santa Maria School. They were given an hour 0:10:57.280 --> 0:11:00.400 to disband or be fired upon. When they stood firm, 0:11:00.640 --> 0:11:04.400 a cittant General silver Renard, known as the Butcher of Ikike, 0:11:04.840 --> 0:11:07.559 gave US troops the order to fire upon the strikers, 0:11:07.920 --> 0:11:12.360 their wives and their children. One eyewitness said, quote on 0:11:12.400 --> 0:11:15.200 the central balcony stood thirty or so men in the 0:11:15.240 --> 0:11:19.040 prime of their life, quite calm, beneath a grade layan flag, 0:11:19.360 --> 0:11:22.400 and surrounded by the flags of other nations. They were 0:11:22.400 --> 0:11:25.640 the Strike Committee. All eyes were fixed on them, just 0:11:25.679 --> 0:11:28.959 as all the guns were directed at them. Standing they 0:11:29.000 --> 0:11:32.000 received the shots as though struck by lightning. They fell 0:11:32.320 --> 0:11:35.400 and the great flag fluttered down over their bodies. There 0:11:35.440 --> 0:11:37.640 was a moment of silence as the machine guns were 0:11:37.640 --> 0:11:40.400 lowered to aim the school yard and the hall occupied 0:11:40.400 --> 0:11:43.160 by a compact mass of people who spilled over into 0:11:43.200 --> 0:11:45.840 the main square. There was a sound like thunder as 0:11:45.840 --> 0:11:48.920 they fired. Then the gunfire ceased, and the foot soldiers 0:11:48.960 --> 0:11:51.719 went into the school by the side doors, firing as 0:11:51.760 --> 0:11:57.160 men and women fled in all directions. End quote estimates vary, 0:11:57.600 --> 0:12:00.720 with conservative estimates placing the death toll over two thousand, 0:12:01.040 --> 0:12:04.920 while Juterres Danton's account reckons as many as three thousand, 0:12:05.040 --> 0:12:08.680 six hundred. In any case, if all three thousand of 0:12:08.679 --> 0:12:12.439 those miners were members of the Grand Man Comunale Delbreras, 0:12:12.760 --> 0:12:15.960 that had mean roughly fifteen percent of the movement was 0:12:16.000 --> 0:12:21.360 slaughtered in one massacre, a significant tragedy for sure. Following 0:12:21.360 --> 0:12:24.640 the massacre, the movement formed the Feracio Obrera de Chile 0:12:25.080 --> 0:12:28.880 or FOCH, which aimed to pull together all the organizations 0:12:28.880 --> 0:12:33.240 involved in the struggle, whether anarchists, Marxists or liberals. It 0:12:33.320 --> 0:12:36.120 was co created by the once faltered Man Cominals and 0:12:36.240 --> 0:12:41.280 grew in militancy until had fully adopted anarchistiniclist principles. Even 0:12:41.320 --> 0:12:45.560 the trade unions outside of the FOSCH were anachistynicalist, but 0:12:45.640 --> 0:12:48.680 eventually the Synaclists and FOCICH would be overtaken by the 0:12:48.720 --> 0:12:51.520 Marxists following the rise of the Soviet Union and the 0:12:51.559 --> 0:12:56.240 deeper intentions between anarchists and Marxists. Also in the nineteen tens, 0:12:56.440 --> 0:12:59.360 the famous Chilean poet Pablo and Ruder was Robin Schoulers 0:12:59.400 --> 0:13:02.079 with the anarchists, though he eventually became a Communist of 0:13:02.080 --> 0:13:05.960 the Marxist fariety. Meanwhile, the student org FACCH established a 0:13:06.000 --> 0:13:10.760 popular university to link workers and students and develop popular education. 0:13:11.840 --> 0:13:16.520 In nineteen twelve, the Federacion Operera Regionale li Chile FORH 0:13:16.640 --> 0:13:19.800 or FOT was formed, while nineteen nineteen marked the launch 0:13:19.880 --> 0:13:23.600 of the Chile and IWW, which expanded to nineteen cities 0:13:23.679 --> 0:13:27.360 and at ten thousand strong, membership all the while the 0:13:27.400 --> 0:13:32.480 strikes continued. Nineteen nineteen marked yet another general strike. The 0:13:32.559 --> 0:13:36.000 nitrate minds weren't as profitable as they once were, creating 0:13:36.000 --> 0:13:39.280 more attention as workers were laid off. The state was 0:13:39.320 --> 0:13:42.720 in debt and with domestic disarray, it needed a distraction, 0:13:43.160 --> 0:13:46.880 so it tried to spark yet another war with Peru. Thankfully, 0:13:47.240 --> 0:13:49.959 the war never happened when it looked like it would be. 0:13:50.240 --> 0:13:53.280 It was roundly condemned by the FECCH, as they should, 0:13:54.040 --> 0:13:56.680 but nineteen nineteen was also the year that reactionaries broke 0:13:56.720 --> 0:14:00.680 into the fecch's headquarters and burned down the building. While 0:14:00.760 --> 0:14:04.400 archists workers were being jailed, tortured and murdered all the 0:14:04.400 --> 0:14:08.280 way into the nineteen twenties. Still, by nineteen twenty five, 0:14:08.320 --> 0:14:11.280 there were two hundred and fourteen syndicates in Chile, posting 0:14:11.360 --> 0:14:15.040 the active participation of more than two hundred thousand people, 0:14:15.720 --> 0:14:17.960 and it was the first year where Chilean dedication of 0:14:17.960 --> 0:14:22.080 the IWW was able to participate in an IWA congress. 0:14:22.360 --> 0:14:25.360 Santiago had a wrench strike, and yet still work of 0:14:25.400 --> 0:14:29.080 blood was being spilled and tortured, and then a coup 0:14:29.160 --> 0:14:33.280 happened in nineteen twenty five, Colonel Carlos Ibaniez took power 0:14:33.680 --> 0:14:36.560 and by nineteen twenty seven sought of fully abolished the 0:14:36.600 --> 0:14:41.600 labor movement. Union offices were raided, anarchist groups disbanded, and 0:14:41.720 --> 0:14:45.880 journals shut down. The labor movement persisted, the ideas lived on, 0:14:46.440 --> 0:14:50.320 but the anarchists were hit particularly hard. Next we'll find 0:14:50.320 --> 0:14:52.480 out what happens in the rest of the twentieth century 0:14:52.520 --> 0:15:04.560 for the anarchist movement in Chile. We're back talking about 0:15:04.600 --> 0:15:07.760 the history of anarchism in Chile. We almost gave Das 0:15:07.840 --> 0:15:10.760 Sayer and arrest of the Zierrobente. Let's see what they 0:15:10.760 --> 0:15:13.080 get up to for the rest of the twentieth century. 0:15:14.240 --> 0:15:17.400 In nineteen thirty, the industry that Chile had been relying 0:15:17.440 --> 0:15:20.040 on for years, the one that had caused so much 0:15:20.080 --> 0:15:25.120 strife for workers across the country, had suffered a major blue. 0:15:25.360 --> 0:15:29.040 German scientists discovered a synthetic nitrate there was far cheaper 0:15:29.080 --> 0:15:32.080 than the natural one. Nitrate is used in both foot 0:15:32.160 --> 0:15:36.520 liizer production ammunitions manufactory, so with the cheap alternative to 0:15:36.560 --> 0:15:39.120 the form found in the ground, the meager livelihoods of 0:15:39.200 --> 0:15:43.040 thousands of workers was now under threat. The mine owners 0:15:43.040 --> 0:15:45.040 may have had to reshuffle their finances a bit to 0:15:45.080 --> 0:15:48.200 recover from the loss of the booming industry, but it 0:15:48.280 --> 0:15:49.520 was the workers who dealt with. 0:15:49.440 --> 0:15:51.240 The worst of such a crisis. 0:15:51.720 --> 0:15:55.880 They faced famine, mass migration, and overcrowded compounded by the 0:15:55.880 --> 0:16:01.640 existing economic pressures of the worldwide recessionnineteen thirty crisis hit 0:16:01.680 --> 0:16:06.080 the population hard, but they kept strike and regardless. The 0:16:06.120 --> 0:16:09.720 dictatorship of Colonel Carlos Ibanie's fell in nineteen thirty one 0:16:10.040 --> 0:16:13.200 due to all that popular unrest. Then things went from 0:16:13.200 --> 0:16:16.200 bad to worse. The center of workers struggle in the 0:16:16.200 --> 0:16:19.520 city of Santiago, the headquarters of the Ferracion Obrera de 0:16:19.600 --> 0:16:23.520 Chile or FOCH, where organizations of all flavors had worked together, 0:16:24.080 --> 0:16:27.760 came under attack in April nineteen thirty four. The police 0:16:27.840 --> 0:16:30.080 and the White Guards, which were a group of capitalists 0:16:30.080 --> 0:16:34.320 funded meadheads, opened fire on the compound, killing seven workers 0:16:34.320 --> 0:16:38.280 and a child, while badly injuring around two hundred others. 0:16:39.080 --> 0:16:41.920 In June of that same year, nineteen thirty four, four 0:16:42.040 --> 0:16:45.320 hundred and seventy seven peasants were slain in Alto, Biobiu, 0:16:45.840 --> 0:16:49.480 Rankiel and Lonqui May all fairly small towns in the 0:16:49.480 --> 0:16:53.840 countryside of Chile. Two years later, in December nineteen thirty six, 0:16:54.160 --> 0:16:58.240 the Ferracion Obrera Regionale de Chile or FRCH or FORT 0:16:58.680 --> 0:17:02.280 and the Chilean IWW moved together to form the Confederacion 0:17:02.800 --> 0:17:07.399 the Trabajadores or CGT. It was their anarchist alternatives, the 0:17:07.440 --> 0:17:12.040 communist and socialist founded Workers Confederation of Chile or CTCCH, 0:17:12.440 --> 0:17:17.000 which they saw as more reformists. Together they fought to 0:17:17.040 --> 0:17:21.200 achieve the eight hour workday, Sundays off, indemnity for accidents 0:17:21.240 --> 0:17:24.640 at work, monetary recognition for years of service, the right 0:17:24.680 --> 0:17:28.480 to retirement, and the right to an old age pension. Meanwhile, 0:17:28.480 --> 0:17:32.240 the Chilean Anarchist Federation or FACCH got active and sent 0:17:32.320 --> 0:17:35.560 some brigades to support their comrades in the Spanish Civil War. 0:17:36.000 --> 0:17:39.000 During the Civil war period, anarchism had another upswing of 0:17:39.000 --> 0:17:42.359 popularity in Chile, but since the reformist union had legal 0:17:42.440 --> 0:17:46.359 and institutional back in, since the anarchists were being heavily repressed, 0:17:46.720 --> 0:17:50.240 and since there was some disorganization among them, the anarchists 0:17:50.240 --> 0:17:54.080 had started to lose their popularity. Anarchist cyndicalism had declined. 0:17:54.080 --> 0:17:58.399 Significantly going into the nineteen forties, while reformist cynicalism stayed 0:17:58.440 --> 0:18:03.119 strong under the control the socialists, communists and Christian Democrats. 0:18:03.720 --> 0:18:07.359 In nineteen forty six, eight workers were murdered and many 0:18:07.400 --> 0:18:10.240 more were seriously injured by the police dogs at Bulmez 0:18:10.280 --> 0:18:14.760 Square in Santiago. The persecution of workers, and particularly anarchist 0:18:14.760 --> 0:18:19.080 workers continued into nineteen forty seven as Pisagua, a notorious 0:18:19.080 --> 0:18:21.280 and Twoman camp once used to detain key folks from 0:18:21.280 --> 0:18:24.240 the Carlossi when he has dictatorship, was transformed into a 0:18:24.280 --> 0:18:30.280 concentration camp for socialists, communists, anarchists under President Gabrielle Gonzales Fidela. 0:18:31.040 --> 0:18:35.000 The notorious Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet had a stint run 0:18:35.000 --> 0:18:38.119 in the camp in that time as well, so, of course, 0:18:38.240 --> 0:18:42.119 fearing for their lives, anarchist organizations had to go underground. 0:18:43.200 --> 0:18:46.520 Even underground, they were able to accomplish some radical work. 0:18:47.240 --> 0:18:51.159 For example, the Louisa Michelle Cultural Center renamed the nineteen 0:18:51.160 --> 0:18:54.119 fifty three to Luisa Michelle Libertarian School, which sought to 0:18:54.240 --> 0:18:58.040 educate female workers and later children as well. It had 0:18:58.119 --> 0:19:01.360 at a time over seventies two guns It was able 0:19:01.359 --> 0:19:04.159 to last for a decade up until nineteen fifty seven, 0:19:04.560 --> 0:19:09.760 despite authoritarian repression. In nineteen fifty the Arachis Syneclus Ernesto 0:19:09.840 --> 0:19:14.080 Miranda brought together twelve federations and several syndicates into the 0:19:14.119 --> 0:19:18.520 Movimento Unitario Nacional de Travadores or Month, or Movement for 0:19:18.560 --> 0:19:22.720 Workers Unity. Prior to the formation of the Month, Miranda 0:19:22.760 --> 0:19:24.760 got started in the workers movement at the age of 0:19:24.800 --> 0:19:28.040 twenty way back in nineteen thirty two. While working in 0:19:28.040 --> 0:19:31.560 the shoe industry, he fought the local Nazis and the police, 0:19:31.840 --> 0:19:35.359 were taking part in various unions and unitary committees. Fo 0:19:35.480 --> 0:19:37.960 On the Formation of Month, nineteen fifty three saw the 0:19:38.000 --> 0:19:42.720 formation of the Central Unitaria de Travadores or CUT, Chile's 0:19:42.840 --> 0:19:46.639 United Labor Center. The initial aims and principles of CUT 0:19:46.800 --> 0:19:49.720 were drawn up by members of the Confederacion General de 0:19:49.760 --> 0:19:54.080 Travagadores or CGT and anarchist syncalists filled the shoe worker, 0:19:54.280 --> 0:19:58.680 printer and maritime unions. In the CUTS Declaration, the workers 0:19:58.680 --> 0:20:01.199 proclaimed that the amount of peace of the workers is 0:20:01.200 --> 0:20:04.280 the work of the workers themselves, and that quote the 0:20:04.320 --> 0:20:08.240 present capitalist system based on private ownership of land, instruments 0:20:08.280 --> 0:20:11.240 and means of production, and exploitation of man by man, 0:20:11.440 --> 0:20:16.360 which divides society into antagonistic classes exploited and exploiters must 0:20:16.400 --> 0:20:19.840 be replaced by a social economic system that abolishes private 0:20:19.880 --> 0:20:23.160 property until that classless society is reached, in which man 0:20:23.160 --> 0:20:26.639 and humanity are assured of their full development. The Central 0:20:26.640 --> 0:20:29.159 Workers Union will carry out a revindicative action within the 0:20:29.160 --> 0:20:32.040 principles and methods of the class struggle, maintaining its full 0:20:32.080 --> 0:20:37.000 independence from all governments and partisan political sectarianism. However, the 0:20:37.040 --> 0:20:40.879 Central Workers Union is not an apolitical union. On the contrary, 0:20:41.119 --> 0:20:43.720 representing the conjunctions of all sector of the work in masses, 0:20:44.119 --> 0:20:46.600 it is humanimatory action will be derived above the political 0:20:46.640 --> 0:20:50.640 parties in order to maintain its organic cohesion. The trade 0:20:50.720 --> 0:20:53.600 union struggle is an interiral part of the general class 0:20:53.600 --> 0:20:56.760 movement to proletaria and the exploited masses, and as such 0:20:56.800 --> 0:20:59.280 a connont I must not remain neutral in the social 0:20:59.280 --> 0:21:03.199 struggle and must assume its proper leadership role. Consequently, it 0:21:03.240 --> 0:21:06.000 declares that all trade unions organizations for the defense of 0:21:06.000 --> 0:21:08.879 the interests and goals the workers within the capitalist system, 0:21:09.520 --> 0:21:12.680 but at the same time, the organizations of class struggle 0:21:13.000 --> 0:21:15.479 that points to the economic emancipation of the workers as 0:21:15.520 --> 0:21:18.960 their goal, that is, the socialist transformation of society, the 0:21:19.000 --> 0:21:22.159 abolition of classes and the organization of human life, to 0:21:22.280 --> 0:21:27.200 the abolition of the oppressive state. Endcode. The CUT tried 0:21:27.320 --> 0:21:30.080 and failed to call a general strike in nineteen fifty five, 0:21:30.840 --> 0:21:34.440 partially because, unbeknownst to them, the communists and socialist groups 0:21:34.480 --> 0:21:37.800 within the CUT had reached their own agreement with the government. 0:21:38.640 --> 0:21:42.280 By nineteen fifty seven, the CUT were severely split. The 0:21:42.280 --> 0:21:45.760 anacosynicalists abandoned it in protest of its involvement in an 0:21:45.760 --> 0:21:49.960 electoral pact with the FRAP the Frinde Amplio Popular, a 0:21:50.040 --> 0:21:52.639 left wing party during the lead up to the presidential 0:21:52.680 --> 0:21:57.040 election in nineteen fifty eight. The anarchist synicalists rightfully believed 0:21:57.200 --> 0:21:59.760 that the CUT getting involved with the political party would 0:22:00.080 --> 0:22:04.920 promised working class independence. However, that act of protest would 0:22:04.920 --> 0:22:07.719 also diminish the influence of the anarchists and the union movement. 0:22:08.640 --> 0:22:11.280 Nineteen thwfty seven also marked the rise of Elmo Vimiento 0:22:11.400 --> 0:22:15.639 Libertario Fie de Julio or the seventh of July libertarian 0:22:15.680 --> 0:22:21.080 movement the Brotia. The anarchists, centrade unionists from Osorno, Temuco, Concepcion, 0:22:21.359 --> 0:22:25.760 Dinares and Talca were disposed after leaving the CUT. It 0:22:26.000 --> 0:22:29.960 unfortunately dissolved a decade later as his participants got involved 0:22:30.040 --> 0:22:34.479 in other organizations. Ernesto Miranda, one of the co creators 0:22:34.520 --> 0:22:37.560 of Month, went on to create Comitte the Defenser the 0:22:37.800 --> 0:22:42.720 Revolution Cubana, although by nineteen sixty the Anarchist Federation FAH 0:22:42.880 --> 0:22:46.119 was already worn in of the Cuban Revolution's involvement with Russia. 0:22:47.119 --> 0:22:50.880 Miranda later went on to form the MIR the Movimento 0:22:51.000 --> 0:22:55.640 de Skierreta Revolutionaria the revolutionary left wing movement in nineteen 0:22:55.680 --> 0:23:00.920 sixty five, alongside anarchist synclist Crotario Blessed and trot Enriqueese 0:23:01.000 --> 0:23:05.520 Perlvader Cultarioblast had previously visited Cuba, which had impressed upon 0:23:05.560 --> 0:23:09.600 him the need for insurrectionary action. Upon his return to Chile, 0:23:10.119 --> 0:23:12.959 Blessed formed the Third of November Movement M three end 0:23:13.280 --> 0:23:17.680 to promote revolution and unite the revolutionary left against electoralism. 0:23:18.359 --> 0:23:21.919 Before the MR was founded, there was the MFR, the 0:23:21.960 --> 0:23:25.480 Movement of Revolutionary Forces in nineteen sixty one, which brought 0:23:25.520 --> 0:23:29.439 together non line anarchists, trusteists, maoists, socialists and communists in 0:23:29.440 --> 0:23:33.240 the trade union world. With the growing involvement of communist parties, 0:23:33.240 --> 0:23:36.480 it eventually took over. The anarchists were eventually sideline in 0:23:36.520 --> 0:23:38.600 the m MIR and it was quickly known as a 0:23:38.640 --> 0:23:53.760 fully mL org. The MIR persists to this day. Another 0:23:53.880 --> 0:23:57.480 organization was also founded in this time, the VP of 0:23:57.640 --> 0:24:02.840 Van Garadia Organizata DEB were rejected the authoritarianism of the MIR, 0:24:03.000 --> 0:24:07.880 with an ideological blend of anarchism and anti authoritarian Marxism. 0:24:08.440 --> 0:24:11.000 Both MIR and VOP were doing their thing and would 0:24:11.000 --> 0:24:13.800 play struggles and getting their finance in through bank robberies, 0:24:14.320 --> 0:24:17.680 but this wouldn't last and both groups would also faced 0:24:17.680 --> 0:24:22.000 repression and reaction from the authorities. Then came nineteen seventy 0:24:22.359 --> 0:24:25.560 with the election of Popular Unity candidate A Salvador Allende 0:24:25.720 --> 0:24:30.119 to the presidency. Allende was considered a democratic socialist, the 0:24:30.160 --> 0:24:35.159 first Marxist democratically elected in Latin America. Allendady cleared an 0:24:35.200 --> 0:24:38.600 amnesty for all political prisoners and even to coun members 0:24:38.600 --> 0:24:41.639 of VP. As part of his personal guard or Crupo 0:24:41.720 --> 0:24:46.320 de Amigo's personalities gap. By nineteen seventy one, they already 0:24:46.359 --> 0:24:48.800 warned the President that the right was plotting to overthrow 0:24:48.840 --> 0:24:51.800 the government, but the president didn't take them on, so 0:24:51.840 --> 0:24:54.639 they took matters into their own hands and executed one 0:24:54.640 --> 0:24:56.360 of the key plotters in the coup plans. 0:24:56.960 --> 0:24:58.119 For that, they were. 0:24:57.960 --> 0:25:02.120 Punished in nineteen seventy too, workers began to take over 0:25:02.160 --> 0:25:05.320 their workplaces, as the US had imposed a trade and 0:25:05.440 --> 0:25:09.240 credit embargo in retaliation for the nationalization of us. 0:25:09.000 --> 0:25:10.119 O and Copper Minds. 0:25:10.440 --> 0:25:13.399