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Speaker 1: Cozon Media.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to it could happen here.

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Speaker 3: I'm Andrew Sage of the YouTube channel Andrewism, and I'm

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Speaker 3: excited to discuss yet another facet of anarchist history from

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Speaker 3: another part of the world. This time we're taking a

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Speaker 3: look at the history of anarchism in Chile. In my

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Speaker 3: discussion of Peruvian anarchist cyindicalism, I mentioned the cross border

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Speaker 3: contacts between Peruvian and Chilean syndicalists, particularly of the IWW variety.

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Speaker 3: So what else were they doing in that time? Howid's

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Speaker 3: syndicalism gets started in Chile, let's find out. All credit

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Speaker 3: due to the work of Larry and Bone's anarchism in Chile,

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Speaker 3: and especially Jose Antonio Quterres Danton's eighteen seventy two to

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Speaker 3: nineteen ninety five anarchism in Chile without father Ado nos Coomensimos.

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Speaker 3: During the French Revolution of eighteen forty eight that founded

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Speaker 3: the French Second Republic, which was part of the so

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Speaker 3: called Springtime of the People's where revolutions swept through Europe,

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Speaker 3: two notable figures of Chilean and liberal revolutionary history happened

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Speaker 3: to be at Paris at the time Santiago Arcos and

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Speaker 3: Francisco Bilbao. Santiago Arcos was a Chilean liberal who lived

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Speaker 3: in exile in Paris because of his father's involvement with

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Speaker 3: the independence government. There, he rubbed shoulders with French socialists

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Speaker 3: and liberals alike and also met Francisco Bilbao. Upon his

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Speaker 3: families were two into Chile, they tried and failed to

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Speaker 3: start a bank due to government pressure, so his father

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Speaker 3: returned Europe, but Arcos stayed in Chile, and after his

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Speaker 3: father died he got a hefty inheritance and would go

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Speaker 3: on to take part in various struggles around Latin America.

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Speaker 3: Arcos also famously wrote Frontiers and Indians, A Question of

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Speaker 3: Indians and which he advocated for killing off of the

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Speaker 3: indigenous people because it was cheaper than maintain the garrison

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Speaker 3: to protect the settlers from attacks. Bit of a record

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Speaker 3: scratch movement, but unfortunately typical of the time. Francisco Bilbao

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Speaker 3: was another Chilean liberal who lived in Paris. Prior to

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Speaker 3: his migration, he published a rather controversial article to Chilean

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Speaker 3: sociability Las Sosiability dad Chilena, which was condemned by Chilean

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Speaker 3: authorities as blasphemous and immoral for its critique to the

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Speaker 3: Church and state. After his condemnation, he moved to Peru,

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Speaker 3: where he was condemned for criticizing the Peruvian president. So

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Speaker 3: he left for Paris, and in Paris he met Racos

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Speaker 3: and upon their returned to Chile. Together, Arcos and Bilbau

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Speaker 3: founded Las sosier Dad de la igual Dad or the

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Speaker 3: Equality Society, which was marginally influenced by mutualist thought. You see.

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Speaker 3: Anarchism thus came to Chile by way of the mutualist strain. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 3: it was quickly suppressed by the conservative government, but not

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Speaker 3: before the establishment of the country's first mutual aid society

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Speaker 3: of as many of one hundred artisans. Those artisans would

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Speaker 3: take part in the eighteen fifty one Chilean Revolution against

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Speaker 3: the Conservative government, which unfortunately didn't succeed. After the feeling

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Speaker 3: of the revolution, the conservative government began a program of

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Speaker 3: political persecution against the instigators of the uprisings, which included

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Speaker 3: arrests and deportations. Bilbao and Arcos were among those exiled.

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Speaker 3: Other mutual lid societies were formed in the late eighteen

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Speaker 3: fifties as mutualism was caden influence among artisans like printmakers, shoemakers,

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Speaker 3: and tailors. In eighteen sixty two, the Mutual Aid Society

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Speaker 3: La Union was founded as a general mutual for all

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Speaker 3: artists of all trades in Santiago and offered both workshops

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Speaker 3: and medical services, and established a school for artisans and

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Speaker 3: their children. By the early eighteen sixties, there were some

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Speaker 3: seventy cooperatives, both consumer and producer. By eighteen seventy there

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Speaker 3: were thirteen neutrals which served alleviate misery. In spite of

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Speaker 3: the economic depression. La Union branched out over a dozen cities,

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Speaker 3: and in addition to education, health and welfare, it formed

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Speaker 3: a philharmonic society. So why do you think they orcs

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Speaker 3: became influential. It's probably because they were practicing what they preached,

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Speaker 3: showing the proof of concept of their ideas through practical

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Speaker 3: application of the principles of liberty, mutuality, solidarity and self education.

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Speaker 3: In eighteen seventy two, the Chilean section of the International

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Speaker 3: Workingmen's Association was established in Valparaiso, which is a major

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Speaker 3: coastal city in Chile. Eighteen seventy two was also the

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Speaker 3: year the anarchists were kicked out of the International, so

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Speaker 3: the Chilean section didn't last too long, but it did

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Speaker 3: plant to see libertarian ideas were spreading, particularly among the

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Speaker 3: nitrate miners.

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Speaker 2: Keep that in mind for later.

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Speaker 3: Then boom eighteen seventy nine, Chile goes to war with

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Speaker 3: Bolivia and Peru and actually wins, which makes Bolivia landlocked,

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Speaker 3: and that's why it's still land ocked to this day.

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Speaker 3: The war profited the Chilean and English nitrate mind bosses

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Speaker 3: and the Chilean state, but of course the workers themselves suffered.

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Speaker 3: By eighteen eighty there were thirty nine mutual a societies

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Speaker 3: responding to those needs after the war. In eighteen eighty seven,

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Speaker 3: the Union Republicana del Pueblo or People's Republican Union was

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Speaker 3: formed with an anarchist platform.

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Speaker 2: Not long after, with a series of strikes by rail.

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Speaker 3: Workers, miners and others, the workers launched the first national

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Speaker 3: general strike in eighteen ninety and it was brutally crushed

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Speaker 3: and followed by further brutality as in eighteen ninety one.

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Speaker 3: The President Bamasada tried to press through reforms against the

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Speaker 3: wishes of both Congress and foreign capital interests, which.

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Speaker 2: Led to a civil war.

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Speaker 3: The workers suffered semur Semo and Bamasada was defeated and

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Speaker 3: deposed and then committed suicide. Truly revolutionary anarchism came to

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Speaker 3: Chile in the eighteen nineties through an anarchist immigrant from

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Speaker 3: Spain named Manuel Chinchilla. Chilean anarchist Carlos Rquera was influenced

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Speaker 3: by Chinchilla, and together they formed the Centro des Studio

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Speaker 3: Socialists or Center for Social Studies in eighteen ninety two

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Speaker 3: and published the paper El o Primido The Oppressed. Another

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Speaker 3: group of anarchists from iri Centro Sociality, the Tarbajadores or

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Speaker 3: Workers Social Center, founded the journal L three to dil

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Speaker 3: Pueblo the People's Scream. Among the other societies and papers

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Speaker 3: forming during this period included societ Dad, the Protecti al Trabajador,

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Speaker 3: Imuto Apoyo, a Society for Workers Protection and mutual Aid,

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Speaker 3: and El Proletario the Proletaria. In eighteen ninety four, the

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Speaker 3: Chilean mutualists formed the Federacion de Trabahadores Chile or Workers

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Speaker 3: Confederation the FTCH, which was the first national federation of

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Speaker 3: workers in Chile and history. It wasn't all that radical

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Speaker 3: outside the context of conservative government, that is, as it

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Speaker 3: fought for social reform as well as the usual activities

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Speaker 3: of education and health insurance. But it was influential. By

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Speaker 3: nineteen twenty five it had more than one hundred thousand members.

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Speaker 3: In eighteen ninety eight there was a general strike in

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Speaker 3: the coastal city of Ikike, and new societies were formed,

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Speaker 3: like Partido Obrero Francisco Bilbao, which became an anarchist group

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Speaker 3: in eighteen ninety nine. Eastern societies were also formed for

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Speaker 3: railway workers and carpenters, which should go on to play

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Speaker 3: a major role in the Santiago general strike of nineteen

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Speaker 3: oh seven. Magazines, as always were also founded, like La

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Speaker 3: Tromba Irrabele and Latin Torture. We also got to see

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Speaker 3: the full demonstrations against military service and the army in

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Speaker 3: Chilean history, under the slogan the army is the academy

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Speaker 3: of crime. From nineteen hundred to nineteen ten, anarchists were

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Speaker 3: the best organized of all the radical groups, according to

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Speaker 3: Larry Gombone, particularly in print making, bacon shoemaking, and the docks.

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Speaker 3: In nineteen hundred, there were thirty resistant societies concentrated in

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Speaker 3: central Chile. Among industrial workers. The resistant societies were decentralized,

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Speaker 3: rotated positions, acted autonomously, and were active in strikes. By

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Speaker 3: nineteen ten, there were four hundred and thirty three resistant

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Speaker 3: societies for total membership of fifty five thousand. The YIR

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Speaker 3: nineteen hundred also marked the establishment of man communales or

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Speaker 3: brotherhoods within the mutualist movement, which fused the mutual aid

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Speaker 3: societies were trade unions. The first man Cuminale organized Nikike,

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Speaker 3: ballooned into a movement of six thousand members, which is

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Speaker 3: the majority of the nitrade and maritime workers in northern Jile.

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Speaker 2: The man Cuminale movement.

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Speaker 3: Favored direct action at a much greater level of organization

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Speaker 3: and solidarity than the resistant societies. The resistant societies were local,

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Speaker 3: man communales spanned large territories, uniting different trades on a city,

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Speaker 3: then provincial, then national level. One of the accomplishments of

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Speaker 3: these movements was the growing presence of workers' strikes, empowered

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Speaker 3: by solidarity. In nineteen oh two, harbor workers staged a

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Speaker 3: sixty day strike, and in nineteen oh three there was

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Speaker 3: a general strike in the port city of Alparaiso. Resulting

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Speaker 3: in the murder of more than one hundred workers by

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Speaker 3: the state. That rebellion spread to the cities Antofagasta, Iota

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Speaker 3: and Coronet and lasted for forty three days. Where the

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Speaker 3: Man Communales federated in nineteen oh four as the Grand

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Speaker 3: Man Communal de Abreras. They brought together twenty thousand members.

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Speaker 3: A year after their federation was the Red Week of

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Speaker 3: nineteen oh five. Tired of the inhuman conditions, the cost

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Speaker 3: of living, the high taxes, a workers committee known as Sentreo,

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Speaker 3: their studious sociate Dad at the Nao Obrero called all

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Speaker 3: workers to join the strike and to support the cause.

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Speaker 3: By October twenty second of nineteen oh five, thirty eight

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Speaker 3: thousand people had joined the uprising, including pushers, shoemakers, tanners,

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Speaker 3: cigar makers, truckmen, tapestry makers, typographers, telegraphers, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, bakers.

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Speaker 2: And railway workers.

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Speaker 3: The mayor eighteen hundred police officers tried to kill the

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Speaker 3: energy on the streets, as did the ruling class funded

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Speaker 3: White Guard, but despite their massacre two hundred and fifty workers,

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Speaker 3: the movement continued to grow. By nineteen oh six, workers

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Speaker 3: were active in the Feracion de Tabadores de Chile or

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Speaker 3: the FDCCH and students had organized the Feracion de Sudiantes

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Speaker 3: de Chile or FeH. Unfortunately, the Mancominale movement almost died

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Speaker 3: after the nineteen oh seven Depression and severe military repression,

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Speaker 3: the worst instance of which was the Santa Maria massacre

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Speaker 3: of Ikike, where over three Thouist and manitrad miners and

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Speaker 3: their supporters were killed by machine gun file after going

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Speaker 3: on strike for better living conditions than the company towns

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Speaker 3: built around the mines. The company towns were run by

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Speaker 3: the mine owners, who owned the workers' housing, owned the

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Speaker 3: company store, monopolized all commons, employed a private police force,

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Speaker 3: and paid workers in tokens instead of money. The strikers

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Speaker 3: was joined by their wives, children and other workers in

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Speaker 3: the city of Ahike and had set up strike headquarters

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Speaker 3: at the Santa Maria School. They were given an hour

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Speaker 3: to disband or be fired upon. When they stood firm,

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Speaker 3: a cittant General silver Renard, known as the Butcher of Ikike,

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Speaker 3: gave US troops the order to fire upon the strikers,

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Speaker 3: their wives and their children. One eyewitness said, quote on

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Speaker 3: the central balcony stood thirty or so men in the

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Speaker 3: prime of their life, quite calm, beneath a grade layan flag,

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Speaker 3: and surrounded by the flags of other nations. They were

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Speaker 3: the Strike Committee. All eyes were fixed on them, just

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Speaker 3: as all the guns were directed at them. Standing they

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Speaker 3: received the shots as though struck by lightning. They fell

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Speaker 3: and the great flag fluttered down over their bodies. There

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Speaker 3: was a moment of silence as the machine guns were

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Speaker 3: lowered to aim the school yard and the hall occupied

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Speaker 3: by a compact mass of people who spilled over into

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Speaker 3: the main square. There was a sound like thunder as

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Speaker 3: they fired. Then the gunfire ceased, and the foot soldiers

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Speaker 3: went into the school by the side doors, firing as

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Speaker 3: men and women fled in all directions. End quote estimates vary,

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Speaker 3: with conservative estimates placing the death toll over two thousand,

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Speaker 3: while Juterres Danton's account reckons as many as three thousand,

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Speaker 3: six hundred. In any case, if all three thousand of

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Speaker 3: those miners were members of the Grand Man Comunale Delbreras,

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Speaker 3: that had mean roughly fifteen percent of the movement was

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Speaker 3: slaughtered in one massacre, a significant tragedy for sure. Following

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Speaker 3: the massacre, the movement formed the Feracio Obrera de Chile

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Speaker 3: or FOCH, which aimed to pull together all the organizations

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Speaker 3: involved in the struggle, whether anarchists, Marxists or liberals. It

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Speaker 3: was co created by the once faltered Man Cominals and

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Speaker 3: grew in militancy until had fully adopted anarchistiniclist principles. Even

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Speaker 3: the trade unions outside of the FOSCH were anachistynicalist, but

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Speaker 3: eventually the Synaclists and FOCICH would be overtaken by the

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Speaker 3: Marxists following the rise of the Soviet Union and the

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Speaker 3: deeper intentions between anarchists and Marxists. Also in the nineteen tens,

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Speaker 3: the famous Chilean poet Pablo and Ruder was Robin Schoulers

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Speaker 3: with the anarchists, though he eventually became a Communist of

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Speaker 3: the Marxist fariety. Meanwhile, the student org FACCH established a

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Speaker 3: popular university to link workers and students and develop popular education.

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Speaker 3: In nineteen twelve, the Federacion Operera Regionale li Chile FORH

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Speaker 3: or FOT was formed, while nineteen nineteen marked the launch

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Speaker 3: of the Chile and IWW, which expanded to nineteen cities

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Speaker 3: and at ten thousand strong, membership all the while the

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Speaker 3: strikes continued. Nineteen nineteen marked yet another general strike. The

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Speaker 3: nitrate minds weren't as profitable as they once were, creating

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Speaker 3: more attention as workers were laid off. The state was

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Speaker 3: in debt and with domestic disarray, it needed a distraction,

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Speaker 3: so it tried to spark yet another war with Peru. Thankfully,

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Speaker 3: the war never happened when it looked like it would be.

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Speaker 3: It was roundly condemned by the FECCH, as they should,

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Speaker 3: but nineteen nineteen was also the year that reactionaries broke

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Speaker 3: into the fecch's headquarters and burned down the building. While

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Speaker 3: archists workers were being jailed, tortured and murdered all the

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Speaker 3: way into the nineteen twenties. Still, by nineteen twenty five,

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Speaker 3: there were two hundred and fourteen syndicates in Chile, posting

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Speaker 3: the active participation of more than two hundred thousand people,

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Speaker 3: and it was the first year where Chilean dedication of

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Speaker 3: the IWW was able to participate in an IWA congress.

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Speaker 3: Santiago had a wrench strike, and yet still work of

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Speaker 3: blood was being spilled and tortured, and then a coup

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Speaker 3: happened in nineteen twenty five, Colonel Carlos Ibaniez took power

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Speaker 3: and by nineteen twenty seven sought of fully abolished the

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Speaker 3: labor movement. Union offices were raided, anarchist groups disbanded, and

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Speaker 3: journals shut down. The labor movement persisted, the ideas lived on,

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Speaker 3: but the anarchists were hit particularly hard. Next we'll find

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Speaker 3: out what happens in the rest of the twentieth century

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Speaker 3: for the anarchist movement in Chile. We're back talking about

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Speaker 3: the history of anarchism in Chile. We almost gave Das

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Speaker 3: Sayer and arrest of the Zierrobente. Let's see what they

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Speaker 3: get up to for the rest of the twentieth century.

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Speaker 3: In nineteen thirty, the industry that Chile had been relying

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Speaker 3: on for years, the one that had caused so much

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Speaker 3: strife for workers across the country, had suffered a major blue.

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Speaker 3: German scientists discovered a synthetic nitrate there was far cheaper

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Speaker 3: than the natural one. Nitrate is used in both foot

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Speaker 3: liizer production ammunitions manufactory, so with the cheap alternative to

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Speaker 3: the form found in the ground, the meager livelihoods of

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Speaker 3: thousands of workers was now under threat. The mine owners

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Speaker 3: may have had to reshuffle their finances a bit to

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Speaker 3: recover from the loss of the booming industry, but it

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Speaker 3: was the workers who dealt with.

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Speaker 2: The worst of such a crisis.

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Speaker 3: They faced famine, mass migration, and overcrowded compounded by the

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Speaker 3: existing economic pressures of the worldwide recessionnineteen thirty crisis hit

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Speaker 3: the population hard, but they kept strike and regardless. The

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Speaker 3: dictatorship of Colonel Carlos Ibanie's fell in nineteen thirty one

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Speaker 3: due to all that popular unrest. Then things went from

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Speaker 3: bad to worse. The center of workers struggle in the

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Speaker 3: city of Santiago, the headquarters of the Ferracion Obrera de

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Speaker 3: Chile or FOCH, where organizations of all flavors had worked together,

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Speaker 3: came under attack in April nineteen thirty four. The police

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Speaker 3: and the White Guards, which were a group of capitalists

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Speaker 3: funded meadheads, opened fire on the compound, killing seven workers

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Speaker 3: and a child, while badly injuring around two hundred others.

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Speaker 3: In June of that same year, nineteen thirty four, four

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Speaker 3: hundred and seventy seven peasants were slain in Alto, Biobiu,

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Speaker 3: Rankiel and Lonqui May all fairly small towns in the

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Speaker 3: countryside of Chile. Two years later, in December nineteen thirty six,

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Speaker 3: the Ferracion Obrera Regionale de Chile or FRCH or FORT

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Speaker 3: and the Chilean IWW moved together to form the Confederacion

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Speaker 3: the Trabajadores or CGT. It was their anarchist alternatives, the

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Speaker 3: communist and socialist founded Workers Confederation of Chile or CTCCH,

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Speaker 3: which they saw as more reformists. Together they fought to

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Speaker 3: achieve the eight hour workday, Sundays off, indemnity for accidents

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Speaker 3: at work, monetary recognition for years of service, the right

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Speaker 3: to retirement, and the right to an old age pension. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 3: the Chilean Anarchist Federation or FACCH got active and sent

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Speaker 3: some brigades to support their comrades in the Spanish Civil War.

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Speaker 3: During the Civil war period, anarchism had another upswing of

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Speaker 3: popularity in Chile, but since the reformist union had legal

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Speaker 3: and institutional back in, since the anarchists were being heavily repressed,

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Speaker 3: and since there was some disorganization among them, the anarchists

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Speaker 3: had started to lose their popularity. Anarchist cyndicalism had declined.

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Speaker 3: Significantly going into the nineteen forties, while reformist cynicalism stayed

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Speaker 3: strong under the control the socialists, communists and Christian Democrats.

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Speaker 3: In nineteen forty six, eight workers were murdered and many

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Speaker 3: more were seriously injured by the police dogs at Bulmez

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Speaker 3: Square in Santiago. The persecution of workers, and particularly anarchist

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Speaker 3: workers continued into nineteen forty seven as Pisagua, a notorious

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Speaker 3: and Twoman camp once used to detain key folks from

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Speaker 3: the Carlossi when he has dictatorship, was transformed into a

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Speaker 3: concentration camp for socialists, communists, anarchists under President Gabrielle Gonzales Fidela.

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Speaker 3: The notorious Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet had a stint run

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Speaker 3: in the camp in that time as well, so, of course,

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Speaker 3: fearing for their lives, anarchist organizations had to go underground.

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Speaker 3: Even underground, they were able to accomplish some radical work.

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Speaker 3: For example, the Louisa Michelle Cultural Center renamed the nineteen

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Speaker 3: fifty three to Luisa Michelle Libertarian School, which sought to

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Speaker 3: educate female workers and later children as well. It had

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Speaker 3: at a time over seventies two guns It was able

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Speaker 3: to last for a decade up until nineteen fifty seven,

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Speaker 3: despite authoritarian repression. In nineteen fifty the Arachis Syneclus Ernesto

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Speaker 3: Miranda brought together twelve federations and several syndicates into the

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Speaker 3: Movimento Unitario Nacional de Travadores or Month, or Movement for

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Speaker 3: Workers Unity. Prior to the formation of the Month, Miranda

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Speaker 3: got started in the workers movement at the age of

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Speaker 3: twenty way back in nineteen thirty two. While working in

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Speaker 3: the shoe industry, he fought the local Nazis and the police,

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Speaker 3: were taking part in various unions and unitary committees. Fo

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Speaker 3: On the Formation of Month, nineteen fifty three saw the

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Speaker 3: formation of the Central Unitaria de Travadores or CUT, Chile's

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Speaker 3: United Labor Center. The initial aims and principles of CUT

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Speaker 3: were drawn up by members of the Confederacion General de

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Speaker 3: Travagadores or CGT and anarchist syncalists filled the shoe worker,

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Speaker 3: printer and maritime unions. In the CUTS Declaration, the workers

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Speaker 3: proclaimed that the amount of peace of the workers is

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Speaker 3: the work of the workers themselves, and that quote the

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Speaker 3: present capitalist system based on private ownership of land, instruments

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Speaker 3: and means of production, and exploitation of man by man,

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Speaker 3: which divides society into antagonistic classes exploited and exploiters must

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Speaker 3: be replaced by a social economic system that abolishes private

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Speaker 3: property until that classless society is reached, in which man

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Speaker 3: and humanity are assured of their full development. The Central

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Speaker 3: Workers Union will carry out a revindicative action within the

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Speaker 3: principles and methods of the class struggle, maintaining its full

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Speaker 3: independence from all governments and partisan political sectarianism. However, the

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Speaker 3: Central Workers Union is not an apolitical union. On the contrary,

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Speaker 3: representing the conjunctions of all sector of the work in masses,

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Speaker 3: it is humanimatory action will be derived above the political

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Speaker 3: parties in order to maintain its organic cohesion. The trade

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Speaker 3: union struggle is an interiral part of the general class

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Speaker 3: movement to proletaria and the exploited masses, and as such

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00:20:56,800 --> 00:20:59,280
Speaker 3: a connont I must not remain neutral in the social

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00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:03,199
Speaker 3: struggle and must assume its proper leadership role. Consequently, it

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00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:06,000
Speaker 3: declares that all trade unions organizations for the defense of

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Speaker 3: the interests and goals the workers within the capitalist system,

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Speaker 3: but at the same time, the organizations of class struggle

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Speaker 3: that points to the economic emancipation of the workers as

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Speaker 3: their goal, that is, the socialist transformation of society, the

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Speaker 3: abolition of classes and the organization of human life, to

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Speaker 3: the abolition of the oppressive state. Endcode. The CUT tried

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Speaker 3: and failed to call a general strike in nineteen fifty five,

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Speaker 3: partially because, unbeknownst to them, the communists and socialist groups

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Speaker 3: within the CUT had reached their own agreement with the government.

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Speaker 3: By nineteen fifty seven, the CUT were severely split. The

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Speaker 3: anacosynicalists abandoned it in protest of its involvement in an

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Speaker 3: electoral pact with the FRAP the Frinde Amplio Popular, a

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Speaker 3: left wing party during the lead up to the presidential

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Speaker 3: election in nineteen fifty eight. The anarchist synicalists rightfully believed

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Speaker 3: that the CUT getting involved with the political party would

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Speaker 3: promised working class independence. However, that act of protest would

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Speaker 3: also diminish the influence of the anarchists and the union movement.

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Speaker 3: Nineteen thwfty seven also marked the rise of Elmo Vimiento

357
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Speaker 3: Libertario Fie de Julio or the seventh of July libertarian

358
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Speaker 3: movement the Brotia. The anarchists, centrade unionists from Osorno, Temuco, Concepcion,

359
00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:25,760
Speaker 3: Dinares and Talca were disposed after leaving the CUT. It

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Speaker 3: unfortunately dissolved a decade later as his participants got involved

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Speaker 3: in other organizations. Ernesto Miranda, one of the co creators

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Speaker 3: of Month, went on to create Comitte the Defenser the

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Speaker 3: Revolution Cubana, although by nineteen sixty the Anarchist Federation FAH

364
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Speaker 3: was already worn in of the Cuban Revolution's involvement with Russia.

365
00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:50,880
Speaker 3: Miranda later went on to form the MIR the Movimento

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Speaker 3: de Skierreta Revolutionaria the revolutionary left wing movement in nineteen

367
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Speaker 3: sixty five, alongside anarchist synclist Crotario Blessed and trot Enriqueese

368
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:05,520
Speaker 3: Perlvader Cultarioblast had previously visited Cuba, which had impressed upon

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Speaker 3: him the need for insurrectionary action. Upon his return to Chile,

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Speaker 3: Blessed formed the Third of November Movement M three end

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Speaker 3: to promote revolution and unite the revolutionary left against electoralism.

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Speaker 3: Before the MR was founded, there was the MFR, the

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Speaker 3: Movement of Revolutionary Forces in nineteen sixty one, which brought

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Speaker 3: together non line anarchists, trusteists, maoists, socialists and communists in

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Speaker 3: the trade union world. With the growing involvement of communist parties,

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Speaker 3: it eventually took over. The anarchists were eventually sideline in

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Speaker 3: the m MIR and it was quickly known as a

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Speaker 3: fully mL org. The MIR persists to this day. Another

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Speaker 3: organization was also founded in this time, the VP of

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Speaker 3: Van Garadia Organizata DEB were rejected the authoritarianism of the MIR,

381
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Speaker 3: with an ideological blend of anarchism and anti authoritarian Marxism.

382
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Speaker 3: Both MIR and VOP were doing their thing and would

383
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Speaker 3: play struggles and getting their finance in through bank robberies,

384
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Speaker 3: but this wouldn't last and both groups would also faced

385
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Speaker 3: repression and reaction from the authorities. Then came nineteen seventy

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Speaker 3: with the election of Popular Unity candidate A Salvador Allende

387
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Speaker 3: to the presidency. Allende was considered a democratic socialist, the

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Speaker 3: first Marxist democratically elected in Latin America. Allendady cleared an

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Speaker 3: amnesty for all political prisoners and even to coun members

390
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Speaker 3: of VP. As part of his personal guard or Crupo

391
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Speaker 3: de Amigo's personalities gap. By nineteen seventy one, they already

392
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Speaker 3: warned the President that the right was plotting to overthrow

393
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Speaker 3: the government, but the president didn't take them on, so

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Speaker 3: they took matters into their own hands and executed one

395
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Speaker 3: of the key plotters in the coup plans.

396
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Speaker 2: For that, they were.

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Speaker 3: Punished in nineteen seventy too, workers began to take over

398
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Speaker 3: their workplaces, as the US had imposed a trade and

399
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:09,240
Speaker 3: credit embargo in retaliation for the nationalization of us.

400
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:10,119
Speaker 2: O and Copper Minds.

401
00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,399
Speaker 3: Neighborhood committees took goods from the work of control factories

402
00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:18,000
Speaker 3: and distributed them amongst the communities. The FDR or Friend

403
00:25:18,040 --> 00:25:22,040
Speaker 3: Trabadori's Revolution Scenarios or Revolutionary Workers Front played a major

404
00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:25,360
Speaker 3: role in this process. Proven that workers were quite capable

405
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:28,720
Speaker 3: of running a factory by themselves and their government and

406
00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:32,520
Speaker 3: bosses were no longer necessary. But for all his alleged

407
00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,720
Speaker 3: socialist credits a end, they couldn't believe this was possible,

408
00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:40,399
Speaker 3: so he sent observers to give orders within the affected factories. Meanwhile,

409
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:44,080
Speaker 3: peasants were taken over land and organizing through the MCR

410
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Speaker 3: or Movimientole Campesinos Servlu scenarios or revolutionary peasants movement. The

411
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:53,240
Speaker 3: government was feeling the pressure applied from without and within.

412
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Speaker 3: By nineteen seventy three, Henry Kissinger and the other d

413
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,359
Speaker 3: Ones of the US did a test run coup, but

414
00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:01,760
Speaker 3: the people back arcaded the neighborhoods and factories from the

415
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:05,119
Speaker 3: police and army. Being the first elected Marxis president of

416
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Speaker 3: Latin Miracle, Allende was patient zero for a pattern of

417
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,960
Speaker 3: interventions that would plague the region for years to come.

418
00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:15,960
Speaker 3: After three years of presidency and a second cop attempt,

419
00:26:16,359 --> 00:26:19,600
Speaker 3: a Costo Pinochet took power in a US backed coup

420
00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:23,359
Speaker 3: in nineteen seventy three. A few months after the first

421
00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:27,680
Speaker 3: coup attempt, tanks rolled on the streets of Santiago. Thousands

422
00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:32,240
Speaker 3: were tortured, raped and murdered. Anarchists were disappeared. Those that

423
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:36,080
Speaker 3: escaped death found themselves in concentration camps, many of which

424
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:38,640
Speaker 3: were ironically established on the remains of the old nine

425
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:43,040
Speaker 3: trade mind villages. All political parties and trade unions were banned.

426
00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:46,959
Speaker 3: Some courses at universities were closed down, denounced as the

427
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:52,160
Speaker 3: home of revolutionary sentiment. The secret police direction hinta national

428
00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:56,000
Speaker 3: called Folks in Fair. The executive would be thrown into

429
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,400
Speaker 3: the sea, and Pinochet would go on to rule for.

430
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,439
Speaker 2: Nearly sevenineteen years.

431
00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:06,160
Speaker 3: In nineteen seventy five, anarchist Crotario Bless and Ernesto Miranda

432
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:09,840
Speaker 3: would activate the Committee of Defense of Human Rights, the

433
00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:13,520
Speaker 3: Code which would become of vital importance for those persecuted

434
00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:17,520
Speaker 3: by the dictatorship. They will record the rights violations and

435
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:21,879
Speaker 3: rescue and help escape those being persecuted. In nineteen seventy

436
00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:24,960
Speaker 3: seven and seventy eight, the CODAS managed to organize the

437
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:28,520
Speaker 3: first event during the dictatorship to commemorate International Worker's Day,

438
00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:32,320
Speaker 3: which helped to disrupt the fair people had of the dictatorship.

439
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:36,440
Speaker 3: Six years after the coups headed into the eighties, despite

440
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:40,760
Speaker 3: the oppression, the anarchists were starting to reorganize. Alongside libertarian

441
00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:45,000
Speaker 3: leading members of the former Popular Unity Coalition. They created

442
00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:49,720
Speaker 3: the Umbrella Group Socialist Ideas and Action PAS and took

443
00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:52,840
Speaker 3: part in the struggles against the dictatorship in the eighties.

444
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:57,840
Speaker 3: In nineteen eighty, syndicates affiliated with Norway's IWA was able

445
00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:00,679
Speaker 3: to secure the freedom of europe members in prison for

446
00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:04,120
Speaker 3: nearly a decade, exchanging the m prison one for exile

447
00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:07,400
Speaker 3: while the Marxist mir managed to assas Saint the chief

448
00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:10,520
Speaker 3: of Army intelligence from her Vergara Campos and a few

449
00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:15,320
Speaker 3: other significant military figures, as well as bombing US affiliated corporations.

450
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,680
Speaker 3: In nineteen eighty two, textile workers went on strike despite

451
00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:22,119
Speaker 3: the risk of oppression, and they were joined by a

452
00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:25,399
Speaker 3: solidarity strike by nineteen eighty three, when children and teachers

453
00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:29,040
Speaker 3: wouldn't attend school, people wouldn't buy anything, and workers would

454
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:31,800
Speaker 3: stay home, the police tried to disrupt the marches of

455
00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:34,800
Speaker 3: the people. Two were killed as a result, and one

456
00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:37,679
Speaker 3: hundreds were arrested or wounded. But between nineteen eighty three

457
00:28:37,720 --> 00:28:41,200
Speaker 3: and nineteen eighty four, mass protests became more frequent and

458
00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:44,920
Speaker 3: the people defended themselves against the police with molotovs, stones

459
00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:49,920
Speaker 3: and barricades. While anarchists were involved in these struggles, anarchists

460
00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:54,280
Speaker 3: ideas went to focus. The focus was on top leanded dictator. However,

461
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:57,680
Speaker 3: by nineteen eighty four you had a libertarian magazine called Lavois.

462
00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:01,760
Speaker 3: The Lattery is most circulating. Eighty seven, the anarchist black

463
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:07,720
Speaker 3: flags reappeared in Santiago. Concepts and social centers also established

464
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,160
Speaker 3: with an anarchist streak, such as the Center for Social

465
00:29:10,240 --> 00:29:14,640
Speaker 3: Studies Elduende the ELF in Santiago and the Collectiva Araquista

466
00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:18,760
Speaker 3: Librascion cal In Conceptcion, both under the umbrella of the

467
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:22,640
Speaker 3: Taira de Analyst in NiCl Social the Studio for Social

468
00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:25,520
Speaker 3: Studies and Analysis, which was created with the aim of

469
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:28,920
Speaker 3: bride and space for the oppressed. A newspaper called Akrata

470
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:33,400
Speaker 3: Anarchist was published by Collectivo and Arquista Conceptcion, and the

471
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:38,360
Speaker 3: Bulletin Liberacion by the cal Accion Director was published by

472
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:42,440
Speaker 3: Anarchist Comrades in Santiago. For nineteen eighty nine, Pinochet had

473
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:46,200
Speaker 3: to accept defeat and step down. By nineteen ninety, liberal

474
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:51,920
Speaker 3: democracy had returned somewhat to Chile. In the nineties, several

475
00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:56,400
Speaker 3: anarchist groups formed, disappeared, and regrouped, and several anarchists publications

476
00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,880
Speaker 3: were printed and spread. Yeah the Anarchist into Cities, Federation

477
00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:04,640
Speaker 3: Veracion and Alarquista in Terciodana, the cham Or Juvee Toures

478
00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:09,040
Speaker 3: and Time militaristas the Malo the Movement too Anarchistas Luis Cole,

479
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:15,920
Speaker 3: the FAI Conceptscion, Collectivo Cultural Libertario, Bartesta Conceptcion, Red Anarchista

480
00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:24,240
Speaker 3: and various other groups in Viallemana, Osorno, Tinuco, Conceptcion, Paparaiso, Santiago,

481
00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 3: et cetera. Jose Antoniogo terrest Anton, the author of one

482
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,720
Speaker 3: of the historical accounts I referenced, took part in several

483
00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:34,560
Speaker 3: of these orcs as well as their own collective arbor

484
00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:38,240
Speaker 3: Neegro returned to delegations the IWA Congress in Spain in

485
00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:40,880
Speaker 3: December of nineteen ninety four and took over the work

486
00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:44,800
Speaker 3: of the IWW in Chile. As of the twenty first century,

487
00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:49,360
Speaker 3: several collectives and individuals are disseminated in anarchist ideas and practices.

488
00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:52,960
Speaker 3: Anarchist book fairs have been hosted in Santiago, and the

489
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,160
Speaker 3: Anarchist Federation Santiago has been working in.

490
00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:57,080
Speaker 2: Organizing an anarchist platform.

491
00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,800
Speaker 3: Anarchists inspired or adjacent movements have lit the streets against

492
00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:05,520
Speaker 3: the government, protest formations, refew central authorities, and indigenous Mapouche

493
00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:08,920
Speaker 3: activists carry on their decounal struggle against the state by

494
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:13,280
Speaker 3: various means, sometimes bordering on an archic and The Mapuch

495
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,840
Speaker 3: struggle in Chile, by the way, is a fascinating story

496
00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:20,160
Speaker 3: that really deserves its own episodes, which I hope to

497
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:24,520
Speaker 3: explore in the future. Anarchist activists have also continued to

498
00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:27,880
Speaker 3: be killed by the police or other reactionaries following the

499
00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:31,640
Speaker 3: return of democracy, such as Claudia Lopez men Aches in

500
00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:35,760
Speaker 3: nineteen ninety eight and Jnei Carrikeo Yanez and Juan Cruz

501
00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:39,560
Speaker 3: Magna in two thousand and eight. Chilean anarchists have also

502
00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:43,360
Speaker 3: allegedly been set in bombs around the country meant to

503
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:48,040
Speaker 3: cause damage to law enforcemund security forces, banks, and transnational

504
00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:52,000
Speaker 3: corporations property, but also caused an occasional injury or death

505
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:56,640
Speaker 3: to people. Danbone also writes the mutual aid societies still

506
00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:59,480
Speaker 3: function and in a society where the welfare state is

507
00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:03,680
Speaker 3: practically nonexistent, mutual aid plays a much greater role than elsewhere.

508
00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:08,520
Speaker 3: Cooperatives both agricultural and consumer are found in Chile, although

509
00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:10,560
Speaker 3: you don't have the same level of economic influence that

510
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,280
Speaker 3: similar movements have in Western Europe or Canada, and there

511
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:16,920
Speaker 3: are other libertarian oriented developments as well. Left wing Christians

512
00:32:16,960 --> 00:32:20,640
Speaker 3: and x Marxistanists who rejected the Vanguard Party formed local

513
00:32:20,760 --> 00:32:24,800
Speaker 3: based committees working in progracionis. They function as mutual aid

514
00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:27,560
Speaker 3: societies and centers to organize local issues.

515
00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:28,200
Speaker 2: End.

516
00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,320
Speaker 3: I hope that the people of Chile, like everywhere else,

517
00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:36,520
Speaker 3: can find true freedom. After over a century of anarchists struggle.

518
00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:40,320
Speaker 3: I hope they can find revolutionary success. Until that day,

519
00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:44,240
Speaker 3: this has been andrew Sage of Andrewism. It could happen here.

520
00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:48,400
Speaker 3: Given the historical context of anarchism in Chile. Where am

521
00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:50,560
Speaker 3: I to go next? Hopefully far?

522
00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:53,880
Speaker 2: All power to all the people peace.

523
00:32:57,920 --> 00:32:59,760
Speaker 1: It could happen here as a production of pools on.

524
00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:01,640
Speaker 2: For more podcasts from.

525
00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:04,520
Speaker 1: Cool Zone Media, visit our website cool zonemedia dot com

526
00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,160
Speaker 1: or check us out on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

527
00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:10,320
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can find sources

528
00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:13,440
Speaker 1: for It could happen here, updated monthly at coolzonemedia dot

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00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,680
Speaker 1: com slash sources. Thanks for listening.