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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working

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Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, did you ever want to be an astronaut?

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Speaker 1: Well, yes, but I didn't because I'm terrified of the

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Speaker 1: danger and the adventure.

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Speaker 3: A little bit scary.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm not ready to travel into space until it's

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Speaker 1: safe and routine.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it is pretty dark and scary out there, But

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Speaker 3: isn't that kind of the point of space exploration to

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Speaker 3: sort of go out there and discover and find new

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Speaker 3: things hiding in the darkness.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And I want other people to go out there

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Speaker 1: take those risks, and then I can just read about

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Speaker 1: it in the newspaper.

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Speaker 3: Hi am Jorhean, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD Comics.

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Speaker 4: Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel Whitson. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm a

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Speaker 1: stay at home adventurer of the mind couch explorer. I

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Speaker 1: like to explore this vast universe from the comfort of

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Speaker 1: my office.

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Speaker 3: But welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take you on an exploration of all

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Speaker 1: the amazing, crazy, bnkers, beautiful, nasty, crazy, weird things in

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Speaker 1: this universe. Did I stay crazy twice? That's because the

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Speaker 1: universe is that crazy.

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Speaker 3: It's double crazy.

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Speaker 1: I feel like the things we're learning in science every year,

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Speaker 1: every decade, every generation are crazier than the things we

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Speaker 1: learned before. It's not just that we're learning more, but

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Speaker 1: the stuff we're revealing is just more bonkers than anything

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Speaker 1: we could have imagined. Don't you feel that way?

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Speaker 3: Well, do you think it's crazier than what we thought

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Speaker 3: it was before? You know, is it crazier than Greek

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Speaker 3: gods and Norse mythology?

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Speaker 1: Well, I think it's maybe less creative, but it's definitely crazier.

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Speaker 1: Every generation has had to absorb ideas which were very

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Speaker 1: difficult to swallow because they completely conflict with our view

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Speaker 1: of the world. You know, the universe is expanding, there

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Speaker 1: is no sense of location and time. You know, things

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Speaker 1: are fundamentally random. Space curves like these are hard things

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Speaker 1: to get your mind around, and they get harder and

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Speaker 1: harder as we discover them.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, we are not the center of the universe, and

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Speaker 3: the universe is not like what we see around where

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Speaker 3: we are.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And every time we look out into space, we

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Speaker 1: discover new stuff, weird stuff. Places we thought were empty

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Speaker 1: turned out to be filled with interesting, fascinating, weird kinds

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Speaker 1: of matter.

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Speaker 3: Yeatcause that's kind of the history of humanity and science. Right, Like,

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Speaker 3: we look around and we assume that the whole universe

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Speaker 3: is kind of like where we're at. Right. We thought

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Speaker 3: the world was flat because everything seems flat around us,

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Speaker 3: And we thought that the Earth was the center of

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Speaker 3: the universe because everything seems to pervol around us. But

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Speaker 3: then as we learn more, we learn that there are

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Speaker 3: more and more different things out there.

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Speaker 1: We keep learning that the assumptions we make, that the

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Speaker 1: generalizations we make about what we learn here, cannot be

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Speaker 1: applied everywhere. And that's the exciting part. That's the moment

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Speaker 1: of discovery when you realize, oh, I thought the universe

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Speaker 1: was this way. It turns out it's actually totally different

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Speaker 1: in a way I never imagine. We are intellectually maturing

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Speaker 1: as a species by discovering our universe and coming to

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Speaker 1: grips with it. And it's not always the way we

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Speaker 1: liked it, but it turns out to be quite fascinating.

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Speaker 3: To the other program, we'll be tackling one such idea

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Speaker 3: that you know, maybe a lot of people even today

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Speaker 3: think is true, but actually it turns out to be

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Speaker 3: much more complex than that.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The darkness out there is more filled with

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Speaker 1: interesting stuff. And then you could have ever imagined.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, stuff that's out there hiding in the darkness.

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Speaker 1: Other worlds out there looking at ours and wondering what

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Speaker 1: would it be like to be so close to a nice, warm,

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Speaker 1: toasty star.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. So today on the program, we'll be tackling the

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Speaker 3: question are there planets without stars? And not just a

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Speaker 3: movie stars? Right, We're talking about are there places in

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Speaker 3: the universe then don't have a sun or a star

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Speaker 3: near them?

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Speaker 1: I like the one you asked though, like are there

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Speaker 1: planets out there with only B and C list actors?

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Speaker 3: That's right, where everyone it only has five seconds of fame.

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Speaker 1: You can only be in one movie and then your

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Speaker 1: career is over. It's like term limits for Hollywood actors.

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Speaker 3: That's great, wouldn't that be great if we got rid

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Speaker 3: of celebrity culture in our society?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, that won't appeal to any of our celebrity listeners,

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Speaker 1: you know, So hey, Brad Pitt or where you can

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Speaker 1: still come on the program.

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Speaker 3: But apparently it works. If you speak badly about somebody

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Speaker 3: don't want to come on our show.

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Speaker 1: Then that's true.

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Speaker 3: It's true to defend themselves, maybe to grab any kind

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Speaker 3: of publicity they can.

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Speaker 1: That's true. Stay tuned for our episode in which science

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Speaker 1: fiction authors come on the show and respond to our critiques.

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Speaker 1: And when we're thinking about the broad universe, you know,

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Speaker 1: you are used to thinking about your planet as having

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Speaker 1: one very important feature, which is the sun. And every

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Speaker 1: time you think about a planet, you imagine, well, planets

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Speaker 1: form around stars, right, and so it's a bit mind

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Speaker 1: bending to imagine that the universe might be different.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, a lot of people might be surprised to learn

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Speaker 3: that not every planet out there is centered around the star.

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Speaker 1: You may be shocked to discover that rogue planets are

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Speaker 1: not that rare. That the universe may be chalk filled

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Speaker 1: with these floating dark bodies.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and that's the official physics name for them, right,

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Speaker 3: like a planet with out a star. It's officially called

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Speaker 3: a rogue planet.

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Speaker 1: Yes, but you will not be surprised to discover there

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Speaker 1: is some controversy about what exactly gets called a rogue planet.

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Speaker 3: Oh wow, physicists arguing about what to name something that's.

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Speaker 1: So rare, not only arguing about whether something is a

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Speaker 1: good name, but like what exactly falls into this category?

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Speaker 1: You know, the whole Pluto Is it a planet? Is

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Speaker 1: it not a planet?

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Speaker 5: Thing?

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Speaker 1: That's this same controversy writ.

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Speaker 3: Large interesting because I guess everything is sort of being

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Speaker 3: pulled by every star in the universe. So technically there

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Speaker 3: isn't a planet that's not being pulled by a star.

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Speaker 1: I like that. You're sort of saying every planet is

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Speaker 1: part of some solar system, even if it's sort of

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Speaker 1: distant from its star.

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Speaker 3: Right, Well, technically, right, don't all solar systems sort of

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Speaker 3: overlap with each other? Technically because the force of gravity

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Speaker 3: is infinite as infinite reach.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. The force of gravity is infinite, but

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Speaker 1: at some point the force of gravity from these stars

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Speaker 1: is basically negligible and essentially no effect on these planets,

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Speaker 1: and they're more affected. Yeah, negligible, they're more affected by

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Speaker 1: the mass of the galaxy. So I think the distinction

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Speaker 1: is are you orbiting a star or are you orbiting

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Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy?

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Speaker 3: All right, Well, I was a little surprised to find

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Speaker 3: out that there are rogue planets out there, and that

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Speaker 3: there are apparently not just a few of them. But

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Speaker 3: we were wondering how many people out there knew the

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Speaker 3: same fact that there are planets out there in space

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Speaker 3: without stars.

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Speaker 1: So I walked around campus that you see Irvine, and

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Speaker 1: I asked folks what they thought and if they had

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Speaker 1: a guess for how many rogue planets there might be

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Speaker 1: in the universe.

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Speaker 3: To think about it for a second, how many planets

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Speaker 3: out there in the universe would you guess are out

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Speaker 3: there floating without a star. Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 5: I have no clue how many there are. My guests

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Speaker 5: understanding from what I think I know, is that they're

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Speaker 5: by one way or another or something flying by, they

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Speaker 5: end up ejected from the star that they're orbiting.

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Speaker 1: I have not Do you think does exist?

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Speaker 5: Sure?

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Speaker 6: Why? I don't think so.

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Speaker 7: I can't imagine that that would be not true, honestly,

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Speaker 7: like a lot or just like ten I would have

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Speaker 7: no idea how to give a number. I would I

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Speaker 7: would actually have to say probably a lot, just because

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Speaker 7: gravity is so you can get a star really close

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Speaker 7: to another set of planets and then it throws them

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Speaker 7: off in space. So probably a.

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Speaker 3: Lot, probably, I think.

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Speaker 1: So you think it's like seven or like a billion?

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Speaker 3: Oh jeez, Well, in a big universe. I don't know

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Speaker 3: if we could count.

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Speaker 1: No, I think every planet has a stall.

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Speaker 3: I think, oh, interested pretty good mix of reactions, Yeah.

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Speaker 1: A lot of open minds. I love the people who

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Speaker 1: say the universe is so big you could never say no,

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Speaker 1: you could never say that something doesn't exist. I think

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Speaker 1: that's a great attitude.

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Speaker 3: I see because technically, in an infinite universe, anything can happen, right,

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Speaker 3: and anything is happening.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, in an infinite universe, everything that can happen eventually

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Speaker 1: will happen and is happening somewhere. So it's a good attitude. Now,

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Speaker 1: we don't know the universe is infinite, but it's definitely

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Speaker 1: pretty big.

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Speaker 3: Right somewhere out there. There's a version of this podcast

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Speaker 3: in which you and I are the A List celebrities.

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Speaker 1: That's version. What are you saying? I don't get it.

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Speaker 1: I'm confused.

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Speaker 3: I think we run out of letters, run out letters

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Speaker 3: with the triple celebrities, that's right, with the Triple A.

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Speaker 3: We're Triple A celebrities, which sounds good, but really.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to the minor league of podcasts, folks.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so, but people seem sort of skeptical. I mean,

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Speaker 3: some people said yes, but it sort of seemed like yes, probably,

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Speaker 3: but probably it's probably not very common.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and it's immediately a fascinating question. It's the

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Speaker 1: kind of thing you might not ever think about. You think, oh, well, planets,

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Speaker 1: of course they form around stars, and that's reasonable because

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Speaker 1: stars form from the collapse gravitational collapse of stuff, and

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Speaker 1: planets do the same thing, and so you should imagine

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Speaker 1: they form together. They're probably associated with each other. You

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Speaker 1: probably don't ever think that there are dark bodies floating

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Speaker 1: out there in between the stars. But as soon as

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Speaker 1: somebody suggests it to you, then you have to wonder,

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Speaker 1: well do we know, how do we know? Have we looked?

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Speaker 1: Could we see them? And immediately it's a question you

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Speaker 1: need to know the answer to.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, because if it's a lot, then that would be

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Speaker 3: pretty uh interesting. I guess they're dangerous because what if

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Speaker 3: one of them hitses.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a little bit dangerous. But also it just

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Speaker 1: changes sort of your your view of the universe. I mean,

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Speaker 1: what if there are more rogue planets out there than

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Speaker 1: non rogue planets, then your whole view of like what

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Speaker 1: is a planet has to all of a sudden change

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Speaker 1: from oh, they're all around stars to well, my sense

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Speaker 1: of a planet is unusual, is atypical?

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, it could be that our kind of

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Speaker 3: planet is the minority.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Just like we discovered that our kind of

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Speaker 1: matter is a small fraction of all the matter in

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Speaker 1: the universe. All of a sudden, things we thought were

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Speaker 1: typical are now weird.

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Speaker 3: It'd be like discovering there are more continents out there.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Or you grow up and your family eats a

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Speaker 1: dinner a certain way, and then you go to our

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Speaker 1: friend's house you discover, oh man, my family's weird and

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Speaker 1: we don't use utensils at home, or whatever it is.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's maturing in that same way.

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Speaker 3: Right, It's expanding your horizon and your idea of the universe.

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Speaker 1: And that's why this is such a fun opportunity to

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Speaker 1: learn something new about the universe.

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Speaker 3: All right, so let's get into it, Daniel, what exactly

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Speaker 3: is a rogue planet?

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Speaker 1: Right, So let's begin with technical definitional stuff that we

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Speaker 1: could argue about easily for half an hour.

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Speaker 3: Right, and very importantly, is there a first rogue planet

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Speaker 3: called Rogue one?

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Speaker 1: Well, the movie rights for that one have already been

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Speaker 1: locked up, unfortunately.

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Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, well they're not definitely not making a sequel

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Speaker 3: of that one.

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Speaker 1: I liked it. I liked it, but you know, Rogue

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Speaker 1: two's agent is not exactly getting a lot of traction

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Speaker 1: in Hollywood. But a rogue planet is a planet that's

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Speaker 1: not orbiting a star. And you said earlier, and you

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Speaker 1: were right that every planet the gravity from every star

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Speaker 1: in the galaxy. But you have to look at its motion,

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Speaker 1: like the motion of the Earth is that we are

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Speaker 1: orbiting our star. We are moving around our star. But

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Speaker 1: if we were a rogue planet, then our primary motion

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Speaker 1: would just be around the center of the galaxy. Would

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Speaker 1: mean the same category as the stars, like our star

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Speaker 1: orbits the center of the galaxy.

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Speaker 3: It's a planet that's not sort of trapped by the

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Speaker 3: gravitational well or pool of a star.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we like to think of a Solar System as

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Speaker 1: an object because it's gravitationally bound that the dominant gravitational

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Speaker 1: force on every object in the Solar System is the Sun.

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Speaker 1: So it's like the Sun has its own little neighborhood

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Speaker 1: in which its gravity is more powerful than any other gravity.

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Speaker 3: Or I guess maybe not just that it's more powerful,

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Speaker 3: but it's powerful enough to sort of trap things in

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Speaker 3: its vicinity.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a stable just so let it go exactly.

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Speaker 1: But you know, the galaxy is big, and there are

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Speaker 1: a lot of stars, but they're not that many, and

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Speaker 1: so there's a lot of room out there between stars. Remember,

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Speaker 1: we are, you know, light years away from the nearest star,

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Speaker 1: which makes a huge amount of space for stuff to

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Speaker 1: be floating between the stars.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, So there's a lot of room for

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Speaker 3: you to be out there without falling into the you know,

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Speaker 3: the trap of the gravitational pool of a star.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. If you map the Milky Way onto Earth, for example,

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Speaker 1: you know, you'd have like one house here in Los

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Speaker 1: Angeles and another house like in Kansas, another house like

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Speaker 1: in New York City, and there'd be a lot of

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Speaker 1: room between those.

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Speaker 3: That you could rogue around in.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you could have a rogue cabin in the woods

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Speaker 1: and never have to get close to anybody.

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Speaker 3: And I guess more importantly, you could be so far

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Speaker 3: away from my house and your house in Kansas that

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Speaker 3: you wouldn't feel the need to sort of go visit.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you could largely ignore them. You know, those

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Speaker 1: stars would just be other slightly more bright stars in

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Speaker 1: the sky. You wouldn't feel their gravitational pulls strongly enough

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Speaker 1: to get sucked into one of them.

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Speaker 3: All right, So then what's the definition? Then that's this

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Speaker 3: planet meaning like a ball of stuff? Is that what

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Speaker 3: it means? What is exactly a planet?

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Speaker 7: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: Well, that's where it gets tricky, right, These are either

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Speaker 1: things that were formed in other solar systems and then ejected,

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Speaker 1: or you could also think about stars that never sort

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Speaker 1: of got started, like failed stars. You know what, if

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Speaker 1: a star never sort of turns on because it's not

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Speaker 1: big enough to burn, is that a rogue planet or

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Speaker 1: is that a failed star? It's a heated debate in astronomy,

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Speaker 1: but both of those things are out there.

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Speaker 3: Well in a way, isn't Jupiter also kind of a

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Speaker 3: failed star? Like it could have been a star but

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Speaker 3: it wasn't.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and if Jupiter had formed far enough away from

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Speaker 1: the Sun on its own. If it was like the

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Speaker 1: center of its own little gravitational neighborhood, we would call

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Speaker 1: it a sub brown dwarf star. But because it formed

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Speaker 1: around our star, we call it a planet. And so

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of energy spent in astronomy arguing about

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Speaker 1: these names and definitions.

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Speaker 3: And wait, you're saying that if it wasn't in our

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Speaker 3: solar system, if it was out there, it would be

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Speaker 3: considered a star even though it's not burning.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a whole category of stars called brown dwarfs

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Speaker 1: and sub brown dwarfs that are just not big enough

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Speaker 1: to ignite fusion and to burn and to glow.

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Speaker 3: But why still call them a star if they're not

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Speaker 3: ignited and burning.

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Speaker 1: See what I mean. People have strong feelings about this,

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Speaker 1: like you do. Apparently in your mind you think, you think,

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Speaker 1: if it's got to be burning to be a star, right, Well,

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Speaker 1: other people think, oh, you know, it's a failed star.

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Speaker 1: That's a kind of star, all.

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Speaker 3: Right, So that's kind of the definition. It's a ball

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Speaker 3: of stuff, or maybe the definition is kind of fuzzy,

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Speaker 3: but generally speaking, a road planet is a ball of stuff.

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Speaker 3: It could be gas. Could be rock too, right, rocks

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Speaker 3: or gas or you know, it's compressed matter kind of

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Speaker 3: just to make it different than a cloud. And it's

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Speaker 3: floating out there in space, not in the orbit of

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Speaker 3: a star, whatever that could mean.

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Speaker 1: Also, that's right, it's a dense stuff primarily orbiting the

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Speaker 1: center of the galaxy instead of orbiting another star.

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Speaker 3: All right, let's get into how we can see them

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Speaker 3: even though it's dark out during space and how many

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Speaker 3: there are out there in the universe. But first, let's

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Speaker 3: All right, I know there are floating planets out there

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00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,800
Speaker 3: in the universe, in our galaxy that don't have a star.

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Speaker 3: They're called road planets, and there might be a lot

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Speaker 3: of them. So first of all, I guess, how do

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Speaker 3: we even see them? If it's they're not burning bright

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Speaker 3: and they're not near a star for them to shine,

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Speaker 3: how do we know they're there.

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Speaker 1: It's tricky, right, These are dark objects. They are not shining,

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Speaker 1: they're not emitting light, and as you say, they're not

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Speaker 1: close enough to any star to reflect light like exoplanets are,

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Speaker 1: so it's not easy to spot them, which is why

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Speaker 1: for a long time we didn't even know that they existed.

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Speaker 1: But there are two ways to see them. One is

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Speaker 1: you get really lucky, and one is close enough that

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Speaker 1: we can see them in the infrared. Remember, these things

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Speaker 1: are not burning, so they're not shining invisible light, but

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Speaker 1: they still have some heat to them, and everything in

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Speaker 1: the universe that has a temperature also radiates some energy,

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Speaker 1: usually in the infrared, and so sort of glowing in

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Speaker 1: the infrared. And we have infrared telescopes.

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Speaker 3: I see, because I think we're used to thinking of

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Speaker 3: like asteroids and things out there in spaces being cold,

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Speaker 3: but you could have, for example, like the Earth is

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Speaker 3: kind of warm by itself.

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Speaker 1: The Earth is kind of warm, and even if we

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Speaker 1: were ten or fifty kelvin, And I want to give

436
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:14,720
Speaker 1: props to the person out there who wrote it in

437
00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:17,840
Speaker 1: to remind me that it's not degrees kelvin, it's just kelvin.

438
00:21:18,359 --> 00:21:20,639
Speaker 1: But even if we were just ten or fifty calvin,

439
00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:24,560
Speaker 1: we would still radiate. Everything that's above absolute zero radiates

440
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Speaker 1: some energy. It's called black body radiation.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see it sort of shines in the infrared.

442
00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:34,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, And there's a telescope called the Wyse Telescope WISEE,

443
00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:37,239
Speaker 1: which is really good at seeing this stuff, and it's

444
00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:39,879
Speaker 1: really good in the infrared. And so if it's close

445
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:43,199
Speaker 1: enough that you can spot them directly with the Wise telescope,

446
00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:44,800
Speaker 1: but it has to be pretty close.

447
00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:47,879
Speaker 3: So like if our sun suddenly went out and there

448
00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:49,680
Speaker 3: was no more light in our solar system, you could

449
00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:52,800
Speaker 3: still maybe see the Earth and all the other planets.

450
00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:56,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, you could, precisely. And we do this to study

451
00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,520
Speaker 1: other solar systems. We look at them in the visible light,

452
00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:01,080
Speaker 1: and we also look at them in the infrared to

453
00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:02,920
Speaker 1: try to get a glimpse for like, what is the

454
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:05,720
Speaker 1: stuff out there that's not glowing. It's still there, it's

455
00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:08,280
Speaker 1: giving off different kinds of radiation so we have lots

456
00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:10,680
Speaker 1: of different ways of looking at the sky, the infrared,

457
00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:13,879
Speaker 1: X ray, radio, These are all just different kinds of

458
00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:17,120
Speaker 1: light though. They're all just different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

459
00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:19,840
Speaker 1: But different things out there glow in different parts of

460
00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:22,400
Speaker 1: these spectrums. So the most direct way is to look

461
00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:24,680
Speaker 1: for them in the infrared. But they'd have to be

462
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:25,640
Speaker 1: really close by.

463
00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:27,720
Speaker 3: Oh I see, because otherwise it would be too faint

464
00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:28,320
Speaker 3: to see them.

465
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, Because these things are small and pretty faint, and

466
00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:34,000
Speaker 1: so they're pretty hard to spot. The best way to

467
00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:37,240
Speaker 1: see these things is to look for a little star eclipse.

468
00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:41,240
Speaker 1: What Well, if you have a big dark object somewhere

469
00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:43,639
Speaker 1: out there in the universe and it passes between you

470
00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:46,560
Speaker 1: and a star, then what happens. It blocks the light

471
00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:48,879
Speaker 1: from that star momentarily.

472
00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:51,680
Speaker 3: Like a one time eclipse. Yes, like a one time eclipse,

473
00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:53,680
Speaker 3: one time ever eclipse.

474
00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:54,080
Speaker 1: One time ever.

475
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:54,440
Speaker 7: Yeah.

476
00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:56,440
Speaker 1: And so you can see these things if you very

477
00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:59,560
Speaker 1: carefully watch all the stars in the sky and wait

478
00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:02,159
Speaker 1: for a bl But there's something really fascinating because you

479
00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:06,280
Speaker 1: might expect that, like a star eclipse would dim the star,

480
00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:08,320
Speaker 1: that it would go out for a minute and then

481
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:10,960
Speaker 1: come back, right. That's what you'd expect, but this is

482
00:23:11,119 --> 00:23:14,800
Speaker 1: really weird gravitational effect. If the rogue planet or whatever

483
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,120
Speaker 1: it is alien ship is big enough, then it has

484
00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:21,840
Speaker 1: a gravitational lensing effect. It acts like a big lens

485
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:25,679
Speaker 1: in space. Because remember gravity is the bending of space,

486
00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:27,920
Speaker 1: so gravity can change the direction of light.

487
00:23:28,119 --> 00:23:31,680
Speaker 3: We'll just block the light, they'll bend the light. I

488
00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:33,600
Speaker 3: mean that sort of happens here on Earth too when

489
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,159
Speaker 3: there's an eclipse, right, doesn't the light sort of go

490
00:23:36,359 --> 00:23:38,520
Speaker 3: around the Moon when it's blocking the sign a little bit?

491
00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:40,720
Speaker 1: It does a little bit. Yeah, and in this case

492
00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:43,920
Speaker 1: it could actually enhance the strength of that star because

493
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:46,280
Speaker 1: it acts like a lens. It gathers more light and

494
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:49,040
Speaker 1: it focuses it all on the Earth. So what actually

495
00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:51,600
Speaker 1: happens when you get a micro lensing event they call it,

496
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:53,760
Speaker 1: is that the star gets brighter.

497
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,840
Speaker 3: Not just a darker or like darker and lighter.

498
00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:00,679
Speaker 1: Yeah, it actually gets brighter. It gets enhanced right by

499
00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:03,639
Speaker 1: this micro lensing. And so the very center of it

500
00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:06,480
Speaker 1: is blocked out, but you're gathering light from nearby and

501
00:24:06,640 --> 00:24:09,080
Speaker 1: focusing it onto the Earth. You actually get more of

502
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:10,679
Speaker 1: the starlight when it goes by.

503
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:13,520
Speaker 3: It's an eclipse that makes the star look brighter.

504
00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:17,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. It's really fun. And the telescope to sees

505
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,320
Speaker 1: things has a really awesome name. It's called the OGLE telescope.

506
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:24,719
Speaker 1: Not making it up.

507
00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:27,159
Speaker 3: I thought I thought it was already too much to

508
00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:31,560
Speaker 3: have a wise telescope. W I s E. This one?

509
00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:34,520
Speaker 3: Want to look at things called the OGLE.

510
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:36,080
Speaker 1: If you want to sit on the couch and ogle

511
00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:38,960
Speaker 1: of the universe, and you do it using the optical

512
00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:40,960
Speaker 1: gravitational lensing experiment.

513
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:46,560
Speaker 3: Wow, you guys probably pop some champagne when you came

514
00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:48,440
Speaker 3: up with that name. So those are the two ways

515
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:50,560
Speaker 3: you can see them. You can see them either through

516
00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:55,000
Speaker 3: micro lensing or anti eclipses or directly through the infrared.

517
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,440
Speaker 3: And so what do we know about them? Do we

518
00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:01,159
Speaker 3: know are they sort of round like our planets necessarily

519
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,840
Speaker 3: or do they look like giant asteroids or what do

520
00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:06,080
Speaker 3: we expect them to look like?

521
00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:09,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, we expect that they're mostly round because anything that's

522
00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:13,360
Speaker 1: big enough gravity will make it round. You know, gravity

523
00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:15,880
Speaker 1: is powerful, and if you've got a bit that's sticking out,

524
00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,560
Speaker 1: eventually it's going to roll down. And so you have

525
00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:21,280
Speaker 1: something that's big enough to have strong gravity, it's going

526
00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:21,920
Speaker 1: to get round.

527
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:24,919
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, and you expect these to be big, right,

528
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,399
Speaker 3: I guess if you're calling them planets, there's a certain

529
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,600
Speaker 3: size associated with that name, isn't there, Like Pluto God

530
00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,640
Speaker 3: demoted because it wasn't big enough.

531
00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:37,760
Speaker 1: Yeah. But the really amazing part is that probably there's

532
00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:41,719
Speaker 1: a whole spectrum of sizes, from like things bigger than Jupiter,

533
00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:45,840
Speaker 1: down to Earth size things down to just rocks. And

534
00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:50,119
Speaker 1: the number is probably inversely proportional to the size. So

535
00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:53,280
Speaker 1: there are a certain number of Jupiter sized ones, and

536
00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:56,480
Speaker 1: then probably more Earth sized ones, and then probably like

537
00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:59,840
Speaker 1: exzillion times more just rocks out there.

538
00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:02,320
Speaker 3: But at some point they're just called rocks. You can't

539
00:26:02,320 --> 00:26:03,760
Speaker 3: call them planets, right.

540
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,000
Speaker 1: At some point they're called planets, and then dwarf planets,

541
00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:10,160
Speaker 1: and then yeah, just comets or rocks or dust.

542
00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:10,680
Speaker 5: Right.

543
00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:12,800
Speaker 1: And you know, some of these things have come through

544
00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,600
Speaker 1: our solar system. Remember Omu a mua huh and the

545
00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:19,200
Speaker 1: comet that came through in December of twenty nineteen. These

546
00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:21,560
Speaker 1: are just rocks from other solar systems that flew through

547
00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:22,440
Speaker 1: our solar system.

548
00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:26,359
Speaker 3: Wow, there are Jupiter sized planets out there, just floating

549
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,680
Speaker 3: in space, not being bound to any star, just doing

550
00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:30,639
Speaker 3: their own thing, and.

551
00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:32,879
Speaker 1: That was the question. When people first thought about this,

552
00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:35,240
Speaker 1: they thought, are they out there? Let's go look for them,

553
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,240
Speaker 1: and so they started using these two approaches, and what

554
00:26:38,359 --> 00:26:40,800
Speaker 1: they found sort of bogled the mind, right.

555
00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:43,120
Speaker 3: They found more than they expected.

556
00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:46,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, they found that there's something like around one Jupiter

557
00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:50,280
Speaker 1: sized rogue planet for every star in the Milky Way.

558
00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:54,160
Speaker 3: So there's hundreds of millions of these jupiter sized rogue

559
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:54,960
Speaker 3: planets out there.

560
00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:58,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, more like one hundred billion. Oh wow, yeah, because

561
00:26:58,320 --> 00:27:00,760
Speaker 1: there's how about one hundred billion stars in the Milky Way.

562
00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:03,600
Speaker 1: And a few years ago there was a really exciting result.

563
00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:05,680
Speaker 1: Some people said that there might be like two to

564
00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:10,200
Speaker 1: four Jupiter size rogue planets out there for every single star,

565
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:14,240
Speaker 1: so like hundreds of billions, And everybody was like, reacted

566
00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:17,480
Speaker 1: just the way you did, Like what And then another

567
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,520
Speaker 1: experiment did some measurements and they came back to said, everybody,

568
00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:23,160
Speaker 1: calm down, it looks like there's probably just about one

569
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 1: Jupiter sized rogue one. And I was like, that's still crazy.

570
00:27:26,960 --> 00:27:29,359
Speaker 1: I mean I was thinking there might be ten in

571
00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:33,080
Speaker 1: the whole galaxy. Turns out there's billions and billions of

572
00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:35,840
Speaker 1: these things, and those are the Jupiter size ones.

573
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:37,760
Speaker 3: The Milkyways littered with these.

574
00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:41,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're everywhere. And as you go down the mass

575
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:45,000
Speaker 1: scale right like Earth size planets, there might be ten

576
00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:47,000
Speaker 1: or even a hundred times as many.

577
00:27:47,359 --> 00:27:49,360
Speaker 3: Wow, it's just traffic out there.

578
00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:50,720
Speaker 1: It's pretty messy.

579
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:53,920
Speaker 3: This is littered with stuff around.

580
00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:56,840
Speaker 1: Nobody's cleaned up, right. We formed all these solar systems

581
00:27:56,880 --> 00:27:59,600
Speaker 1: and that all the leftover base are just still out there.

582
00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:02,400
Speaker 1: But you know, it gets more and more uncertain. As

583
00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:05,159
Speaker 1: the size of the object we're talking about gets smaller,

584
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,439
Speaker 1: it's harder to see, and so we've seen fewer of them,

585
00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:11,959
Speaker 1: so we're making more of an extrapolation with more uncertainty.

586
00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:15,680
Speaker 1: We're in early days of understanding this, and in five, ten,

587
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:18,680
Speaker 1: fifty years we'll have a much better handle on it.

588
00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:20,400
Speaker 1: But right now it's pretty uncertain.

589
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:22,159
Speaker 3: Are they going to keep on floating out there? Or

590
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:24,520
Speaker 3: will it will all of these planets eventually kind of

591
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:25,400
Speaker 3: fall into a star.

592
00:28:25,640 --> 00:28:28,840
Speaker 1: Think about what happens when a big Jupiter sized planet

593
00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:33,480
Speaker 1: approaches a star. It's not that easy to fall into orbit. Remember,

594
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:36,560
Speaker 1: orbit requires being in the right location, having the right direction,

595
00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:40,120
Speaker 1: and the right velocity. Much more likely is that you

596
00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:42,240
Speaker 1: come into a solar system and you just sort of

597
00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:46,480
Speaker 1: like mess it up, love. Yeah, you perturb the gravitational,

598
00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:50,120
Speaker 1: the nice cozy gravitational orbits of everybody that's been there

599
00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:52,720
Speaker 1: for billions of years, and you make more rogue planets

600
00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:54,840
Speaker 1: like you come in and you bust up a family.

601
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,200
Speaker 1: If a Jupiter sized planet came into our solar system,

602
00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:58,960
Speaker 1: we would probably lose a planet or two.

603
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:04,000
Speaker 3: Well, I hope it's Earth. They can take Pluto and Neptune.

604
00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:08,000
Speaker 3: You know, we don't even we don't even care about those.

605
00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 1: Wow, they haven't even arrived yet. And you're and you're

606
00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:13,800
Speaker 1: already at the negotiating table offering up our neighbors.

607
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:18,800
Speaker 3: What has urine has done for me lately?

608
00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:21,800
Speaker 1: Come on, Oh, come on, it's comic fodder. Urineus really

609
00:29:22,240 --> 00:29:23,440
Speaker 1: give away Neptune first.

610
00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:28,239
Speaker 3: Oh, I see it's less funny. I see you need

611
00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:30,120
Speaker 3: you want, you want to planet around, you can make

612
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:30,480
Speaker 3: fun of it.

613
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:32,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, some some planet has to be the butt

614
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:33,560
Speaker 1: of all of our jokes.

615
00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:36,320
Speaker 3: So okay. So it's not likely because if they're already

616
00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:40,200
Speaker 3: floating out there, you know, careening through space, it's unlikely

617
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,560
Speaker 3: for them to stop at any particular star. They'll just

618
00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:45,320
Speaker 3: kind of bounce around from solar system to solar system.

619
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:48,280
Speaker 1: It is possible, it's possible for our start to capture

620
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:50,960
Speaker 1: a new planet, and people wonder about the history of

621
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:53,440
Speaker 1: our Solar system, you know, like some of our planets

622
00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,200
Speaker 1: have weird orbits as it possible they were captured. But

623
00:29:56,680 --> 00:29:59,560
Speaker 1: if you just shoot a planet at a star, the

624
00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:02,320
Speaker 1: most the trajectories will lead to it just being like

625
00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:05,680
Speaker 1: whipped around and shot out into space and probably losing

626
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:06,680
Speaker 1: some of its planets.

627
00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:09,040
Speaker 3: I guess. Then that gets us to the question of

628
00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:13,800
Speaker 3: how these planets even formed. If they are not in

629
00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:17,520
Speaker 3: a solar system, and they were, probably they can be

630
00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:19,760
Speaker 3: captured by a solar sism. Where did they even come from?

631
00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,240
Speaker 3: So let's tackle that question. But first let's take a

632
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:22,760
Speaker 3: quick break.

633
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:29,160
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634
00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:32,360
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635
00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:36,480
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636
00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:39,120
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637
00:30:39,240 --> 00:30:43,480
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638
00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080
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639
00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,480
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640
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:52,720
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641
00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:55,840
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642
00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:59,400
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643
00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:02,240
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644
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:06,040
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645
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646
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647
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:14,120
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

648
00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:16,880
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649
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650
00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:23,240
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651
00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:26,080
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652
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00:31:57,400 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 6: a lifetime experiences everywhere you travel.

663
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:02,480
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664
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,240
Speaker 6: Cards issued by JP Morgan Chase Bank NA member FDIC

665
00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:10,000
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666
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,480
Speaker 8: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

667
00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:17,479
Speaker 8: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

668
00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:20,160
Speaker 8: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

669
00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:21,640
Speaker 1: Does it strengthen your House?

670
00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,560
Speaker 8: Dot com to learn how to strengthen your home and

671
00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 8: help protect it from damage. The work may cost less

672
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:30,080
Speaker 8: than you think and can often be done in just

673
00:32:30,160 --> 00:32:33,960
Speaker 8: a few days. Strengthen your home and help protect your family.

674
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:38,160
Speaker 8: Get prepared today and worry less tomorrow. Does it strengthen

675
00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:39,400
Speaker 8: your House? Dot com?

676
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:48,680
Speaker 6: All?

677
00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:51,120
Speaker 3: Right? So, where do rogue planets come from? Is there

678
00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:54,600
Speaker 3: like a rogue planet factory somewhere? Is there a rogue

679
00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:58,640
Speaker 3: nation of planets. Where all of these planets go rogue

680
00:32:58,680 --> 00:32:59,680
Speaker 3: from their rogue nation.

681
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,600
Speaker 1: Well, it depends on how you define a rogue planet.

682
00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:06,280
Speaker 1: There's a big population of them that were probably formed

683
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,640
Speaker 1: around a star, just like Earth and Jupiter and all

684
00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:12,360
Speaker 1: of our planets. They were part of some big cloud

685
00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:15,200
Speaker 1: of gas and dust and rocks which coalesced to form

686
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:18,840
Speaker 1: a star and planets. But remember that's not like organized.

687
00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:22,000
Speaker 1: Nobody planned our Solar system, and so in the early

688
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:25,200
Speaker 1: days of our Solar system, stuff was pretty chaotic. It's

689
00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:27,640
Speaker 1: not like everybody had cleared it up and say, everybody

690
00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:30,120
Speaker 1: in this lane become Earth and everybody over here. You

691
00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:34,400
Speaker 1: had stuff sort of bouncing around more. It was more disorganized,

692
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,120
Speaker 1: and so stuff got ejected. So some planets that were

693
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: formed in the early days of our Solar system probably

694
00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:43,000
Speaker 1: got ejected, are now out there the road planets.

695
00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:45,360
Speaker 3: We have a lost brother out there or sister.

696
00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:50,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, we almost certainly do. And it's almost certainly. It's

697
00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 1: a fun question to ask, like what fraction of planets

698
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,800
Speaker 1: end up in stable orbits and what fraction get ejected?

699
00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:00,520
Speaker 1: And you know, we're looking at our Solar system billions

700
00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:03,560
Speaker 1: of years in. It's basically after everything has settled down.

701
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,160
Speaker 1: You know, in our Solar system. People think, for example,

702
00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:09,680
Speaker 1: like Saturn and Jupiter might have once had different orbits,

703
00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:11,359
Speaker 1: They might have been in a different order.

704
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:13,760
Speaker 3: I see, because we had more things.

705
00:34:14,200 --> 00:34:17,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that there was a third planet, another icy giant,

706
00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:20,319
Speaker 1: which got ejected from the Solar System. Like you look

707
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:22,680
Speaker 1: at the organization of our Solar system for clues, and

708
00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:24,839
Speaker 1: you're like, this looks weird. You know, it make more

709
00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:27,560
Speaker 1: sense if this crazy thing happened, and that's how we

710
00:34:27,719 --> 00:34:30,000
Speaker 1: ended up with this configuration of our planets.

711
00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:33,760
Speaker 3: Oh interesting, that's right, because the Solar System didn't always

712
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:35,040
Speaker 3: look like the Solar System.

713
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:35,400
Speaker 2: No.

714
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,640
Speaker 1: And remember Earth had a massive collision with like a

715
00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:41,680
Speaker 1: planet sized object which led to the formation of the Moon.

716
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,720
Speaker 1: Where did that thing come from? Well, probably our Solar

717
00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:47,839
Speaker 1: System and so and now it's been obliterated.

718
00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:51,279
Speaker 3: Okay, So that's one way you can create a rope

719
00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:54,080
Speaker 3: planet out there in spaces. You it's born in a

720
00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:56,920
Speaker 3: Solar System along with other planets, but then the other

721
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,080
Speaker 3: planets sort of get together and kind of vot with

722
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:01,040
Speaker 3: that planet out.

723
00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:04,360
Speaker 1: That's right, planet survivor. But you know, from that planet's

724
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:06,200
Speaker 1: point of view, they're probably like I never wanted to

725
00:35:06,239 --> 00:35:08,600
Speaker 1: be in a solar system anyway. It's so much more

726
00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:10,279
Speaker 1: exciting out here in the backwoods.

727
00:35:11,040 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 3: I see, it's much cooler out here.

728
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,680
Speaker 1: It is much cooler out there. And it could also be,

729
00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:19,360
Speaker 1: as we talked about earlier, that something comes by and

730
00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:22,719
Speaker 1: perturbs a nice stable solar system, like a black hole

731
00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:25,600
Speaker 1: comes near a solar system and perturbs it and sucks

732
00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:27,640
Speaker 1: out some of the planets, or even just you know,

733
00:35:27,719 --> 00:35:31,480
Speaker 1: another passing rogue planet. So solar systems are not that stable.

734
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:35,279
Speaker 3: So those are rogue orphan planets I guess you could call. Yeah,

735
00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:37,800
Speaker 3: then you can also have like true rogue planets or

736
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:41,120
Speaker 3: like independently formed rogue.

737
00:35:40,960 --> 00:35:42,160
Speaker 1: Planets, feral planets.

738
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:45,120
Speaker 3: Maybe we can say planet native planets.

739
00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:48,560
Speaker 1: These are the ones that you were saying don't really

740
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,960
Speaker 1: count as a star, and they're called sub brown dwarf stars,

741
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:55,960
Speaker 1: and they're just clumps of matter that started to form

742
00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:59,680
Speaker 1: together but didn't get enough to form enough gravitational pressure

743
00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:02,680
Speaker 1: that you would get hydrogen fusion at the core of it,

744
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:04,560
Speaker 1: and so you never start to burn.

745
00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:07,840
Speaker 3: Great because you could just have dust out there and

746
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:10,719
Speaker 3: gas and just have it. If there's nothing around it,

747
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:12,480
Speaker 3: it'll just come together as a clump.

748
00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:15,439
Speaker 1: It will come together as a clump. Eventually. Gravity wins.

749
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:15,680
Speaker 2: Right.

750
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:19,520
Speaker 1: Gravity is so weak but so patient, and it just

751
00:36:19,719 --> 00:36:23,120
Speaker 1: pulls this stuff together whatever you started with. And you know,

752
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:24,920
Speaker 1: you might wonder like how does that start? And that's

753
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:28,360
Speaker 1: a whole other fascinating topic. People think that these clouds

754
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:31,200
Speaker 1: of gas and dust and maybe like a supernova shockwave

755
00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:35,200
Speaker 1: passes through it and that triggers the coalescing. Anyway, we'll

756
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:38,000
Speaker 1: talk about that in another episode. But whatever you got

757
00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:40,360
Speaker 1: around you forms into a blob. And if it's not

758
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,560
Speaker 1: bright enough to burn into a star, then it becomes.

759
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,120
Speaker 3: Too to start fusion, right, that's what you Yeah.

760
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:48,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, because you know, if you just have a rock

761
00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:50,279
Speaker 1: out there, it's not enough to start fusion. You need

762
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:53,239
Speaker 1: enough mass that the gravity sort of takes over and

763
00:36:53,360 --> 00:36:56,120
Speaker 1: you start that star and then it's basically a sub

764
00:36:56,239 --> 00:36:57,120
Speaker 1: brown dwarf star.

765
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:01,120
Speaker 3: Oh man, I'm just going to pass judgment right now, Daniel.

766
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:02,920
Speaker 3: I think I don't think they should be called stars,

767
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:07,000
Speaker 3: all right, call them just climb them a subground dwarfs

768
00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:07,520
Speaker 3: or something.

769
00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:09,759
Speaker 1: So would you call them a rogue planet then?

770
00:37:10,160 --> 00:37:10,279
Speaker 8: Uh?

771
00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:15,080
Speaker 3: Yeah, right? Independent? An independent planet? Or yeah, why not?

772
00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:17,760
Speaker 3: Is there an argument against calling them a rogue planet?

773
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,040
Speaker 1: Well, some people think that, you know, a planet is

774
00:37:20,040 --> 00:37:22,160
Speaker 1: something that formed around a star, and so that a

775
00:37:22,239 --> 00:37:25,400
Speaker 1: rogue planet. I think that generally acceptable term is that

776
00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:27,640
Speaker 1: a rogue planet something was around a star and then

777
00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:30,800
Speaker 1: got lost. It went rogue. You can't you can't be

778
00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:33,120
Speaker 1: born rogue in astronomy, apparently.

779
00:37:33,719 --> 00:37:36,640
Speaker 3: I see if by planet you mean something that forms

780
00:37:36,640 --> 00:37:40,920
Speaker 3: around a star, then technically, technically think that form doesn't

781
00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:43,120
Speaker 3: form with it around a star is not a planet.

782
00:37:43,239 --> 00:37:44,840
Speaker 1: But this is all semantics, right, This is just what

783
00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:47,200
Speaker 1: people decided to call this thing so they can have

784
00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:50,080
Speaker 1: words that they communicate with and all mean the same thing.

785
00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:52,800
Speaker 1: Or maybe they just like arguing about this stuff at meetings.

786
00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:54,120
Speaker 1: That's probably true also.

787
00:37:54,120 --> 00:37:55,960
Speaker 3: Or maybe if what do you mean by star is

788
00:37:56,120 --> 00:37:59,840
Speaker 3: just like celestial objects, then this could be sort of

789
00:37:59,840 --> 00:38:01,239
Speaker 3: a non shining star.

790
00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:04,839
Speaker 1: Yeah, And these things sort of go the same way

791
00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:07,880
Speaker 1: as the rogue planets. That is, when it comes to stars.

792
00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:10,640
Speaker 1: We know more about bigger stars because they burn bright

793
00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:13,359
Speaker 1: and we can see them. It's hard to spot brown

794
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:16,440
Speaker 1: dwarfs and sub brown dwarfs because they don't shine like stars.

795
00:38:16,920 --> 00:38:19,359
Speaker 1: We think that the number of these things grows very

796
00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:21,480
Speaker 1: quickly though, as you dial down the mass of the

797
00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:24,560
Speaker 1: object from bright star to sub brown dwarf to just

798
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:28,200
Speaker 1: dark little blob. So there's a lot more sub brown

799
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:30,720
Speaker 1: dwarfs out there than there are burning stars.

800
00:38:31,160 --> 00:38:33,080
Speaker 3: There are more filled stars than stars. Is that what

801
00:38:33,160 --> 00:38:33,560
Speaker 3: you're saying?

802
00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:38,240
Speaker 1: Big surprise, right? There are more waiters than celebrities in Hollywood.

803
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:41,279
Speaker 5: Wow.

804
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:43,920
Speaker 3: The analogies just keep on rewarding us here.

805
00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:48,000
Speaker 1: It turns out what we've learned here in Los Angeles

806
00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:49,800
Speaker 1: does apply to the rest of the universe.

807
00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:53,160
Speaker 3: In this one case, La is the center of the universe.

808
00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:55,600
Speaker 1: Obviously, it has taught us something about.

809
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:57,800
Speaker 3: Template is a template for the rest of the universe.

810
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:00,879
Speaker 1: That is terrifying. That is terrifying, all.

811
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:03,680
Speaker 3: Right, cool, So it's pretty interesting to know, to understand,

812
00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:07,080
Speaker 3: to to have a sense that there are giant planets

813
00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:10,360
Speaker 3: out there floating in space without a home. You know,

814
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:13,160
Speaker 3: they're just cruising through space like a like a space ship.

815
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,200
Speaker 1: I guess, yeah, And you have to wonder, like, what

816
00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:17,239
Speaker 1: would it be like to stand on the surface of

817
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:22,040
Speaker 1: that planet yet perpetual night. You'd have no seasons, you right,

818
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:24,280
Speaker 1: You could do a lot of great astronomy right, because

819
00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:26,960
Speaker 1: you have no sun to interfere with your telescopes.

820
00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:29,680
Speaker 3: You could have a walk around that planet, go all

821
00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:31,319
Speaker 3: the way around, and you would only see the night

822
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:32,520
Speaker 3: sky which stars in it.

823
00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:35,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, but you could stay up all night long every night.

824
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:43,959
Speaker 3: You would never get a sunburn, that's right, and watch

825
00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:45,080
Speaker 3: that industry.

826
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:46,839
Speaker 1: That industry would just not take off.

827
00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:50,840
Speaker 3: Yeah. Good for astronomers, bad for Proctor and Gamble.

828
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and also makers of swimsuits, probably because you know

829
00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:55,279
Speaker 1: it'd be pretty cold.

830
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:55,520
Speaker 6: Right.

831
00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:58,400
Speaker 1: We rely on our Sun not just for sunlight but

832
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:01,600
Speaker 1: also for the warmth, and that it provides something like

833
00:40:02,080 --> 00:40:06,200
Speaker 1: ninety nine point nine seven percent of the energy on

834
00:40:06,280 --> 00:40:08,440
Speaker 1: the surface of the Earth comes directly from the Sun.

835
00:40:09,080 --> 00:40:11,680
Speaker 3: Really, But aren't there planets in our Solar system that

836
00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:14,239
Speaker 3: are like super hot by themselves or is it all

837
00:40:14,360 --> 00:40:15,120
Speaker 3: also from the Sun?

838
00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:18,000
Speaker 1: There are like Venus is super hot, but all that

839
00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:20,080
Speaker 1: energy comes from the Sun. And the reason it's super

840
00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:22,600
Speaker 1: hot is that it has these thick clouds that trap

841
00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:25,759
Speaker 1: that energy. So all the surface energy from all the

842
00:40:26,120 --> 00:40:28,480
Speaker 1: all the planets in our Solar system is almost all

843
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:29,120
Speaker 1: from the Sun.

844
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:31,399
Speaker 3: But that's on the surface. If you wanted to live

845
00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,319
Speaker 3: on the surface and have a view of the night sky.

846
00:40:33,560 --> 00:40:36,920
Speaker 3: But technically, could you in one of these road planets,

847
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,600
Speaker 3: could you evolve life inside of it where it is warm?

848
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:42,759
Speaker 1: You might, because, as you say, the core of our

849
00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:45,160
Speaker 1: planet is warm, and that's not from the Sun, that's

850
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:48,279
Speaker 1: from the gravitational pressure. Right, the Earth is also being

851
00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:52,440
Speaker 1: squeezed and melts the rock, and from the radioactive decays

852
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:55,400
Speaker 1: that are happening inside that rock that radiates a little

853
00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:58,319
Speaker 1: bit of energy. And so there is you know, there

854
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:01,200
Speaker 1: are hot spots underground. And so if you were on

855
00:41:01,320 --> 00:41:03,399
Speaker 1: one of these rogue planets safe for example, the Earth

856
00:41:03,480 --> 00:41:07,400
Speaker 1: went rogue, right, what would happen, Well, there are oceans.

857
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:10,600
Speaker 1: Not good, right, you throw away all your sunscreen, Sorry

858
00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:14,920
Speaker 1: about that, and the oceans would freeze and the atmosphere

859
00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,120
Speaker 1: would like turn to snow and just like accumulate on

860
00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:20,360
Speaker 1: the surface of the Earth, which would be crazy. But

861
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:22,960
Speaker 1: if you go down deep enough, there would still be warmth,

862
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:26,160
Speaker 1: and so there might be enough energy sort of bubbling

863
00:41:26,280 --> 00:41:28,840
Speaker 1: up through the crust to keep like a layer of

864
00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:30,120
Speaker 1: water melted.

865
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,800
Speaker 3: Oh, interesting, you could have like underground oceans.

866
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:36,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, you could have underground oceans. The Earth would be

867
00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:38,600
Speaker 1: covered in a layer of ice. But a mile or

868
00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:41,279
Speaker 1: maybe two miles down there could still be water and

869
00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:43,319
Speaker 1: it might be warm enough to sustain life.

870
00:41:43,480 --> 00:41:45,320
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, So you would throw your sunscreen, but

871
00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:46,200
Speaker 3: not your swimsuit.

872
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:49,560
Speaker 1: Try to take your swimsuit or maybe your wetsuit, because

873
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:51,719
Speaker 1: I don't think it's going to be very warm. But

874
00:41:52,080 --> 00:41:54,440
Speaker 1: you could find, like you know, cracks in the Earth's

875
00:41:54,440 --> 00:41:58,879
Speaker 1: mantle underground where there's geothermal energy, and there there is life.

876
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:01,640
Speaker 1: The very bottom of the shouldn't custer around these thermal vents.

877
00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:03,800
Speaker 3: Yeah, and they don't have any sunlight that you just

878
00:42:03,880 --> 00:42:06,280
Speaker 3: live off of the hot water from these vents.

879
00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:08,759
Speaker 1: They've been planning for this for a long time.

880
00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:11,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, they're ready for They're ready for Earth to go rogue.

881
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:14,000
Speaker 1: They're the rogue life, right, They're ready to take over

882
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,759
Speaker 1: when Earth goes rogue. There are waiting to rise up.

883
00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:19,440
Speaker 3: But I think what I what I was saying, is

884
00:42:19,520 --> 00:42:21,560
Speaker 3: that that that could happen in one of these rogue

885
00:42:21,560 --> 00:42:23,320
Speaker 3: planets out there. I mean, there could be like a

886
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:26,480
Speaker 3: giant floating Jupiter out there in space. It's actually like

887
00:42:26,880 --> 00:42:29,560
Speaker 3: a spaceshift full of life under the surface.

888
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:32,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it doesn't have to be that life evolves

889
00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:33,880
Speaker 1: on a planet and then it goes rogue. I think

890
00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:36,680
Speaker 1: you're saying, like, could life evolve on a planet when

891
00:42:36,760 --> 00:42:38,719
Speaker 1: it's rogue? And I think the answer is yeah. You

892
00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:42,200
Speaker 1: could have liquid water on a rogue planet and life

893
00:42:42,239 --> 00:42:45,240
Speaker 1: could evolve, and it could evolve under like a mile

894
00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:49,239
Speaker 1: of ice and never see the sky. Right, it might

895
00:42:49,280 --> 00:42:52,400
Speaker 1: not even be aware that the universe is larger than

896
00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:52,960
Speaker 1: its ocean.

897
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:54,399
Speaker 3: It'd be like rogue life.

898
00:42:54,560 --> 00:42:56,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you have to wonder, like, what kind of

899
00:42:56,320 --> 00:43:00,439
Speaker 1: technology could you evolve? Like, could you become intelligent? Could

900
00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,319
Speaker 1: you evolve technology? Could you drill out of the ice

901
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:05,400
Speaker 1: and then discover that? Imagine what that would be like

902
00:43:05,920 --> 00:43:07,239
Speaker 1: to be that kind of I want to read a

903
00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:09,480
Speaker 1: science fiction novel about life that evolves on a rogue

904
00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:12,759
Speaker 1: planet and develops the technology, drills out of the ice,

905
00:43:12,840 --> 00:43:15,759
Speaker 1: and then discovers Oh my gosh, the universe is so

906
00:43:16,040 --> 00:43:19,279
Speaker 1: much bigger than we ever imagined. What a moment. Right.

907
00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:22,040
Speaker 3: There's a story you and I were talking earlier about

908
00:43:22,080 --> 00:43:24,480
Speaker 3: the writer Doug Chiang. He has a story I don't

909
00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:25,920
Speaker 3: know if you read it, called The Tower of a

910
00:43:26,040 --> 00:43:28,439
Speaker 3: Bell where that's kind of the plot where they drill

911
00:43:28,520 --> 00:43:30,000
Speaker 3: through the ceiling of heaven Oh.

912
00:43:29,920 --> 00:43:32,280
Speaker 1: My gosh, I want to read that story. That sounds awesome.

913
00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:36,279
Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, So that's kind of possible, is that

914
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:39,560
Speaker 3: there are and there are so many of these rogue

915
00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:42,600
Speaker 3: planets out there that it probably is maybe possible that

916
00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:45,160
Speaker 3: there is life when that life started in one of

917
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:46,040
Speaker 3: these rogue planets.

918
00:43:46,280 --> 00:43:49,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's very exciting for the possibility of alien life,

919
00:43:49,320 --> 00:43:51,600
Speaker 1: which you know, I'm a fan of. You know, recently

920
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:54,240
Speaker 1: we've learned that there are a huge number of planets

921
00:43:54,320 --> 00:43:57,239
Speaker 1: around other stars. That was a big moment just in

922
00:43:57,320 --> 00:44:00,640
Speaker 1: astronomy in general, but also for us who promote alien life,

923
00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:03,480
Speaker 1: to realize that there are other places for life in

924
00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:07,160
Speaker 1: the universe around other stars. That was exciting. Now we're

925
00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:09,880
Speaker 1: learning that that's a tiny fraction of all the planets

926
00:44:09,880 --> 00:44:12,319
Speaker 1: out there, and that there's an enormous number of these

927
00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:15,880
Speaker 1: dark rogue planets, and I think it's more challenging for

928
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:18,120
Speaker 1: life to form on a rogue planet, but hey, you

929
00:44:18,239 --> 00:44:20,239
Speaker 1: got more opportunities.

930
00:44:19,560 --> 00:44:24,040
Speaker 3: Also, right, there's like a hundred billion rogue planets the

931
00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:24,800
Speaker 3: size of Jupiter.

932
00:44:25,239 --> 00:44:27,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, and maybe ten to one hundred times as many

933
00:44:28,040 --> 00:44:29,640
Speaker 1: Earth sized planets out there.

934
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:32,680
Speaker 3: Right just in our Solar system. I mean, just in

935
00:44:32,760 --> 00:44:33,720
Speaker 3: our galaxy.

936
00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:38,520
Speaker 1: That would be getting kind of crowded just in our galaxy.

937
00:44:38,600 --> 00:44:41,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean, I mean the galaxy. There's hundreds and

938
00:44:41,239 --> 00:44:43,960
Speaker 3: hundreds of billions of these and and maybe there are

939
00:44:44,040 --> 00:44:46,560
Speaker 3: hundreds of billions of galaxy. So who knows, right there

940
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:48,600
Speaker 3: could be a rogue life form out there.

941
00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:50,279
Speaker 1: My money is that there is. I mean, it just

942
00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,279
Speaker 1: seems so much more likely. It seems so impossible to

943
00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:56,200
Speaker 1: imagine that nowhere out there, on any of these planets

944
00:44:56,280 --> 00:44:59,279
Speaker 1: has life begun. There's so many opportunities, in so many

945
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:02,560
Speaker 1: ways for to happen we haven't even imagined. I would

946
00:45:02,560 --> 00:45:05,080
Speaker 1: definitely put my money on there being rogue alien life.

947
00:45:05,320 --> 00:45:08,000
Speaker 3: Can you imagine them bursting out of their shell and

948
00:45:08,120 --> 00:45:09,320
Speaker 3: be like, WHOA what is this?

949
00:45:10,680 --> 00:45:12,799
Speaker 1: Even crazier though, is that like one of these rogue

950
00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:15,520
Speaker 1: planets could pass by our solar system, you know, within

951
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:19,320
Speaker 1: a few au you know, just outside the edge of Pluto,

952
00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:22,080
Speaker 1: and we wouldn't even see it, and they might not

953
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:24,759
Speaker 1: even see us, And so we could be like, they

954
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,200
Speaker 1: could be like cosmic neighbors zooming by and we're not

955
00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:29,120
Speaker 1: even paying attention.

956
00:45:29,520 --> 00:45:32,239
Speaker 3: And maybe just maybe this happened a few billion years ago,

957
00:45:32,440 --> 00:45:35,320
Speaker 3: and maybe just maybe an asteroid hit that rogue planet

958
00:45:35,440 --> 00:45:38,319
Speaker 3: and ejected a piece of rock with life that didn't

959
00:45:38,360 --> 00:45:42,040
Speaker 3: landed on eight. I'm taking it too far.

960
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:44,680
Speaker 1: No, I like that there a lot. It's totally possible.

961
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:48,120
Speaker 1: It's possible for life to have originated somewhere else and

962
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:49,040
Speaker 1: then come to Earth.

963
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:51,680
Speaker 3: All right, Well, that's pretty interesting to know. It sort

964
00:45:51,719 --> 00:45:54,880
Speaker 3: of makes you look at space and the night sky differently,

965
00:45:54,960 --> 00:45:57,239
Speaker 3: you know. And in all those places where you only

966
00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:01,000
Speaker 3: see blackness, there could be planets out there, floating and

967
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:02,399
Speaker 3: possibly with life.

968
00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:05,520
Speaker 1: Yep. And this life might not be looking back at you.

969
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:08,759
Speaker 1: It might be hidden under two miles of ice, looking

970
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:11,800
Speaker 1: up at the inside of its ocean and wondering what

971
00:46:12,040 --> 00:46:12,839
Speaker 1: else is out there?

972
00:46:13,120 --> 00:46:15,440
Speaker 3: Right, that's no interest in being famous like a star.

973
00:46:16,960 --> 00:46:19,640
Speaker 1: Only because they don't even know it's possible. Once they

974
00:46:19,680 --> 00:46:21,520
Speaker 1: get a taste of it, though, to.

975
00:46:21,520 --> 00:46:25,239
Speaker 3: Go now, once they discover television, it's all over.

976
00:46:26,120 --> 00:46:27,359
Speaker 1: Who doesn't want to be a star?

977
00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:30,200
Speaker 3: All right? Well, we hope you enjoyed that little tour

978
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:33,799
Speaker 3: into the blackness of space and what could be out

979
00:46:33,840 --> 00:46:35,360
Speaker 3: there waiting for us to discover.

980
00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:38,080
Speaker 1: And as usual, you are in no danger as you

981
00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:40,440
Speaker 1: sit on your couch or sit in the seat of

982
00:46:40,480 --> 00:46:43,600
Speaker 1: your car and listen to us helping you explore the universe.

983
00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:46,239
Speaker 3: All right, We hope you enjoyed that. See you next time.

984
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,319
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

985
00:46:56,360 --> 00:46:59,520
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

986
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,000
Speaker 1: hear from it. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

987
00:47:02,120 --> 00:47:05,759
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

988
00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:10,200
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for

989
00:47:10,280 --> 00:47:13,200
Speaker 1: listening and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe

990
00:47:13,320 --> 00:47:17,640
Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

991
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:21,919
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

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