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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorge, if you had to move to another planet,

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Speaker 1: where would you go? I don't know. People seem to

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Speaker 1: like mark a lot. That sounds pretty cool. Isn't it

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Speaker 1: like really really cold, like colder than Antarctica? That sound

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Speaker 1: cozy to you, That's what I meant. I said, it

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Speaker 1: sounds cool. Well, have you considered Venus? It's nice and toasty.

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Speaker 1: I heard it's a little too toasty for me. So

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Speaker 1: you don't want it too hot, you don't want it

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Speaker 1: too cold. So then where would you go? You're interested

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Speaker 1: in the clouds of diamonds on Neptune. I know, but

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Speaker 1: I heard the You know there's there are oceans in Europa.

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Speaker 1: That sounds pretty nice. Yeah, if you can hold your

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Speaker 1: breath forever and you're like swimming in the dark. All right,

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Speaker 1: may I'll just stay home. Was that one of Golden

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Speaker 1: Lockers options? Why didn't she just stay home? It was

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Speaker 1: too homie? Maybe? Hi? I'm poor handmade cartoonists and the

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Speaker 1: creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle

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Speaker 1: physicist and a professor at U See Irvine, where the

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Speaker 1: weather is always just right. Oh yeah, it never rains

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Speaker 1: or never gets cold. It rains just the right amount,

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Speaker 1: and it gets just cold enough for you to sometimes

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Speaker 1: have to zip closed your fleece. You have it rough there. Yeah, Well,

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Speaker 1: we get to act like it's cold and we're all

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Speaker 1: bundling up in front of the fire, when it's only

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Speaker 1: really like one man's sixty degrees is another man's venus winter.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio, in which we take

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Speaker 1: a tour of the chiliest and the hottest parts of

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Speaker 1: the universe. We explore everything from the driest to the wettest,

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Speaker 1: from the smallest to the largest, to the oldest to

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Speaker 1: the youngest. All of the extremes of the universe are

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Speaker 1: welcome intellectual fodder for this podcast, where we try to

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Speaker 1: dig into why everything is the way that it is

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Speaker 1: and why it's not the way that it's not. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because it is a pretty cozy universe and a pretty

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Speaker 1: cozy planet we live in. It seems to be not

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Speaker 1: too hot and not too cold for us. It seems

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Speaker 1: to be just about right for us and bears apparently,

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Speaker 1: And so we like to talk about all the things

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Speaker 1: in it and all the things that are there for us.

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Speaker 1: To explore and to learn about. And as we cast

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Speaker 1: our minds out into the universe, we discover that our

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Speaker 1: little place, our little corner of the universe, this rock

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Speaker 1: that we find ourselves on, seems pretty wonderful and toasty.

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Speaker 1: There's not a lot of other places in the Solar

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Speaker 1: System you'd like to live. Yeah, we're pretty lucky to

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Speaker 1: have this nice blue planet here with water that's liquid

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Speaker 1: that we can swim around in and go to the

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Speaker 1: beach and enjoy. And also not too hot that would

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Speaker 1: you know, kind of crush us and melt us when

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Speaker 1: we step outside. It's pretty nice. I would go to

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Speaker 1: five stars. A good thing we only have one star,

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Speaker 1: or it would get too hot anyway. But a big

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Speaker 1: question in modern astronomy is how often do you get

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Speaker 1: Earth like planets? And one way that we ask that

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Speaker 1: question is by looking at other Solar systems and wondering

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Speaker 1: how often do you get rocky planets about this size

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Speaker 1: orbiting those suns that just the right distance. But it's

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Speaker 1: not clear that that's enough. Just because you have a

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Speaker 1: rocky planet in the habitable zone in the Goldilocks zone,

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Speaker 1: is that enough to make a planet a cozy place

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Speaker 1: to live? Yeah, and it's a pretty big question with

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Speaker 1: huge ramifications, I think, because it can not only kind

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Speaker 1: of affect where humans might go outside of the Solar System,

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Speaker 1: but it also kind of tells you how rare life

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Speaker 1: is in the universe. Are we super looking at are

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Speaker 1: we the only life in the universe or in our galaxy?

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Speaker 1: Or are planets like Earth full of theming plants and

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Speaker 1: animals pretty common? That's right, And it might also tell

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Speaker 1: us something about the future of Earth and whether it

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Speaker 1: will be habitable. We don't know how long planets like

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Speaker 1: Earth are cozy places for life, or if they turn

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Speaker 1: into crazy hot ovens or super dry frozen deserts. How

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Speaker 1: long will Earth continue to be a nice place to live? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and humans are not really helping in that department, are we.

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Speaker 1: We're sort of not maintaining our house very well. That's right.

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Speaker 1: We're certainly heating up the planet. And it brings to

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Speaker 1: mind our neighbors in the habitable zone. You know, when

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Speaker 1: you look next door, over to Mars and over to Venus,

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Speaker 1: you find a couple of very different examples for outcomes

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Speaker 1: for planets that are pretty close to our neighborhood. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we're always looking for other planets that might be habitable

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Speaker 1: or might have been habitable. It's sort of like looking

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Speaker 1: at your siblings and using them to gauge how well

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Speaker 1: you're doing in life. I see, why is my siblings

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Speaker 1: so much hotter than I? Yeah, or cooler? Or is

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Speaker 1: my case richer? Exactly? Why is my siblings so much

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Speaker 1: gasier than that? When I'm glad about exactly? There are

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Speaker 1: points of envy. But because those Excel planets and other

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Speaker 1: Solar systems are so far away, we can see that

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Speaker 1: they're there, but we aren't yet able to understand if

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Speaker 1: there are liquid oceans on the surface and little critters

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Speaker 1: swimming around in them. But we can look around in

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Speaker 1: our neighborhood and ask questions like why did Venus turn

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Speaker 1: out so differently from us? What is it about Mars

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Speaker 1: that makes it so frozen and inhspitable? Yeah, and we've

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Speaker 1: talked about Mars a lot on this podcast. I feel

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Speaker 1: like we've talked about it's oceans and water and probes

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Speaker 1: and things we send there and plans to go there, um,

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Speaker 1: But we rarely talked about Venus. It's sort of like

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Speaker 1: the ignored sibling of the Solar system. That's right, and

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Speaker 1: It's not just been ignored by this one podcast. It's

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Speaker 1: been overlooked a lot by science agencies. Mars has been

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Speaker 1: the target of rovers and missions and orbiters, but Venus

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Speaker 1: has been mostly ignored for a long long time. So

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Speaker 1: Venus needs some more attention. Yeah, do you think that's

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Speaker 1: why it's fuming right now? It's just doing their feeling

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Speaker 1: resentful that we're ignoring it. There's always a favorite child,

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Speaker 1: you know. That's true, even if everybody denies it. There's

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Speaker 1: always a favorite child, that's right. You just hope that

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Speaker 1: your favorite child is one of yours. That's right. It's Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: Jupiters my every Well, what if we discovered our favorite

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Speaker 1: planet is like in another solar system? Then with the sun?

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Speaker 1: Get mad? Wait what are you saying? We might have

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Speaker 1: children with other sons? But now now I'm confused here

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Speaker 1: about this family arrangement. Well, you know, if we find

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Speaker 1: beautiful planets around Alpha Centauri that are bigger than Earth

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Speaker 1: and even more hospitable than we might look for an upgrade.

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Speaker 1: Oh boy, you're already retiring the Earth. You haven't even

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Speaker 1: found this better planet in it, and you're already looking.

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Speaker 1: I'm just saying the sky is the limit. You know,

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Speaker 1: the Earth is wonderful, but we don't know if it's

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Speaker 1: the best thing out there. Always keep shopping, you know.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like you're suffering from a fomo fear of

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Speaker 1: missing out on science fumos fomo fear of missing out

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Speaker 1: on Earth's But yeah, we're talking about Venus today because

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Speaker 1: it's sort of an interesting planet. Like you said, it's

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Speaker 1: right next to us, and it's very similar to planet Earth,

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Speaker 1: right it is. It has a lot of the same

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Speaker 1: sort of initial conditions. It's about the same size as

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Speaker 1: about the same density, it's very close to us, gets

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Speaker 1: just about the same amount of sun, but its fate

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Speaker 1: was very, very different than our Yeah, well we are

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Speaker 1: here enjoying some blue oceans and beautiful mountain vistas. Venus

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Speaker 1: is pretty uninhabitable. I mean, it's pretty dangerous there, right. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's not a place you want to go on vacation.

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Speaker 1: But scientists think that maybe it was sort of like

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Speaker 1: Earth at some point in the past, like maybe it

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Speaker 1: had oceans in life and maybe underground water, and so

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Speaker 1: a big question is what happened. Yeah, it might be

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Speaker 1: that Venus had oceans of water for billions of years.

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Speaker 1: And maybe even life swimming around there. But something happened

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Speaker 1: a few hundred million years ago, and now it's toxic

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Speaker 1: and scritching and nowhere you want to go. So it's

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Speaker 1: a great opportunity to learn something about the fate of planets,

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Speaker 1: maybe the future of the Earth. And recently NASA decided, finally,

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Speaker 1: after decades of overlooking Venus, to send a couple new

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Speaker 1: probes that way. Yeah, it's pretty exciting. And so today

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Speaker 1: on the podcast we'll be asking the question will the

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Speaker 1: new missions to Venus teach us? It's kind of a

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Speaker 1: mouthful their missions to Venus teaches exactly. But I do

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Speaker 1: feel like Venus has secrets and there are things we're

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Speaker 1: gonna learn about life or planets or geology that are

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Speaker 1: unique to Venus. I really feel like it's got something

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Speaker 1: for us to learn. Do you think there's something interesting

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Speaker 1: there in its history, like you want to dig into

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Speaker 1: Psyche maybe figure out what happened. Yeah, I do think so.

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Speaker 1: I think every planet in the Solar System has a

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Speaker 1: crazy story. You know. It's sort of like you show

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Speaker 1: up in this family when everybody's in their fifties and

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Speaker 1: they're all already mad at each other and there's these

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Speaker 1: references to things that happened twenty years ago that nobody

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Speaker 1: wants to talk about. And that's our solar system. We

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Speaker 1: evolved on this planet very recently and we have no

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Speaker 1: idea what's been going on. Maybe Jupiter used to orbit

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Speaker 1: really close to the Sun. Maybe there was another planet

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Speaker 1: that got thrown out of the Solar system when things

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Speaker 1: moved around. We're liking a Jonathan Friends and novel. Everybody

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Speaker 1: is grumpy and nobody wants to talk about it. Sounds

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Speaker 1: like you speak from experience. Then one of the whites

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Speaker 1: and familys are like I have a large Jewish family,

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Speaker 1: so there's a lot of these like feuds, you know,

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Speaker 1: where people aren't talking to somebody else because it's something

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Speaker 1: that happened fifty years ago. I'm not joking. It's crazy.

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Speaker 1: And you also have kids in other solar systems. Maybe

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Speaker 1: not that I'm admitting on the podcast, I mean listens

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Speaker 1: to this anyways, Nobody we know, nobody. In my mother's generation,

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Speaker 1: there was one branch of the family that only discovered

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Speaker 1: in their thirties that they had a sibling who had

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Speaker 1: been committed to a mental institution. We had been told

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Speaker 1: that is like a novel, man, it was it Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: There's definitely a lot of drama there. All right, Well,

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Speaker 1: this is a pretty interesting question. There's an idea of

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Speaker 1: exploring Venus, and so we're sending missions and so we

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Speaker 1: want to know what are they going to find? And so,

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Speaker 1: as usual, we were wondering what people out there thought

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Speaker 1: we could find in this interesting planet. So thanks to

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Speaker 1: everybody who participates in this segment of the podcast. We

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Speaker 1: love hearing what you have to say about these questions.

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Speaker 1: Now it's just because we love hearing your voices, we do,

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Speaker 1: but also because it gives us a stance for what

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Speaker 1: people out there might already know. So thank you very

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Speaker 1: much for volunteering. And if you out there would like

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Speaker 1: to participate in a future segment, please don't be shy

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Speaker 1: and write to me at questions at Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 1: dot com. So think about it for a second. Use

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Speaker 1: your imagination. What do you think the Venusian probes are

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Speaker 1: going to teach us? Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: I don't know too much about Venus, so I can't

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Speaker 1: really say for sure, but I do know Venus has

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Speaker 1: really high temperature, and I know that it's got a

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Speaker 1: weird atmosphere relative to ours. I know that it doesn't

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Speaker 1: have any moons, and I know Venus is a good

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Speaker 1: analog to talk about climate change and climate sensitivity to Earth.

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Speaker 1: So maybe we'll uncover some more information that will help

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Speaker 1: us figure out our own atmosphere and how it responds

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Speaker 1: to things that we keep doing to our planet. Well,

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Speaker 1: last year we had the announcement of the phosphene, but

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Speaker 1: I know the data has been reanalyzed sense then and

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Speaker 1: it's not as promising as they thought it was. But

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Speaker 1: I also know that the surface of Venus is crazy extreme.

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Speaker 1: I remember this hearing the Soviet prose barely survived a

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Speaker 1: couple of minutes. I don't know how much art materials

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Speaker 1: have changed since then, So I would think that the

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Speaker 1: I've heard of van Husen before, but I can't remember

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Speaker 1: who that is or what he invented um, but I'm

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Speaker 1: sure that the van Husen probes are probing something to

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Speaker 1: maybe find out about a planet or a moon, or

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Speaker 1: probing some sort of planetary object. Best guess answer here,

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Speaker 1: Since the core word and that is Venus, I would

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Speaker 1: have to say that their probes have been sent or

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Speaker 1: are being considered being sent to Venus, which would lead

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Speaker 1: me to believe that they would learn about the atmosphere

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Speaker 1: or possibly even the surface of the plane of Venus. Oh,

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Speaker 1: I like that Venusian, Like it's a name, it's a

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Speaker 1: Venusian or Venusian. I think it's Venusian. But one of

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Speaker 1: our listeners, I think, was also confused. He was like,

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Speaker 1: who is this Venusian guy? And what did he invent?

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Speaker 1: My question is, what if you had more than one Venus,

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Speaker 1: would they be Veni or Venus? Is? It sounds like

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Speaker 1: Alexander the Great motto Veni venni vici. That's right, Veni

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Speaker 1: vici exactly Yes, I came, I saw a bunch of

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Speaker 1: Venuses I conquered. Isn't one of those? I drank a

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Speaker 1: bunch of wine. I came, I drank wine. I want Veni.

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Speaker 1: Oh I get it. Yeah, maybe that's what we'll find

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Speaker 1: in Venus, some great vineyards. Yes, exactly right, the vineyards

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Speaker 1: of Venus. That sounds like an excellent science fiction novel.

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Speaker 1: But it is interesting to think about what will line

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Speaker 1: in Venus, Daniel, So maybe take us back to the basics,

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Speaker 1: like what do we know about Venus. Venus is remarkably

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Speaker 1: similar to Earth. It's very close to Earth that it

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Speaker 1: receives about the same amount of light. It's about the

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Speaker 1: same size as Earth. It's like the mass of the Earth,

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Speaker 1: meaning that on the surface the gravity is like and

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Speaker 1: you know, showing up near Earth in the Solar System

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Speaker 1: also means that it's made out of roughly the same

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Speaker 1: stuff as the Earth. You know, the stuff in the

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Speaker 1: Solar System as it forms, a lot of the gas

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Speaker 1: collapses towards the Sun and in the outer Solar system

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Speaker 1: you have more ice. And that's why we have like

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Speaker 1: rocky planets here, because the gas is stripped away as

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Speaker 1: the Sun is formed. And so Venus and Earth are

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Speaker 1: like made of two scoops of basically the same stuff,

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Speaker 1: and they're very close to each other, and technically they're

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Speaker 1: both in thehabitable zone. If you look in other Solar systems,

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Speaker 1: it's very rare defind to other planets, so similar, so

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Speaker 1: near each other inhabitable zone. Interesting, they're almost like fraternal twins,

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Speaker 1: kind of like, you know, more from the same scoop. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and while Earth is a very nice place to live,

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Speaker 1: Venus is scorching and totally hostile. And so like a

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Speaker 1: really deep and interesting question is what happened? Why did

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Speaker 1: Venus end up that way? Is it because of its

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Speaker 1: location our planet's really that sensitive to their location? Or

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Speaker 1: is because there's some event in Venus's history, some one off,

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Speaker 1: random thing that happened to it that changed its fate.

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Speaker 1: And so this is a deep question in modern planetary physics. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like maybe something happened to it that could also happen

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Speaker 1: to us potentially exactly that we should be careful about.

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Speaker 1: Maybe humans happened to it exactly, and that might happen

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Speaker 1: to Venus. They'll watch out. But but I guess the

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Speaker 1: question is how close is it? You say, it's really close?

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Speaker 1: Like what are we talking about? It? So it's closer

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Speaker 1: to the Sun than we are, right, so wouldn't it

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Speaker 1: be a little hotter. It is closer to the Sun

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Speaker 1: than we are, and so it is a little hotter. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but that doesn't account for its incredibly hot temperatures. Like

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Speaker 1: Venus on the surface is eight nine degrees fahrenheit. That's

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Speaker 1: four seventy c. Like you could melt lead on the

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Speaker 1: surface of Venus. It's ridiculously hot. Wow, Like if you

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Speaker 1: just had to block a lead on the surface, it

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Speaker 1: would be in a glass. In a glass basically would melt. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and that's one of the reasons that it's so difficult

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Speaker 1: to explore Venus. Like you try to land something on

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Speaker 1: the surface of Venus, it doesn't last for very long

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Speaker 1: because it's crazy, you know, and not only is it

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Speaker 1: very very hot, but it's very high pressure. Venus has

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Speaker 1: an atmosphere that's like ninety times the Earth pressure, so

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Speaker 1: it's like being deep, deep under the oceans. So everything

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Speaker 1: we sent to Venus has melted and basically been crushed

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Speaker 1: as it landed. Wow, it's kind of interesting to think,

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Speaker 1: you know, just because it is, as you say, very

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Speaker 1: similar to Earth, Like it's almost like a copy of Earth,

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Speaker 1: and it's in a similar place in the Solar System,

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Speaker 1: but it's so different there, right Like I would have

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Speaker 1: thought that maybe just the distance to the Sun is

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Speaker 1: kind of what determines your atmosphere and what it's like

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Speaker 1: on the surface, But there's a whole lot more to

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Speaker 1: living on the surface of the planet exactly. And what

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Speaker 1: we've learned recently from studying our own climate is that

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Speaker 1: what's in that app sphere totally determines the temperature on

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Speaker 1: the surface. It's much more than just how much light

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Speaker 1: is hitting you from the sun. It's where does that

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Speaker 1: light go? And Venus is bathed in blankets and blankets

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Speaker 1: of carbon dioxide. We talked about this intense pressure on

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Speaker 1: the surface. Well of its atmosphere is c O two

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Speaker 1: and c U two is like a blanket, and so

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Speaker 1: not only is it getting a little bit more sun

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Speaker 1: than Earth is, but it's very very good at keeping

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Speaker 1: that heat on the surface. Wow. Yeah, CEO two acts

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Speaker 1: like a greenhouse effect right basically, and they have a

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Speaker 1: n greenhouse exactly, have a very intense greenhouse there, and

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Speaker 1: that's why it's so hot. Is this crazy amount of

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Speaker 1: c O two, this blanket that surrounds it. I guess

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Speaker 1: the question is how did it get so much c

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Speaker 1: O two? But does it just occur naturally in this

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Speaker 1: solar system? Well, that's one of the deep questions about

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Speaker 1: the formation of Venus, because we don't think that it's

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Speaker 1: been that way the entire time. As we study the

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Speaker 1: models of Venus, we try to understand, like, how did

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Speaker 1: it get there? That's exactly the question. People think that

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Speaker 1: Venus started off in a very similar way to Earth.

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Speaker 1: And so one question that we'll talk about is where

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Speaker 1: this c U two might have come from. Is it

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Speaker 1: from vulcanism, did something impact Venus? Where did all this

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Speaker 1: come from? How did it end up with this crazy atmosphere? Right,

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Speaker 1: because I think Earth used to have mostly CEO two,

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Speaker 1: Like we used to have an atmosphere without any oxygen,

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Speaker 1: and we sort of only have oxygen because of life

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Speaker 1: basically makes it. That's right, that's where the oxygen comes from.

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Speaker 1: But you know, the issue here, I think is more

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Speaker 1: the balance of the c O two with the other

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Speaker 1: non greenhouse gases. Like we have a lot of nitrogen

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Speaker 1: in our atmosphere, so if we had c O two,

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Speaker 1: we also whatever very very hot surface, and so it's

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Speaker 1: not as much the oxygen is like the nitrogen that's

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Speaker 1: keeping the Earth from overheating. And it's not just the error.

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Speaker 1: There are also sulphuric acid on Venus. Right everywhere the

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Speaker 1: Venus is covered in these clouds, so if you look

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Speaker 1: at Venus through a telescope, you can't see the surface,

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Speaker 1: which makes it like very secretive. And people were wondering,

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Speaker 1: like what's going on on the surface of Venus, And

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Speaker 1: before we had ever sent a probe there to like

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Speaker 1: map its surface. People had no idea what the temperature

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Speaker 1: was like. Before the sixties, scientists speculated like maybe there

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Speaker 1: were oceans on Venus today, or maybe there's like a

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Speaker 1: jungle like environment down there. Nobody had any idea because

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Speaker 1: we couldn't see through those clouds. And those clouds are

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Speaker 1: more than just blocking your view, as you said, they're

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Speaker 1: made of sulfuric acid there, especially because the really high

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Speaker 1: pressure means that even a gentle wind, you know, like

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Speaker 1: five or seven kilometers per hour, would feel on Earth

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Speaker 1: like a fifty kilometer per hour wind because you're just

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Speaker 1: getting hit by so much stuff. Wow. And and it's

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Speaker 1: sephuric acid, So it would totally eat you up just

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Speaker 1: to be out there in the wind. Yeah, exactly. So

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Speaker 1: it's not a very pleasant place to hang out. But

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Speaker 1: it's sort of not just kind of what's on the surface.

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Speaker 1: There's also something kind of fundamental about Venus in that

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Speaker 1: it doesn't rotate as fast as the Earth. Venus is

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Speaker 1: very weird because it rotates super duper slowly. Like the

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Speaker 1: Earth takes twenty four hours to do one rotation, Venus

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Speaker 1: takes two hundred and forty three Earth days, right, which

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Speaker 1: is about the same length as the Venus year. And

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Speaker 1: not only that, but it rotates the other direction from

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Speaker 1: the Earth. Most of the things in solar system are

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Speaker 1: spinning the same direction that they're moving around the Sun,

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Speaker 1: which is the same direction that the Sun itself is rotating.

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Speaker 1: Cause everything is mostly in sync except for Venus and Urinus.

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Speaker 1: Everything is rotating the same way. So Venus is rotating

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Speaker 1: sort of backwards and super duper slowly. Wow, it's like

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Speaker 1: that sibling that just decided to go its own way exactly,

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Speaker 1: And it's really weird that it rotates though slowly. It

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Speaker 1: means that like basically you have one day per year, right,

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Speaker 1: Like the sun rises and sunsets are super rare on Venus.

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Speaker 1: You mean, like if I'm standing on the surface, I

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Speaker 1: would only see a sunset once a year, or like

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Speaker 1: once every two and forty three days. And could that

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Speaker 1: somehow explain what's going on or what happened to Venus

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Speaker 1: because I imagine, you know, being spun around like the Earth,

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Speaker 1: it's sort of like a marshmallow where everything gets sort

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Speaker 1: of more evenly toasted. But you know, maybe not turning

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Speaker 1: kind of makes you toasting one side more than the

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Speaker 1: other side. Yeah, it might be, although you know, the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere I think transfers this energy around Venus pretty efficiently.

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Speaker 1: But it might also be a clue as to what

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Speaker 1: happened to Venus. If you look at the surface of Venus,

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Speaker 1: you get some evidence that something happened dramatically, like four

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Speaker 1: or five million years ago. And it might be that

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Speaker 1: the Venus was like hits by some huge impact or

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Speaker 1: that changed its spin. So it might not be that

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Speaker 1: the spin is the cause of its overheating. It might

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Speaker 1: be the clue as to what happened to Venus. And

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Speaker 1: this is pretty interesting. Venus has no moons, like we

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Speaker 1: have the moon and Mars says a couple of moons,

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Speaker 1: but Venus has no moons. Yeah, Venus has no moons

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Speaker 1: at all, which is really really weird. And I think

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Speaker 1: it might be consistent with Venus getting smacked sometime in

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Speaker 1: the past and sort of losing its moons along the way.

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Speaker 1: It's not that the moons abandoned Venus like you would have.

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Speaker 1: All Right, well, let's get more into Venus and what

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Speaker 1: we know about its past, and is their life in

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Speaker 1: there and what are we going to learn when we

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Speaker 1: send these probes to study it. But first let's take

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Speaker 1: a quick break. All right, we're talking about Venus, the planet,

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Speaker 1: not the I guess Greek goddess or is it Roman goddess.

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Speaker 1: I can never keep track of which ones are Roman

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Speaker 1: and which ones are Greek. It's all Greek to you, mythology.

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Speaker 1: But we are thinking of sending some pros or I guess,

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Speaker 1: our planets, to send pros there to study it because

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Speaker 1: it might have an interesting past Venus. So, Daniel, what

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Speaker 1: do we know about venus is past? We don't know

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Speaker 1: very much, because of course we can only observe Venus today.

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Speaker 1: But we can look at the surface of Venus and

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Speaker 1: we can build models that try to tell us the

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Speaker 1: story of how Venus could have gotten to where it

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Speaker 1: is today, and that might reveal what it's past was like.

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Speaker 1: And so, you know, people go on their computer and

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Speaker 1: they say, well, what happens to a planet in this

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Speaker 1: scenario or in that scenario, and they try to come

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Speaker 1: up with like simulated versions of planets that end up

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Speaker 1: where Venus is today that can tell us a story

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Speaker 1: about how we got from an earth like planet to

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Speaker 1: Venus today. Right, because I guess the hypothesis is that

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Speaker 1: you know, the Earth, Venus, Mars, we all sort of

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Speaker 1: formed together at almost at the same time, I imagine,

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Speaker 1: within the history of the Solar system, and there was

428
00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:18,359
Speaker 1: a shower of comments that gave us water. It probably

429
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:21,479
Speaker 1: also gave water to Mars and to Venus until the ideas,

430
00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:24,199
Speaker 1: and maybe Venus and Mars also had oceans at some

431
00:22:24,280 --> 00:22:27,040
Speaker 1: point in their history exactly, And we now have evidence

432
00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:29,920
Speaker 1: for water on Mars today, like we know that there

433
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,639
Speaker 1: is water on the surface of Mars and underground, but

434
00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:36,600
Speaker 1: we think that Mars might have had liquid surface oceans

435
00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:39,719
Speaker 1: for hundreds of millions of years early in its history,

436
00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:42,600
Speaker 1: although then they probably evaporated. It didn't last for very long.

437
00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:46,080
Speaker 1: Now on Venus, people suspect that it might also have

438
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,200
Speaker 1: had liquid oceans of water, but in this case for

439
00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:52,520
Speaker 1: maybe two or three billion years. There might have been

440
00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:55,239
Speaker 1: a long period there where our solar system had like

441
00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:59,199
Speaker 1: two blue jewels. Earth and Venus both very similar with

442
00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:02,760
Speaker 1: lots of water on the surface. And that's fascinating because

443
00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:06,040
Speaker 1: we know that life started fairly early in the history

444
00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:08,640
Speaker 1: of Earth. It didn't take a billion years for life

445
00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: to start. So if Venus had water on its surface

446
00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:14,640
Speaker 1: for more than a billion years. You know that leads

447
00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:18,320
Speaker 1: to the obvious question, was their life on Venus? Wow?

448
00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:20,639
Speaker 1: But I guess a question, though, is how do we

449
00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:23,120
Speaker 1: know this? Like, how do we know Venus had oceans

450
00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:25,679
Speaker 1: for two billion years? We don't know for sure, right.

451
00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:27,919
Speaker 1: All we can do is look at Venus today and

452
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:29,960
Speaker 1: ask the question how did it get here? And we

453
00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:33,000
Speaker 1: can look at its surface. There are a few little clues,

454
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,119
Speaker 1: like if you look at the pattern of rocks on

455
00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:37,440
Speaker 1: the surface of Venus, then you can ask, like, how

456
00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:40,320
Speaker 1: do you get those rocks? And some geologists think that

457
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,000
Speaker 1: some of the rocks on the surface of Venus require

458
00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:46,480
Speaker 1: water to form, Like you don't get this precise crystal structure,

459
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:49,800
Speaker 1: you don't get granite like rocks forming without water. Though

460
00:23:49,840 --> 00:23:51,479
Speaker 1: I did read a bunch of papers from people who

461
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:53,800
Speaker 1: are like, no, there was never any water on Venus

462
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,840
Speaker 1: and here's why. So there's definitely a lot of scientific controversy.

463
00:23:57,119 --> 00:23:58,800
Speaker 1: And one of the problems is that we just don't

464
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,439
Speaker 1: have a lot of great data about the surface because

465
00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:04,560
Speaker 1: Venus is so inhospitable, and because the clouds are so thick,

466
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:07,280
Speaker 1: and because we basically haven't gone there in thirty years

467
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:10,720
Speaker 1: since our instruments have improved, right, yeah, it's been thirty years.

468
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,639
Speaker 1: It's kind of visit. But I think it is that,

469
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,640
Speaker 1: you know, like when the Earth form, we had water, right,

470
00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:19,520
Speaker 1: like the Earth form with water, that water evaporated and

471
00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:22,560
Speaker 1: then we got maybe showered with comments to replenish that water.

472
00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:25,840
Speaker 1: And since Venus is so closed, it probably happened the

473
00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 1: same way, right Like, it probably started with water and

474
00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:30,639
Speaker 1: maybe it evaporated as well or or not, and then

475
00:24:30,720 --> 00:24:32,960
Speaker 1: must have also gone in water from comments. Yeah, And

476
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,679
Speaker 1: the idea is then something might have triggered on Venus,

477
00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:38,960
Speaker 1: this runaway greenhouse effect. You get a little bit more

478
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,480
Speaker 1: c O two in your atmosphere than things get hot,

479
00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:44,000
Speaker 1: then that makes more CEO two like come out of

480
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:46,280
Speaker 1: the rocks that are on the surface and lead to

481
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:50,399
Speaker 1: evaporation of those oceans, which just leads to more greenhouse effect,

482
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:52,919
Speaker 1: which raises the temperature. And so it's this cycle that

483
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,159
Speaker 1: repeats itself. And so you know, you might have like

484
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,400
Speaker 1: a nice stable situation like we have here on Earth,

485
00:24:57,520 --> 00:24:59,520
Speaker 1: you get too far away from that, it's just some

486
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,679
Speaker 1: dramatic thing that happens that kicks you off of that stability.

487
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:05,840
Speaker 1: Then you could veer off into this crazy hot, inhospitable

488
00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:09,960
Speaker 1: climate like they have now it turns into the sauna basically, yeah, exactly,

489
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,800
Speaker 1: and you could evaporate like all of the oceans. Imagine

490
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: evaporating all the oceans from Earth. It's crazy to think about.

491
00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:19,240
Speaker 1: The Pacific is huge, but relative to the size of

492
00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,080
Speaker 1: the Earth, it's like this very very thin layer of

493
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,199
Speaker 1: water on the surface. That's what you're saying that A

494
00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:28,080
Speaker 1: big question is could life a form during those billions

495
00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:31,600
Speaker 1: of years that Venus head water? Like is there life there? Now?

496
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:33,320
Speaker 1: We don't know. We don't think there's a lot of

497
00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:36,520
Speaker 1: life living on the surface because it's a pretty crazy environment.

498
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,119
Speaker 1: Although there was a report in September of twenty that

499
00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:43,080
Speaker 1: they discovered this compound in the clouds of Venus bosphen

500
00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:47,600
Speaker 1: pH three in very high concentrations, concentrations that were much

501
00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:50,359
Speaker 1: higher than could be explained by like volcanoes. This is

502
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:52,879
Speaker 1: something which is typically produced by life. So for a

503
00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:55,200
Speaker 1: little while, everybody was very excited, Oh my gosh, did

504
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,120
Speaker 1: we discover life in the clouds of Venus. Because far

505
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:00,520
Speaker 1: up in the clouds it's much cooler and the pressure

506
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:02,720
Speaker 1: is much much lower, so it makes sense for something

507
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:05,680
Speaker 1: to like maybe be living up there. Oh, I see interesting.

508
00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:09,720
Speaker 1: They found like basically like the farts, more farts than

509
00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:12,359
Speaker 1: would be normal in a rocky planet. And so they thought, hey,

510
00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:14,360
Speaker 1: maybe there's something there, but it would, like you said,

511
00:26:14,359 --> 00:26:16,400
Speaker 1: it would have to be living sort of in the clouds.

512
00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:18,000
Speaker 1: It would have to be living in the clouds, which

513
00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:21,000
Speaker 1: is kind of cool, right. Imagine like microbes floating in

514
00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:24,040
Speaker 1: the clouds, is up there, you know, the pressure is reasonable.

515
00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:26,439
Speaker 1: The problem is that you can't go to Venus and

516
00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:28,800
Speaker 1: sample these clouds very easily. And so the day that

517
00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:32,320
Speaker 1: they got was from telescopes looking at light reflecting off

518
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,240
Speaker 1: the atmosphere of Venus. And you know that by looking

519
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:37,480
Speaker 1: at the light you can tell what's there because different

520
00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:40,639
Speaker 1: kinds of things glow in different frequencies. Every different element

521
00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:42,959
Speaker 1: has its own fingerprint. So they thought they saw this

522
00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:46,640
Speaker 1: dip in the frequencies right where phosphine would be absorbing light.

523
00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:48,560
Speaker 1: But then later people went and looked at their data

524
00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:51,000
Speaker 1: and try to examine it themselves, and they didn't see

525
00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:53,560
Speaker 1: the same thing, And so that result got a lot

526
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:57,080
Speaker 1: of press, but it was almost instantly debunked. It was

527
00:26:57,240 --> 00:27:00,240
Speaker 1: a misfire. It was an error in fitting. Is like

528
00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:03,240
Speaker 1: in the mathematical analysis, they put in a very flexible

529
00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:06,400
Speaker 1: polynomial and it could basically be consistent with a little dip.

530
00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:08,640
Speaker 1: But if people come in with other models, like other

531
00:27:08,760 --> 00:27:12,040
Speaker 1: arbitrarily chosen functional forms, they didn't see the same result,

532
00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:14,240
Speaker 1: which means it's probably just an artifact of how they

533
00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:17,119
Speaker 1: did the analysis. You would think they would be more

534
00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:19,639
Speaker 1: tacking before announcing it to the public. You know, what

535
00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:21,960
Speaker 1: they did is they checked with another telescope there, like,

536
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,320
Speaker 1: let's look at life from a totally different instrument, and

537
00:27:24,359 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 1: they saw the same thing. That's cool, but they used

538
00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:30,119
Speaker 1: the same analysis method on both telescopes, so that I

539
00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,879
Speaker 1: think was a little bit tough. That's sort of like

540
00:27:32,040 --> 00:27:34,600
Speaker 1: my scientific nightmare. You know. I talked about a scientific

541
00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:38,240
Speaker 1: fantasy and being like discovering something new that blows everybody's minds.

542
00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:40,800
Speaker 1: That's awesome. Scientific nightmare is like going out there with

543
00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,159
Speaker 1: a big result and then very quickly discovering that you

544
00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:46,520
Speaker 1: made a silly mistake and that your naked when the

545
00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:50,640
Speaker 1: press rows up at your door. That's the scientific equivalent

546
00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 1: of being naked. But there are a lot of really

547
00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:55,760
Speaker 1: interesting things about Venus that we do know and that

548
00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:58,199
Speaker 1: are solid. Like, for example, we can look at the

549
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:02,159
Speaker 1: surface of Venus by shooting radar through the clouds, and Venus'

550
00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:05,440
Speaker 1: surface shows a lot of really interesting, very weird hints

551
00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:07,520
Speaker 1: as to what might have happened to it, I mean

552
00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:11,040
Speaker 1: from the rock formations and tectonics. Yeah, so Venus doesn't

553
00:28:11,080 --> 00:28:13,600
Speaker 1: have tectonics. But we can look at the surface of

554
00:28:13,680 --> 00:28:16,360
Speaker 1: Venus and we can look in the craters of the surface,

555
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:18,600
Speaker 1: and by looking at the craters you can tell something

556
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: about sort of like the age of the surface, because

557
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:23,760
Speaker 1: if something is being like constantly remade, if you have

558
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:26,680
Speaker 1: a planet with this like constant volcanic eruptions, then any

559
00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:28,840
Speaker 1: creators are going to get smoothed over. And if we

560
00:28:28,880 --> 00:28:30,679
Speaker 1: look at the surface of Venus, we see a lot

561
00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:33,359
Speaker 1: of huge craters that date to like three four hundred,

562
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:36,359
Speaker 1: five hundred million years ago, and then very little has

563
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:39,440
Speaker 1: happened since then. So it's sort of like something happened

564
00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:42,280
Speaker 1: a big deal five hundred million years ago, a lot

565
00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:44,920
Speaker 1: of craters, a lot of overturning, a lot of refreshing

566
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:47,560
Speaker 1: on the surface, and then since then, basically it's just

567
00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,120
Speaker 1: been steady, like it's been frozen since then? Could it

568
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:54,440
Speaker 1: be the atmosphere, Like, is the atmosphere protecting the surface

569
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:58,040
Speaker 1: from getting you know, remade by other falling asteroids? Right,

570
00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:00,400
Speaker 1: you might think Venus has a very thick app sphere

571
00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:02,960
Speaker 1: and so doesn't it protect it from meteors. And it's

572
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,040
Speaker 1: true that we have a nice blanket and when rocks

573
00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,240
Speaker 1: hit our atmosphere, they burn up and that's what gives

574
00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,480
Speaker 1: you shooting stars. But the kind of rocks that make

575
00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:11,800
Speaker 1: these craters, these are big guys and they just blow

576
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:15,160
Speaker 1: right through the atmosphere. So even Venus is thick atmosphere

577
00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:17,200
Speaker 1: won't protect it from the kind of things that create

578
00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:21,160
Speaker 1: these craters. So it's really interesting puzzle about, like what's

579
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,360
Speaker 1: going on there? Are there still active volcanoes on the surface.

580
00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:27,600
Speaker 1: It's something hit Venus five million years ago and like

581
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:31,520
Speaker 1: boil its oceans and cause this runaway greenhouse effect. Wow.

582
00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:33,760
Speaker 1: Whereas I guess if you look at Earth, you know

583
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,440
Speaker 1: we have a relatively smooth surface, Like we don't have

584
00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:38,960
Speaker 1: giant craters that you can go see, that's right. We

585
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,360
Speaker 1: have a couple, right, like Meteor Crater in Arizona, but

586
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:43,440
Speaker 1: we have we have a lot of activity on the surface.

587
00:29:43,560 --> 00:29:46,120
Speaker 1: We have water, we have plate tectonics, We've got a

588
00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:48,880
Speaker 1: lot of stuff sort of refreshing our surface early often

589
00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:52,800
Speaker 1: we have bulldozers exactly. We've got new malls being built

590
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:55,040
Speaker 1: every year. Then you should just rebuild that mall. You're

591
00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:57,640
Speaker 1: tearing it down already. H does really make the surface

592
00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:01,080
Speaker 1: pretty dull too. There are some strip malls here in

593
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:02,920
Speaker 1: Orange County. I would like to see get hit by

594
00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:05,920
Speaker 1: a vania. Or are we the bulldozer? I guess, but

595
00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 1: you said that we have like radar images of the

596
00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:10,360
Speaker 1: surface of Venus. I guess we got that firm probes

597
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:12,720
Speaker 1: right that we've sent before in the past. Yeah, So

598
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:15,440
Speaker 1: Venus used to have a lot of attention. Like in

599
00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:19,000
Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties, Venus was a sexy place to look. Scientifically,

600
00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:21,360
Speaker 1: people were wondering, like maybe there's life on the surface.

601
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:23,720
Speaker 1: We don't know what's going on. Between sixty two and

602
00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:27,520
Speaker 1: nineteen ninety there were like eighteen missions to Venus. Like

603
00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:29,880
Speaker 1: you have to understand, it was the premier place to

604
00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:33,080
Speaker 1: send your stuff. First spacecraft to reach another planet that

605
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:35,800
Speaker 1: was to Venus, the first thing to land on another

606
00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:39,280
Speaker 1: planet that was Venus, The first pictures from another planetary surface.

607
00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:42,680
Speaker 1: That was Venus. The first planetary atmosphere we measured, that

608
00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:46,320
Speaker 1: was Venus. So everybody was looking towards Venus for decades

609
00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:48,520
Speaker 1: and decades and decades. We sent lots and lots of

610
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:50,960
Speaker 1: these things. Was it because it's just closer, and so

611
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:53,680
Speaker 1: that's the first one we tried. It's closer, and it

612
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:55,880
Speaker 1: looks more like Earth like. You can look at Mars

613
00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:57,720
Speaker 1: and you can already see because there are in clouds.

614
00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:00,360
Speaker 1: There are not oceans on the surface. There's nothing heeaming

615
00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:02,840
Speaker 1: on its surface. It looks like a desert. It doesn't

616
00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 1: look very attractive from a life point of view. But

617
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,239
Speaker 1: Venus was hidden by these clouds, and so people didn't know, like,

618
00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:10,920
Speaker 1: are there oceans on the surface like today? Are there

619
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,640
Speaker 1: fish swimming around in them right now? We didn't know

620
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,200
Speaker 1: the answer to these questions until a few decades ago

621
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,240
Speaker 1: when we started sending probes and then we discovered, Wow,

622
00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:22,600
Speaker 1: it's crazy hot on the surface. It's very intense, and

623
00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:25,440
Speaker 1: it doesn't look like with anything going on right now. Wow.

624
00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:27,800
Speaker 1: Interesting it was it was the fact that was veiled

625
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:29,840
Speaker 1: in mystery that made us want to go see it. Yeah,

626
00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:32,480
Speaker 1: and again it's more earth like, like Mars is much

627
00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:35,120
Speaker 1: smaller than Earth or Venus, and so it's harder for

628
00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:36,960
Speaker 1: it to hold onto his atmosphere. It doesn't have a

629
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:40,440
Speaker 1: magnetic field, it's further away, it's cold, and so Venus

630
00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:43,120
Speaker 1: really is a better candidate. Like fifty years ago, if

631
00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:44,960
Speaker 1: you had to bet where were you more likely to

632
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,920
Speaker 1: find liquid water and life, you would definitely have bet

633
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,040
Speaker 1: Venus interesting. But then we sort of went there, we

634
00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:53,600
Speaker 1: saw that it was kind of a crazy place, and

635
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:55,880
Speaker 1: so then wen we said forget about it, or what

636
00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:59,400
Speaker 1: this is really interesting transition in sort of NASA's priorities

637
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:02,520
Speaker 1: and the world wide scientific priorities. In the late eighties,

638
00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:05,800
Speaker 1: we sent some missions and we mapped the surface using radar.

639
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,720
Speaker 1: Magellan for example, map the surface using radar, and we

640
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:11,560
Speaker 1: discovered the like, wow, Venus is super hot and crazy

641
00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:14,760
Speaker 1: and basically discovered in these lava like planes. And then

642
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:17,360
Speaker 1: people started to get more interested in Mars because there's

643
00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:19,440
Speaker 1: something you can do on Mars which you can't do

644
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,800
Speaker 1: in Venus, which is you can like send her over

645
00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:24,240
Speaker 1: there and it can last for more than an hour

646
00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:27,080
Speaker 1: and last for like a year. It can drive around

647
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:29,440
Speaker 1: and they can do science. And then people started to

648
00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:32,760
Speaker 1: get hints that there might still be water on Mars today.

649
00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:35,000
Speaker 1: All right, we can't see if from Earth there's no

650
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:37,400
Speaker 1: huge oceans, but there might still be ice. There might

651
00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,920
Speaker 1: be like water, like not far from the surface. So

652
00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:42,840
Speaker 1: NASA has this real emphasis to like follow the water.

653
00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:45,920
Speaker 1: And once Venus didn't look very hospitable and Mars started

654
00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:49,120
Speaker 1: to look more attractive, basically the whole community shifted over

655
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:52,080
Speaker 1: and started sending stuff to Mars, and so Venus has

656
00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:55,560
Speaker 1: been ignored for decades ever since. Interesting, it's it's really

657
00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:58,120
Speaker 1: driven by this idea of life, right and is there

658
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:00,160
Speaker 1: life there? And could there be life there? Good? Our

659
00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:02,360
Speaker 1: lives go there and move there, and it's really dreamed

660
00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:04,480
Speaker 1: by that, it seems, yeah, and for a good reason,

661
00:33:04,560 --> 00:33:07,040
Speaker 1: Like it's one of the deepest questions in science, right,

662
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,600
Speaker 1: we want to know is their life on other planets?

663
00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:12,560
Speaker 1: And is there life today? Was their life billions of

664
00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:16,040
Speaker 1: years ago? Really fascinating questions. If we find life on

665
00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:19,360
Speaker 1: those planets, could there have been contamination from Earth? Because

666
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,840
Speaker 1: you know, every time a huge rockets Earth, bits of

667
00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:24,240
Speaker 1: Earth get blown off and could land on Mars. We

668
00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:26,360
Speaker 1: find bits of Mars on the Earth. So if you

669
00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:29,160
Speaker 1: find life on Mars. You don't automatically know that life

670
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,920
Speaker 1: started in two places independently. It could have like spread already.

671
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:35,640
Speaker 1: The germs could have colonized Mars long before we sent

672
00:33:35,720 --> 00:33:38,400
Speaker 1: our probes. So it's a really deep and fascinating question,

673
00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:40,520
Speaker 1: and so I understand why NASA focus is on it.

674
00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,040
Speaker 1: But this this bit of a culture, this this Mars community.

675
00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:46,040
Speaker 1: People do their research on Mars and they propose Mars missions.

676
00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:48,959
Speaker 1: There's basically nobody left around in the community who has

677
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,160
Speaker 1: experience in Venus, and so it's harder to get a

678
00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 1: Venus mission funded. Interesting. I wonder if that's something to

679
00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:55,920
Speaker 1: do with the publication of the book. Men are from

680
00:33:55,920 --> 00:33:58,240
Speaker 1: Mars and women are from Venis. Do you think that

681
00:33:58,320 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: could have shifted things in a negative way. Perhaps it

682
00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:05,600
Speaker 1: might be, you know, physics doesn't have a great record

683
00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:08,520
Speaker 1: of gender balance, and so this could just be another example.

684
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:10,960
Speaker 1: Because the book came out in the early nineties, I think,

685
00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:13,240
Speaker 1: right or late eighties. I don't know what the causal

686
00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:16,120
Speaker 1: effect is here, but you're right, it's suspicious timing. All right, Well,

687
00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:18,440
Speaker 1: let's get into what some of the probs that we

688
00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:21,680
Speaker 1: sent there before have found and what the new ones

689
00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:24,920
Speaker 1: are aiming to find But first let's take another quick break.

690
00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:41,000
Speaker 1: All we're talking about proving Venus and Daniel. We've sent

691
00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:43,480
Speaker 1: several missions to Venus before, like you said, in the

692
00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:45,880
Speaker 1: sixties and seventies, and what did they find. Well, it

693
00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,600
Speaker 1: took a while to get something that would survive. It's

694
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,359
Speaker 1: tripped down to the surface. Like the Soviet Union sent

695
00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:54,200
Speaker 1: a bunch of really awesome probes, but the first six

696
00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:57,080
Speaker 1: of them were all failed. They were crushed in the atmosphere,

697
00:34:57,080 --> 00:35:00,000
Speaker 1: barely surviving for like a few minutes to even measure

698
00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:02,400
Speaker 1: or the temperature. The first one to land on the

699
00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,320
Speaker 1: surface and survive was in nineteen seventy is Venerous seven,

700
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:09,000
Speaker 1: and it lasted for twenty three minutes and it measured

701
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,600
Speaker 1: a temperature of four hundred and fifty c. So that

702
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:13,839
Speaker 1: was like the first time we had landed something on

703
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:17,920
Speaker 1: another planet and made measurements. It was an awesome, awesome

704
00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:21,040
Speaker 1: moment for humanity. How did it land? Because I know,

705
00:35:21,239 --> 00:35:23,280
Speaker 1: like to land in Mars, you need these like balloons

706
00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:25,600
Speaker 1: or these cranes and these rockets. How do we do

707
00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:27,720
Speaker 1: it in the nineteen seventies, how do we land something

708
00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:30,960
Speaker 1: in another planet? So most of these things use parachutes

709
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:34,320
Speaker 1: because the density the atmosphere is so thick. These parachutes

710
00:35:34,360 --> 00:35:37,000
Speaker 1: are very very effective. Like landing on Mars is hard

711
00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:39,440
Speaker 1: because it's hard to break in the air, and Venus

712
00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:41,080
Speaker 1: it's not that big a deal. It's like landing on

713
00:35:41,080 --> 00:35:42,719
Speaker 1: the bottom of the ocean. You know, you open a

714
00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:45,479
Speaker 1: parachute and you can very gently float down, So that's

715
00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:48,920
Speaker 1: not that hard. Problem is surviving the crushing pressure of

716
00:35:48,920 --> 00:35:52,319
Speaker 1: that atmosphere and it's high temperature. M hmm. I see, yeah,

717
00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:55,040
Speaker 1: because I think if you're standing on Venus, you're feeling

718
00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:58,480
Speaker 1: about of the gravity you feel on Earth, right, It's

719
00:35:58,520 --> 00:36:01,759
Speaker 1: like I think, so it would feel like you're on

720
00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:04,120
Speaker 1: Earth except that or you're at the bottom of the

721
00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:07,400
Speaker 1: ocean exactly, and every gust of wind would feel like

722
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,880
Speaker 1: a huge wave. And also the ocean is made out

723
00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:15,000
Speaker 1: of sulphuric acid, exactly. I hope you brought your goggles.

724
00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:17,279
Speaker 1: But they kept sending a series of these. So the

725
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,239
Speaker 1: Vendora nine, for example, is the first thing to ever

726
00:36:20,320 --> 00:36:22,719
Speaker 1: take a picture from another planet and send it home.

727
00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:24,520
Speaker 1: And I just like to imagine what it was like

728
00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,280
Speaker 1: for those Soviet scientists getting this image from their robot

729
00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:31,399
Speaker 1: from another planet. Imagine being the first person to ever

730
00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:33,720
Speaker 1: see one of these images, and it's like coming across

731
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:35,560
Speaker 1: the screen. For those of you who remember what it's

732
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,520
Speaker 1: like to like download pictures from the Internet in the nineties,

733
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:40,879
Speaker 1: and you get like a row of pixels, another row

734
00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,520
Speaker 1: of pixels, another road of pixels, and they're in this

735
00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:45,840
Speaker 1: moment like, what's it gonna show us? Is there going

736
00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:47,560
Speaker 1: to be an alien? There are We're gonna look at

737
00:36:47,560 --> 00:36:49,480
Speaker 1: an ocean, you know, and if you look at the picture,

738
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:51,200
Speaker 1: you can google it. You see it's just a bunch

739
00:36:51,239 --> 00:36:54,640
Speaker 1: of rocks. Well that's interesting. You're saying all of these

740
00:36:54,840 --> 00:36:56,840
Speaker 1: probes that we said, the ones that made it, and

741
00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,799
Speaker 1: the pictures they're all Russian. Yeah, the Soviets were really

742
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:03,319
Speaker 1: in the Venus race back in the seventies, I guess,

743
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:07,920
Speaker 1: the race to discover that you don't want to go there. Well,

744
00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:10,400
Speaker 1: nobody knew, right, nobody knew, and you know, the Soviet

745
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,160
Speaker 1: science program obviously exceptional. I mean, this is in the

746
00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:16,000
Speaker 1: height of the Cold War and the space race, and

747
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,120
Speaker 1: so everybody's building lots of weapons, and everybody's building lots

748
00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:21,480
Speaker 1: of space technology, and so from the point of view

749
00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:23,319
Speaker 1: of like you got a physics project that has a

750
00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:26,400
Speaker 1: huge price tag. Not such a big deal. People were

751
00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:30,000
Speaker 1: shoveling money towards expensive physics projects in the eighties. But

752
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:32,520
Speaker 1: like you said, this image is available online if you google,

753
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:35,600
Speaker 1: I guess Venera nine and Venus, and you can look

754
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:37,919
Speaker 1: at a picture of another planet like you were there,

755
00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:41,600
Speaker 1: Like you were there somebody's boring vacation video, except it's

756
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:44,480
Speaker 1: from Venus, and it sort of just looks like a desert,

757
00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:47,719
Speaker 1: kind of like a rocky desert. Yeah, exactly. So the

758
00:37:47,760 --> 00:37:50,719
Speaker 1: air is mostly transparent, it's mostly CU two. You can

759
00:37:50,719 --> 00:37:53,320
Speaker 1: see through it. It's not like Jupiter, where if you

760
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:55,839
Speaker 1: tried to descend, it would just become opaque and you're

761
00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:58,480
Speaker 1: just like sitting inside of a cloud. Once you descend

762
00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:01,440
Speaker 1: below the clouds that have or above Venus, you can't

763
00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:04,960
Speaker 1: see where you're going, but you know, it's pretty unpleasant

764
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:08,960
Speaker 1: once you get there. And then the US started sending probes, right, yeah,

765
00:38:09,239 --> 00:38:11,640
Speaker 1: that actually made it to Yeah exactly. So we sent

766
00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:15,080
Speaker 1: Pioneer Venus one, which orbited Venus for a long time

767
00:38:15,120 --> 00:38:18,360
Speaker 1: and took data from orbit. Pioneer Venus to survive for

768
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:21,640
Speaker 1: a whole hour on the surface before being crushed, and

769
00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:24,360
Speaker 1: so that was a big success. We also sent the Magellan,

770
00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:27,400
Speaker 1: which made a very detailed radar map of the surface.

771
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:28,920
Speaker 1: It's on the basis of that, then we know a

772
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,960
Speaker 1: lot about the geology of Venus, but also inspires a

773
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,960
Speaker 1: lot of our questions about what's going on on Venus

774
00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:37,239
Speaker 1: and inside Venus. Interesting it took a whole picture of

775
00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:39,600
Speaker 1: the whole planet, or just like where Atlanta, No, Magellan

776
00:38:39,640 --> 00:38:41,880
Speaker 1: didn't land, and so it used radar to map the

777
00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:44,160
Speaker 1: whole surface of Venus. And so we know, for example,

778
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:47,920
Speaker 1: what Venus looks like. It's basically seventy five percent lowland

779
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,000
Speaker 1: lava plans, sort of like the ocean basins of Earth,

780
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,520
Speaker 1: except it's all lava, not like the ocean floor. And

781
00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:56,640
Speaker 1: then there's two big continents sort of raised above it.

782
00:38:56,760 --> 00:38:58,680
Speaker 1: One is like the size of Africa and one the

783
00:38:58,719 --> 00:39:01,440
Speaker 1: size of Australia. Wait, did you say lava like their

784
00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:05,000
Speaker 1: oceans of lava. Well, it's like frozen, it's like cold lava.

785
00:39:06,080 --> 00:39:08,960
Speaker 1: And so the surface of Venus is mostly covered in

786
00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:14,279
Speaker 1: these lowland lava planes, solid lava, solid lava exactly. We

787
00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:16,680
Speaker 1: don't know if there's still volcanoes erupting on Venus today.

788
00:39:16,760 --> 00:39:18,680
Speaker 1: That's one thing we'd like to understand. I see, so

789
00:39:18,719 --> 00:39:23,680
Speaker 1: the floor is lava and Venus. Yet one more reason

790
00:39:23,840 --> 00:39:26,960
Speaker 1: not to book that trip. And then we've also had

791
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:31,319
Speaker 1: more recent data for Venus from the Parker Solar Probe. Right, Yeah,

792
00:39:31,320 --> 00:39:33,200
Speaker 1: a lot of things we send to the Inner Solar

793
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:35,680
Speaker 1: System end up flying by Venus. It helps with like

794
00:39:35,719 --> 00:39:39,160
Speaker 1: giving a gravitational slingshot and changing direction without burning fuel.

795
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:42,160
Speaker 1: So sometimes they fly by, like multiple times. So the

796
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:46,120
Speaker 1: Parker Solar Probe seven fly by's the solar orbiter is

797
00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:49,680
Speaker 1: going to do eight fly bys between twenty thirty so

798
00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:51,319
Speaker 1: each of these as it flies by, it can take

799
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:53,719
Speaker 1: some data, take some pictures, this kind of stuff. But

800
00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:55,200
Speaker 1: now soa every once in a while puts out a

801
00:39:55,239 --> 00:39:58,240
Speaker 1: call for missions, like suggest a new mission, and people

802
00:39:58,280 --> 00:40:00,279
Speaker 1: all compete, like, oh, let's send something to You're in this,

803
00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:02,239
Speaker 1: I know, let's send something to Pluto, and let's send

804
00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:04,319
Speaker 1: something to Mercury. And the folks who work on the

805
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:07,480
Speaker 1: Venus missions have been proposing Venus missions for decades and

806
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,960
Speaker 1: getting shot down until very recently. All right, so that's

807
00:40:10,960 --> 00:40:14,279
Speaker 1: what we've learned before. What are these new missions gonna

808
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:16,480
Speaker 1: learn or look for in venus. So these are the

809
00:40:16,480 --> 00:40:19,160
Speaker 1: first new mission since nine eight. The first one is

810
00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:22,520
Speaker 1: called DA VINCI, which is a crazy acronym for deep

811
00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:27,040
Speaker 1: atmosphere Venus investigation of noble gases, chemistry and imaging. Right,

812
00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:30,760
Speaker 1: just ignore the gases and you'll have a perfect acronym exactly.

813
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:32,759
Speaker 1: And so this one has an orbiter. It's going to

814
00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:35,480
Speaker 1: go around and probe the atmosphere, but also it's going

815
00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:38,800
Speaker 1: to drop a descent sphere. It's like one meter sphere.

816
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:41,400
Speaker 1: It's going to drop into the atmosphere and trying to

817
00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:43,959
Speaker 1: measure like what's in the atmosphere and take a bunch

818
00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:47,400
Speaker 1: of pictures and use spectrometers to figure out exactly what

819
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:49,040
Speaker 1: components there are. But what do you mean like a

820
00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:51,399
Speaker 1: descent sphere, like a like a balloon, or like just

821
00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:54,200
Speaker 1: a little probe that looks like a like a ball.

822
00:40:54,239 --> 00:40:56,000
Speaker 1: It's like a probe that looks like a ball and

823
00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:58,040
Speaker 1: it will have a parachute to slow it down and

824
00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,000
Speaker 1: it might make it to the surface. But mostly here

825
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,759
Speaker 1: they're interested in like probing the atmosphere on the way down,

826
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,040
Speaker 1: So slowly descend. And you know, we've gotten much better

827
00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:09,760
Speaker 1: at miniaturizing scientific instruments in the thirty years or forty

828
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:11,759
Speaker 1: years since we've been to Venus, So you can put

829
00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:15,959
Speaker 1: much more refined scientific instruments like mass spectrometers, etcetera into

830
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,680
Speaker 1: these probes and get much more detailed measurements about what's

831
00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:21,320
Speaker 1: in the atmosphere of these planets. M I guess the

832
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,680
Speaker 1: attention now is sort of on the atmosphere, right, like

833
00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:26,759
Speaker 1: could there be life up there? And what exactly is

834
00:41:26,840 --> 00:41:29,960
Speaker 1: in those clouds? And those clouds can help us understand

835
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:32,719
Speaker 1: what might have happened to Venus's ocean, like was there

836
00:41:32,760 --> 00:41:35,680
Speaker 1: an ocean there? Did it boil away? By understanding the

837
00:41:35,719 --> 00:41:37,680
Speaker 1: exact chemistry of what's going on in the clouds when

838
00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:39,759
Speaker 1: we're can refine our models that try to describe the

839
00:41:39,880 --> 00:41:42,200
Speaker 1: history of Venus, what happened to it? How to end

840
00:41:42,239 --> 00:41:44,799
Speaker 1: up being so crazy hot today? Can we sort of

841
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:47,360
Speaker 1: tell from space if there's water in those clouds? We

842
00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:49,840
Speaker 1: can do some probes from space, but because they're opaque,

843
00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:51,960
Speaker 1: it's not easy to penetrate in and see what's going

844
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:54,160
Speaker 1: on in the lower levels of the clouds, and only

845
00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:57,719
Speaker 1: so to really examine the top surfaces. That's cool, when

846
00:41:57,760 --> 00:41:59,360
Speaker 1: when is that one launching so this one is not

847
00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:03,239
Speaker 1: launching until these were recent decisions by NASA to fund

848
00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:05,759
Speaker 1: these two probes, and so they're building it and they're

849
00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:07,920
Speaker 1: a launch it in twenty eight but you know, Venus

850
00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:09,760
Speaker 1: is pretty close. This is not like sending a mission

851
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 1: to Pluto where you've gotta wait ten years. It only

852
00:42:12,239 --> 00:42:14,440
Speaker 1: takes a few months to get to Venus, and so

853
00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:17,160
Speaker 1: we'll get some data pretty soon after it takes off.

854
00:42:17,239 --> 00:42:19,319
Speaker 1: Assuming that this thing lasts for more than you know,

855
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:22,200
Speaker 1: a second in the atmosphere. Well, I think it was

856
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:25,600
Speaker 1: probably the acronym that got it approved pretty sweet, and

857
00:42:25,719 --> 00:42:29,200
Speaker 1: that's one of two interesting ones that have been approved recently.

858
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:33,239
Speaker 1: There's also one going up in yeah, so VERITAS, which

859
00:42:33,239 --> 00:42:38,280
Speaker 1: stands for Venus Emissivity, radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy.

860
00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:41,759
Speaker 1: So that's an acronym that has another acronym inside of it,

861
00:42:42,680 --> 00:42:45,520
Speaker 1: acronym such an acronym exactly. This one is not going

862
00:42:45,560 --> 00:42:47,320
Speaker 1: to go to the surface, but it's going to map

863
00:42:47,360 --> 00:42:51,239
Speaker 1: the surface very finely using very powerful radar, and it's

864
00:42:51,239 --> 00:42:53,920
Speaker 1: going to help us understand what happened to Venus by

865
00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:56,480
Speaker 1: getting like an idea of the surface elevation and basically

866
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:59,920
Speaker 1: build a three d map of the surface cool and again,

867
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,000
Speaker 1: getting to know the surface is important because just looking

868
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:03,880
Speaker 1: at the surface tells us a lot about the history

869
00:43:03,880 --> 00:43:06,560
Speaker 1: of the planet right exactly, like are there glowing links

870
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,120
Speaker 1: of lava right now? Or has anything cooled? Is there

871
00:43:09,160 --> 00:43:11,919
Speaker 1: evidence there from like the heavy bombardment in the early

872
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:14,600
Speaker 1: Solar System, or has the surface been reshaped? And so

873
00:43:14,719 --> 00:43:17,080
Speaker 1: a lot of our clues about what happened to Venus

874
00:43:17,160 --> 00:43:19,799
Speaker 1: and whether something slammed into it three hundred million years

875
00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:22,960
Speaker 1: ago come from this understanding of the geology of the surface.

876
00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:24,960
Speaker 1: So this is really important data. It's gonna be much

877
00:43:25,040 --> 00:43:28,240
Speaker 1: much finer than the previous data we got from Magellan. Also,

878
00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:30,160
Speaker 1: I love this project because it has one of these

879
00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:33,239
Speaker 1: deep space atomic clocks on it. Remember we talked about

880
00:43:33,280 --> 00:43:36,480
Speaker 1: how to measure time really, really finally and to navigate

881
00:43:36,520 --> 00:43:38,839
Speaker 1: the Solar System with precision, you have to have very

882
00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:42,760
Speaker 1: precise atomic clocks. Interesting, so they've built these miniaturized atomic

883
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,240
Speaker 1: clocks and they put a new version, deep Space Atomic

884
00:43:45,280 --> 00:43:49,240
Speaker 1: Clock number two onto Veritas. So you're basically like, anything

885
00:43:49,239 --> 00:43:52,560
Speaker 1: that helps anyone get there more on time is cool

886
00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:56,040
Speaker 1: with me. I'm all for it, exactly exactly. I just

887
00:43:56,080 --> 00:43:59,200
Speaker 1: think it's super cool. These really precise atomic clocks built

888
00:43:59,239 --> 00:44:02,239
Speaker 1: to go into space and these tiny little contraptions. I

889
00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:04,719
Speaker 1: just think it's an awesome feed of engineering. Well, these

890
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:07,120
Speaker 1: are going up in a few years, I guess seven

891
00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:09,640
Speaker 1: or eight years from now, because I guess it takes

892
00:44:09,640 --> 00:44:12,040
Speaker 1: a long time to to get these missions prepared, to

893
00:44:12,080 --> 00:44:13,960
Speaker 1: design them, and to make sure that they they're going

894
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:16,640
Speaker 1: to work exactly. And so kudo to the Venus community

895
00:44:16,680 --> 00:44:19,680
Speaker 1: out there for continuing to propose these missions for decades,

896
00:44:19,719 --> 00:44:22,160
Speaker 1: getting shot down over and over and over and over again,

897
00:44:22,320 --> 00:44:25,560
Speaker 1: and finally succeeding in convincing those folks that NASA that

898
00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:27,719
Speaker 1: Venus is worth a return trip. And do you call

899
00:44:27,960 --> 00:44:35,160
Speaker 1: Venusians or vina Venuswegians? All right, Well, so stay tuned.

900
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:38,880
Speaker 1: Maybe in about ten years there'll be some new discoveries

901
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:41,560
Speaker 1: about Venus and maybe tell us a lot about life

902
00:44:41,719 --> 00:44:44,560
Speaker 1: on the Solar System, that how we got to be

903
00:44:44,680 --> 00:44:47,200
Speaker 1: where we are, and maybe what might happen to us

904
00:44:47,440 --> 00:44:51,000
Speaker 1: in the future if we're not careful exactly, So look

905
00:44:51,080 --> 00:44:53,920
Speaker 1: forward in about ten years to peeling back those clouds

906
00:44:54,040 --> 00:44:56,840
Speaker 1: and feeling the truth of Venus just where you know,

907
00:44:56,920 --> 00:45:01,200
Speaker 1: like iron gloves, because they are so for out exactly,

908
00:45:01,320 --> 00:45:04,080
Speaker 1: take proper precautions, always wear eye protection, and don't sue us.

909
00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:05,960
Speaker 1: All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for

910
00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:16,040
Speaker 1: joining us, see you next time. Thanks for listening, and

911
00:45:16,120 --> 00:45:18,800
Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a

912
00:45:18,880 --> 00:45:22,279
Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast for my

913
00:45:22,440 --> 00:45:25,960
Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

914
00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:30,440
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H