1 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:07,680 Speaker 1: Hey, this is Annie and Samantha and welcome to stuff 2 00:00:07,720 --> 00:00:18,760 Speaker 1: I Never told you production of I Heart Radio. And 3 00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:22,479 Speaker 1: today we are doing another female first, which means we 4 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:25,599 Speaker 1: are once again joined by our good friend, the fabulous, 5 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:30,080 Speaker 1: the Magnificent Eve's welcome Eves. Hey everyone, Yeah, thanks, Yeah, 6 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:32,519 Speaker 1: I'm welcoming you now because I'm taking this show over. 7 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:40,600 Speaker 1: You are welcome to I've been waiting you are never 8 00:00:40,720 --> 00:00:44,479 Speaker 1: welcoming to us all along to just comment this space. 9 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:49,479 Speaker 1: I love it. It came out of you. Just you 10 00:00:49,560 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: give off a welcoming vibe, to be honest, you, so 11 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: we're happy to give it to you. And we're you know, 12 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:01,400 Speaker 1: we were just having a very fun conversation about because 13 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:07,160 Speaker 1: we're having some technological woes. We're talking about science today, um, 14 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:12,039 Speaker 1: and some old school technologies and things that we used 15 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:17,720 Speaker 1: to do around like old like iPods and old phones 16 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:19,880 Speaker 1: and like mity ring tones and all that stuff. That 17 00:01:19,959 --> 00:01:23,119 Speaker 1: is one of my very favorite things, honestly to talk about. 18 00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: Like I love the sort of obscure technology that is 19 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:32,119 Speaker 1: useless now but at one time was the coolest thing. Yeah, 20 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: and how cumbersome and just inefficient some of those things were. Yeah, 21 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:38,479 Speaker 1: I was going back through a bin of a lot 22 00:01:38,520 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: of my old stuff and just running down memory lane 23 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: and thinking about all this, the rhyme stone stickers that 24 00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: I put things that were just completely unnecessary and truly 25 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:51,200 Speaker 1: got in the way more so than did anything for aesthetics. 26 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: I feel like a lot of a lot of the 27 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:58,120 Speaker 1: stuff from that time, you've summed it up very well, 28 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:04,680 Speaker 1: was cumbersome. But we liked it. Yes, yes, that is 29 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:07,160 Speaker 1: one of my very favorite things. I was telling them, 30 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:11,440 Speaker 1: as samanthony Us before this, that I I had like 31 00:02:11,760 --> 00:02:14,480 Speaker 1: a song for everybody who would call me, and then 32 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:18,280 Speaker 1: I had a very long answering message, like a voicemail 33 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 1: message that I purchased with my money in high school. 34 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:25,000 Speaker 1: And it was a mission impossible, themes like, it was 35 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: way too long. It was embarrassing, but you know, I 36 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: liked it. Yeah, wasn't it. I don't know if I'm 37 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,560 Speaker 1: remembering this incorrectly or not, but weren't you also able 38 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:40,120 Speaker 1: to make songs ring tones of the dial tone when 39 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: somebody call you, you would hear the song that that 40 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:44,640 Speaker 1: person on the other the receiving in what wants you 41 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:49,720 Speaker 1: to hear? Was that a thing? Yeah? Yeah, oh, it 42 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:52,280 Speaker 1: was a thing, And It was always started with this 43 00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: song is brought to you by whomever, the company they 44 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: bought it from. Oh yes, so overnoxious. It was not. 45 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,280 Speaker 1: It's also making a lot of assumptions about what people 46 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:06,760 Speaker 1: on the other side want to hear, like that's true, 47 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: that's true. It's kind of a thought exercise at that point, 48 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: too much. I got into it. Mine was It was 49 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:18,799 Speaker 1: a very short snippet from a song Homecoming on the 50 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:22,800 Speaker 1: American Idiot album by Green Day, and it was nobody 51 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:25,920 Speaker 1: likes you, Nobody wants to hang out with you. That 52 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:29,359 Speaker 1: was my song. So people were sending very overt messages 53 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: to the people that I'm like, wait, are you mad 54 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:37,680 Speaker 1: at me? Or should I be concerned for you? Like? 55 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: Where are we today? It was loved you questioning. Oh gosh, 56 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:47,880 Speaker 1: I could talk about this forever, but we do have 57 00:03:47,960 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 1: a lot to discuss today. This is a fascinating story 58 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:53,240 Speaker 1: and a fascinating person you've brought to as eaves um, 59 00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 1: So who are we talking about today? Today? We're talking 60 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 1: about Unice Foot and her first was that she was 61 00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:04,120 Speaker 1: as person to link carbon dioxide to atmospheric warming, which 62 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 1: is related to a lot of the things we talked 63 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: about today because it's related to climate change, even though 64 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: her and a lot of other people who were working 65 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:15,280 Speaker 1: in physics at the time weren't quite as concerned as 66 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 1: we are today with climate change and the effects that 67 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,799 Speaker 1: it can have. But they were looking at the history, um, 68 00:04:21,839 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: and the present and a little bit of the future 69 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,680 Speaker 1: of what it meant for the climate to be different 70 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: at different points in time and how that affected the 71 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:32,800 Speaker 1: populations on Earth. And this was one of those ones 72 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: where it was striking to me that, uh, this conversation 73 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,279 Speaker 1: had gone back further than I realized, and we're still 74 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:46,200 Speaker 1: having it very like urgent matter today. Just that it 75 00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:49,279 Speaker 1: they were talking about it back then and steadying it 76 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:53,919 Speaker 1: back then. Um, it just really stuck with me. Yeah, 77 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,200 Speaker 1: I know, yeah, because this well, Unice, she was born 78 00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: in eighteen nineteen, so this kind station was happening all 79 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:04,320 Speaker 1: the way back in the eighteen hundreds, And of course 80 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:07,479 Speaker 1: there was their understanding of climate science was a lot 81 00:05:07,560 --> 00:05:09,960 Speaker 1: different than it is today, and they didn't use a 82 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,920 Speaker 1: lot of the same terminology that we used today, and 83 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:14,120 Speaker 1: they didn't have because they didn't have the same understanding. 84 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 1: But she was part of this foundation. She was part 85 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:21,120 Speaker 1: of the pioneering group of people, albeit her contributions weren't 86 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:25,760 Speaker 1: as weighty or significant, or maybe wady is the wrong word. 87 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:28,600 Speaker 1: She just didn't go as deep into UM the research 88 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,920 Speaker 1: around these things as some of the other UM scientists 89 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:33,960 Speaker 1: who were working in the field did. But she was 90 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:39,120 Speaker 1: a significant part of this history. So we can start 91 00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:41,960 Speaker 1: when she was born. So she was born on July seventeen, 92 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,360 Speaker 1: eighteen nineteen and Goshen, Connecticut. Her name was Eunice Newton 93 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,200 Speaker 1: UM and she was one of eleven children. Her parents 94 00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:52,680 Speaker 1: did have twelve children, but one of her sisters had 95 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:55,960 Speaker 1: died as a young child, and her parents were Tears 96 00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:58,880 Speaker 1: of Newton. That was spelled t h I r Z 97 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:00,719 Speaker 1: A not exactly sure how to put out SEP, but 98 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: tears and Newton will say and Isaac Newton Jr. Was 99 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,440 Speaker 1: her father's name. Reportedly he was a distant relative of 100 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: Isaac Newton. And she went to Troy Female Seminary, which 101 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,120 Speaker 1: was a school in New York which is now called 102 00:06:15,160 --> 00:06:19,440 Speaker 1: Emma Willard School, and through her experience here she was 103 00:06:19,520 --> 00:06:23,360 Speaker 1: able to attend science lectures at a nearby school, so 104 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: early on she did have some study and training in science. 105 00:06:28,839 --> 00:06:32,480 Speaker 1: Though UM she didn't go that deeply into her scientific 106 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: training in academia, but she spent most of her earlier 107 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:39,240 Speaker 1: years in New York, and she did read scientific journals 108 00:06:39,400 --> 00:06:42,680 Speaker 1: and she conducted her own experiments, so she was doing 109 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:45,800 Speaker 1: her She had her own personal interests in philosophy and science, 110 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:49,360 Speaker 1: and she chose to pursue those things in her personal life. 111 00:06:49,839 --> 00:06:52,680 Speaker 1: But at the time, as we know we talked about 112 00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: UM in recent episodes when we spoke a little bit 113 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 1: about astronomy in a previous episode in women's role in 114 00:06:58,760 --> 00:07:03,599 Speaker 1: science in that few old but in general, scientific fields 115 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:06,480 Speaker 1: were dominated by men at the time for various reasons, 116 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:10,800 Speaker 1: and women's access to studying, researching, and publishing in science 117 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: was restricted. Plus, physics research and interests in the US 118 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:17,880 Speaker 1: kind of pilled in comparison to what was happening in Europe. 119 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:19,920 Speaker 1: So there was a lot more chatter and a lot 120 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:23,200 Speaker 1: more research and interest in research from scientists in the 121 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,680 Speaker 1: general population in the physics field in Europe, but there 122 00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:29,239 Speaker 1: was still some in the US. It just wasn't happening 123 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:32,360 Speaker 1: at the same scale. UM. In eighteen forty one, she 124 00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:37,960 Speaker 1: married Alicia Foote, who was a judge, amateur scientist, an 125 00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: inventor and a mathematician, and at one point he served 126 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: as commissioner of the U. S. Patent Office. The two 127 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,920 Speaker 1: of them had two daughters, which was married in eighteen 128 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:53,400 Speaker 1: forty two and Augusta in eighteen forty four. UM. And 129 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:56,520 Speaker 1: it's noted that in eighteen forty eight she signed the 130 00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: Declaration of Sentiments UM, which I'm sure a lot of 131 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:02,200 Speaker 1: your dance would be familiar with, since y'all talk about 132 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,000 Speaker 1: feminist history a lot that happened at the Seneca Falls 133 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: Convention in New York. Her husband also signed the declaration, 134 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:13,160 Speaker 1: and that document advocated for women's rights, and she ended 135 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:16,760 Speaker 1: up doing There's there's not a ton of history written 136 00:08:16,760 --> 00:08:21,000 Speaker 1: about her early life and her education, UM, and some 137 00:08:21,040 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: of the things that she did around her role in 138 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: advocacy for women's rights. But she was in New York 139 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:30,240 Speaker 1: and was moving in the same fields as other feminists 140 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:32,240 Speaker 1: and other abolitionists and a lot of people who were 141 00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:47,800 Speaker 1: activists at the time in spaces like that. Moving on 142 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 1: to her scientific work, she did do an experiment that 143 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:54,280 Speaker 1: could have been a response to theories that she had 144 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:57,839 Speaker 1: read in Scientific American about how the sun heats Earth. 145 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:01,800 Speaker 1: And as I said, her husband was also an amateur scientist. 146 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:03,840 Speaker 1: He was an inventor, and she was also an inventor, 147 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:07,480 Speaker 1: but her husband was also doing studies on solar radiation 148 00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,160 Speaker 1: at the time. He became a member of the American 149 00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:14,720 Speaker 1: Association for the Advancement of Science in eighteen fifty six. So, 150 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: in Unite's experiment, she used thermometer. She used two glass cylinders, 151 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:25,199 Speaker 1: and she used an air pump and her work and 152 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:27,320 Speaker 1: she put a thermometer in each of those tubes to 153 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: measure its temperature. She exposed these cylinders to the sun, 154 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:34,240 Speaker 1: and she used the pump to draw air from one 155 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:37,199 Speaker 1: and compress it in the other. And she found that 156 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:41,680 Speaker 1: the cylinder with compressed air heated faster. She also found 157 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 1: that the moist air heated faster than the dry air. 158 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:48,560 Speaker 1: And she found that the cylinder with what she called 159 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: carbonic acid gas also known as carbon dioxide got much 160 00:09:52,679 --> 00:09:55,680 Speaker 1: hotter than the cylinder that was full of what she 161 00:09:55,840 --> 00:09:59,600 Speaker 1: called common air. And so here's a quote from what 162 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 1: she's said in her study. The receiver containing the gas 163 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: became itself much heated, very sensibly more so than the other, 164 00:10:08,600 --> 00:10:11,560 Speaker 1: and on being removed, it was many times as long 165 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:14,960 Speaker 1: and cooling an atmosphere of that gas would give to 166 00:10:15,080 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: our earth a high temperature. And if, as some suppose, 167 00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:21,600 Speaker 1: at one period of its history the air had mixed 168 00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:25,440 Speaker 1: with it a larger proportion than at present, an increased 169 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:29,160 Speaker 1: temperature from its own action as well as from increased weight, 170 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:34,200 Speaker 1: must have necessarily resulted. So she also in that experiment 171 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 1: tested cylinders that contain hydrogen and oxygen. So there have 172 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:44,160 Speaker 1: been recently in recent years people who have written about 173 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:46,320 Speaker 1: her work kind of a resurgence of interest in her 174 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 1: work after it was dug back up from the archives. 175 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:53,079 Speaker 1: According to a paper that was written by Joseph d 176 00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: Ortiz and Roland Jackson, Unice aimed to and she did, 177 00:10:57,520 --> 00:11:00,960 Speaker 1: answer the following three questions with her experiment, And those questions, 178 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:04,960 Speaker 1: as they stated in the paper, were does the concentration 179 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: of gas in the atmosphere affect is warming response to 180 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:11,520 Speaker 1: the Sun's rays? The other question was does the composition 181 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 1: of the gas in the atmosphere affect is warming response 182 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:17,600 Speaker 1: to the sun rays? And the last question was can 183 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:20,719 Speaker 1: the effect of different gases on the warming response of 184 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:24,680 Speaker 1: the sun rays be ranked? But there were, of course 185 00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: these limitations to her work. She did, I mean as 186 00:11:28,920 --> 00:11:32,200 Speaker 1: we spoke about earlier, like we didn't have the same understanding. 187 00:11:32,679 --> 00:11:35,400 Speaker 1: This was still the beginning stages of our understanding about 188 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases and how those things 189 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:41,439 Speaker 1: affected climate change. She was at the forefront of that, 190 00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:44,480 Speaker 1: so she didn't answer the how and the why those 191 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:49,599 Speaker 1: gases could raise Earth's temperature. Also, the paper wasn't completely 192 00:11:49,720 --> 00:11:53,240 Speaker 1: clear about her scientific methods, about the the details of 193 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 1: the experimentation itself, so there are limitations in our understanding 194 00:11:57,160 --> 00:12:00,680 Speaker 1: of what she did because of that. But in August 195 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: of eighteen fifty six, her paper was presented at the 196 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:08,160 Speaker 1: tenth Annual Meeting of the a S and she didn't 197 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: present it. Joseph Henry did, who was the secretary of 198 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:15,960 Speaker 1: the Smithsonian Institution at the time. Women did speak at 199 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:19,680 Speaker 1: those meetings, but it was uncommon. But yeah, so there 200 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: were reports of her work and other journals afterwards, people 201 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:27,760 Speaker 1: talking about her role. UM. According to a later summary 202 00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:31,719 Speaker 1: by David A. Wells and the Annual of Scientific Discovery, 203 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: Henry had prefaced the presentation of the paper, Henry being 204 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:39,400 Speaker 1: the guy who presented it at the meeting. UM. He 205 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:42,160 Speaker 1: had prefaced the presentation of the paper by saying something 206 00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:45,679 Speaker 1: along the lines of science. Was of no country and 207 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: of no sex, so it seems like he kind of 208 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:50,320 Speaker 1: hyped up her role as a woman and being able 209 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: to do this kind of scientific investigation, and probably most 210 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:58,880 Speaker 1: likely Um needed to do that in order to get 211 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,440 Speaker 1: people to listen um and understand the significance of it 212 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:05,400 Speaker 1: and why it was being presented at the time. It's 213 00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:09,160 Speaker 1: although it was it wasn't completely clear why he was 214 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,080 Speaker 1: the one who presented it like that wasn't explicitly stated, 215 00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:14,280 Speaker 1: but likely had something to do. Likely had to do 216 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:16,600 Speaker 1: with the fact that she was a woman. But the 217 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:20,560 Speaker 1: name of that paper was Circumstance Affecting the Heat of 218 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,880 Speaker 1: the Sun's Race, and it wasn't published in the conference proceedings. 219 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:28,679 Speaker 1: Neither she nor the presentation were mented in that proceedings 220 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:32,000 Speaker 1: volume that came out of that meaning. But that paper 221 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:35,240 Speaker 1: was published in the American Journal of Science and Arts 222 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:39,080 Speaker 1: that November, and you can actually go look at that online. 223 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:41,120 Speaker 1: It doesn't take very long to read at all. It's 224 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:43,240 Speaker 1: only like a page and a half long, and it 225 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:46,120 Speaker 1: comes right after her husband's paper on the heat in 226 00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:49,360 Speaker 1: the Sun's rays. It was published right before and right 227 00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:53,319 Speaker 1: after the end of that page. Um, at the very 228 00:13:53,400 --> 00:14:00,000 Speaker 1: last page of his paper was hers and the pieces 229 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:04,000 Speaker 1: that covered her afterward, and publications like Scientific American that 230 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:05,800 Speaker 1: didn't bring up that she did this work and that 231 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,840 Speaker 1: had been presented mentioned how her work showed that women 232 00:14:09,920 --> 00:14:14,040 Speaker 1: could do valid work in scientific inquiry, although they didn't 233 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:17,200 Speaker 1: really talk about the content of the work, which is 234 00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:20,120 Speaker 1: I think something that we're very very familiar with, you know, 235 00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:24,120 Speaker 1: a lot of ad being made about the gender of 236 00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: the person when it was women who were doing something, 237 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:29,280 Speaker 1: and much less ado happening about the actual content of 238 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: the work. And now that I'm thinking about that, like, 239 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: I'm really glad that we have this series doing female 240 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:38,440 Speaker 1: first because that kind of like allows us to high 241 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:40,640 Speaker 1: like that, yes they were women, but like here are 242 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: there fabulously intricate stories and significant stories that there's a 243 00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:50,880 Speaker 1: bunch of content underneath those headlines. So um, that was 244 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: clear in some of the pieces that were written about 245 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: her work too. Yeah, I mean it's one of I 246 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:59,560 Speaker 1: don't know the tone, but it does feel kind of like, oh, 247 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:02,400 Speaker 1: look of it a mintary can do, but not talking 248 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:07,080 Speaker 1: about like what she actually did or accomplished, much more like, Okay, 249 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:09,520 Speaker 1: she can do it. And now let's let them in 250 00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 1: do their work. So yes, I I also appreciate that 251 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:16,920 Speaker 1: you bring those stories, these stories does and we can 252 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:22,000 Speaker 1: talk about what they did. And Unis she only published 253 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:26,520 Speaker 1: two known papers, but they were the first two physics 254 00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:29,280 Speaker 1: papers that were published by a woman in the United States. 255 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:32,120 Speaker 1: The paper, the other paper that she published was just 256 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:34,640 Speaker 1: a year later, in eighteen fifty seven, and that was 257 00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 1: called on a New Source of Electrical Excitation. So if 258 00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,640 Speaker 1: you look up Unis foot story, you'll see that the 259 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:47,760 Speaker 1: fact that she had this first was it was overshadowed 260 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: by other men who had done research in the field 261 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 1: very early on. And we're foundational in the history of 262 00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,040 Speaker 1: modern climate science. So that one of those people was 263 00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:02,880 Speaker 1: Irish physicists John Tendall, who is considered a founder of 264 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:07,080 Speaker 1: modern climate science. He has been credited with discovering the 265 00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: absorption of thermal radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor. 266 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:15,520 Speaker 1: He announced his discovery in eighteen fifty nine, which was 267 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:19,600 Speaker 1: three years after Foot's eighteen fifty six paper, and in 268 00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: it he showed that water vapor and gases like carbon 269 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:28,600 Speaker 1: dioxide absorb and emit thermal infrared energy rather than visible sunlight, 270 00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:33,480 Speaker 1: which was what Unice Foot did. Her experiment with visible sunlight, 271 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: she used sunlight in shade and her experiment which she 272 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:40,440 Speaker 1: put the cylinders in to test the rising of the 273 00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: temperatures and the cooling of the temperatures in both of 274 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:47,840 Speaker 1: those places. But it wasn't until eighteen sixty one when 275 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:51,040 Speaker 1: Tendel himself suggested that changes in the amounts of water, 276 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:54,560 Speaker 1: vapor and carbon dioxide that we're in the atmosphere could 277 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:58,200 Speaker 1: cause changes in climate. So that's where that link with 278 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,120 Speaker 1: those what we now call in house gases. They weren't 279 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:03,920 Speaker 1: calling them that back then, but those changes in the 280 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:08,200 Speaker 1: water vapor um and the carbon dioxide and the carbon 281 00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: dioxide being a thing that Unice Foot worked with and 282 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:14,560 Speaker 1: that was integraling her getting her first because she linked 283 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:18,080 Speaker 1: it with climate change. Tindall didn't make that link until 284 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:22,560 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one. He didn't reference Foots work, although he 285 00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:25,440 Speaker 1: did called back and credit other people who had done 286 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:29,639 Speaker 1: earlier work in the field. And you know, it didn't 287 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:33,840 Speaker 1: help also that Foot's experiment was not explained comprehensively. It 288 00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:36,359 Speaker 1: didn't have illustrations to go along with it. If you 289 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: go look at the work, then you'll see that She 290 00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:41,960 Speaker 1: did have this graph of the temperatures that she used 291 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:45,200 Speaker 1: in that paper, but she didn't have any illustrations, and 292 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:49,760 Speaker 1: she didn't differentiate between the effect of solar radiation and 293 00:17:49,760 --> 00:17:53,560 Speaker 1: the effect of long wave infrared radiation, which is more 294 00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:56,919 Speaker 1: of the radiation that we're concerned with when talking about 295 00:17:57,280 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: the greenhouse effect and the effect that the car indo 296 00:18:00,359 --> 00:18:06,320 Speaker 1: side has on the atmosphere and climate, and so greenhouse gases, 297 00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:09,880 Speaker 1: of which carbon dioxide is one, they let the sun's 298 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,840 Speaker 1: light shine onto Earth's surface, but then they also trapped 299 00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:17,720 Speaker 1: the heat that's radiated by Earth back up into the atmosphere, 300 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:22,600 Speaker 1: and that whole process, what we now call the greenhouse effect, 301 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: is what keeps the planet's climate comfortable, which is why 302 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:30,480 Speaker 1: this is such a big conversation right now. And the 303 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 1: fact that the amounts of carbon dioxide that we're emitting 304 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:38,720 Speaker 1: through the all these huge industrial economic processes that we 305 00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,600 Speaker 1: have as a human species on the Earth, and how 306 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:44,680 Speaker 1: the rising amounts of carbon dioxide meant into the atmosphere 307 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: affect the climate change um and has led to the 308 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:52,280 Speaker 1: process that we now call global warming. So that's all 309 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:56,280 Speaker 1: that all her work ties into that. But even though 310 00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:59,960 Speaker 1: she didn't make a distinction between solar radiation and radiate 311 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:02,840 Speaker 1: heat from the Earth. She does seem to have been 312 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:06,760 Speaker 1: the first person to notice how carbon dioxide and water 313 00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:11,240 Speaker 1: vapor together absorb heat and to then from there to 314 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 1: make the direct link between changes in these things and 315 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:20,199 Speaker 1: changes in climate. So there are some sources, including a 316 00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:24,320 Speaker 1: twenty nineteen paper by scientists Roland Jackson, that say that 317 00:19:24,359 --> 00:19:27,840 Speaker 1: it's likely that Tindall was unaware of Foots work. He 318 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:31,160 Speaker 1: didn't know about it. He wasn't interested in climate change. 319 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: Jackson says it wasn't the main focus of his work, 320 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:38,359 Speaker 1: but that others in hindsight have dubbed him a father 321 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: of climate science, but he wasn't the one who put 322 00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: that title on himself, and Jackson um in that paper 323 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,880 Speaker 1: asserted that there were several things that were to account 324 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:53,359 Speaker 1: for her work getting little recognition at the time. That 325 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:57,639 Speaker 1: included a coherent scientific community, let alone one in the 326 00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:01,080 Speaker 1: physics field was just urgeining in the US, it was 327 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:05,399 Speaker 1: just forming. Communication with Europe was shoddy, it wasn't great, 328 00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:09,679 Speaker 1: so there were things that got lost in translation across 329 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:13,760 Speaker 1: the Atlantic. She was an amateur scientist without extensive formal training, 330 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:16,160 Speaker 1: and she was a woman at a time when many 331 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: people view women as incompetent or less capable in science, 332 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:24,720 Speaker 1: and they didn't have much opportunity to join scientific communities, 333 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:28,240 Speaker 1: are published in scientific journals. So those are some of 334 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: the reasons that Jackson and other people who are more 335 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:32,760 Speaker 1: on the stance of like, it probably was just the 336 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:34,920 Speaker 1: case that Tendall didn't know about it. He didn't see 337 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:37,240 Speaker 1: the work, So it's not like he was purposefully snubbing 338 00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:41,159 Speaker 1: her or discrediting her work. He just didn't know. But 339 00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:43,800 Speaker 1: there are other people who do think that Tendall had 340 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:46,199 Speaker 1: to be aware of her work. He was working in 341 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:51,440 Speaker 1: the field. Uh, So he was a researcher who looked 342 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:54,680 Speaker 1: to other people to be able to complete his own 343 00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,600 Speaker 1: work and add on to theirs, as he noted in 344 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:00,040 Speaker 1: some of the credits that he gave to others, and 345 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: and her work. Foots work was republished in some European journals, 346 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:06,440 Speaker 1: and because it was a kind of a known thing 347 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:11,320 Speaker 1: that Tendal view women as intellectually inferior to men. So 348 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:16,479 Speaker 1: there are views on both sides, but overall, like, I'm 349 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:18,639 Speaker 1: definitely not the one to make the judgment of what happened, 350 00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:21,720 Speaker 1: and I'm not sure if anybody could ever make that 351 00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: determination if we don't find something directly from Tindal that if, 352 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:28,040 Speaker 1: I mean, it would how scandalous would it be if 353 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,040 Speaker 1: we did, like dig up some letter from Tendal to 354 00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,439 Speaker 1: some other huge scientists be like, yeah, I heard of 355 00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:36,560 Speaker 1: that foot girl. You know, we got his word of 356 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:38,679 Speaker 1: some of her papers over here in these journals. But 357 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:40,879 Speaker 1: you know, I'm not even gonna try to do a 358 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:44,080 Speaker 1: British accent. But she's just a silly American and she's 359 00:21:44,160 --> 00:21:46,560 Speaker 1: just a woman, And what does she know she's talking about. 360 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:48,719 Speaker 1: She doesn't even she hasn't even gone to school for this. 361 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:51,200 Speaker 1: So I mean, that would be scandalous and a great, 362 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:55,560 Speaker 1: great historical thing to find if you're you know, into 363 00:21:56,720 --> 00:22:00,320 Speaker 1: you know, that kind of shade. But otherwise I don't 364 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:04,399 Speaker 1: think that, you know, there's a way um to fully 365 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:06,680 Speaker 1: know if we don't get those words from Tindal himself. 366 00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:09,520 Speaker 1: But at the end of the day, it's important to 367 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:13,400 Speaker 1: view it holistically in terms of like, yes, there were 368 00:22:14,160 --> 00:22:21,159 Speaker 1: legitimate um limitations too, maybe two Tindal's ability to have 369 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,320 Speaker 1: access to it, and perhaps from his own shortcomings of 370 00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:27,639 Speaker 1: maybe he did see it and just skipped over it. 371 00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:30,919 Speaker 1: Knowing it was a woman's work. And then there are 372 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,879 Speaker 1: you know, legitimate claims to the other side that he 373 00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:36,280 Speaker 1: had to be aware of it. So all these things 374 00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: can be true and should be taken into consideration when 375 00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:41,880 Speaker 1: thinking about that and generally the way that we view 376 00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:47,280 Speaker 1: women's contributions to history when something, especially when an achievement 377 00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:52,040 Speaker 1: has already been so heavily contributed to a prominent man 378 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:55,520 Speaker 1: in a field. Um. So yeah, that was the hole 379 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,120 Speaker 1: in sum of Unit's foots work. Like I said, there 380 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:02,800 Speaker 1: wasn't much else that really made waves in her scientific 381 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,080 Speaker 1: inquiry and how that affected the community at least that 382 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:10,080 Speaker 1: people know of. Um. But she also fouled patents for 383 00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:13,720 Speaker 1: invention inventions, and her husband also fouled at least one 384 00:23:13,800 --> 00:23:17,240 Speaker 1: for something that she invented, which was a thermostatically controlled 385 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:22,120 Speaker 1: cooking stove. She died in September of eight. There are 386 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:25,080 Speaker 1: no photos of her, but there has been a growing 387 00:23:25,119 --> 00:23:29,399 Speaker 1: interest in her work and contributions to scientific thought once 388 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:32,359 Speaker 1: people began rediscovering it in the last couple of decades, 389 00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:36,359 Speaker 1: and there were twenty of century scholars who noted her work, 390 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:40,359 Speaker 1: and in twenty eleven, a petroleum geologist named Ray Sorenson 391 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:43,399 Speaker 1: wrote about coming across her work in a journal called 392 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:47,320 Speaker 1: Search and Discovery, and since then there's been an up 393 00:23:47,359 --> 00:23:51,360 Speaker 1: taking interest in her work and more papers, more presentations 394 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,520 Speaker 1: and exhibitions, and even a short film call Units that 395 00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: was released in twenty eighteen about her. So that is 396 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:02,159 Speaker 1: the whole and some of some of what we know 397 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: about uniceitz life in her scientific work, and and like 398 00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:21,840 Speaker 1: I said, it was a great story. And as you 399 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:26,119 Speaker 1: kind of alluded to, most of the results I found 400 00:24:26,119 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: at first when I was looking into her were like 401 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:32,280 Speaker 1: how much did she really do? Did this guy take 402 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:35,040 Speaker 1: all that credit? Like all of this like argument that's 403 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:38,600 Speaker 1: happening around her to this day, and a lot of 404 00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 1: people saying like, yes, we've just discovered her, are rediscovered 405 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:46,199 Speaker 1: her work, and which I find fascinating that there's like 406 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:52,480 Speaker 1: still this scientific debate about what she did. And also 407 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,920 Speaker 1: kudos to you Ease for your scientific explanation, because I 408 00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:58,040 Speaker 1: saw I read the paper and I was like, oh, 409 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:02,879 Speaker 1: let you handle that one, So thank you. This is 410 00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:05,760 Speaker 1: from my personal limited knowledge of things like this too. 411 00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:08,240 Speaker 1: I mean, I know that there are scientists and physicists 412 00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 1: out there who can talk more deeply about it, but 413 00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:15,480 Speaker 1: I think, um, it's like just as impactful and meaningful 414 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,520 Speaker 1: to even know a little bit about the surface, because 415 00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:19,959 Speaker 1: I think that's how we generally go a lot around 416 00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:23,159 Speaker 1: in our lives, like we don't know everything about every field. 417 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: But yeah, I think, um that I am glad that 418 00:25:29,280 --> 00:25:33,199 Speaker 1: this quote unquote rediscovery is happening, but also want to 419 00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:37,800 Speaker 1: just acknowledge the fact that like these people, of course, 420 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:39,800 Speaker 1: grateful to them to bring her back into light, but 421 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:42,520 Speaker 1: like people who are finding her work in twenty eleven, 422 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:45,320 Speaker 1: they're not the first ones to know about her work, 423 00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:50,520 Speaker 1: like there were other people, other women before before them, 424 00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:53,399 Speaker 1: who were talking about her work and publishing her story 425 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:58,199 Speaker 1: in different places. Always a good note. But yeah, I, 426 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:02,000 Speaker 1: like I said to it's just with everything that's going on, 427 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:05,640 Speaker 1: this is so important to talk about, um, And I'm 428 00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,960 Speaker 1: glad that you brought this brought this story to us. 429 00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:11,680 Speaker 1: And now that there's actually a movie already, I'm gonna 430 00:26:11,720 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: have to go watch it since I can't say this 431 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:17,120 Speaker 1: movie it's very short. The film is very short. It's 432 00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:32,440 Speaker 1: like eleven minutes long. Okay, let's go. I love So 433 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:37,640 Speaker 1: I do have to say I understand and appreciate why 434 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:41,320 Speaker 1: you didn't do a dramatic British like reenactment, Eves. But 435 00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:43,399 Speaker 1: now I'm going to miss that for the rest of 436 00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 1: my life. I would love if someone would do it. 437 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:48,160 Speaker 1: To be honest with you, I'll do it, not with Mike. 438 00:26:48,359 --> 00:26:55,120 Speaker 1: I love doing those Are those are trapping orders to tread? Yes? 439 00:26:56,240 --> 00:27:04,000 Speaker 1: I agree? I agree? Well, I look forwards and I 440 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: look forward to having you again on here. It's always 441 00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,720 Speaker 1: such a pleasure. Where can the good listeners find you? 442 00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:13,240 Speaker 1: You can find me on many other episodes of Female 443 00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:16,200 Speaker 1: First right here on Sminthy featuring a lot of other 444 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:21,720 Speaker 1: people who have other inventions and accomplishments and achievements and 445 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: cool and interesting things that they did in history. So 446 00:27:24,920 --> 00:27:26,480 Speaker 1: go back and listen to that. There are like over 447 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:31,600 Speaker 1: twenty episodes um of Female First. Also, you can find 448 00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:35,199 Speaker 1: me on Instagram at not Apologizing. You can find me 449 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:38,240 Speaker 1: on Twitter at Eves Jeff co and everything else. You 450 00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:40,680 Speaker 1: can just find on eve jeffc dot com. And you 451 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:44,200 Speaker 1: should be able to dig anything else up through there 452 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:47,080 Speaker 1: or hit me up through there. Yes, yes, yes, And 453 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:49,560 Speaker 1: if you would like to contact us listeners, you can 454 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:51,280 Speaker 1: or emails stuff to your mom stuff at I hired 455 00:27:51,320 --> 00:27:52,880 Speaker 1: me to dot com. You can find us on Twitter 456 00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:55,000 Speaker 1: at mom Stuff Podcasts or on Instagram at Stuff I 457 00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:57,960 Speaker 1: Ever Told You. Thanks as always to our super producer Christina, 458 00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:01,040 Speaker 1: Thank you, and thanks to you for listening Stuff I 459 00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:02,639 Speaker 1: Never Told You. The protection of I Heart Radio from 460 00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: more podcast in My Heart Radio, you can listen to 461 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:06,560 Speaker 1: their heardio app, Apple podcast, or wherever you listen to 462 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.