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Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff to Blow your Mind from how stop

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Speaker 1: works dot com. Hey, welcome to stuff to Blow your Mind.

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Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick. So, Robert,

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Speaker 1: I know that recently you were on vacation somewhere. I was. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I went down to Florida with the family, and on

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Speaker 1: the way back up we stopped at this place called

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Speaker 1: what Coola Springs. What Coola Frings Springs State Park in

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Speaker 1: Florida near Tallahassee ended up just being really delightful. What's

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Speaker 1: this place like? Basically, what you have here is just

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Speaker 1: an enormous spring, okay, like a geological spring. Water coming

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Speaker 1: out of the ground. Yeah, water coming out of the ground,

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Speaker 1: water coming out of just enormous caverns that are under

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Speaker 1: the water here. Uh, really clear water, and it maintains

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Speaker 1: a constant temperature of around sixty nine or seventy degrees

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Speaker 1: so when winter comes it's a haven for manatees, and

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Speaker 1: especially manatees, but other creatures to that that that want

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Speaker 1: that constant temperature. Um. Interestingly enough, they filmed a few

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Speaker 1: scenes from the Creature from the Plat from the Black

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Speaker 1: Lagoon there. Yeah, particularly the creatures layer uh. You get

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Speaker 1: to pass by that if you take these boat tours. Uh,

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Speaker 1: And that's really the main reason to go. You can

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Speaker 1: swim there, but you can, but you get to go

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Speaker 1: in these these really cool boat tours where you get

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Speaker 1: to see all of these crazy estuary um uh species

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Speaker 1: doing their thing, all the diving birds, gators, gators laying

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Speaker 1: in the sun by the dozens, get to see manatees,

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Speaker 1: and you also get to see these these mullets, the

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Speaker 1: fish mullet, not the hairstyle. You probably saw some of those. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think I did see the traditional um hairstyle mullet

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Speaker 1: here there, but but yeah, these are the fish and

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Speaker 1: they're just leaping out of the water. It's like if

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Speaker 1: you look around, you expect to see like a Disney

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Speaker 1: princess waiting around, Like that's how active the wildlife is here.

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Speaker 1: And uh, but but it really makes you think, like,

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Speaker 1: why are these creatures one of these fish jumping out

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Speaker 1: of the water. If you're like me and you didn't

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Speaker 1: have a lot of preconceived notions or you hadn't researched

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Speaker 1: it before, you might think, oh, well, there are all

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Speaker 1: sorts of animals around here. They're gators in the water.

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Speaker 1: They're probably jumping out of the water to escape predators. Right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that makes pretty easy sense. A lot of the maneuvering

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Speaker 1: you'd see and the fish, especially a prey species, would

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Speaker 1: be fleeing behavior. And yet it turns out there's more

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Speaker 1: to it than that. And uh, not only with the

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Speaker 1: with mullets, but with other species of fish as well. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And that's the reason we're having this episode discuss some

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Speaker 1: of the mysteries, some of the theories, uh, some of

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Speaker 1: the at times myths surrounding leaping fish, fish that actually

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Speaker 1: throw themselves out of the water, out of their their habitat,

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Speaker 1: their aquatic habitat, into this strange, alien world of gases

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Speaker 1: and vapors. Yeah, when you think about it, it is

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Speaker 1: so weird. Um, it's hard for us to imagine what

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Speaker 1: it's like crossing this boundary between worlds from the water

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Speaker 1: up into the land of gas, into the atmosphere, because

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Speaker 1: it's not exactly like a terrestrial animal diving into the water.

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Speaker 1: Because when you jump out of the water, the water

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Speaker 1: is your natural environment. Gravity is always going to be

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Speaker 1: pulling you back down into this watery world. Plus there's

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Speaker 1: just so much more going on underwater than there is

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Speaker 1: going on in the air. I mean, on the land

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Speaker 1: is one thing, but you know, think about what most

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Speaker 1: of the air above the water is like. It's just

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Speaker 1: it's a void under the water is another ecosystem. Leaping

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Speaker 1: into the air is almost as if terrestrial animals could

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Speaker 1: briefly leap into outer space. Right makes me. It makes

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Speaker 1: me think of a part in Phantasm where they go

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Speaker 1: through like the stargate into the barren world with the

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Speaker 1: dwarves or hauling stuff around. It is like it's like

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Speaker 1: zipping out of your world into another and then coming

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Speaker 1: back into your your world, perhaps in a different location,

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Speaker 1: making it kind of kind of like that teleport that

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Speaker 1: the raiding character does in the first couple of Mortal

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Speaker 1: Kombat games. You know, oh it's great. Yeah, what does

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Speaker 1: he say when he teleports? Or does he have one? Uh?

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Speaker 1: He have something he says when he does a Superman

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Speaker 1: But I don't remember if he says anything when he teleports.

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Speaker 1: But maybe he should he just grins and as lightning

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Speaker 1: come out of his eyes. What he should do? I

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Speaker 1: I hope someday somebody goes back to the first Mortal

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Speaker 1: Kombat game and dubs in Christopher Lambert's lines from the

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Speaker 1: movie Oh yeah, that's right one. But back to leaping fish. So, Robert,

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Speaker 1: knowing your inquisitive nature, I bet you asked somebody at

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Speaker 1: the park about the mullet jumping behavior, didn't you. I did,

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Speaker 1: and the park ranger was very insightful and all this

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Speaker 1: and mentioned that they're a handful of theories here, okay, um,

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Speaker 1: and the idea that they're escaping predators is not one

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Speaker 1: of them. So one is that they may jump to

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Speaker 1: dislodge parasites, and certainly, aquatic life is full of many

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Speaker 1: strange parasite removal strategies, including allowing cleaner organisms to crawl

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Speaker 1: into your body. Right. Um, wait what allowing cleaner or

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Speaker 1: you've seen I see you mean, um an organism that

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Speaker 1: does cleaning, not a relatively cleaner organism. No, no, no, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm talking a lot like allowing a small shrimp to

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Speaker 1: climb into your gills or your mouth in order to

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Speaker 1: eat these things. Um, even at times, even allowing creatures

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Speaker 1: from the air to come down and feast on your parasite.

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Speaker 1: I believe it's the sunfish that does that allows the

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Speaker 1: love of certain birds to help remove its parasites. That's fantastic.

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Speaker 1: Now can you imagine if every time we got like

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Speaker 1: a guinea worm or something like that, we could just

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Speaker 1: leap into outer space to turn Well, that sounds kind

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Speaker 1: of ridiculous, and and indeed that's one of the criticisms

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Speaker 1: against this theory, uh broadly speaking concerning fish, because you

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Speaker 1: see that thrown out a lot with with jumping fish. Oh,

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Speaker 1: it's a parasite removal strategy. But critics of this theory

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Speaker 1: will point out that, hey, parasites, once they get in you,

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Speaker 1: they have ways of lodging themselves where they want to be,

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Speaker 1: just merely that the frantic leaping through the air is

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Speaker 1: not going to dislodge them. Well, then what are the

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Speaker 1: other theories? Well, the crazier theory, and this is one

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Speaker 1: that I find really interesting, is that mullets spend a

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Speaker 1: lot of their time in waters that are low and

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Speaker 1: dissolved oxygen, and so they may exit the water in

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Speaker 1: order to clear their gills and expose themselves to higher

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Speaker 1: levels of oxygen. So that that really blew my mind.

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Speaker 1: The idea that essentially the fish is coming out of

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Speaker 1: the water to breathe and then returned I know, but

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Speaker 1: but it's this is one of the theories. Um they

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Speaker 1: also may jump during spawning season to break open their

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Speaker 1: eggs acts in preparation for the spawn, and marine biologist

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Speaker 1: Dr Grant Gilmore thinks it may come down to their

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Speaker 1: sometimes dark habitats. They may jump uh in these cases

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Speaker 1: to let others in the school know where they are,

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Speaker 1: So in this case it would be a form of

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Speaker 1: communication or social signaling, which comes up later in this

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Speaker 1: episode with some of the other jumping fish we talk

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Speaker 1: about some of the more ferocious ones. Alright, so for

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Speaker 1: the rest of this episode, we're gonna be looking at

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Speaker 1: some of these some of the most interesting fish jumping

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Speaker 1: behaviors around the world. And I want to say that

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Speaker 1: I found this topic way more interesting than I expected to. Yeah. First,

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Speaker 1: I was like, Okay, what is there to say about

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Speaker 1: fish jumping? They jump? But but fish jumping can be

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Speaker 1: very strange, can be a danger, can be a nuisance,

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Speaker 1: can be very funny. Uh, And the reasons why they

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Speaker 1: do it are more mysterious in some cases than I

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Speaker 1: would have guessed. But okay, so I guess we should

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Speaker 1: start broadly. What what do we know about in general

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Speaker 1: why fish jump? Well? Oh, and sorry, one more thing

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Speaker 1: I should say we should specify you all out there.

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Speaker 1: You know the difference between a fish and mammal. So

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Speaker 1: you've seen dolphins jump playing in the ways or at

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Speaker 1: a dolphin show, or uh maybe just playing echo of

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Speaker 1: the dolphin. We're not talking about mammals today. This is

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Speaker 1: gonna be a fish focused episode. Yeah, I mean, there's

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Speaker 1: even a gliding squid that propels itself out of the

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Speaker 1: ocean by shooting out a jet of water at high

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Speaker 1: you know, high pressure water jet. We're not gonna get

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Speaker 1: into that either. Well, wait, if there's enough demand, will

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Speaker 1: save other leaping um sea life for other episodes. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think a good place to start is just to

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Speaker 1: sort of go back to this idea that okay, fish

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Speaker 1: jump out of the water to escape predators and acknowledge

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Speaker 1: that yes, this actually is a strategy with some creatures,

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Speaker 1: for instance, killie fish. Now they are roughly one thousand,

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Speaker 1: two hundred and seventy different species of killy fish, and

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Speaker 1: most are fully aquatic with no obvious morphological specializations for

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Speaker 1: terrestrial locomotion. Locomotion individuals from several different species have been

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Speaker 1: observed moving across land though a tail flip behavior that

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Speaker 1: generates a terrestrial jump. But wait a minute, so this

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Speaker 1: isn't just jumping into the air. This is jumping onto

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Speaker 1: a dry land surface. Yeah, it's essentially it's gonna do

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Speaker 1: the too dangerous in the water, I gotta jump out,

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Speaker 1: huh and and then flop back in. And they do.

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Speaker 1: They do this to escape predators or occasionally apparently pour

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Speaker 1: water conditions. Okay, So in our outer space analogy, this

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Speaker 1: is more like instead of just briefly leaping into outer space,

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Speaker 1: if things got really hairy wherever you were, you could

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Speaker 1: jump onto the moon for a minute and then jump

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Speaker 1: back down somewhere on Earth. Yeah, or taking like you know,

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Speaker 1: proposed space tourism flight that just sends you into low

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Speaker 1: orbit and then brings you back down. Uh, be that

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Speaker 1: kind of thing, I think. Uh. But indeed kind of

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Speaker 1: like Raiden's teleport where he's blinking out of this world,

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Speaker 1: I guess going to some god land and then coming

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Speaker 1: back into the picture somewhere else. And this is interesting

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Speaker 1: because too, because that the aquatic amphibious distinction is key

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Speaker 1: because it's one thing for saying, air breathing walking catfish

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Speaker 1: for mud skippers or lungfish to behave in this baby

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Speaker 1: this way because they've taken to the next level, right,

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Speaker 1: bordering on you know, creature from the Black Lagoon or

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Speaker 1: bloodwaters of Doctor Z territory, but aquatic fish that just

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Speaker 1: seems crazy, right, um? So yeah, the tail flip flings

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Speaker 1: him out of the water through the air several body

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Speaker 1: links sometimes out of the water and onto the bank,

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Speaker 1: and then they have to flip to get back in.

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Speaker 1: Sounds dangerous though, I mean, if you you're a fish,

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Speaker 1: you flip out of the water and then you rapidly

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Speaker 1: twist your body around to try to flip back into

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Speaker 1: the water. I mean you've only got a very limited

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Speaker 1: amount of time. They're right, right, yeah, because if you

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Speaker 1: because the big risks here are that you're going to

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Speaker 1: you're gonna you could dry out or you could as

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Speaker 1: sixty eight uh so, and and you know, of course

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Speaker 1: also banking on the idea that there are no um

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Speaker 1: terrestrial predators on the water bank. So that's the killie fish. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: What else do we have take us to the next

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Speaker 1: the next level here with our leaping aquatic creatures. Well,

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Speaker 1: I want to talk Robert about an Asian carponato Oh

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Speaker 1: sounds good, okay, So stop me if you've seen this video,

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Speaker 1: this YouTube video before. You've got two passengers sitting in

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Speaker 1: a boat there in twin seats, facing off the stern

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Speaker 1: of a fishing boat with an outboard motor. Is this

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Speaker 1: guy father too? No? No, this is a grainy YouTube

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Speaker 1: to set to some slick new metal riffs. Now, the

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Speaker 1: boat appears to be sitting in like a river or

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Speaker 1: a lake. It's opaque freshwater, and each of the two

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Speaker 1: passengers sitting facing off the back of the boat are

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Speaker 1: holding a compound hunting bow with a knocked arrow, and

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Speaker 1: the driver then throttles up the engine. The boat starts

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Speaker 1: to move, and these lines of white churning wake peel

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Speaker 1: out the back of the boat and you can see

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Speaker 1: the waves coming out. And as this happens, dozens of

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Speaker 1: fish or maybe hundreds of fish begin to leap out

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Speaker 1: of the water into the air, by the looks of it,

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Speaker 1: sometimes flying above the heads of the passengers, and they

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Speaker 1: arc over the boat. Sometimes they fly right into somebody's

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Speaker 1: neck and slap them on the face. It fish hits

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Speaker 1: you in the back, or it lands flopping in the

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Speaker 1: driver's lap, And as you would expect based on the setup,

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Speaker 1: the passengers try to shoot the fish with their arrows

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Speaker 1: as they leap through the air. Uh. And other similar

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Speaker 1: videos you might scratch the bow and arrow and feature

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Speaker 1: just nets, people trying to catch the fish with nets

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Speaker 1: or shooting at them with shotguns, trying to hit him

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Speaker 1: with baseball bats or maybe a modified baseball bat with

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Speaker 1: nails in it, uh, pitchforks, etcetera. I might add that

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Speaker 1: in the very first video I watched that I mentioned,

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Speaker 1: the one with the compound bow, it was sort of

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Speaker 1: this fish human collision super cut with with the new

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Speaker 1: metal background music. It looks pretty dangerous, especially because there

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Speaker 1: are sometimes other boats in the water down range of

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Speaker 1: the bow fishers. So we are not recommending this behavior. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it sounds sounds a bit reckless. But what's going on here? Why?

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Speaker 1: Why are these hundreds of fish flying through the air

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Speaker 1: to be shot? I need a better metaphor than like

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Speaker 1: fish in a barrel, like like fish in outer space? Uh. Well,

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Speaker 1: the video identifies these very unfortunate vaulting fish as Asian carp,

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Speaker 1: and I can't confirm the identification through all the graininess.

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Speaker 1: But but this would make sense because some species of

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Speaker 1: so called Asian carp are known for this bizarre frenzy

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Speaker 1: jumping behavior in the presence of boats. So what are

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Speaker 1: Asian carp. Asian carp is not one species, but it's

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Speaker 1: a common group name applied to several species of carp

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Speaker 1: native to East and Southeast Asia, including waterways of Siberia, China,

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Speaker 1: and Vietnam. And these species would be bighead carp, black carp,

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Speaker 1: grass carp, and silver carp. So carp belonged to the

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Speaker 1: freshwater fish family known as Cyprinids, and before the Asian

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Speaker 1: carp were introduced a couple of decades ago, there there

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Speaker 1: were already carp in North America that were considered kind

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Speaker 1: of a benign nuisance species. But several species now known

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Speaker 1: as Asian carp were introduced the United States in the

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixties and seventies, and originally they were contained They

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Speaker 1: were contained in southern aquaculture and sewage treatment enclosures I

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Speaker 1: think in Arkansas, originally saw and so the idea was

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Speaker 1: that these imported carp would help control contaminants in these areas.

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Speaker 1: For example, they'd swim around and eat algae out of

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Speaker 1: ponds that were being used as fish farms, like for

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Speaker 1: catfish farming. But Flooding events, of course, often connect waters

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Speaker 1: that are not inherently connected, and so flooding allowed these

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Speaker 1: non native species to escape their farms and enclosures and

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Speaker 1: spread into natural waterways around the Mississippi watershed. And now

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Speaker 1: they're all over the place. They're spread all over freshwater

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Speaker 1: fisheries in the Midwest and beyond there in the Mississippi,

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Speaker 1: they're in the Illinois River. And a lot of people

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Speaker 1: are worried about these and consider them uh an invasive

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Speaker 1: species since they can represent a threat to native wildlife.

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Speaker 1: They reproduce quickly, they grow quickly, they supposedly degrade the

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Speaker 1: quality of aquatic environments, and they tend to outcompete their

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Speaker 1: fish UH and I've seen estimates that they can some

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Speaker 1: of these species consume about of their own body weight

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Speaker 1: every day, but they don't necessarily prey on other fish. Instead,

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Speaker 1: they're mostly plankton and algae feeders, which still is a

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Speaker 1: big problem because that's the bottom of the food chain, right,

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Speaker 1: That's what everything has to eat in order to work

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Speaker 1: its way up the food chain and get that energy

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Speaker 1: to survive. So they're causing problems for every organism everywhere

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Speaker 1: along the line. And so why do they jump, Well,

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Speaker 1: the big head carp in the silver carp can both jump,

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Speaker 1: but it's the silver carp in particular that's just notorious

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Speaker 1: for frequently having these frenzies where they leap out of

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Speaker 1: the water all over the place. And the commonly accepted

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Speaker 1: explanation for why they do it is pretty simple. It's

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Speaker 1: the main one that came to your mind when you

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Speaker 1: were thinking about the mullet. First. It's that they're scared.

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Speaker 1: They're leaping out of the water as an escape mechanism

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Speaker 1: triggered by a threatening stimulus, like the roar of a

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Speaker 1: boat motor. So somebody revs up their engine, they get

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Speaker 1: their their arrows knocked, and the fish here that sound,

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Speaker 1: and they start leaping all over the place. And once

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Speaker 1: one starts leaping, all of them start leaping. So that

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Speaker 1: sounds like a pretty funny situation. And I will admit

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Speaker 1: seeing these images of fish just flapping all over the

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Speaker 1: place through the air, slapping people in the back of

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Speaker 1: the head, leaving a big slimy streak across somebody's like

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Speaker 1: chin and throat because they slap up under there. Uh,

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Speaker 1: it sounds funny, but when you think about what it's

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Speaker 1: actually like to be in the middle of it. It

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Speaker 1: can get kind of scary because the big head and

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Speaker 1: silver carp were known to jump about three meters or

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Speaker 1: about ten ft vertically out of the water about six

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Speaker 1: meters or twenty ft horizontally across the surface. Uh. Silver

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Speaker 1: carp tend to weigh up to about twenty pounds. Big

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Speaker 1: head carp commonly wigh about twice that, but in rare cases,

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Speaker 1: these fish can reportedly grow very large, up to around

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Speaker 1: a hundred pounds. So think of like a hundred pound

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Speaker 1: object flying at you out of the water, especially if

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Speaker 1: you're moving at a rapid speed. Also, uh, just do

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Speaker 1: the quick new Tony and physics in your head. That

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Speaker 1: can be a heavy impact. Now. I found one survey

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Speaker 1: of people who used the Illinois River in two thousand

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Speaker 1: ten and two thousand eleven, and it was a small

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Speaker 1: sample size, so don't read too much into this, but

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Speaker 1: it found this was hilarious to me. Sixty five of

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Speaker 1: residents from these Illinois River sites who used the river

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Speaker 1: had seen Asian carp jump. Okay, but of those people

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Speaker 1: who had seen a carp jump, almost three quarters of

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Speaker 1: them had been hit by a car um And so

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Speaker 1: if you've seen a carp jump, chances are a carp

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Speaker 1: has slammed into you. Nine of them sustained injuries and

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Speaker 1: reported uh sustained watercraft damage from the Asian carp And

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Speaker 1: there's just one example I want to give of the

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Speaker 1: kinds of injuries these things can cause. I found a

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Speaker 1: kt v I local news story from St. Louis from

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Speaker 1: last year August, and it tells the story of this

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Speaker 1: guy named Jordan Fiedler who got his face messed up

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Speaker 1: real bad by some Asian carp while inner tubing along

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Speaker 1: a channel in the Mississippi. So, according to the story,

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Speaker 1: his father was driving the boat and he was riding

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Speaker 1: in an inner tube behind it, and then the fish

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Speaker 1: start leaping. They jump up all over the place, and

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Speaker 1: one hits him in the face and a quote he

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Speaker 1: gave his quote, I knew something was wrong. I felt

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Speaker 1: my nose and it was way over here. So Uh.

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Speaker 1: The impact fractured his nose, It dented his forehead, shattered

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Speaker 1: bones in his eye sockets and above his eyebrow. Uh,

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Speaker 1: and he had to undergo a three and a half

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Speaker 1: hour surgery to install a piece of mesh and screws

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Speaker 1: to fix the shape of his skull. So this is

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Speaker 1: no small injury. This is this devastating fish impact. If

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Speaker 1: nobody has made a Jaws style movie about carp yet,

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Speaker 1: about the leaping carp, I think they should. This is

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Speaker 1: the real Sharknado, except it's not a shark. This is Carponado. Well, hopefully,

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Speaker 1: I'm really hoping someone will take this whole episode is

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Speaker 1: inspiration and maybe it'll be an overall jumping fish harm movie.

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Speaker 1: All the various examples we throw out here, it's the

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Speaker 1: fish version of the birds. Maybe yeah, the fishes, uh fish. Weirdly, though,

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Speaker 1: as mundane as carp may seem, they actually also have

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Speaker 1: a mythological significance. I bet you didn't think that we'd

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Speaker 1: wrap some some mythology into this episode, But it's I

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Speaker 1: really yeah, I didn't even think about it, and normally

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Speaker 1: I'm I'm all about finding it. I didn't even think

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Speaker 1: to look. Well, apparently the jumping ability of carp has

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Speaker 1: a cultural and slight mythological significance in Chinese tradition. So

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Speaker 1: there's a story in Chinese mythology of carp swimming upstream,

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Speaker 1: and that if a carp swimming upstream is able to

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Speaker 1: jump over a waterfall that's known as the dragon gate.

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Speaker 1: That carp will transform into a dragon, and with that

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Speaker 1: comes all of the symbolic uplift that applies. Right, you know,

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Speaker 1: the dragon is a is a majestic regal creature associated

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Speaker 1: with power and with with grandeur and and with the

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Speaker 1: the imperial authority. Basically and flight, yes, and fly there

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Speaker 1: you go. So apparently, the expression of quote a carp

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Speaker 1: that jumps over the dragon gate commonly signifies a person

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Speaker 1: who accomplishes some feet that leads to like a sudden

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Speaker 1: improvement in life status, such as passing exams at university

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Speaker 1: or acquiring some coveted government position. It's like, if you

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Speaker 1: get a major life upgrade due to some some achievement

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Speaker 1: of yours, you're a carp who has jumped the dragon

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Speaker 1: gate and hopefully not smashed anybody's face. Onywhere Alright? What? Everyone?

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Speaker 1: Keep that myth in mind, because I feel like we're

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Speaker 1: going to get back to some of these ideas with

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Speaker 1: some of our later examples. We're gonna take a quick

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Speaker 1: break and when we come back, we're gonna look at salmon,

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Speaker 1: We're gonna look at swordfish, we're gonna look at sturgeons

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Speaker 1: and ultimately the flying fish itself. All right, we're back. Okay,

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Speaker 1: So before the break, we were talking about the mythological

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Speaker 1: symbology of carp swimming upstream trying to leap over that

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Speaker 1: waterfall and turn into a mighty dragon. But of course

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Speaker 1: carp are not the only fish that struggle mightily to

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Speaker 1: progress upstream against the current, even leaping over rapids and waterfalls. Yeah. Indeed,

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Speaker 1: what is one of the most iconic images of leaping fish,

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Speaker 1: like a perfect like nature documentary image. It's the salmon.

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Speaker 1: It's the salmon going upstream to spawn, leaping over the rapids,

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Speaker 1: and a bear just grab you know what I mean. Yeah, indeed,

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Speaker 1: that's the bare version of the people trying to hit

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Speaker 1: a carp with a baseball bat with nails in it.

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Speaker 1: It's just the bear's claw swiping at the salmon as

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Speaker 1: it flies over the rapids. Yeah, this is uh so,

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Speaker 1: so let's break down exactly what's happening here, um, because

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Speaker 1: it's it's pretty amazing. It's easy to take it for

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Speaker 1: granted when you've seen it so many times, but salmon

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Speaker 1: has been their early lives in freshwater rivers and then

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Speaker 1: they swim out to sea to the salt water to

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Speaker 1: feed and grow. But when spawning time comes, they engage

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Speaker 1: in what we cause salmon rhyme and what grizzly bears

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Speaker 1: of course called like a seafood buffet, right. Uh. They

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Speaker 1: so the fish travel upstream to their natal spawning grounds,

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Speaker 1: they spawn, and then they die, and then the nutrients

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Speaker 1: in their bodies washed downstream to the estuaries. So it's

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Speaker 1: you know, it's it's kind of an elegant um practice here,

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Speaker 1: but making it upstream is quite a journey, especially when

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Speaker 1: you're having to deal with rapids and waterfalls. Um, you know,

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Speaker 1: no dragon gates, but still some significant challenges there. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And so they leap out of the water, they jump

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Speaker 1: sometimes up to twelve ft or three point six five meters.

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Speaker 1: Now not only they have to contend not only the bears,

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Speaker 1: but also man. Humans have have shown a tremendous ability,

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Speaker 1: of course, to alter natural waterways, to install dams, bridges,

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Speaker 1: what have you. Oh. Yeah, this is actually figured into

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Speaker 1: people trying to control the spread of carp like silvery arp,

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Speaker 1: the jumping carp in American waterways. So you've got these

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Speaker 1: carp moving slowly upstream and to prevent them from spreading

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Speaker 1: even further. Some people have said, well, we need to

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Speaker 1: construct barriers of some kind, but these have to be

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Speaker 1: some pretty tall barriers, right, because these things can you know,

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Speaker 1: jump tin tin feet high and twenty feet long, So

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Speaker 1: that would have to be a serious barrier to prevent

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Speaker 1: the carp from progressing. Yeah, and then what do you

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Speaker 1: do about other creatures that have a natural right? Are

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Speaker 1: you gonna install like a border guard, keep the carp out,

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Speaker 1: but make sure the right creatures moved through. I don't know,

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Speaker 1: it's tough. I saw one solution that was literally an

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Speaker 1: electrified fence in the water, where people installed a little

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Speaker 1: devices that put electrical current in the river to prevent

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Speaker 1: the carp from swimming by well, you know with the

427
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:46,320
Speaker 1: with the salmon. In the case of dams and other structures, Uh,

428
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:49,800
Speaker 1: they actually we actually sometimes create the fish ladders or

429
00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:52,879
Speaker 1: fish ways to help them out. And these these can

430
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,440
Speaker 1: be quite interesting because sometimes they essentially look like nothing

431
00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,280
Speaker 1: more than a series of buckets that they can splash

432
00:23:58,359 --> 00:24:00,919
Speaker 1: and jump in and out of. Who actually make it

433
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:05,119
Speaker 1: over whatever the obstacle is, Yeah, a watery staircase sorts.

434
00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:07,280
Speaker 1: But it's a cool idea because because as as we

435
00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:09,359
Speaker 1: pointed out, like, not only is it important for the

436
00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:12,360
Speaker 1: for the salmon to actually reach their destination, but it actually,

437
00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:15,040
Speaker 1: you know, their ultimate death up there ends up having

438
00:24:15,040 --> 00:24:17,960
Speaker 1: playing an important role in the overall ecology of the river.

439
00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:21,000
Speaker 1: Isn't this also why the salmon cannon was invented? Yes,

440
00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:24,600
Speaker 1: I believe it was to help help the salmon get upstream.

441
00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,280
Speaker 1: I don't remember whatever became of that, Yeah, I don't

442
00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:29,399
Speaker 1: know if that became a standard or if that was

443
00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:32,280
Speaker 1: just kind of a flash in the pan. Alright, So

444
00:24:32,359 --> 00:24:34,760
Speaker 1: one thing that comes to my mind is that, of

445
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:36,720
Speaker 1: course a carp can jump up out of the water

446
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,000
Speaker 1: hit you in the face, and that can cause some injury.

447
00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:43,080
Speaker 1: But they're also fish much bigger than carp that do jump,

448
00:24:43,359 --> 00:24:47,840
Speaker 1: that's right, and some of them jump with tremendous speed. Um.

449
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:52,160
Speaker 1: I'm thinking, of course about the mighty sword fish, which

450
00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:57,320
Speaker 1: is it's it's a scientific name is zay FEUs gladius,

451
00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:00,680
Speaker 1: which basically is just the word sword repeated in two

452
00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:04,679
Speaker 1: different languages. So like, basically, were so excited about swordfish

453
00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:07,800
Speaker 1: looking like a human murder weapon that we just call

454
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:11,919
Speaker 1: them sword sword. It's like a little kid. Yeah, and

455
00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:16,640
Speaker 1: of course they're just uh, it's it's basically just a

456
00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:19,639
Speaker 1: a bill that they are bill fish. There they are

457
00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:25,640
Speaker 1: other billfish with with bills that resemble swords. Others resemble bills.

458
00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:28,439
Speaker 1: Sometimes they look like saws. Uh, they're a number of

459
00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:33,119
Speaker 1: different species um. And interestingly enough evidence seems to support

460
00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:35,840
Speaker 1: the theory that the pointy end is more about speed

461
00:25:35,880 --> 00:25:38,840
Speaker 1: than anything. So it's not a weapon. It's more of

462
00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:42,320
Speaker 1: an aerodynamic design. Right. There's actually a weak point in

463
00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:44,600
Speaker 1: the skull where the sword meets the skull, and it

464
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:48,320
Speaker 1: prevents them from being a proper javelin like if they

465
00:25:48,359 --> 00:25:50,760
Speaker 1: if they were to hit something too great a speed,

466
00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:53,080
Speaker 1: it would just snap. And the weak point is due

467
00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:57,040
Speaker 1: to a lubricating gland that reduces drag and increases speed.

468
00:25:57,080 --> 00:26:00,800
Speaker 1: Like it basically pumps out oil um it like spreads

469
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:04,800
Speaker 1: out through vessels, pumps out this this lubricant that lubricates

470
00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:06,840
Speaker 1: the sword and the whole in the thing's whole head

471
00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:09,840
Speaker 1: that allows it to just sort of slip through the

472
00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:12,879
Speaker 1: water a little bit faster. So before the swordfish races,

473
00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:17,640
Speaker 1: they're sitting there looving up their swords essentially and there

474
00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:19,280
Speaker 1: you know, I think there are still some arguments that

475
00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:23,159
Speaker 1: it may to certain degrees, have you know, have have

476
00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:26,920
Speaker 1: some sort of defensive capability as well, especially if you're

477
00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:29,240
Speaker 1: talking about a slashing as opposed to a full on

478
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:33,480
Speaker 1: like um uh you know, ramming speed type of a

479
00:26:33,520 --> 00:26:37,280
Speaker 1: stabbing maneuver. There might be a secondary use or yeah,

480
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,760
Speaker 1: sort of you use it in a pinch, yeah, because

481
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:43,240
Speaker 1: it's certainly it certainly is that it certainly can be dangerous,

482
00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:45,840
Speaker 1: as we'll discuss here. But the speeds the big thing,

483
00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:49,680
Speaker 1: and then and indeed, swordfish are generally ranked like the

484
00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:53,600
Speaker 1: third fastest fish. They're only surpassed by the black marlin

485
00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:56,200
Speaker 1: and the sail fish, both of which are are other

486
00:26:56,520 --> 00:27:02,120
Speaker 1: types of billfish swordfish. The estimates vary on all these

487
00:27:02,359 --> 00:27:05,960
Speaker 1: people will get into fights over exact speeds, but generally

488
00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:09,400
Speaker 1: you're looking at the black marlin. It clocked around possibly

489
00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:15,160
Speaker 1: eighty miles per hour. Yeah, dye kilometers per hour. Uh,

490
00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,679
Speaker 1: that's like twice as fast as your average boat can go.

491
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:21,159
Speaker 1: But but then again, these are these are creatures that

492
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,880
Speaker 1: are living in the open water. They they're dealing with

493
00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,280
Speaker 1: a lot of the vast distances, so they have room

494
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:31,680
Speaker 1: to build up that speed. Um sailfish sixty nine miles

495
00:27:31,680 --> 00:27:35,119
Speaker 1: per hour, and the swordfish comes in at a you know,

496
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:40,159
Speaker 1: a more conservative sixty miles per hour kilometers per hour.

497
00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 1: But again people will argue back and forth on these stats. No,

498
00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:47,239
Speaker 1: that's still amazingly fast considering no water. I mean, when

499
00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:50,040
Speaker 1: you think about moving through water, all the friction that's

500
00:27:50,359 --> 00:27:52,800
Speaker 1: that's there, I mean, that's crazy. And they've evolved to

501
00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:55,000
Speaker 1: deal with that friction about it just about as well

502
00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:58,040
Speaker 1: as any sea animal is going to manage. Of course,

503
00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:00,200
Speaker 1: they're also known to use that intense speed to roll

504
00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:04,960
Speaker 1: themselves completely out of the water. Now why one of

505
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:07,840
Speaker 1: the one of the things about swordfish in particular is

506
00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:12,280
Speaker 1: that they're rare creatures, they're elusive creatures, and that they

507
00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:14,800
Speaker 1: don't do well in captivity, so it's it's hard to

508
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,320
Speaker 1: really study them in their ways. But they are susceptible,

509
00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:20,240
Speaker 1: like everything else, to parasites. So there is a theory

510
00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:23,879
Speaker 1: that they may be trying to dislodge parasites. Uh, in

511
00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:29,159
Speaker 1: particular parasites um in particular that the paper I was

512
00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:32,240
Speaker 1: looking at mentioned remoras, which are of course sucker fish

513
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:36,600
Speaker 1: that feed on other parents that feed on ectoparasites. So

514
00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:39,560
Speaker 1: essentially these things might be bothering them at the very least,

515
00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:44,120
Speaker 1: they're they're they're screwing with their streamlined body right there.

516
00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,680
Speaker 1: They're messing up their speed potentially. So perhaps they're jumping

517
00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:49,680
Speaker 1: out trying to dislodge those remoras, or if they have

518
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:52,840
Speaker 1: a fisherman's like a sports fisherman's hook in them, well

519
00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:56,480
Speaker 1: that's something they're probably trying to dislodge as well. And

520
00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:59,480
Speaker 1: that's certainly the iconic scene, right somebody gets a swordfish

521
00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:01,560
Speaker 1: on the hook sleeping out of the water. Yeah, well,

522
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:03,360
Speaker 1: I mean you can see that at a much lower level.

523
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:06,520
Speaker 1: Just imagine you've probably seen footage of a bass fisher

524
00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:08,960
Speaker 1: or something like that with a bass on the line

525
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,480
Speaker 1: and it jumps out of the water. Yeah. Okay, Well,

526
00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,040
Speaker 1: I know the question on everybody's mind here. Has anybody

527
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:17,440
Speaker 1: ever been impaled by a swordfish by the sword the

528
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:22,320
Speaker 1: sword sword? Yes, indeed they have. Um, now it's it's

529
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:25,840
Speaker 1: a rare occurrence, just as these human interactions with swordfish

530
00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:29,120
Speaker 1: are already kind of a rare thing. Right, Um, you know,

531
00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,480
Speaker 1: people fish for them, but still they're elusive. So this

532
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:34,680
Speaker 1: is didn't something to get really worked up about, right,

533
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,280
Speaker 1: You're you're probably gonna be putting yourself in the position

534
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:41,280
Speaker 1: to to have the outside chance of this occurring. But

535
00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,400
Speaker 1: as of two thousand seven, there were no recorded attacks.

536
00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:47,680
Speaker 1: And I put that in quotes because these are not

537
00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:51,520
Speaker 1: creatures that eat humans or would have seemed seemingly attack humans.

538
00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:54,440
Speaker 1: Any incidents seem to have been more or less accidental.

539
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:59,160
Speaker 1: But as of two thousand seven, there were no no

540
00:29:59,480 --> 00:30:02,400
Speaker 1: recorded attacks that it actually resulted in death, though the

541
00:30:02,440 --> 00:30:06,760
Speaker 1: paper in question, Swordfish Attack and Death by Penetrating head Injury,

542
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:11,320
Speaker 1: did outline one such incident. And then in two thousand fifteen,

543
00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:15,040
Speaker 1: a deep sea fishing charter captain in Hawaii was fatally

544
00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:17,440
Speaker 1: stabbed in the chest by one while trying to capture

545
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:20,160
Speaker 1: it with a spear gun. So basically it thrashed around

546
00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,960
Speaker 1: after the spear hit the fish, and then it managed

547
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:28,800
Speaker 1: to skewer him in the chest. So it's a rare occurrence.

548
00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:30,719
Speaker 1: But with a with a sword like that, with a

549
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:34,720
Speaker 1: large fish flopping around, um jumping out of the water,

550
00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:37,160
Speaker 1: if you're close to it, yes, you run the risk

551
00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:40,920
Speaker 1: of being run through. But even in this one incident

552
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:42,840
Speaker 1: mentioned here, it sounds like this guy was kind of

553
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:45,320
Speaker 1: I don't want to say he was asking for it

554
00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:48,000
Speaker 1: he put him. Basically, he just put himself in in

555
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:52,600
Speaker 1: close proximity to a large sharp fish, and there's gonna

556
00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:56,080
Speaker 1: you're rolling the diet when that happens, right, You don't

557
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,520
Speaker 1: wrestle with a unicorn exactly. But then again, of course

558
00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:02,520
Speaker 1: there are other very large fish that jump as well.

559
00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:05,640
Speaker 1: The In fact, as we saw with the carp example,

560
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,040
Speaker 1: you don't need a spike or a sword sword in

561
00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 1: order to do some damage when you run into somebody, right,

562
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:17,200
Speaker 1: all you need is a high powered recreation vessel and

563
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:20,680
Speaker 1: uh and and a hundred pound carp perhaps, But what

564
00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:22,560
Speaker 1: if it was even bigger. What if you were talking

565
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:24,400
Speaker 1: instead of a hundred pound carp What if you were

566
00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:28,960
Speaker 1: talking about, say, Florida's Gulf sturgeon, which if you've ever

567
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,160
Speaker 1: seen a sturgeon and aquarium, these they look like an

568
00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:36,640
Speaker 1: armored tank or something. You know, they're they're rather intimidating,

569
00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:38,240
Speaker 1: and then they get huge. They can come in it

570
00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:41,440
Speaker 1: at the Florida Gulf sturgeon in particular, can come in

571
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:44,040
Speaker 1: at eight ft long two point five meters in, up

572
00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:49,120
Speaker 1: to two hundred pounds or in weight. And yes, they

573
00:31:49,120 --> 00:31:51,760
Speaker 1: sometimes jump out of the water up to six feet

574
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:54,720
Speaker 1: out of the water and occasionally that We're not only

575
00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:57,720
Speaker 1: talking the risk of injury here. There there have been

576
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,560
Speaker 1: lethal occurrences of sturgeon in pack Oh man, well, I

577
00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:03,360
Speaker 1: got to hear about that in a second. But this

578
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:06,600
Speaker 1: is weird to me because maybe I assume sturgeon must

579
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 1: be able to move fast. Uh, if this is the case,

580
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:11,680
Speaker 1: but I've never seen a sturgeon move quickly. I've seen

581
00:32:11,680 --> 00:32:16,800
Speaker 1: sturgeon and aquariums and they always seem incredibly chilled out

582
00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:21,160
Speaker 1: and very languid fish just just hanging there, I mean,

583
00:32:21,320 --> 00:32:23,680
Speaker 1: barely moving at all. Yeah, it is I have to

584
00:32:23,720 --> 00:32:25,920
Speaker 1: admit that too. Like seeing them in aquariums are always

585
00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:29,280
Speaker 1: really interesting, kind of intimidating, but very still. But yeah,

586
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:34,240
Speaker 1: they jumped in two thousand fifteen, In fact, one one

587
00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:37,480
Speaker 1: of these jumping sturgeons actually killed a five year old

588
00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:40,320
Speaker 1: girl when I left out of water into her family's

589
00:32:40,360 --> 00:32:42,720
Speaker 1: fishing boat. It and it also injured her mother and

590
00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:46,560
Speaker 1: her brother as well. In two thousand seven, nine people

591
00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:49,760
Speaker 1: were injured in a collision with a sturgeon resultant, and

592
00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,040
Speaker 1: this was in Florida, resulting in warning signs that were

593
00:32:53,080 --> 00:32:56,200
Speaker 1: posted to encourage slower motor boat and jet ski speeds.

594
00:32:56,640 --> 00:32:59,440
Speaker 1: So yeah, you have a two hundred pound fish flying

595
00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:01,239
Speaker 1: out of the wall or up to six feet out

596
00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:04,360
Speaker 1: of the water. And then you have a motor boat,

597
00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:07,200
Speaker 1: you know, moving at high speeds as well. That's where

598
00:33:07,520 --> 00:33:11,320
Speaker 1: these possibilities present themselves. Okay, but fish this big, why

599
00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:13,520
Speaker 1: do they jump out of the water. Well, it's remained

600
00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,720
Speaker 1: a bit of a mystery, but we have a few

601
00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:18,520
Speaker 1: familiar theories as well as one that's kind of new

602
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:22,800
Speaker 1: here for our discussion here. So, first of all, all

603
00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:25,719
Speaker 1: species of sturgeon will jump at times. The golf sturgeon

604
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:27,760
Speaker 1: is known to jump at two different times of the

605
00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:30,960
Speaker 1: year in the rivers, during July and August and early

606
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:33,400
Speaker 1: in the offshore feeding period. So one theory is they

607
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:38,720
Speaker 1: do it to escape predators, but it's a big exactly,

608
00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:41,600
Speaker 1: it's kind of a lame theory because the larger sturgeon

609
00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:45,760
Speaker 1: do not have predators. Um. Another theory is that they

610
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:48,800
Speaker 1: do it for fun. And this is when I see

611
00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:51,120
Speaker 1: mentioned with dolphins, and maybe we'll save that one for

612
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:54,640
Speaker 1: another another discussion. Well, I don't want to be unfairly

613
00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:58,360
Speaker 1: prejudiced against the uh. I don't know the intellectual capabilities

614
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,160
Speaker 1: of fish, because as we learned with our birds episode.

615
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:05,320
Speaker 1: Sometimes you underestimate what other animal minds are capable of.

616
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: But I tend to think of play as something that's

617
00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:12,239
Speaker 1: more associated with more complex mammalian nervous systems, which is

618
00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:15,000
Speaker 1: why it makes sense with with dolphins. You know, kind

619
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:18,680
Speaker 1: of intelligent mammals. Fish, I don't know, are they mentally

620
00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:21,719
Speaker 1: complex enough to play? Yeah? I mean plus, it's also

621
00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:24,239
Speaker 1: it comes down to economics. I was reading some thoughts

622
00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,600
Speaker 1: on this from biologist Ken Sulak, and he pointed out

623
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:30,719
Speaker 1: that the jumping, especially for a massive sturgeon, it's an

624
00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:33,560
Speaker 1: energy expenditure, so there has to be a trade off

625
00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:39,200
Speaker 1: and behavioral importance, you know, beyond mere fun um. He

626
00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:43,040
Speaker 1: actually theorizes that this is a form of communication with sturgeons,

627
00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:46,360
Speaker 1: so theyre when they jump out and and and splash.

628
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,480
Speaker 1: It creates a distinct sound slapping noise, but they also

629
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: um announced and they also create a small sound before

630
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:57,920
Speaker 1: and after um the jump. It's kind of like they

631
00:34:57,960 --> 00:35:00,560
Speaker 1: produced kind of like clicks and drumming noise is so

632
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:02,840
Speaker 1: it's kind of a clicker a drumming noise to jump

633
00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:06,120
Speaker 1: splash another sound, and he thinks that they might be

634
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 1: announcing their presence in position to the larger groups. So

635
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:12,520
Speaker 1: it's like the mooing of a cow, which which I

636
00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:15,960
Speaker 1: think is an interesting theory. Well, this, this does, this

637
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:18,919
Speaker 1: communication theory plays into something that I'm going to mention later,

638
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:22,600
Speaker 1: especially when we talk about sharks. Yes, and we'll get

639
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:24,759
Speaker 1: two sharks in a minute, but before we do, we

640
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:30,080
Speaker 1: have another potentially dangerous, perhaps even more worrisome for half

641
00:35:30,120 --> 00:35:34,239
Speaker 1: our listeners fish to contend with. Okay, so you may

642
00:35:34,239 --> 00:35:37,440
Speaker 1: have heard this story. A man is walking in the

643
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,160
Speaker 1: jungles of the Amazon and he realizes that, oh man,

644
00:35:41,239 --> 00:35:43,680
Speaker 1: I had so much coffee this morning. I need to

645
00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:47,759
Speaker 1: evacuate some urine. Okay. So he wades knee deep into

646
00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:49,759
Speaker 1: the waters of the river, and he un zips and

647
00:35:49,840 --> 00:35:53,560
Speaker 1: begins to relieve himself into the water. Question, why does

648
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:55,759
Speaker 1: he wade into the water before he You're in It's

649
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:57,840
Speaker 1: I had that same question. But this is how the

650
00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:01,160
Speaker 1: story goes. Okay, So for if two seconds, this activity

651
00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:05,080
Speaker 1: proceeds as normal, but then, to his horror, he sees

652
00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:09,160
Speaker 1: a tiny, barely perceptible shape leap from the surface of

653
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:14,920
Speaker 1: the water into his urethra Oh Okay. In an alternate

654
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:19,400
Speaker 1: version of the story, it uh supposedly swims up the

655
00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:24,600
Speaker 1: column of his urine stream and into his urethra, and

656
00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,000
Speaker 1: then once inside there, it spreads this collection of barbed

657
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:32,799
Speaker 1: spines like an umbrella opening inside your urethra and just

658
00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:37,760
Speaker 1: lodges itself there and begins to feast on the flesh.

659
00:36:38,080 --> 00:36:40,520
Speaker 1: And eventually he has to he either dies or he

660
00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:43,839
Speaker 1: has to undergo a really really undesirable surgery to get

661
00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:47,000
Speaker 1: it removed. Well, that's horrible. I think we've all heard

662
00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:49,719
Speaker 1: versions of this before, right you. You may remember a

663
00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:52,640
Speaker 1: version of this from some dialogue between Eric Stolt's and

664
00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:57,759
Speaker 1: John Voight in the movie Anaconda. Okay, I vaguely remember that.

665
00:36:57,800 --> 00:36:59,800
Speaker 1: I tend to remember the growth out moments of that

666
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:03,640
Speaker 1: know more. But yes, oh, I mostly remember John Voight's accent.

667
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:05,799
Speaker 1: What is his accent supposed to be? It's like a

668
00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:09,800
Speaker 1: cross between South American and and Count Dracula. That's great,

669
00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:13,839
Speaker 1: But but is this story really true? Does anything like

670
00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:16,399
Speaker 1: this happen? Can a tiny fish jump out of the

671
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:20,600
Speaker 1: water and into somebody's urethra or swim up your urine

672
00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:26,080
Speaker 1: stream into your urethra? Uh? Well, the fish allegedly described

673
00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:29,520
Speaker 1: in this story as agreed by most authorities to be

674
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,759
Speaker 1: in fact the Vandelia sarosa, which is a type of

675
00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:38,520
Speaker 1: parasitic catfish also known as a vampire catfish, but it's

676
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:43,239
Speaker 1: commonly known in the sort of legendary literature as the candaru.

677
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:47,560
Speaker 1: These are the facts about Vandelia so vandelias, this tiny

678
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:50,680
Speaker 1: parasitic catfish usually about an inch or two inches, you know,

679
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:53,600
Speaker 1: two and a half or to five centimeters long, nearly

680
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:57,680
Speaker 1: invisible in the water, especially when it hasn't fed recently. Uh.

681
00:37:57,719 --> 00:38:01,080
Speaker 1: And it occupies the tropical freshwater verse of South America

682
00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:05,240
Speaker 1: Amazon River basin, and it drinks the blood of other fish.

683
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:08,279
Speaker 1: So it's regular emo is that you're you're a goldfish

684
00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:11,000
Speaker 1: or something like that, swimming around in the river, and

685
00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:16,239
Speaker 1: the kangaroo or the vandalia scientifically swims into into your

686
00:38:16,280 --> 00:38:20,479
Speaker 1: gills and anchors itself there with spines that line it's

687
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:24,919
Speaker 1: gill covers, and then it drinks your blood, becomes engorged,

688
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,280
Speaker 1: and then it swims away to the bottom to burrow

689
00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:31,600
Speaker 1: in and digest the bottom of the waterway, right uh.

690
00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:33,879
Speaker 1: And so when it enters the gills of the host fish,

691
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:38,520
Speaker 1: it bites at an a order artery ventroller dorsal, and

692
00:38:38,640 --> 00:38:41,400
Speaker 1: it doesn't need to suck because actually the host's blood

693
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:45,960
Speaker 1: pressure just pumps blood into the candaroo's mouth. So instead

694
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:48,319
Speaker 1: of blood sucking, this animal is more like when you

695
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:51,360
Speaker 1: hook the lip of a balloon over a water faucet

696
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:53,760
Speaker 1: and then turn the water on to make a water balloon,

697
00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:56,720
Speaker 1: is just letting itself fill up. Okay, So the idea

698
00:38:56,800 --> 00:39:00,000
Speaker 1: here is that if it preyed on humans, obviously, swimming

699
00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:04,640
Speaker 1: into someone's p hole is not it's it's design. This

700
00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:06,520
Speaker 1: would be it would be like a like a port

701
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:09,200
Speaker 1: tape worm getting lost and winding up in your brain.

702
00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:12,759
Speaker 1: He doesn't need that to happen, but it occurs accidentally.

703
00:39:12,880 --> 00:39:15,440
Speaker 1: Right that this is a mistake for this animal. If

704
00:39:15,480 --> 00:39:18,120
Speaker 1: if this is true and uh, and it's a it's

705
00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:20,800
Speaker 1: a fatal mistake for the animal and sometimes for the person,

706
00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:23,480
Speaker 1: according to the story. So those are the facts that

707
00:39:23,640 --> 00:39:26,759
Speaker 1: just reported. Now there are also a bunch of claims

708
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:29,880
Speaker 1: that are commonly reported as fact, and these include that

709
00:39:29,920 --> 00:39:33,240
Speaker 1: the kangaroo can swim up the urethra of a person

710
00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:36,160
Speaker 1: or mammal that might urinate in the water. So the

711
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:40,360
Speaker 1: less unbelievable version is that mammals weighed fully into the

712
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:43,920
Speaker 1: water and begin to urinate once under the water, and

713
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:47,319
Speaker 1: the candaroo swims up one of their orifices, the ure

714
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,880
Speaker 1: throw or the vagina or the anus. Uh. It's commonly

715
00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:53,880
Speaker 1: reported that this fish is attracted to the flow of urine,

716
00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:57,839
Speaker 1: maybe because it's chemically similar to some chemicals that would

717
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:01,040
Speaker 1: come out of the gills of its host fish. More

718
00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:04,040
Speaker 1: on that in a bit. And then once instip once

719
00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:07,440
Speaker 1: inside you, it gets stuck, can't escape, dies obstructs the

720
00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:10,279
Speaker 1: path of the urethra, you can't pee, and it has

721
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:14,800
Speaker 1: to get removed by surgery. Classical stories of this include

722
00:40:15,160 --> 00:40:18,640
Speaker 1: lots of accounts of penile amputation. So you can see

723
00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:22,759
Speaker 1: why this causes extreme distress for people getting into these waters. Yeah,

724
00:40:22,840 --> 00:40:24,439
Speaker 1: and I can also see why a lot of this

725
00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,960
Speaker 1: is sort of hinged on just creating a cringe e

726
00:40:28,120 --> 00:40:31,960
Speaker 1: horror tail to share with with visitors. Say, oh, the

727
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,480
Speaker 1: officials swim up your pee hole and then we'll have

728
00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:38,600
Speaker 1: to cut your penis off, and you know, so it's

729
00:40:38,640 --> 00:40:40,960
Speaker 1: it's easy to see it is nothing more than that. Yeah.

730
00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:43,440
Speaker 1: So there are two questions here. Number one is the

731
00:40:43,480 --> 00:40:47,319
Speaker 1: general one to kinderoo actually swim up people's eurethras. Uh,

732
00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:50,240
Speaker 1: and if so, do they perform this even more crazy

733
00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:53,440
Speaker 1: sounding feat of either jumping from the water, this jumping

734
00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:57,360
Speaker 1: fish tie in here, which isn't as crazy based on

735
00:40:57,400 --> 00:40:59,560
Speaker 1: what we've been discussing. Lots of fish jumps, so it

736
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:02,360
Speaker 1: seems possible. Now, could it jump with such a degree

737
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,839
Speaker 1: of accuracy that it jumps straight into your urethra that's

738
00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:09,120
Speaker 1: kind of tough to imagine, or the even crazier one

739
00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:13,120
Speaker 1: that it swims up the stream of your urine. I

740
00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:16,040
Speaker 1: got some doubts about that. But are there any medical

741
00:41:16,080 --> 00:41:19,000
Speaker 1: cases of this? And in the cases of the medical literature, well,

742
00:41:19,040 --> 00:41:23,520
Speaker 1: there's one major report in the modern day that people

743
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:28,520
Speaker 1: refer to so in n a euro genital surgeon named n. R.

744
00:41:28,719 --> 00:41:33,480
Speaker 1: Some odd who was working in Amazonia in Brazil, reportedly

745
00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:38,320
Speaker 1: extracted a dead kinderu from a patient's penis. And according

746
00:41:38,320 --> 00:41:40,520
Speaker 1: to the report of the patient's story, the patient was

747
00:41:40,640 --> 00:41:43,480
Speaker 1: standing thigh deep in the water, urinating into the water

748
00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:47,160
Speaker 1: with his penis above the water, and he reported that

749
00:41:47,160 --> 00:41:50,239
Speaker 1: the fish jumped out of the water, swam up the

750
00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:53,759
Speaker 1: stream of his urine and into his urethra. Now, I I,

751
00:41:54,239 --> 00:41:56,960
Speaker 1: as I alluded to earlier, I'm really suspicious about the

752
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:00,920
Speaker 1: physics of the swimming up the urine stream. Yeah. It

753
00:42:01,360 --> 00:42:03,720
Speaker 1: also makes me wonder if he did have something lodged

754
00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:07,080
Speaker 1: in his in his uh urethra, like he oh, maybe

755
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:10,600
Speaker 1: he only became aware of it when he urinated and

756
00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:12,279
Speaker 1: this and he just happened to be standing in the

757
00:42:12,280 --> 00:42:15,000
Speaker 1: water and he just made the assumption that, oh, that's

758
00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:17,480
Speaker 1: when it entered. Yeah, so we only have this second

759
00:42:17,560 --> 00:42:19,880
Speaker 1: or I guess third hand report in this case, so

760
00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:23,680
Speaker 1: it's hard to know exactly what happened. But imagine the idea,

761
00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:26,560
Speaker 1: like physically, just try to think of the fluid mechanics

762
00:42:26,640 --> 00:42:29,239
Speaker 1: of swimming up a stream of urine. It would be

763
00:42:29,320 --> 00:42:32,280
Speaker 1: kind of like if you had imagine a really good swimmer,

764
00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:34,680
Speaker 1: like an Olympic swimmer in a pool, and then you

765
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:37,280
Speaker 1: stand on the roof of a house over the pool

766
00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:40,120
Speaker 1: and aim a fire hose at them and say, okay,

767
00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:43,600
Speaker 1: swim up the stream of the fire hose. To me, uh,

768
00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:45,880
Speaker 1: that just it doesn't seem to make any sense. It

769
00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:48,440
Speaker 1: would be like swimming up a waterfall, where the salmon

770
00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:51,160
Speaker 1: do not swim up a waterfall, but they can they

771
00:42:51,160 --> 00:42:53,359
Speaker 1: can jump over, right, So I can believe it's much

772
00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:56,360
Speaker 1: more likely that fish simply jumped out of the water

773
00:42:56,640 --> 00:42:59,320
Speaker 1: and in this one in a million chance kind of way,

774
00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:04,000
Speaker 1: happened to jump straight into this guy's unfortunate urethra, which

775
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:07,799
Speaker 1: we should say does expand during urination, So it kind

776
00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:13,279
Speaker 1: of opens the possibility there, both figuratively and I guess literally. So.

777
00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:16,400
Speaker 1: According to a BBC story I read on the candaroo

778
00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:20,680
Speaker 1: legend um, the American marine scientist Stephen Spot met with

779
00:43:20,719 --> 00:43:24,000
Speaker 1: some od the surgeon who supposedly removed the candaru from

780
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,000
Speaker 1: the guy uh in, and he met with this guy

781
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:31,320
Speaker 1: in to investigate, and he was shown pictures and video

782
00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:35,000
Speaker 1: of the extraction. So a real surgery definitely took place.

783
00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:39,239
Speaker 1: Some something was actually removed from this guy's urethra uh

784
00:43:39,280 --> 00:43:42,680
Speaker 1: and there was a preserved specimen of the fish itself.

785
00:43:42,680 --> 00:43:46,680
Speaker 1: But Spot wasn't entirely convinced for a few reasons. One was,

786
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:50,520
Speaker 1: um the physical mechanical problem I just mentioned in the

787
00:43:50,560 --> 00:43:54,160
Speaker 1: patient's story. The other was the preserve specimen was a

788
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:58,040
Speaker 1: lot bigger than you'd expect a candiu to grow, which

789
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:00,480
Speaker 1: in one other source I read it is more than

790
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:04,440
Speaker 1: five inches long and almost half an inch wide. Can

791
00:44:04,480 --> 00:44:08,000
Speaker 1: you also it was bigger than the thing we'd expect

792
00:44:08,040 --> 00:44:11,040
Speaker 1: to find in your urethra. That also makes the story

793
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:14,279
Speaker 1: all the more horrific to envision. Yeah. Uh. And then

794
00:44:14,520 --> 00:44:18,000
Speaker 1: the specimen also, according to Spot, did not show signs

795
00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:21,480
Speaker 1: of having been lodged or removed as described. For example,

796
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:24,920
Speaker 1: it didn't have snipped off spines or anything. Uh. Then

797
00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:28,319
Speaker 1: again Spot reported he didn't entirely dismiss the account either.

798
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:32,120
Speaker 1: At this point, many elements appear unlikely, but it's hard

799
00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:35,520
Speaker 1: hard to know what really happened. Um. But as a

800
00:44:35,560 --> 00:44:37,759
Speaker 1: side note that this sort of raises the question of

801
00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:41,719
Speaker 1: kndio entering the urethra and and other body orfice is

802
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,359
Speaker 1: more generally right. So this has been widely reported as

803
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:48,279
Speaker 1: fact all throughout the literature, both scientific and popular, for

804
00:44:48,360 --> 00:44:51,520
Speaker 1: a couple hundred years now, but a few critical writers

805
00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:53,839
Speaker 1: have pointed out these accounts are kind of weird, like

806
00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:57,520
Speaker 1: that they're almost always vague and second hand, it happened

807
00:44:57,560 --> 00:45:00,640
Speaker 1: to somebody that I heard of somewhere up the river.

808
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:04,439
Speaker 1: Some guy in the next village had a candio swim

809
00:45:04,560 --> 00:45:08,760
Speaker 1: or jump into his penis and and get lodged there. Um.

810
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:12,279
Speaker 1: And also supposedly one of the explanations for this. Uh,

811
00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:15,680
Speaker 1: the kangaroo are attracted to the chemicals commonly found in

812
00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:19,040
Speaker 1: human urine, such as urea that has been tested and

813
00:45:19,120 --> 00:45:22,600
Speaker 1: found to be completely without merit. So Stephen Spot along

814
00:45:22,680 --> 00:45:25,560
Speaker 1: with the guy mentioned earlier, along with colleagues Paulo Petrie

815
00:45:25,680 --> 00:45:30,360
Speaker 1: and Jansen Zonon and published results of an experiment in

816
00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:33,759
Speaker 1: two thousand one that found that Vandelia, these these parasitic

817
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,400
Speaker 1: catfishes under lab conditions just didn't care about the chemical

818
00:45:37,440 --> 00:45:40,320
Speaker 1: attractants in the water at all. They were not interested

819
00:45:40,320 --> 00:45:44,240
Speaker 1: in ammonia, amino acids, fresh fish slime, or human urine.

820
00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:47,160
Speaker 1: No response, so they just didn't care. Instead, they seemed

821
00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:50,759
Speaker 1: to hunt for hosts such as Amazon goldfish, mostly by sight.

822
00:45:51,080 --> 00:45:53,600
Speaker 1: They saw them, said, those look like some good gills.

823
00:45:53,680 --> 00:45:57,399
Speaker 1: I'm going to them. And uh. And fortunately somebody has

824
00:45:57,440 --> 00:45:59,759
Speaker 1: actually tried to figure out if there's anything to all

825
00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:03,279
Speaker 1: these stories. Uh. There's a paper in the Journal of

826
00:46:03,280 --> 00:46:08,120
Speaker 1: Travel Medicine in by Erme Guard Bauer called candaru a

827
00:46:08,120 --> 00:46:12,040
Speaker 1: little fish with bad habits need travel health professionals worry

828
00:46:12,239 --> 00:46:15,400
Speaker 1: a review and so in this paper the least scandal

829
00:46:15,440 --> 00:46:19,000
Speaker 1: as possible headline. I know, but Bauer essentially concluded that

830
00:46:19,040 --> 00:46:24,520
Speaker 1: there there's probably nothing to these stories. Uh, there's they

831
00:46:24,680 --> 00:46:27,600
Speaker 1: So there was an extensive review of all the available literature,

832
00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:30,879
Speaker 1: and there's just not strong evidence that these fish pose

833
00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:33,800
Speaker 1: a threat to humans. Instead, the record sort of indicates

834
00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:37,240
Speaker 1: that these attacks are they're just always hearsay. The same

835
00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:40,480
Speaker 1: stories get repeated over and over as if they're fact.

836
00:46:41,280 --> 00:46:44,160
Speaker 1: And Bauer concludes by saying, you know, considering the range

837
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:46,839
Speaker 1: of this fish, it's all over the place, and and

838
00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:51,319
Speaker 1: how how horrifying their habit is supposed to be, it

839
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:54,040
Speaker 1: seems like wouldn't we be hearing about this more often

840
00:46:54,080 --> 00:46:57,040
Speaker 1: in the modern day, wouldn't we be encountering stories of

841
00:46:57,080 --> 00:47:01,080
Speaker 1: this happening? Uh? And and there is almost nothing. There's

842
00:47:01,120 --> 00:47:03,759
Speaker 1: just like that that those old stories that have been

843
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:08,960
Speaker 1: repeated for decades, and then there's this one disputable Yeah.

844
00:47:09,040 --> 00:47:10,960
Speaker 1: I mean, the only counter argument I can think of

845
00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:14,759
Speaker 1: is that since it's like a penile injury, that it

846
00:47:14,800 --> 00:47:18,480
Speaker 1: would be underreported out of shame or embarrassment. But not

847
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:22,160
Speaker 1: if you factor in like the severity of the supposed

848
00:47:22,239 --> 00:47:25,759
Speaker 1: severity of the infection. You know, I feel like this

849
00:47:25,840 --> 00:47:28,279
Speaker 1: is the kind of thing that if there were a

850
00:47:28,320 --> 00:47:32,120
Speaker 1: confirmed case where somebody went to a hospital and this

851
00:47:32,320 --> 00:47:35,680
Speaker 1: was you know, became part of the medical literature. This

852
00:47:35,680 --> 00:47:37,360
Speaker 1: would be this would be all over I f L

853
00:47:37,440 --> 00:47:39,919
Speaker 1: science and everything, you know what I mean, everybody would

854
00:47:39,920 --> 00:47:43,160
Speaker 1: be like, oh my god, I gotta fish up his penis.

855
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,160
Speaker 1: We've got to report the heck out of this. Yeah,

856
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:48,439
Speaker 1: and we just don't see that. Now that being said,

857
00:47:48,440 --> 00:47:50,480
Speaker 1: there are plenty of other things that can harm your

858
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:55,840
Speaker 1: privates if you go waiting around in you know, Amazonian rivers.

859
00:47:56,560 --> 00:47:58,799
Speaker 1: In fact, that is part of the explanation is that

860
00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:02,080
Speaker 1: many of these story reason may be sort of garblings

861
00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:05,839
Speaker 1: because a lot of them come from you know, colonial

862
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:08,880
Speaker 1: periods and in the Amazon and stuff like that, where

863
00:48:09,120 --> 00:48:12,280
Speaker 1: there were language barriers between the people reporting the stories

864
00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:14,919
Speaker 1: and then the and then the people writing them down

865
00:48:14,960 --> 00:48:18,120
Speaker 1: and publishing them. So I don't know, I feel like

866
00:48:18,160 --> 00:48:21,160
Speaker 1: there's a lot of room for legend and error. Yeah. Plus,

867
00:48:21,200 --> 00:48:22,839
Speaker 1: I mean, if anyone out there, if you've ever had

868
00:48:22,880 --> 00:48:25,680
Speaker 1: a U T I, your anary your ainary track infection,

869
00:48:26,160 --> 00:48:28,960
Speaker 1: you you know that it can feel like a tiny

870
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:32,640
Speaker 1: barbed fish has swam inside you. So I could see

871
00:48:32,680 --> 00:48:40,320
Speaker 1: where where such uncomfortable scenarios could lend themselves to creative interpretations. Okay,

872
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,799
Speaker 1: so what do we think on that Candaru leaping into

873
00:48:43,880 --> 00:48:51,040
Speaker 1: your urethra? Not impossible, but seems unlikely. Let's get into sharks,

874
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:54,200
Speaker 1: because I think we've all seen these stunning images, some

875
00:48:54,360 --> 00:48:58,640
Speaker 1: of the the photoshops of great white sharks leaping over the

876
00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:02,480
Speaker 1: Golden gate Bridge, leaping out of Yeah, leaping over bridges,

877
00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:05,399
Speaker 1: or at least managing to get their entire bodies out

878
00:49:05,480 --> 00:49:08,200
Speaker 1: of the water in a way that just terrifies this

879
00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:10,520
Speaker 1: because you look and you say, well, that's a monster

880
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:13,040
Speaker 1: of the water. But it is not allowed out of

881
00:49:13,040 --> 00:49:15,000
Speaker 1: the water. It is not allowed up here in the air,

882
00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:18,319
Speaker 1: because that just messes with with all of the guidelines

883
00:49:18,360 --> 00:49:20,680
Speaker 1: that govern my safety. Yeah, I thought I was supposed

884
00:49:20,719 --> 00:49:22,920
Speaker 1: to be safe in this boat. Well, in keeping with

885
00:49:22,960 --> 00:49:26,520
Speaker 1: our theme of fish leaping at people in their watercraft,

886
00:49:27,120 --> 00:49:30,279
Speaker 1: did you know that sometimes even great white sharks leap

887
00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,480
Speaker 1: into boats entirely into Yeah. So in this case, as

888
00:49:34,520 --> 00:49:37,200
Speaker 1: with others, this is not a situation of attempted predatory

889
00:49:37,280 --> 00:49:40,920
Speaker 1: behavior towards the humans on the boat. It's not an attack. Uh,

890
00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:45,839
Speaker 1: it's just very unfortunate coincidence. One example of this kind

891
00:49:45,840 --> 00:49:48,480
Speaker 1: of story July two thousand eleven, I found a National

892
00:49:48,520 --> 00:49:51,880
Speaker 1: Geographic news story covering one of these events. So in

893
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:55,520
Speaker 1: July two thousand eleven, there's a research vessel off Seal Island,

894
00:49:55,560 --> 00:49:57,600
Speaker 1: off the coast of South Africa. And if you've seen

895
00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:01,120
Speaker 1: videos of great white sharks jumping into the air out

896
00:50:01,160 --> 00:50:04,560
Speaker 1: of the water, very likely that video came from around

897
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:07,240
Speaker 1: Seal Island in South Africa. This is one of the

898
00:50:07,280 --> 00:50:10,040
Speaker 1: most famous places in the world to see this behavior

899
00:50:10,080 --> 00:50:14,600
Speaker 1: among white sharks. So there's a research vessel in the

900
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:18,320
Speaker 1: waters out near this place, and a roughly five m

901
00:50:18,520 --> 00:50:21,360
Speaker 1: or half ton great white shark jumps into the boat

902
00:50:21,520 --> 00:50:25,360
Speaker 1: operated by these marine researchers, and it's in the boat.

903
00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:29,319
Speaker 1: It's stuck on the deck beneath the walls in the boat,

904
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,000
Speaker 1: so it's thrashing around. Everybody had to get the heck

905
00:50:32,040 --> 00:50:34,120
Speaker 1: away from it and try to figure out how to

906
00:50:34,160 --> 00:50:37,880
Speaker 1: help it get back into the water so it wouldn't die. Robert,

907
00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:41,040
Speaker 1: for your benefit, I have a picture here. It's just

908
00:50:41,120 --> 00:50:43,600
Speaker 1: a shark in the boat. That is a big shark.

909
00:50:44,160 --> 00:50:46,080
Speaker 1: This is not if you're if you're picturing like just

910
00:50:46,120 --> 00:50:50,680
Speaker 1: a juvenile, small little aquarium shark. Huge shark uh. So,

911
00:50:50,840 --> 00:50:52,520
Speaker 1: of course they couldn't get the shark out of the

912
00:50:52,560 --> 00:50:56,360
Speaker 1: boat by hand, and so they attempted to drag it

913
00:50:56,400 --> 00:50:59,479
Speaker 1: out with a rope and that failed, and then they

914
00:50:59,680 --> 00:51:02,200
Speaker 1: so eventually they had to drive the boat back to

915
00:51:02,239 --> 00:51:04,360
Speaker 1: the harbor, and they tried to lift it out of

916
00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:06,880
Speaker 1: the boat with a crane, which was dangerous to do,

917
00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:08,680
Speaker 1: but the shark was going to die, so they had

918
00:51:08,719 --> 00:51:11,680
Speaker 1: to try it. Uh, and they so they lowered it

919
00:51:11,680 --> 00:51:14,319
Speaker 1: back into the water. But the shark may be confused

920
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:18,160
Speaker 1: or injured from this, stranded itself on a harbor beach nearby.

921
00:51:18,280 --> 00:51:20,560
Speaker 1: They attempted to push it back into the water by

922
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:24,800
Speaker 1: hand and that failed. So eventually they tied the animal

923
00:51:24,960 --> 00:51:27,520
Speaker 1: to the side of a boat and drove it out

924
00:51:27,560 --> 00:51:31,400
Speaker 1: to sea, and about half an hour after that, the

925
00:51:31,480 --> 00:51:34,760
Speaker 1: sharks swam away. It swam away and seemed to recover.

926
00:51:34,960 --> 00:51:38,680
Speaker 1: It slapped its tail. So nobody knows what happened after that,

927
00:51:38,800 --> 00:51:41,000
Speaker 1: if it eventually went on to live and be okay,

928
00:51:41,120 --> 00:51:43,520
Speaker 1: or if it was injured and if it died. They're

929
00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:45,960
Speaker 1: just not sure. But I hope that sharks out there

930
00:51:46,080 --> 00:51:53,200
Speaker 1: right now, uh, longing for seal flush, trying to eat right. So,

931
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:55,640
Speaker 1: so when a shark leaps out of the water, this

932
00:51:55,719 --> 00:51:59,440
Speaker 1: is known as breaching. And to use specific terminology that

933
00:51:59,560 --> 00:52:02,000
Speaker 1: I of from one study that I read, when a

934
00:52:02,080 --> 00:52:05,560
Speaker 1: shark leaps vertically or near vertically out of the water,

935
00:52:05,640 --> 00:52:08,480
Speaker 1: so it's coming up from below vertically into the air

936
00:52:08,520 --> 00:52:11,040
Speaker 1: with a head up position, this is known as a

937
00:52:11,160 --> 00:52:14,879
Speaker 1: polarist breach. Oh, I love that. That's so good. That's

938
00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:17,920
Speaker 1: a good band name. Uh So, why do shark's breach?

939
00:52:18,080 --> 00:52:20,480
Speaker 1: Why why do they come up out of the water like? Well,

940
00:52:20,680 --> 00:52:24,400
Speaker 1: based on a lot of my research that concerns uh

941
00:52:24,560 --> 00:52:27,400
Speaker 1: like nineteen eighties Italian shark films that came out in

942
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:29,200
Speaker 1: the wake of Jaws, they do it to make a

943
00:52:29,280 --> 00:52:32,440
Speaker 1: boat explode, right, Yeah, to smash a boat. And no,

944
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:34,400
Speaker 1: that is not why they do it. They they're There

945
00:52:34,400 --> 00:52:36,560
Speaker 1: are two main kinds of breaching. There may be other

946
00:52:36,719 --> 00:52:39,040
Speaker 1: minor behavior, but the two main kinds that you'll read

947
00:52:39,080 --> 00:52:42,279
Speaker 1: about most often are predatory breaching and what's known as

948
00:52:42,480 --> 00:52:46,680
Speaker 1: natural breaching. So predatory breaching, it's all there in the name.

949
00:52:46,760 --> 00:52:50,000
Speaker 1: The shark is in the pursuit of prey. There's a seal,

950
00:52:50,280 --> 00:52:54,440
Speaker 1: you know, pinniped there, that's a nice fatty delicious energy

951
00:52:54,560 --> 00:52:57,600
Speaker 1: rich meal swimming along near the surface of the water.

952
00:52:58,239 --> 00:53:01,920
Speaker 1: And in these breaches, the shark moves rapidly up from below,

953
00:53:02,640 --> 00:53:05,120
Speaker 1: bites as it shoots up into the air and then

954
00:53:05,160 --> 00:53:07,400
Speaker 1: slams back down into the water. And a lot of

955
00:53:07,440 --> 00:53:10,400
Speaker 1: cases there it'll shoot up from below, hit the seal,

956
00:53:10,560 --> 00:53:13,319
Speaker 1: bite it, and then release it and then wait for

957
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:15,560
Speaker 1: the seal to bleed out and die and come back

958
00:53:15,560 --> 00:53:17,799
Speaker 1: and finish it. This was Yeah. I was reading a

959
00:53:17,840 --> 00:53:21,200
Speaker 1: paper about this the other day in preparation for this episode,

960
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:23,239
Speaker 1: and I found that interesting because I really had not

961
00:53:23,520 --> 00:53:28,000
Speaker 1: researched actual shark um predatory behavior much and the idea

962
00:53:28,080 --> 00:53:30,960
Speaker 1: that they wound and then allow the prey to bleed

963
00:53:31,440 --> 00:53:35,440
Speaker 1: and then come back for it is interesting because because

964
00:53:35,480 --> 00:53:38,080
Speaker 1: you know, nobody wants to get slapped by a seal,

965
00:53:38,680 --> 00:53:41,319
Speaker 1: including a great white shark. You know, the shark is

966
00:53:41,640 --> 00:53:44,239
Speaker 1: has to be cautious, like a prey can injure it

967
00:53:44,440 --> 00:53:46,840
Speaker 1: if it's fighting around with it while the prey is

968
00:53:46,840 --> 00:53:49,239
Speaker 1: still strong, so it wants to avoid that. In fact,

969
00:53:49,360 --> 00:53:51,799
Speaker 1: one of the papers I read about this by an

970
00:53:51,800 --> 00:53:55,000
Speaker 1: author named r Aiden Martin, who has written on on

971
00:53:55,120 --> 00:53:58,480
Speaker 1: great white breaching. A good bit they actually put together

972
00:53:58,520 --> 00:54:02,080
Speaker 1: a shark hunting decision entree. So it has it's like

973
00:54:02,080 --> 00:54:05,480
Speaker 1: a flow chart where you know what, depending on what happens,

974
00:54:05,480 --> 00:54:08,839
Speaker 1: do you move to this next thing or this next thing? Uh?

975
00:54:08,880 --> 00:54:12,160
Speaker 1: And so it includes like the initial attack and then

976
00:54:12,239 --> 00:54:16,640
Speaker 1: do you catch or do you wait and pursue? Do

977
00:54:16,680 --> 00:54:19,759
Speaker 1: you quote process? I love that at some point the

978
00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:23,759
Speaker 1: shark begins to process the seal um And we don't

979
00:54:23,760 --> 00:54:26,480
Speaker 1: mean thinking about the seal here either. No, this is

980
00:54:26,520 --> 00:54:29,359
Speaker 1: sort of working on it right right, butchering with its

981
00:54:29,400 --> 00:54:32,400
Speaker 1: mouth basically. So so why does it do this? What?

982
00:54:32,520 --> 00:54:34,880
Speaker 1: Why is the great white shark attacking the seal in

983
00:54:34,920 --> 00:54:36,840
Speaker 1: this way? Why didn't just swim up from behind and

984
00:54:36,960 --> 00:54:41,320
Speaker 1: bite it? Uh? Well, think think about how this plays

985
00:54:41,360 --> 00:54:43,960
Speaker 1: out in practice, like what the conditions are for the

986
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:47,239
Speaker 1: predator and for the prey. Looking up from the deep

987
00:54:47,280 --> 00:54:50,719
Speaker 1: water below. The shark has more ability to see a

988
00:54:50,760 --> 00:54:54,320
Speaker 1: seal near the surface than the seal does the shark,

989
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:57,719
Speaker 1: so the seal is illuminated by the sky and these

990
00:54:57,760 --> 00:55:01,040
Speaker 1: attacks take place more often in low like conditions, when

991
00:55:01,120 --> 00:55:04,919
Speaker 1: there's less penetration of water of the water column by

992
00:55:04,960 --> 00:55:06,719
Speaker 1: the light in the sky, like if the sun's at

993
00:55:06,760 --> 00:55:10,359
Speaker 1: an angle. So you're a shark, you know several you know,

994
00:55:10,719 --> 00:55:13,440
Speaker 1: meters down below the water, and you're looking up. You

995
00:55:13,480 --> 00:55:15,640
Speaker 1: can see your prey, but it's less likely to see you,

996
00:55:15,800 --> 00:55:18,960
Speaker 1: especially because of your your dorsal coloring, the dark coloring

997
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:21,719
Speaker 1: on the top of you. And so why is this

998
00:55:21,760 --> 00:55:25,160
Speaker 1: element of surprise so crucial? Well, when you look at

999
00:55:25,280 --> 00:55:29,800
Speaker 1: the body composition of a white shark versus a seal

1000
00:55:30,360 --> 00:55:33,600
Speaker 1: um According to one study I read, between ninety four

1001
00:55:33,640 --> 00:55:37,840
Speaker 1: and nine percent of a white sharks muscle is composed

1002
00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:40,279
Speaker 1: of what's known as white muscle. And this is this

1003
00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:43,880
Speaker 1: is sprinting muscle. It's capable of rapid contraction, but it

1004
00:55:43,920 --> 00:55:46,880
Speaker 1: has very low stamina, and a pinnip head like a seal,

1005
00:55:46,920 --> 00:55:49,320
Speaker 1: on the other hand, can go the distance. It's capable

1006
00:55:49,320 --> 00:55:53,040
Speaker 1: of sustaining long term evasive tactics. So the longer the

1007
00:55:53,080 --> 00:55:56,279
Speaker 1: attack goes on, the better that the less chance a

1008
00:55:56,320 --> 00:55:59,200
Speaker 1: shark has of catching the seal and getting it um.

1009
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,040
Speaker 1: So the sharks are better at sprinting the marathon, seals

1010
00:56:03,080 --> 00:56:06,960
Speaker 1: can can keep evading, so a sudden surprise attack greatly

1011
00:56:07,080 --> 00:56:09,680
Speaker 1: increases the sharks chance of success. And this is why

1012
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:13,839
Speaker 1: this rocketing up from below which leads to breaching UH

1013
00:56:13,960 --> 00:56:17,680
Speaker 1: is so common. Well, that makes perfect sense from the

1014
00:56:18,040 --> 00:56:20,640
Speaker 1: from a hunting standpoint, and according to a paper on

1015
00:56:20,719 --> 00:56:23,560
Speaker 1: the on the physics of this process, so the shark

1016
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:28,279
Speaker 1: usually starts UH down deep in the water, a place

1017
00:56:28,320 --> 00:56:31,200
Speaker 1: where the bottom depth is between twenty six and thirty

1018
00:56:31,239 --> 00:56:35,040
Speaker 1: meters and UH in these cases, the entire attack, you know,

1019
00:56:35,280 --> 00:56:38,680
Speaker 1: leaping up from the bottom after they begin their strikes

1020
00:56:38,719 --> 00:56:41,239
Speaker 1: to UH to the seal is about two to two

1021
00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:43,160
Speaker 1: and a half seconds, so it just doesn't give the

1022
00:56:43,160 --> 00:56:46,080
Speaker 1: seal much time at all to react. And then, of course,

1023
00:56:46,200 --> 00:56:48,160
Speaker 1: at the speed it takes to hit the seal from

1024
00:56:48,239 --> 00:56:52,000
Speaker 1: below that fast, the sharks still propelled upwards and it's

1025
00:56:52,120 --> 00:56:55,120
Speaker 1: going out of the water. Um. And in these cases

1026
00:56:55,160 --> 00:56:59,439
Speaker 1: the shark attacks are successful about forty percent of the time,

1027
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:03,560
Speaker 1: which is not a bad hunting success, right. But then

1028
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,239
Speaker 1: there's this other kind of breaching image that's what that's

1029
00:57:06,239 --> 00:57:09,000
Speaker 1: the predatory breaching, jumping out of the water to kill.

1030
00:57:09,560 --> 00:57:12,160
Speaker 1: There's also what's known as natural breaching, when the shark

1031
00:57:12,320 --> 00:57:17,800
Speaker 1: breaches for no obvious reason, there's no predatory attack or anything, um,

1032
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:20,000
Speaker 1: no bait on the surface that it's being coaxed to

1033
00:57:20,040 --> 00:57:24,680
Speaker 1: the surface with right, So why what what's going on here? Well,

1034
00:57:24,880 --> 00:57:29,640
Speaker 1: according to one theory, sharks have these well developed mechano

1035
00:57:29,760 --> 00:57:32,920
Speaker 1: receptors and chemo receptors and electro receptors. They have all

1036
00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:37,440
Speaker 1: you know, receptive sensing organs that we don't have at

1037
00:57:37,440 --> 00:57:41,880
Speaker 1: that kind of level. So it's been hypothesized that tail slap,

1038
00:57:42,040 --> 00:57:45,240
Speaker 1: so that's one type of slapping behavior, and then breaching,

1039
00:57:45,320 --> 00:57:49,640
Speaker 1: jumping out of the water, and splashing down are communicative.

1040
00:57:49,760 --> 00:57:53,760
Speaker 1: They they're allowing sharks to communicate between one another through

1041
00:57:53,800 --> 00:57:58,240
Speaker 1: agonistic behaviors. That's not you know, fighting displays. I'm tough,

1042
00:57:58,680 --> 00:58:01,160
Speaker 1: this is my food. You better get away because I

1043
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,320
Speaker 1: could fight you for it. And it's true that lots

1044
00:58:04,320 --> 00:58:07,560
Speaker 1: of fishes do use sound as a communication channel, and

1045
00:58:07,640 --> 00:58:12,280
Speaker 1: so it's hypothesized that these behaviors like tail slapping and breaching,

1046
00:58:12,360 --> 00:58:15,160
Speaker 1: jumping out of the water and splashing down could exploit

1047
00:58:15,160 --> 00:58:19,280
Speaker 1: this kind of mechano reception, This this sound sensitive ability

1048
00:58:19,320 --> 00:58:22,280
Speaker 1: of fish to communicate between the sharks. And when you

1049
00:58:22,320 --> 00:58:25,439
Speaker 1: think about it, a shark jumping out of the water

1050
00:58:25,520 --> 00:58:29,160
Speaker 1: and splashing down is not necessarily a bad signifier of fitness.

1051
00:58:29,240 --> 00:58:33,440
Speaker 1: That's like the bigger you are, and the stronger you are,

1052
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:37,160
Speaker 1: the harder of a splashdown you can make. It's certainly,

1053
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:38,640
Speaker 1: I mean, it makes a statement to us and we're

1054
00:58:38,680 --> 00:58:40,960
Speaker 1: not even sharks. Yeah. And one reason to think this

1055
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:44,040
Speaker 1: is a good explanation is that this natural breaching often

1056
00:58:44,080 --> 00:58:47,480
Speaker 1: seems to happen with sharks in the presence of other sharks,

1057
00:58:47,520 --> 00:58:51,680
Speaker 1: not just hanging out by themselves. Now, this is interesting.

1058
00:58:51,680 --> 00:58:54,760
Speaker 1: We're talking about this breaching behavior that's taking place, uh

1059
00:58:55,120 --> 00:58:58,840
Speaker 1: specifically to predatory breaching behavior. It's taking place in the

1060
00:58:58,880 --> 00:59:02,640
Speaker 1: presence of the seal. You brought up an interesting um

1061
00:59:03,040 --> 00:59:08,680
Speaker 1: tidbit yesterday about the recent shark move movie The Shallows,

1062
00:59:09,120 --> 00:59:11,960
Speaker 1: in which the shark tries to eat Blake Lively about

1063
00:59:12,360 --> 00:59:14,160
Speaker 1: about what what does it mean when we see a

1064
00:59:14,240 --> 00:59:19,120
Speaker 1: movie shark breaching like this in seemingly tropical waters. Oh yeah, yeah,

1065
00:59:19,160 --> 00:59:22,720
Speaker 1: this was interesting. I believe I read this. Now this

1066
00:59:22,760 --> 00:59:24,760
Speaker 1: isn't in my notes. I'm just trying to recall from memory,

1067
00:59:25,120 --> 00:59:27,480
Speaker 1: but I recalled that I read this, I think on

1068
00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:31,880
Speaker 1: Smithsonian where they were reviewing the trailer of the film.

1069
00:59:31,960 --> 00:59:34,400
Speaker 1: But they spoke to a marine biologist who had some

1070
00:59:34,480 --> 00:59:37,280
Speaker 1: knowledge of shark behaviors and said Okay, look at how

1071
00:59:37,320 --> 00:59:40,040
Speaker 1: the shark's acting in the trailer for this movie. Is

1072
00:59:40,080 --> 00:59:44,120
Speaker 1: this basically accurate? Uh? And I recall what the the

1073
00:59:44,160 --> 00:59:46,680
Speaker 1: expert said was, well, it looks like this movie is

1074
00:59:46,680 --> 00:59:49,800
Speaker 1: supposed to take place in tropical waters, and yet you

1075
00:59:49,840 --> 00:59:52,240
Speaker 1: see the shark when it attacks this guy leaps out

1076
00:59:52,240 --> 00:59:56,240
Speaker 1: of the water. That's breaching behavior, which is not necessarily

1077
00:59:56,280 --> 00:59:59,320
Speaker 1: something you'd be likely to see in tropical waters because

1078
00:59:59,600 --> 01:00:01,280
Speaker 1: the place as you really see it are are like

1079
01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:05,200
Speaker 1: in South Africa, where they have these uh, these prey

1080
01:00:05,280 --> 01:00:08,120
Speaker 1: like seals that they have to attack in this manner

1081
01:00:08,120 --> 01:00:11,200
Speaker 1: in order to maximize their success rate at catching them.

1082
01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:14,480
Speaker 1: In tropical waters, sharks probably have access to fish that

1083
01:00:14,520 --> 01:00:18,040
Speaker 1: are much more slow moving and easier to catch, and

1084
01:00:18,080 --> 01:00:21,480
Speaker 1: they just they don't have to resort to these breaching

1085
01:00:21,520 --> 01:00:25,960
Speaker 1: behaviors in order to catch meals so that they The

1086
01:00:26,240 --> 01:00:30,400
Speaker 1: expert they talked to rated that as not quite so plausible.

1087
01:00:30,960 --> 01:00:34,400
Speaker 1: But from a cinematic standpoint, nothing is more terrifying than

1088
01:00:34,400 --> 01:00:37,600
Speaker 1: the shark coming out of its habitat into our habitat

1089
01:00:37,680 --> 01:00:40,440
Speaker 1: in order to especially to eat us. It's the inherent

1090
01:00:40,480 --> 01:00:45,160
Speaker 1: perversity of the land shark. It is all right, well,

1091
01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:48,640
Speaker 1: at this point, we really have only one sort of

1092
01:00:48,800 --> 01:00:52,240
Speaker 1: leaping jumping fish to consider, right, and that is of

1093
01:00:52,280 --> 01:00:56,880
Speaker 1: course the so called flying fish, right, because the distinction

1094
01:00:56,920 --> 01:01:00,600
Speaker 1: between jumping and flying may seem very clear, you right,

1095
01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:04,360
Speaker 1: you know, Uh, kangaroos jump and birds fly, and and

1096
01:01:05,080 --> 01:01:07,920
Speaker 1: these are not all that similar behaviors, but the dividing

1097
01:01:07,960 --> 01:01:13,200
Speaker 1: line between them, I don't know, is it really just time? Well, yeah,

1098
01:01:13,240 --> 01:01:18,240
Speaker 1: you can certainly bog yourself down in in um definitions

1099
01:01:18,280 --> 01:01:22,800
Speaker 1: of flight. Uh. To be clear with with the flying fish,

1100
01:01:22,840 --> 01:01:26,640
Speaker 1: we are talking about a gliding sometimes kind of a hydroplaning,

1101
01:01:26,640 --> 01:01:29,040
Speaker 1: where they're just where the tail is still in contact

1102
01:01:29,040 --> 01:01:33,000
Speaker 1: with the water. Um. So it's not powered flight, it's

1103
01:01:33,040 --> 01:01:36,240
Speaker 1: not true flight. So we're not talking about piranha to

1104
01:01:36,400 --> 01:01:39,040
Speaker 1: the spawning here right right, and then there's certainly no

1105
01:01:39,120 --> 01:01:44,080
Speaker 1: feathers involved. But it's interesting to put this in, you know,

1106
01:01:44,160 --> 01:01:46,200
Speaker 1: to sort of top off this discussion of all these

1107
01:01:46,240 --> 01:01:50,280
Speaker 1: weeping and jumping behaviors, because gliding fish might seem like

1108
01:01:50,440 --> 01:01:54,360
Speaker 1: the the evolutionary pinnacle of jumping fish. Right. But but

1109
01:01:54,440 --> 01:01:56,480
Speaker 1: the interesting thing here is that there's nothing new at all.

1110
01:01:56,840 --> 01:02:00,280
Speaker 1: In two thousand twelve, paleontologists found a near comple eleat

1111
01:02:00,440 --> 01:02:05,680
Speaker 1: skeleton from the Driassic period that's two to two forty

1112
01:02:05,680 --> 01:02:10,440
Speaker 1: two million years ago, um and and near complete skeleton

1113
01:02:10,880 --> 01:02:14,000
Speaker 1: boasted all the key attributes of the modern flying fish,

1114
01:02:14,240 --> 01:02:19,400
Speaker 1: well developed pectorial fin and a forked, asymmetrical tail. And

1115
01:02:19,440 --> 01:02:22,720
Speaker 1: even this form seemed to have evolved independently from the

1116
01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:27,000
Speaker 1: sixty four known species of flying fish we find today

1117
01:02:27,040 --> 01:02:29,600
Speaker 1: in all the world's ocean independence. So it's not like

1118
01:02:29,640 --> 01:02:32,439
Speaker 1: an ancestor of the like a cousin of them that's

1119
01:02:32,480 --> 01:02:35,760
Speaker 1: now not here right, it developed this gliding technique on

1120
01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:41,880
Speaker 1: its own. Um. So it's interesting just to to realize

1121
01:02:41,920 --> 01:02:45,240
Speaker 1: that that gliding fish have evolved in the past separately.

1122
01:02:45,320 --> 01:02:48,160
Speaker 1: They've died, I had died out and uh, and we

1123
01:02:48,240 --> 01:02:51,160
Speaker 1: have a fairly successful model of it today in the

1124
01:02:51,240 --> 01:02:54,400
Speaker 1: in these sixty four known species of flying fish and

1125
01:02:54,560 --> 01:02:57,760
Speaker 1: um and again, they don't necessarily fly as much as

1126
01:02:57,800 --> 01:03:01,280
Speaker 1: they glide, but they can they can really glide. So

1127
01:03:01,320 --> 01:03:03,640
Speaker 1: then what what would the difference be between a fish

1128
01:03:03,680 --> 01:03:08,000
Speaker 1: that glides and a fish that actually quote flies. Well, again,

1129
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:10,880
Speaker 1: this is an area where where individuals can get into

1130
01:03:11,640 --> 01:03:15,480
Speaker 1: discussions and disagreements over what defines flight, but essentially it's

1131
01:03:15,480 --> 01:03:18,960
Speaker 1: a difference between powered flight and gliding, all right, So

1132
01:03:19,080 --> 01:03:22,480
Speaker 1: is it is the creature flapping its wings in order

1133
01:03:22,520 --> 01:03:25,600
Speaker 1: to sustain itself in the air or is it merely

1134
01:03:25,760 --> 01:03:29,520
Speaker 1: sort of falling with grace? Right? Uh, hang glider versus

1135
01:03:29,520 --> 01:03:33,680
Speaker 1: an airplane exactly, because we see plenty of gliding creatures

1136
01:03:33,960 --> 01:03:36,760
Speaker 1: and it generally means in order to glide, you need

1137
01:03:36,840 --> 01:03:39,560
Speaker 1: to either fall from something high, such as a tree,

1138
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:41,920
Speaker 1: which is why we see so many um, you know,

1139
01:03:42,000 --> 01:03:44,760
Speaker 1: tree based gliders of boreal gliders, or it needs to

1140
01:03:44,800 --> 01:03:47,080
Speaker 1: be able to jump up high enough to glide a

1141
01:03:47,120 --> 01:03:49,760
Speaker 1: little bit. And that's what we see with gliding or

1142
01:03:49,800 --> 01:03:53,000
Speaker 1: flying fish. Um and they can they can really glide.

1143
01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:58,920
Speaker 1: They can glide and or hydroplane distances of hundred feet

1144
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:02,280
Speaker 1: or four hundred meters thirty seconds with maximum flight speeds

1145
01:04:02,280 --> 01:04:04,800
Speaker 1: of up to forty five miles per hour or seventy

1146
01:04:04,840 --> 01:04:08,560
Speaker 1: two kilometers per hour, which is pretty impressive. I feel

1147
01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:11,800
Speaker 1: like we've all seen like splendid videos of this taking place.

1148
01:04:11,840 --> 01:04:14,920
Speaker 1: It's it's pretty impressive. So since these fish are small,

1149
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:19,000
Speaker 1: I imagine they're not breaching to uh, to inflict predatory

1150
01:04:19,080 --> 01:04:21,400
Speaker 1: damage on a seal or something like no no, no,

1151
01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:25,400
Speaker 1: these are These are generally plankton eaters, and pretty much

1152
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:28,920
Speaker 1: everybody agrees that they jump and glide to escape. There

1153
01:04:28,920 --> 01:04:32,680
Speaker 1: are many many enemies in the sea. Yeah, yet another

1154
01:04:32,720 --> 01:04:35,840
Speaker 1: evasive maneuver right now. There have been some that are

1155
01:04:35,920 --> 01:04:39,120
Speaker 1: proposed that this has to do with energy conservation, like

1156
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:42,600
Speaker 1: the running or porpoising that is observed in marine mammals

1157
01:04:42,600 --> 01:04:46,080
Speaker 1: such as penguins or dolphins, but it really doesn't pan

1158
01:04:46,120 --> 01:04:49,000
Speaker 1: out when you crunch all the factors, including the oxygen

1159
01:04:49,080 --> 01:04:54,080
Speaker 1: debt of takeoff, and biologist John Davenport did just this

1160
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:57,360
Speaker 1: sort of crunching in his paper How and Why Do

1161
01:04:57,480 --> 01:05:00,959
Speaker 1: Flying Fish Fly? Which is a certain only a good

1162
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:02,840
Speaker 1: in depth read if you really want to get into

1163
01:05:02,840 --> 01:05:08,400
Speaker 1: the the economics and physics of this. Another theory sees

1164
01:05:08,480 --> 01:05:10,440
Speaker 1: all of this is a means to move from a

1165
01:05:10,560 --> 01:05:14,439
Speaker 1: food or plankton poor area to a food rich area,

1166
01:05:14,720 --> 01:05:18,400
Speaker 1: thus making the energy expenditure worth it, essentially kind of

1167
01:05:18,440 --> 01:05:21,120
Speaker 1: like rate and teleporting during a fight to get behind

1168
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:23,920
Speaker 1: an opponent. You're not in a good position for your food,

1169
01:05:24,720 --> 01:05:28,520
Speaker 1: teleport to the to the to the positive position via flight,

1170
01:05:28,640 --> 01:05:30,480
Speaker 1: but there's not a lot of evidence to back that up.

1171
01:05:30,520 --> 01:05:33,280
Speaker 1: So why why would the flying or gliding in that

1172
01:05:33,320 --> 01:05:36,880
Speaker 1: case be better than just swimming to the food rich area.

1173
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:38,480
Speaker 1: I just have to go back to the rate and

1174
01:05:38,560 --> 01:05:41,600
Speaker 1: analogy there. It's just the the it's in the realm

1175
01:05:41,640 --> 01:05:45,520
Speaker 1: of water. It is more like an instant appearance as

1176
01:05:45,560 --> 01:05:50,160
Speaker 1: opposed to a journey too. But again, so you can

1177
01:05:50,160 --> 01:05:52,800
Speaker 1: pretty much don't worry too much about that theory because

1178
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:55,720
Speaker 1: pretty much everybody is still in agreeance. This is about

1179
01:05:55,840 --> 01:05:59,760
Speaker 1: escaping predators. Now. In escaping those predators, flying fish that

1180
01:06:00,080 --> 01:06:03,000
Speaker 1: or gliding fish, they don't flap their wings to gain

1181
01:06:03,080 --> 01:06:07,000
Speaker 1: lift um. They propel through the air water interface. I

1182
01:06:07,080 --> 01:06:11,200
Speaker 1: like that terminology at a shallow angle, unfurl their large

1183
01:06:11,360 --> 01:06:14,200
Speaker 1: lateral fins, and then rapidly beat their tail in the

1184
01:06:14,240 --> 01:06:17,680
Speaker 1: water prior to actual lift off. And it's interesting too

1185
01:06:17,760 --> 01:06:19,960
Speaker 1: that they have to be a certain size before they

1186
01:06:19,960 --> 01:06:22,919
Speaker 1: can actually pull this off. The smaller flying fish, before

1187
01:06:22,960 --> 01:06:28,240
Speaker 1: they've attained appropriate size, they can't actually uh pull this off.

1188
01:06:28,800 --> 01:06:32,240
Speaker 1: They're limited to simple leaps with their fins held against

1189
01:06:32,320 --> 01:06:36,680
Speaker 1: the body by surface tension. Huh yeah, okay, well so

1190
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:39,600
Speaker 1: flying fish, you might say, in this case is kind

1191
01:06:39,600 --> 01:06:43,120
Speaker 1: of a misnomer. Then yes, they're they're gliding fish. That

1192
01:06:43,240 --> 01:06:47,200
Speaker 1: we have jumping fish, we have longer jumping fish, we

1193
01:06:47,280 --> 01:06:51,480
Speaker 1: have gliding fish. But I wonder why no fish with

1194
01:06:51,600 --> 01:06:56,480
Speaker 1: the ability to maintain sustained flight? Because if you imagine

1195
01:06:56,520 --> 01:07:00,000
Speaker 1: the the evolution of flight and its many forms, uh,

1196
01:07:00,280 --> 01:07:06,080
Speaker 1: it's commonly hypothesized that flight organs began with gliding organs.

1197
01:07:06,160 --> 01:07:11,960
Speaker 1: You know, organisms had had maybe movements or gliding organs

1198
01:07:12,000 --> 01:07:14,520
Speaker 1: that would help them coast from one tree to another

1199
01:07:14,920 --> 01:07:17,520
Speaker 1: or help them escape a predator faster. And overtime these

1200
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:21,200
Speaker 1: organs developed until they were able to create powered sustained

1201
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:24,960
Speaker 1: flight like birds. So why haven't fish gone there? Why

1202
01:07:24,960 --> 01:07:27,560
Speaker 1: are there no fish birds? I know you can't help

1203
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,280
Speaker 1: but think about this, especially when you look at you

1204
01:07:30,480 --> 01:07:33,800
Speaker 1: jumping and then gliding, Why not flying? Why why have

1205
01:07:33,880 --> 01:07:36,800
Speaker 1: they not taken that next step? And then indeed is

1206
01:07:36,840 --> 01:07:40,960
Speaker 1: that step even possible? Right? Because as as you pointed out,

1207
01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,040
Speaker 1: so many of these examples of flight that we have

1208
01:07:43,720 --> 01:07:45,920
Speaker 1: um and certainly there are not that many. You can

1209
01:07:45,960 --> 01:07:48,480
Speaker 1: ultimately kind of look at at flight as a is

1210
01:07:48,520 --> 01:07:51,560
Speaker 1: a rare adaptation, even though it has been tremendously successful

1211
01:07:52,080 --> 01:07:55,760
Speaker 1: for the organisms that have achieved it. Because as vertebrates

1212
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:58,600
Speaker 1: go we've we've only seen three takes on flight. We've

1213
01:07:58,600 --> 01:08:03,160
Speaker 1: seen UH a osaurin flight, We've seen a d in flight,

1214
01:08:03,440 --> 01:08:06,720
Speaker 1: and we've seen you know, bat flight, and UH and fish.

1215
01:08:06,840 --> 01:08:08,720
Speaker 1: So far as we know, unless there's some sort of

1216
01:08:08,720 --> 01:08:11,680
Speaker 1: fossil out there that we've yet to uncover, they've never

1217
01:08:11,760 --> 01:08:15,040
Speaker 1: crossed the threshold UH and UH and and and all.

1218
01:08:15,120 --> 01:08:17,840
Speaker 1: When you take in all biology, you have a single

1219
01:08:17,960 --> 01:08:22,600
Speaker 1: extinct lineage and three extant clades birds, bats and the

1220
01:08:23,160 --> 01:08:25,639
Speaker 1: and and UH and also insects. But even in these

1221
01:08:25,640 --> 01:08:30,639
Speaker 1: three extant examples of of vertebrate flight, they are examples

1222
01:08:30,680 --> 01:08:34,759
Speaker 1: of convergent evolution. Not that, like the pterosaurs, the birds

1223
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:37,799
Speaker 1: and the bats didn't evolve from each other. They all

1224
01:08:38,120 --> 01:08:41,960
Speaker 1: independently achieved the mechanisms of flight. That's right. They exploit

1225
01:08:42,040 --> 01:08:44,600
Speaker 1: the same physical properties, but they're all different solutions to

1226
01:08:44,680 --> 01:08:47,559
Speaker 1: the same problem. I was looking at this book by

1227
01:08:47,720 --> 01:08:52,679
Speaker 1: David E. Alexander and Stephen Vogel titled Nature's Flyers, Birds, Insects,

1228
01:08:52,680 --> 01:08:55,200
Speaker 1: and the Biomechanics of Flight, and they put it into

1229
01:08:55,240 --> 01:08:59,800
Speaker 1: context like this quote. Although such convergent features may make

1230
01:09:00,080 --> 01:09:03,960
Speaker 1: animals appear quite similar, the adaptations are only superficially similar

1231
01:09:04,080 --> 01:09:07,839
Speaker 1: and have fundamental differences. Fish or cold blooded, scaly animals

1232
01:09:07,840 --> 01:09:11,000
Speaker 1: with gills, but pro porpoises are warm blooded, smooth skinned

1233
01:09:11,040 --> 01:09:13,479
Speaker 1: breathers of air. The point being that these are both

1234
01:09:13,479 --> 01:09:16,360
Speaker 1: not flight based. But these are both sea creatures with

1235
01:09:16,400 --> 01:09:18,920
Speaker 1: similar forms at first glance, but there of course very

1236
01:09:18,920 --> 01:09:23,879
Speaker 1: different organisms that it continues. Hummingbirds and bumblebees have almost

1237
01:09:23,880 --> 01:09:27,599
Speaker 1: identical wing beat patterns, but hummingbird wings are made of bone, muscle,

1238
01:09:27,640 --> 01:09:31,320
Speaker 1: and feathers. Bee wings are made of of pleated membranes

1239
01:09:31,360 --> 01:09:34,680
Speaker 1: supported by stiff, hollow veins. And they point out to

1240
01:09:34,800 --> 01:09:38,400
Speaker 1: that technological evolution has produced several areas of convergence between

1241
01:09:38,439 --> 01:09:41,840
Speaker 1: flying animals and flying machines. Quote the convergences were not

1242
01:09:41,960 --> 01:09:46,600
Speaker 1: intentional copies of mechanisms used by animals, but technological solutions

1243
01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:49,880
Speaker 1: to common challenges faced by all flyers. So this would

1244
01:09:49,920 --> 01:09:53,560
Speaker 1: seem to indicate that there's no inherent reason you couldn't

1245
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:58,400
Speaker 1: expect fish to evolve mechanisms like a bird's wings or

1246
01:09:58,479 --> 01:10:03,120
Speaker 1: like an insect swings. Uh, they would just be you know, fishier. Basically,

1247
01:10:03,560 --> 01:10:07,880
Speaker 1: they would be evolved from the equipment available to fish. Anatomy. Well,

1248
01:10:08,080 --> 01:10:10,800
Speaker 1: the one place that my mind immediately mean went was

1249
01:10:10,800 --> 01:10:12,960
Speaker 1: all right, So almost it seems like all these other

1250
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:17,519
Speaker 1: examples are our land creatures that that take to gliding.

1251
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:21,600
Speaker 1: So maybe dwelling on the land is an essential prerequisite

1252
01:10:22,040 --> 01:10:26,679
Speaker 1: too to the sort of gliding that evolves into flight. Yeah,

1253
01:10:26,720 --> 01:10:29,280
Speaker 1: that could certainly like do you need or runway in

1254
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:33,760
Speaker 1: order to evolve flight? A solid runway or or a

1255
01:10:33,840 --> 01:10:36,200
Speaker 1: high place to jump off of? Can you just not

1256
01:10:36,320 --> 01:10:42,240
Speaker 1: really ever evolutionarily justify the the evolution of propelled flight

1257
01:10:42,320 --> 01:10:46,200
Speaker 1: mechanisms if you always have to start from underwater, right,

1258
01:10:46,360 --> 01:10:49,559
Speaker 1: And and maybe that does hold true invertebrates. But then,

1259
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:54,000
Speaker 1: according to biologists Jim Martin, the possible exception is with insects.

1260
01:10:54,040 --> 01:10:57,880
Speaker 1: Flapping gills could have evolved into flight capable wings as

1261
01:10:57,920 --> 01:11:01,519
Speaker 1: an aquatic in an aquatic ironment, according to Martin, so

1262
01:11:02,880 --> 01:11:06,280
Speaker 1: insects may have an out there. But maybe this prerequisite

1263
01:11:06,280 --> 01:11:10,200
Speaker 1: holds true with vertebrates. But the thing is, when you

1264
01:11:10,240 --> 01:11:12,800
Speaker 1: start asking this question, you also have to take it

1265
01:11:12,840 --> 01:11:16,559
Speaker 1: outside of fish too, because we could also say asked

1266
01:11:16,560 --> 01:11:20,680
Speaker 1: the same thing about other gliding organisms, gliding snakes, lizards,

1267
01:11:21,040 --> 01:11:26,240
Speaker 1: the gliding squid, various gliding arboreal mammals, including lemurs. Why

1268
01:11:26,240 --> 01:11:30,439
Speaker 1: do they know flying lemurs because certainly they're they're in

1269
01:11:30,439 --> 01:11:32,880
Speaker 1: the position where they're they're leaping out of trees, they're

1270
01:11:32,880 --> 01:11:35,880
Speaker 1: gliding a little whine. Is that not developed into flight?

1271
01:11:36,080 --> 01:11:40,080
Speaker 1: I guess the simplest explanation to me would would just

1272
01:11:40,120 --> 01:11:41,920
Speaker 1: be a guess, But it would be that there's just

1273
01:11:41,960 --> 01:11:45,080
Speaker 1: not enough incentive for it, Like maybe there's just no

1274
01:11:45,280 --> 01:11:49,800
Speaker 1: clear advantage survival or reproduction advantage to fish remaining in

1275
01:11:49,840 --> 01:11:52,840
Speaker 1: the air for longer than it takes to glidees a

1276
01:11:52,880 --> 01:11:55,160
Speaker 1: short distance. Because you know, when you think about it,

1277
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:58,200
Speaker 1: what really happens in the air. I mean, birds use

1278
01:11:58,360 --> 01:12:02,400
Speaker 1: the air to traverse between in different locations of feeding

1279
01:12:02,439 --> 01:12:05,599
Speaker 1: and breeding and stuff like that. I suppose fish could

1280
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:07,120
Speaker 1: do the same thing, But I don't know would they

1281
01:12:07,160 --> 01:12:11,800
Speaker 1: be more would they be more open to bird predation

1282
01:12:11,880 --> 01:12:13,599
Speaker 1: if they were to fly around in the air all

1283
01:12:13,640 --> 01:12:17,519
Speaker 1: the time? With I mean, it could just be that

1284
01:12:17,560 --> 01:12:22,479
Speaker 1: there's not enough reason for them to have this trade. Yeah,

1285
01:12:22,520 --> 01:12:25,000
Speaker 1: because yeah, because when you do one thing to say,

1286
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:26,880
Speaker 1: all right, why why on the flying fish just become

1287
01:12:26,880 --> 01:12:29,719
Speaker 1: a true flying organism, But you also have to provide

1288
01:12:29,760 --> 01:12:32,400
Speaker 1: the reason for it, like how is that going to work?

1289
01:12:32,479 --> 01:12:36,040
Speaker 1: Is it is it? Is it really of benefit that's

1290
01:12:36,040 --> 01:12:39,760
Speaker 1: going to play out in evolution? And uh, so far

1291
01:12:39,920 --> 01:12:43,360
Speaker 1: the answer seems to be no. Now I do have

1292
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:46,720
Speaker 1: to mention that this this larger question of why do

1293
01:12:46,920 --> 01:12:50,080
Speaker 1: some lineages evolve into the sky and there's not? It

1294
01:12:50,120 --> 01:12:52,760
Speaker 1: remains something of a mystery, and scientists that even look

1295
01:12:52,840 --> 01:12:56,200
Speaker 1: to underlying molecular mechanisms and this whole there's a whole

1296
01:12:56,200 --> 01:13:00,880
Speaker 1: study of biological uh periodicity that gets into this. It

1297
01:13:00,920 --> 01:13:03,920
Speaker 1: gets a really deep and complex bit and and uh

1298
01:13:03,960 --> 01:13:07,600
Speaker 1: and has a lot of a lot of parallels in

1299
01:13:07,600 --> 01:13:13,200
Speaker 1: in molecular concerns. So it's uh so, so it ends

1300
01:13:13,240 --> 01:13:16,200
Speaker 1: up being a deeper question than just why don't fish

1301
01:13:16,400 --> 01:13:21,800
Speaker 1: actually fly? But why does do do any numbers? Yeah,

1302
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:24,200
Speaker 1: one more thing I probably should say. It's may have

1303
01:13:24,240 --> 01:13:26,679
Speaker 1: been too obvious for us to mention. But of course

1304
01:13:26,720 --> 01:13:31,040
Speaker 1: there is the impediment of breathing. Oh yes, but certainly

1305
01:13:31,120 --> 01:13:34,680
Speaker 1: we have land again right to the the mud skippers

1306
01:13:34,720 --> 01:13:38,560
Speaker 1: and the walking catfish, this and earlier forms of lungfish.

1307
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:41,960
Speaker 1: So that alone doesn't seem like it would be um,

1308
01:13:42,400 --> 01:13:45,160
Speaker 1: you know, an eliminating factor, but it would certainly still

1309
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:50,640
Speaker 1: be a concern because they are venturing outside of their realm. Yeah,

1310
01:13:50,960 --> 01:13:53,960
Speaker 1: all right, so there you have it. Um. Now, we

1311
01:13:54,040 --> 01:13:57,320
Speaker 1: only covered some of the jumping fish out there in

1312
01:13:57,360 --> 01:14:00,680
Speaker 1: the world, so we may have missed some examples that

1313
01:14:00,720 --> 01:14:03,160
Speaker 1: you're particularly fond of, or some just examples you've seen

1314
01:14:03,200 --> 01:14:05,519
Speaker 1: in real life and have some stories related to. Yeah,

1315
01:14:05,520 --> 01:14:07,320
Speaker 1: and one thing I do think we should make clear

1316
01:14:07,479 --> 01:14:09,720
Speaker 1: is that Robert, you and I were not trying to

1317
01:14:09,720 --> 01:14:12,679
Speaker 1: be alarmists about fish jumping. We we have covered several

1318
01:14:12,720 --> 01:14:16,000
Speaker 1: stories of fish jumping into boats, fish jumping into people,

1319
01:14:16,560 --> 01:14:19,320
Speaker 1: and injuries that have been sustained on those accounts. But

1320
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:23,280
Speaker 1: I think these events are exceedingly rare overall, So you

1321
01:14:23,320 --> 01:14:25,800
Speaker 1: really don't need to be like super worried about getting

1322
01:14:25,840 --> 01:14:29,040
Speaker 1: killed by jumping fish, right, But certainly if there's a

1323
01:14:29,080 --> 01:14:32,280
Speaker 1: sign saying telling you not to drive too fast on

1324
01:14:32,320 --> 01:14:35,920
Speaker 1: the water because there are leaping sturgeon, I would acknowledge

1325
01:14:35,960 --> 01:14:39,160
Speaker 1: that sign and remember that, yes, individuals have been injured

1326
01:14:39,240 --> 01:14:42,559
Speaker 1: or killed, so be cautious on or the sturgeon are

1327
01:14:42,640 --> 01:14:46,439
Speaker 1: under the sturgeon. Indeed. All right, So hey, if you

1328
01:14:46,439 --> 01:14:49,719
Speaker 1: want to check out more episodes of stuff to blow

1329
01:14:49,720 --> 01:14:51,320
Speaker 1: your mind, head on over to stuff to blow your

1330
01:14:51,320 --> 01:14:53,160
Speaker 1: mind dot com. That's the mothership. That's what we will

1331
01:14:53,200 --> 01:14:56,439
Speaker 1: find all of our podcast episodes, as well as links

1332
01:14:56,439 --> 01:15:01,920
Speaker 1: out to various social media accounts such as you know, Twitter, Tumbler, Facebook,

1333
01:15:01,960 --> 01:15:04,840
Speaker 1: and hey, if you follow us on Facebook, make sure

1334
01:15:04,920 --> 01:15:07,040
Speaker 1: you click it so that we show up in your

1335
01:15:07,080 --> 01:15:10,599
Speaker 1: feed immediately. How do they do that? There's an option

1336
01:15:10,600 --> 01:15:12,599
Speaker 1: there at the top, like a star or something. Yeah.

1337
01:15:12,720 --> 01:15:14,360
Speaker 1: I don't have it in front of me, but it's doable.

1338
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:16,479
Speaker 1: It's very doable, and you should do it because you

1339
01:15:16,520 --> 01:15:18,920
Speaker 1: never know how Facebook is going to tweak that algorithm

1340
01:15:19,240 --> 01:15:21,519
Speaker 1: and make it to wear. The things that you love,

1341
01:15:21,680 --> 01:15:24,000
Speaker 1: such as us no longer show up. Oh yeah, we

1342
01:15:24,040 --> 01:15:26,479
Speaker 1: would love it if the majority of commenters on our

1343
01:15:26,520 --> 01:15:29,799
Speaker 1: Facebook posts were actual podcast listeners. That would be awesome.

1344
01:15:30,520 --> 01:15:33,200
Speaker 1: We do have a few uh, few randoms that wandering

1345
01:15:34,800 --> 01:15:36,519
Speaker 1: uh and hey, if you want to get in touch

1346
01:15:36,560 --> 01:15:39,040
Speaker 1: with us the old fashioned way, how can they do it?

1347
01:15:39,080 --> 01:15:41,679
Speaker 1: How can they fling that mackerel into our boat? Well,

1348
01:15:41,840 --> 01:15:44,960
Speaker 1: you can always email us at blow the Mind at

1349
01:15:44,960 --> 01:15:56,680
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. Well more on this than

1350
01:15:56,760 --> 01:16:12,639
Speaker 1: thousands of other topics is that how stuff works dot Com.

1351
01:16:10,439 --> 01:16:18,760
Speaker 1: I think the big footstrap the start