1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:18,439 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Time listeners 4 00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:21,880 Speaker 1: will know this. They will actually know it more than once. 5 00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:25,639 Speaker 1: It's become a tradition for us to do a couple 6 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 1: of episodes at the end of every year recapping all 7 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:32,760 Speaker 1: the various stuff that's been literally or figuratively unearthed over 8 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:35,600 Speaker 1: the past year, because there are unearthed episodes that have 9 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:40,800 Speaker 1: become listener favorites. And this started with prior hosts highlighting 10 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:43,320 Speaker 1: a few cool discoveries, and then it grew into a 11 00:00:43,360 --> 00:00:47,280 Speaker 1: pair of episodes, and then last year, in the early spring, 12 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:50,520 Speaker 1: it became clear that we had way too many discoveries 13 00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:53,760 Speaker 1: to possibly do justice too, even if we only picked 14 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:57,440 Speaker 1: the very, very very best ones of them. So we 15 00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:01,400 Speaker 1: pulled our listeners uh ask what we should do about 16 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:04,760 Speaker 1: this conundrum, and overwhelmingly you all said you wanted an 17 00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:08,240 Speaker 1: unearthed episode in July. So now that is a tradition 18 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:11,919 Speaker 1: as well, And today we are going to talk about 19 00:01:11,959 --> 00:01:15,240 Speaker 1: some of the biggest unearthy headlines from the year so far, 20 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,120 Speaker 1: most of them touched in some way on a past episode, 21 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: because I know there's are the ones that a lot 22 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:23,480 Speaker 1: of folks have asked about so far this year. And 23 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: then also we hope there will be more big headlines 24 00:01:27,319 --> 00:01:30,200 Speaker 1: between now in December for us to talk about. I 25 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:33,520 Speaker 1: think it's a safe bit. It seems to be the case, 26 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 1: although disproportionately what we're going to talk about all this 27 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 1: news broken April, like does there's a lot of April 28 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:46,520 Speaker 1: in this l line. Way back in we did a 29 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: two part podcast on the Lions of Tsavo, a pair 30 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: of man eating lions that terrorized the crew building the 31 00:01:52,200 --> 00:01:56,800 Speaker 1: Uganda railroad in and it is not typical for lions 32 00:01:56,880 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 1: to develop a taste for people, but that seemed to 33 00:01:58,960 --> 00:02:01,600 Speaker 1: be what had happened there. So there's been a lot 34 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:05,160 Speaker 1: of speculation into why exactly these two did, killing and 35 00:02:05,200 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: eating a hundred and thirty five people according to legend, 36 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:11,600 Speaker 1: but closer to thirty based on more reasonable estimates and 37 00:02:11,639 --> 00:02:16,280 Speaker 1: available evidence. During that episode, we talked about one theory 38 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: that the lions were having problems with their teeth and 39 00:02:19,560 --> 00:02:22,240 Speaker 1: that dental pain was what drove them to behave in 40 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: such an unusual way. In April, researchers from Vanderbilt University 41 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:32,679 Speaker 1: published a study in Nature Scientific Reports titled Dietary behavior 42 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 1: of man eating Lions as Revealed by dential microware textures. 43 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:40,240 Speaker 1: This team worked with the Field Museum of Natural History, 44 00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: which is where the lions taxider made remains are housed, 45 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:48,280 Speaker 1: to do a microscopic analysis of their teeth. Their research 46 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 1: examined both Savo lions and a third man eater from Zambia, 47 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,800 Speaker 1: the Mcfuli lion, which is also in the Field collection. 48 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:57,639 Speaker 1: Those are taxi or made by the way they were 49 00:02:57,720 --> 00:03:00,880 Speaker 1: pursuing the theory that all three lions were driven to 50 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,359 Speaker 1: a typical feeding behavior by a shortage of food. If 51 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:07,600 Speaker 1: their teeth had wear patterns similar to scavenging hyenas, it 52 00:03:07,639 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: would suggest that they were eating whatever they could find 53 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: and eating as much of the carcass as possible because 54 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: they were desperate. Instead, though their teeth looked more like 55 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:20,240 Speaker 1: the teeth of lions that are housed in zoos, which 56 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:23,080 Speaker 1: are usually fed meat off the bone rather than whole 57 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: carcasses containing bones to chew around and through, their teeth 58 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:29,360 Speaker 1: didn't look like they had been chewing on any bones 59 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:33,880 Speaker 1: at all, which uh raises a question in the account 60 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 1: of the Tsavo lions because witness testimony included that they 61 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 1: were terrified by the sound of the horrible, horrible crunching. Uh, 62 00:03:42,760 --> 00:03:45,839 Speaker 1: seems a little in question at this point whether there 63 00:03:45,880 --> 00:03:49,320 Speaker 1: would have been horrible bone crunching. Yeah. Well, I think 64 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:51,520 Speaker 1: we should point out that in the man who wrote 65 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: the primary account of the primary English language account anyway 66 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:57,400 Speaker 1: of the lions of Tsavo, he also mentions that he 67 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:01,760 Speaker 1: can hear them purring from inside his tent when they 68 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: are nearby, and that is not a thing they do. 69 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:07,720 Speaker 1: So there were there was some embellishment. Researchers already knew 70 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:09,880 Speaker 1: that at least one of the lions of Tsavo had 71 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:13,200 Speaker 1: severe dental disease while the other had injuries to its 72 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:16,480 Speaker 1: teeth and jaw, and the research revealed that the Mcfui 73 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:19,719 Speaker 1: lion from Zambia had structural damage to its job, meaning 74 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:23,400 Speaker 1: it probably had painful teeth as well. So this research 75 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:25,840 Speaker 1: suggests that tooth pain might have had something to do 76 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: with triggering all three lions man eating behavior, and that 77 00:04:28,760 --> 00:04:31,480 Speaker 1: all three were eating only the soft parts of the bodies, 78 00:04:31,839 --> 00:04:35,680 Speaker 1: not the bones. A lot of the articles that were 79 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: circulating about this in April including a lot of the 80 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: ones that listeners sent our way made it sound as 81 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: there this was a brand new discovery, like the mystery 82 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:49,200 Speaker 1: had finally been solved. But this is more like another 83 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:53,599 Speaker 1: additional check in the more likely column of things that 84 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: we already suspected. Yeah. There, Because that was such a 85 00:04:59,560 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: unique and terrible situation when those lanes killed too many people. 86 00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:10,040 Speaker 1: There have long been a lot of historians, animal behaviorists, etcetera, 87 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:13,800 Speaker 1: both theorizing and doing research in it. So any research 88 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: that comes up at this point tends to build on 89 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:19,800 Speaker 1: all of that and or confirm or deny some of 90 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,880 Speaker 1: those theories. Yeah, we keep We kept getting tweets and 91 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:25,320 Speaker 1: stuff with links to articles, and I kept thinking, didn't 92 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:31,600 Speaker 1: we talk about that that? Speaking of taxidermy and novemb 93 00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:34,919 Speaker 1: we did a podcast on the Vera Brothers, which was 94 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:36,640 Speaker 1: one of those shows that we thought was going to 95 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:38,840 Speaker 1: be kind of lighthearted, but then it went down a 96 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:43,600 Speaker 1: very dark path. Jules Verreau and his brothers were naturalists 97 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:46,640 Speaker 1: who collected and preserved specimens that are still in museum 98 00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:50,160 Speaker 1: collections today. They're also the namesake of the verro sofaca, 99 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:53,000 Speaker 1: which is an adorable primate for Madagascar and was in 100 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:57,440 Speaker 1: fact what led Holly to want to do the episode. However, 101 00:05:57,520 --> 00:05:59,840 Speaker 1: then we learned that they also dug up the body 102 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: of a recently buried human being in Botswana. They stole it, 103 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 1: they preserved it, and they tried to make it into 104 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:09,719 Speaker 1: a museum piece. All of that was horrifying, gross and racist. 105 00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:12,680 Speaker 1: And in that episode we also talked about a diorama 106 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: that they created in eighteen sixty seven, then known as 107 00:06:15,600 --> 00:06:19,680 Speaker 1: Arab Courier attacked by Lions, and it's basically what it 108 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,600 Speaker 1: says on the tin, a taxidermy display of a courier 109 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:27,279 Speaker 1: writing a dromedary being attacked by lions. It's kind of you. 110 00:06:27,279 --> 00:06:29,360 Speaker 1: You get exactly what we tell you. We're giving you. 111 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: This taxidermy peace is part of the collection at the 112 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:37,839 Speaker 1: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. In our episode, we talked 113 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:41,080 Speaker 1: about rumors that the courier in this piece was a 114 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: real human being, and at that time those rumors had 115 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:49,360 Speaker 1: been dismissed, although it was suspected or even known that 116 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:52,159 Speaker 1: the head was known to contain some real human teeth. 117 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:56,479 Speaker 1: But in late six the diorama was removed from its 118 00:06:56,480 --> 00:07:00,200 Speaker 1: display for restoration and a CT scan on the head 119 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:02,920 Speaker 1: of the mannequin. We're using mannequin in the air quotes 120 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,600 Speaker 1: because it revealed that it was not a mannequin at all, 121 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: It was an entire human skull. As often happened in 122 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,520 Speaker 1: our Unearthed episodes, what happened in late did not become 123 00:07:14,720 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: widely known enough for us to hear about it until 124 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: this year. The restored and reinterpreted diorama, now known as 125 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 1: Lion Attacking a Drama Diary instead of Arab Courier Attacked 126 00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:30,640 Speaker 1: by Lions, was returned to display on January, at which 127 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 1: point the contains a real human skull part made a 128 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:38,560 Speaker 1: lot of headlines because it contains actually human remains. The 129 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: Carnegie Museum considered what its next step should be, and 130 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: at this point though, it's not really possible to repatriat 131 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:48,400 Speaker 1: the skull because there is no paper trail to pinpoint 132 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: exactly where it came from. And as we know, based 133 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:55,239 Speaker 1: on what happened in Botswana, the bros we're not above 134 00:07:55,280 --> 00:08:00,680 Speaker 1: stealing things, uh, lying about it, Yes, a lot of 135 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: problems they I would not expect us to ever discover 136 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: the magical document that reveals to whom that skull once belonged. 137 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:12,840 Speaker 1: Now and museums are I mean not not a d 138 00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: percent of the time, but it's increasingly becoming more thoughtful 139 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:19,520 Speaker 1: about what to do when it's discovered that they have 140 00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: human remains that need to be repatriated. And this is 141 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 1: just a case where like the skull, no one really 142 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:29,440 Speaker 1: knows where it came from. And now, speaking of human remains, 143 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: and at least one previous Unearthed episode, we have talked 144 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: about mass burials uncovered on the University of Mississippi Medical 145 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:42,760 Speaker 1: Center campus. At least a thousand bodies were found in 146 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:46,920 Speaker 1: an area that was being prepped for an expanded parking facility. 147 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: These and other bodies previously discovered on campus probably date 148 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:54,520 Speaker 1: back to the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum, which opened there 149 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:59,000 Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty five. At that time, the expansion plans 150 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:02,319 Speaker 1: were put on hold because the estimated cost to exhume 151 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:05,600 Speaker 1: the bodies and bury them elsewhere was three thousand dollars 152 00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:10,240 Speaker 1: per body, or three million dollars total. In May of 153 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,600 Speaker 1: this year, though, the university announced a possible plan for 154 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:16,360 Speaker 1: these and other bodies that are still buried on campus 155 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:20,760 Speaker 1: an estimated seven thousand of them total, for the cost 156 00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:24,760 Speaker 1: of about four hundred thousand dollars a year over eight years, 157 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:28,960 Speaker 1: the university could theoretically preserve the remains and construct a 158 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:34,240 Speaker 1: memorial complete with a visitors center and a laboratory. This 159 00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:37,800 Speaker 1: still seems somewhat tentative, with the university looking for an 160 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 1: approach that is respectful as well as offering opportunity for 161 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:45,840 Speaker 1: scholarship and being something that they can actually afford. Yeah, 162 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:50,040 Speaker 1: it's it would be, based on all of the releases 163 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: about it they have come out so far, something that 164 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: would combine an opportunity for scholarship on the history of 165 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:59,200 Speaker 1: this asylum and the people who died there, while also 166 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:03,440 Speaker 1: trying to be considerate and compassionate about the fact that 167 00:10:03,440 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 1: these are human remains a lot of cases, not ones 168 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:10,040 Speaker 1: that can be identified or returned to families. At this point, 169 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: we are going to take a completely different direction and 170 00:10:15,559 --> 00:10:18,640 Speaker 1: a moment after a quick sponsor break, after which we 171 00:10:18,679 --> 00:10:26,280 Speaker 1: will continue with some more things way on. Back in 172 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:30,760 Speaker 1: January of previous podcast hosts Sarah and Deblina did a 173 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: two part podcast called HH Holmes and the Mysteries of 174 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:38,360 Speaker 1: Murder Castle, which immediately became a listener favorite. H. H. 175 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:42,439 Speaker 1: Holmes was a pseudonym for Herman Webster Mudget, who terrorized 176 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:47,640 Speaker 1: the World's Fair. He's commonly called America's first serial killer, 177 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:51,480 Speaker 1: subject of the book Devil in the White City, generally 178 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:55,560 Speaker 1: famous scary serial killer. Man also made an appearance in 179 00:10:55,600 --> 00:11:00,000 Speaker 1: the TV show Timeless, also made an appearance in America 180 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:04,400 Speaker 1: and Horror Story. Also making a forthcoming appearance in a 181 00:11:04,440 --> 00:11:08,960 Speaker 1: major motion picture, Theoretical About has been announced. Yeah, that's 182 00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: the one episode that I I wish I could have 183 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:14,320 Speaker 1: done another host had not already done it, because I 184 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 1: love that crazy business. Holmes was hanged and purportedly buried 185 00:11:19,160 --> 00:11:23,440 Speaker 1: in Holy Cross Cemetery in Pennsylvania in but there have 186 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 1: always been rumors that he evaded execution and that he 187 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: faked his own death and that someone else had been 188 00:11:28,679 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: hanged or at least buried in his place. But news 189 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:34,960 Speaker 1: broke once again in April that at Delaware County, Pennsylvania 190 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: Court issued an exhumation order. On March ninth, we posted 191 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:41,280 Speaker 1: about this on our Facebook page and a lot of 192 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:44,480 Speaker 1: people were asking why anyone would even bother with that 193 00:11:44,559 --> 00:11:47,120 Speaker 1: at that at this point, and it's that the exhumation 194 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:52,880 Speaker 1: request was made by two of Mudget's great grandchildren. They 195 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:56,040 Speaker 1: want to prove their DNA evidence whether it really is 196 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:58,960 Speaker 1: him and put all of this speculation to rest. The 197 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:03,520 Speaker 1: anthropology to Admit at the University of Pennsylvania was named 198 00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:07,839 Speaker 1: as providing the DNA analysis that would be required. This 199 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:12,760 Speaker 1: exhumation proved to be a challenge Mudget's specifications for his burial, 200 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:15,240 Speaker 1: where that his coffin be buried twice as deep as 201 00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:19,560 Speaker 1: normal and encased in cement, specifically to keep anyone from 202 00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:23,520 Speaker 1: digging him up. So, as of right now, no results 203 00:12:23,559 --> 00:12:26,800 Speaker 1: of this exhumation have been released, but the Delaware County 204 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:29,200 Speaker 1: Court gave a hundred and twenty day limit for the 205 00:12:29,240 --> 00:12:32,560 Speaker 1: returning of the remains to their resting place. So this 206 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: means that we might get to talk about H. H. 207 00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:38,920 Speaker 1: Holmes again in our year end Unearthed episodes if at 208 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:43,319 Speaker 1: that point we know conclusively whether that is his body 209 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 1: or not. Yeah, uh, knowing what a famed figure H. H. 210 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,600 Speaker 1: Holmes has become. The court order specified quote no commercial 211 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:54,000 Speaker 1: spectacle or carnival atmosphere shall be created, either by this 212 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:58,680 Speaker 1: event or any other incident pertaining to the remains. So yeah, 213 00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:03,200 Speaker 1: don't don't go through a party and Philadelphia, please do 214 00:13:03,240 --> 00:13:07,080 Speaker 1: not rush Philadelphia and try to be on hand when 215 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:09,120 Speaker 1: things go down, because they don't want it and they 216 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:15,880 Speaker 1: will send you away. So moving on. In June of 217 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:19,840 Speaker 1: we did a two part podcast on Harriet Tubman and 218 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: which we talked about her work with the Underground Railroad, 219 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:25,040 Speaker 1: her time as a spy during the Civil War, and 220 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:28,199 Speaker 1: her dedication to helping people who were less fortunate than 221 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:31,200 Speaker 1: she was for pretty much the entire rest of her life. 222 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,480 Speaker 1: In February, Swan Galleries announced that it would be auctioning 223 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 1: off a newly discovered photo of Harriet Tubman, one of 224 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: just a handful of photographs known to exist. The photo 225 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:46,959 Speaker 1: came from an album belonging to Emily Howland, a friend 226 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,880 Speaker 1: of Tubman's and a fellow abolitionist. In this photo, Tubman 227 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:53,560 Speaker 1: is estimated to be in her early forties, meaning that 228 00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:55,520 Speaker 1: it would have been taken not long after the end 229 00:13:55,520 --> 00:13:57,560 Speaker 1: of the Civil War, when she was living in Aumburn, 230 00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,440 Speaker 1: New York. This is much younger than most of the 231 00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:04,800 Speaker 1: other noon pictures of her. On March thirty one, we 232 00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:07,960 Speaker 1: already get an update about this thing we had flack. 233 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:11,800 Speaker 1: It was announced that the photograph, along with forty three others, 234 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:15,680 Speaker 1: were acquired by the Smithsonian National Museum of African American 235 00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:19,320 Speaker 1: History and Culture, and the Library of Congress. They had 236 00:14:19,360 --> 00:14:23,120 Speaker 1: to work together basically to cover the asking price in 237 00:14:23,160 --> 00:14:26,600 Speaker 1: the auction. The Smithsonian and the Library of Congress together 238 00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 1: paid a hundred and sixty one thousand dollars, which included 239 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:35,160 Speaker 1: an auctioneer fee of thirty two thousand, five hundred dollars 240 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:38,000 Speaker 1: for the album. The museum announced that it would first 241 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:40,440 Speaker 1: see to the care and the conservation of the album 242 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,360 Speaker 1: and then digitize the photos in it so that other 243 00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 1: people would be able to see them. The Harriet Tubman 244 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:49,960 Speaker 1: Home in Auburn had also launched a fundraising effort hashtag 245 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: bring Harrie at Home, raising twenty seven thousand dollars and 246 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 1: anticipating an auction price of twenty to thirty thousand dollars. 247 00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:00,680 Speaker 1: From an outsider's perspective, this see was to have caused 248 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:03,080 Speaker 1: a bit of a conflict between the Smithsonian and the 249 00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 1: Harriet Tubman Home, with the Harriet Tubman Home disappointed not 250 00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:09,680 Speaker 1: to be a part of the Smithsonian's purchase, but relieved 251 00:15:09,920 --> 00:15:12,400 Speaker 1: that the album will be part of the Smithsonian collection 252 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 1: and will be cared for. Yeah, the the amount that 253 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:18,920 Speaker 1: they raised like that wasn't their estimate the twenty thirty 254 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:21,680 Speaker 1: thousand dollars. It was the estimate of what people thought 255 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: this was going to go for an auction, So the 256 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 1: amount that they raised would have been enough had that 257 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:29,320 Speaker 1: been what it actually went for, but instead the going 258 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: price was so much higher. Um, So I get the 259 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:38,680 Speaker 1: impression that there are some hurt feeling her feelings about 260 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:41,640 Speaker 1: not having been part of it, which are totally understandable. Yeah, 261 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:46,280 Speaker 1: although it makes me wonder, like between thirty thousand dollars 262 00:15:46,320 --> 00:15:49,360 Speaker 1: and what was the number, A hundred and sixty one. Yeah, 263 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 1: there's a lot of space. So there was bidding of 264 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:56,160 Speaker 1: other entities that are even part of either of these two. Yeah, yeah, 265 00:15:56,240 --> 00:15:58,280 Speaker 1: and the and in the end there were statements that 266 00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:00,280 Speaker 1: were like, the really most important thing is that this 267 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: is in the Smithsonian's collection and not like in the 268 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:04,920 Speaker 1: hands of a private collector where nobody can ever see 269 00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:07,880 Speaker 1: any of these pictures, um, which are not just of 270 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:10,560 Speaker 1: the one of Harriet tub and they're also historically important 271 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:15,360 Speaker 1: ones in there as well. Uh, as seems to be 272 00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:18,320 Speaker 1: the case in almost every Unearthed episode that we do. 273 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:21,240 Speaker 1: We have a Nutzi update. Hello, let's see good to 274 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,120 Speaker 1: see you again, Uh, let's see. The ice Man was 275 00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:28,080 Speaker 1: a subject of a January four episode by previous hosts 276 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 1: of the show, and since then it does seem like 277 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:33,640 Speaker 1: there has been a new discovery about him in almost 278 00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:36,440 Speaker 1: every Unearthed episode that we do. So we have you 279 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 1: got another update. A number of theories have circulated about 280 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:42,760 Speaker 1: how Etsy died, many of them speculating that he came 281 00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:45,640 Speaker 1: to some kind of violent end. There's plenty of evidence 282 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:48,920 Speaker 1: for this, particularly an arrow wound in his shoulder and 283 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:52,920 Speaker 1: some evidence of head wounds. However, in April, research presented 284 00:16:52,920 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 1: in New Orleans at the annual meeting of the American 285 00:16:55,320 --> 00:17:01,560 Speaker 1: Association of Physical Anthropologists suggested otherwise. Based on X rays 286 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,399 Speaker 1: and CT studies of the site of that arrow wound, 287 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:08,840 Speaker 1: anthropologist Frank Rudy of the University of Zurich argues that 288 00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:12,040 Speaker 1: it was a shallow injury that wouldn't have involved a 289 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:14,840 Speaker 1: lot of blood loss or tissue damage. Then he argues 290 00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:17,600 Speaker 1: that those head wounds look more like Utsy tripped and 291 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:19,600 Speaker 1: fell and hit his head on something, and not that 292 00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:24,040 Speaker 1: he was clubbed or bludgeoned to death. So the new 293 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:27,359 Speaker 1: and sort of boring hypothesis is in fact that he 294 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:31,480 Speaker 1: simply froze to death not as exciting as a violent end, 295 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:34,560 Speaker 1: and that was always on the table of options. But 296 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:38,439 Speaker 1: at least according to this researcher, the more violent and 297 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:44,360 Speaker 1: maybe exciting stories are not as likely. Uh. The Lost 298 00:17:44,560 --> 00:17:48,280 Speaker 1: Colony of Roanoke has been the subject of a two 299 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:52,840 Speaker 1: thousand eight episode and update both by prior hosts of 300 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:55,200 Speaker 1: the show and for folks not up on your North 301 00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:58,720 Speaker 1: Carolina or early colonial history. The gist of the story 302 00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:01,560 Speaker 1: is that colonists arrived done Roanoke Island in the summer 303 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:05,959 Speaker 1: of seven. John White left the colony to return to 304 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,560 Speaker 1: England for supplies, and when he got back three years later, 305 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,960 Speaker 1: the colony was deserted, with the word croato and carved 306 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: into a post as the only clue as to what 307 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:21,399 Speaker 1: had happened. In Unearthed, in we talked about two different 308 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:24,840 Speaker 1: teams reporting two different sets of findings about two different 309 00:18:24,840 --> 00:18:28,080 Speaker 1: theories as to what happened. One team, looking for clues 310 00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:31,080 Speaker 1: on the North Carolina mainland, was following evidence from a 311 00:18:31,119 --> 00:18:34,560 Speaker 1: map conducting an excavation at a spot known as Site X, 312 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:38,200 Speaker 1: and the other was excavating near Cape Creek on Hatteras 313 00:18:38,280 --> 00:18:42,119 Speaker 1: Island and found a number of sixteenth century English artifacts. 314 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:48,280 Speaker 1: In April. Once again, April Smithsonian Magazine reported a setback 315 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:51,400 Speaker 1: in the trail that had led at least some archaeologists 316 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: to focus their search on Hatteras Island. In archaeologists had 317 00:18:57,359 --> 00:19:00,320 Speaker 1: found a ring that was engraved with a lion. A 318 00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:02,840 Speaker 1: jeweler had determined that the ring was made of gold, 319 00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:06,919 Speaker 1: and an expert in heraldry linked the lion image to 320 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,600 Speaker 1: the Kendle family, who had been involved in the voyages 321 00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:14,280 Speaker 1: to rowan Oake in the first place. However, this year 322 00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:17,840 Speaker 1: a lab at East Carolina University tested the ring using 323 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:20,760 Speaker 1: an X ray fluorescence device and determined that it is 324 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,560 Speaker 1: not made of gold at all. It's actually made of brass, 325 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: and rather than an heirloom belonging to the Kendall family, 326 00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:29,760 Speaker 1: it actually seems more likely to be a mass produced 327 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:31,919 Speaker 1: piece that would have been used as trade goods with 328 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:36,159 Speaker 1: the indigenous population of the island. So there continues to 329 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 1: be a lot of debate about this particular ring and 330 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:41,760 Speaker 1: what it might mean, and for the last twenty years, 331 00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:46,200 Speaker 1: some archaeologists really thought this whole Kindle connection was already 332 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:51,240 Speaker 1: a stretch. Others argue that it's brass composition doesn't change 333 00:19:51,359 --> 00:19:55,480 Speaker 1: much about its importance, and archaeological work on potter As 334 00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:59,520 Speaker 1: Island is still ongoing. This is one of the very 335 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:05,960 Speaker 1: law long enduring mysteries of the colonization of North America, 336 00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:08,920 Speaker 1: so I am sure people will be continuing to look 337 00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,080 Speaker 1: for the answer until I find it. And also those 338 00:20:14,119 --> 00:20:21,960 Speaker 1: fires stoked once again by American Horror Story. I did 339 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: not see this entire season of American Horror Story. I did, Yeah, 340 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:30,239 Speaker 1: I thought it was really interesting. I know a lot 341 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: of people didn't like the shift in how it played out, 342 00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:36,359 Speaker 1: but I thought it was quite fun and it was 343 00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:40,200 Speaker 1: really I will basically show up to um the reading 344 00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:43,600 Speaker 1: of a seed packet if Kathy Bates does it with 345 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:45,879 Speaker 1: bliss in my heart, so I don't care what she does. 346 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: I'm watching it um. Before we move on to our 347 00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:52,159 Speaker 1: next thing, we were first going to pause and have 348 00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,320 Speaker 1: a little break for a sponsor word, during which I 349 00:20:55,359 --> 00:20:58,280 Speaker 1: will think about Kathy Bates reading seed packets. Sounds great. 350 00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:08,520 Speaker 1: Katie and Sarah's passed episode on pom Pay's destruction following 351 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:11,480 Speaker 1: the eruption of Mount Vesuvious dates back to two thousand 352 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:15,119 Speaker 1: and nine. We have an update. In May, it was 353 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:19,439 Speaker 1: announced that a pair of bodies that were buried and 354 00:21:19,520 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: preserved in that eruption have always been described as the 355 00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:28,840 Speaker 1: two maidens are in fact men, and this discovery says 356 00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: as much about assumptions as it does about the bodies themselves. 357 00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:35,600 Speaker 1: The assumption that the two bodies were women was largely 358 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:39,240 Speaker 1: based on their shape and posture. The interpretation has generally 359 00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:41,879 Speaker 1: been that they were embracing one another out of protection 360 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,760 Speaker 1: or fear, but after cat scans and DNA analysis, researchers 361 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:51,000 Speaker 1: have concluded that they are at least in terms of 362 00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:55,640 Speaker 1: their like their chromosomes and their mitochondrial DNA, they're both male, 363 00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:58,880 Speaker 1: not related by blood, and about eighteen to twenty years old, 364 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:03,320 Speaker 1: and this has led to a bunch a bunch ubiquitous 365 00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:08,120 Speaker 1: almost headlines that the two men may have been gay lovers, 366 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:12,720 Speaker 1: which is weird because they were not described as possibly 367 00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:17,560 Speaker 1: lesbians when people thought they were both women. So at 368 00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:21,280 Speaker 1: least according to what seems like every headline about this, 369 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:25,639 Speaker 1: as two men, they are possibly or probably gay, but 370 00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:29,000 Speaker 1: as two women, they were just gal pals con comforting 371 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:33,560 Speaker 1: one another as the volcano buried them. Definitely, nobody has 372 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:40,000 Speaker 1: speculated that maybe they were bisexual. It is all made 373 00:22:40,080 --> 00:22:43,880 Speaker 1: up at this point. Well, right, so my big thing 374 00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:49,119 Speaker 1: is like, no one can embrace unless it's sexy like that, 375 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:54,000 Speaker 1: well particularly men like maybe very scared they're about to 376 00:22:54,119 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: die by horrible means. I would embrace almost anybody nearby 377 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:05,400 Speaker 1: whether I found them a trap, but we're not. Obviously, 378 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 1: have found the news coverage of this discovery really irritating 379 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,480 Speaker 1: because like it's been framed as a way as though 380 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:21,120 Speaker 1: that is scandalous. It only seems like it says more 381 00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:25,120 Speaker 1: about what our expectations are about how men should behave 382 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: with one another than anything relating to history at all. It. Yeah, 383 00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:36,159 Speaker 1: there's there's like this weird overlay that it must have 384 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:41,040 Speaker 1: sexual context that is not supported in any way. It's weird, 385 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:44,959 Speaker 1: Like I said, it's weird. On a happier note, however, 386 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:48,879 Speaker 1: this episode is coming out right around July four. We 387 00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:51,040 Speaker 1: know that a lot of people will spend that day 388 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:55,440 Speaker 1: in recreational activities involving cookouts and drinks. So here are 389 00:23:55,480 --> 00:24:01,040 Speaker 1: some unearthed libations that seemed like us to a little 390 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:04,960 Speaker 1: bit more fun way to cap off this episode. Um 391 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:08,639 Speaker 1: in Norway, during the Viking Age, we have learned people 392 00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:13,920 Speaker 1: brewed beer using stones, and this knowledge comes from archaeological 393 00:24:13,960 --> 00:24:17,360 Speaker 1: research at twenty four different farm sites in central Norway, 394 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:21,439 Speaker 1: all of them having the same fire cracked stones, and 395 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:24,719 Speaker 1: all of them having local lore that they were brewing stones. 396 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:27,840 Speaker 1: So the stones themselves were not news, but the fact 397 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:30,200 Speaker 1: that they were used this way as long ago as 398 00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:34,440 Speaker 1: they were pretty new knowledge. Basically, in the days before 399 00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:38,280 Speaker 1: iron pots, people made beer not by heating the cooking vessel, 400 00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: but by heating a stone in the fire, and then 401 00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:42,640 Speaker 1: they would drop that stone into what they were trying 402 00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:45,560 Speaker 1: to brew, which would rapidly heat the water but also 403 00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:48,760 Speaker 1: cause the stone to crack. In addition to Norway, this 404 00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:51,720 Speaker 1: same practice was apparently used in England, Finland and the 405 00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:54,919 Speaker 1: Baltics before the development of iron cookwer And now I 406 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,360 Speaker 1: will think of the story stone soup in a completely 407 00:24:57,359 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: different way. That's a great point. I hadn't even thought 408 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:06,120 Speaker 1: it's actually stone homebrew well, and there are there are 409 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:12,040 Speaker 1: apparently some specialty brewers where you can get stone brewed beer, 410 00:25:12,080 --> 00:25:15,840 Speaker 1: which is really fascinating to me. Uh More on the 411 00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:19,479 Speaker 1: drinking habits of Vikings, new research is also suggesting that 412 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:23,600 Speaker 1: they were brewing wine in Denmark, or at least that 413 00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:26,240 Speaker 1: there were grapes that were grown in Denmark during the 414 00:25:26,359 --> 00:25:30,199 Speaker 1: Viking era that can conceivably have been used for making wine. 415 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:35,520 Speaker 1: We found evidence of the grapes. So far this year, 416 00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:39,399 Speaker 1: we have not found evidence of wine making itself, but 417 00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,600 Speaker 1: the discovery that grapes are being grown in Denmark that 418 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: long ago is actually notable. Previously, it was believed that 419 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,800 Speaker 1: grapes didn't exist in Denmark until later on in the 420 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: Middle Ages. If the Danish Vikings were making wine, it 421 00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: was probably because they had discovered the beverage in Roman 422 00:25:56,400 --> 00:26:01,720 Speaker 1: territory and grew to like it. I'm imagining Vikings being 423 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:03,880 Speaker 1: like this was good. Let's figure out how to make 424 00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:11,040 Speaker 1: this out. The will the rocks work? Maybe I know 425 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:13,919 Speaker 1: way less about how to make wine versus how to 426 00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,520 Speaker 1: make beer. Uh and a more modern story. In March, 427 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:25,240 Speaker 1: Israeli archaeologist announced that they had uncovered hundreds and hundreds 428 00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:29,159 Speaker 1: of liquor bottles left behind by British troops during World 429 00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:33,440 Speaker 1: War One. Based on the number and the variety of bottles, 430 00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:36,600 Speaker 1: which were not just liquor bottles, they included gin, beer 431 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:40,040 Speaker 1: and wine bottles, among other things, the conclusion is that 432 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: they probably came from an officer's mess not from the 433 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:48,840 Speaker 1: supply for enlisted men, and there is talk currently about 434 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:52,919 Speaker 1: putting those bottles in a museum. I've seen pictures of them. 435 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:54,399 Speaker 1: I have not found a picture of them that we 436 00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:57,280 Speaker 1: can actually use on our website, so we'll there will 437 00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:59,280 Speaker 1: be links in the sources where you can see them. 438 00:26:59,320 --> 00:27:03,000 Speaker 1: But it's it does look like quite a lot of bottles. 439 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:06,120 Speaker 1: It could be a whole museum just of World War one, 440 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:12,760 Speaker 1: World War one. Who yep. And last, but not least, 441 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 1: students at the Stanford Archaeology Center have made beer based 442 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: on a five thousand year old Chinese beer recipe, and 443 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,320 Speaker 1: they did so as part of a course called Archaeology 444 00:27:24,359 --> 00:27:28,879 Speaker 1: of Food Production, Consumption and Ritual which was taught by 445 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:34,520 Speaker 1: Lee Lieu, Professor of Chinese Archaeology. The recipe itself was 446 00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:38,520 Speaker 1: reconstructed based on residue from the inside of pottery vessels, 447 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:40,760 Speaker 1: and it was published in the Proceedings of the National 448 00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:44,720 Speaker 1: Academy of Sciences last year. It is probably the same 449 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,440 Speaker 1: Chinese beer discovery that we actually talked about in Unearthed. 450 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:51,200 Speaker 1: In Yeah, we talked about a surprising discovery that there 451 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:54,840 Speaker 1: was barley in China earlier than we believed and used 452 00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:58,880 Speaker 1: in beer making. Um. The student work is really interesting. 453 00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,760 Speaker 1: It's going to be content new to use a sort 454 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:06,120 Speaker 1: of a reverse engineering look at how the Chinese were 455 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:11,320 Speaker 1: brewing beer that long ago. UM. I'm not sure how 456 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:15,400 Speaker 1: much sampling of the beer there may be, because part 457 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:17,399 Speaker 1: of the description and the making of it talked about 458 00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:20,560 Speaker 1: like opening it and they're being kind of a moldy substance, 459 00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:23,879 Speaker 1: which sounds yucky to me, even as a person who 460 00:28:24,280 --> 00:28:26,399 Speaker 1: has on more than one occasion brewed beer in my 461 00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:30,080 Speaker 1: home and I know that it can make gross looking 462 00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:35,679 Speaker 1: appearances that are not actually dangerous or bad for you. Um. 463 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:37,840 Speaker 1: I'm still fascinated by the whole thing and kind of 464 00:28:37,840 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: tickled that college students are recreating five thousand year old 465 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:46,680 Speaker 1: Chinese beer. So that's that's unearthed. In the first half 466 00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:50,200 Speaker 1: of UH, I had a moment where I was like, 467 00:28:50,280 --> 00:28:53,960 Speaker 1: understand them a shocking amount of the time. Do you 468 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:59,240 Speaker 1: have a listener mail from the first half of I 469 00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:01,960 Speaker 1: have listener? My all. That's related to our recent podcast 470 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:04,760 Speaker 1: on a net Kellerman. It is a point that I 471 00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,520 Speaker 1: thought about making an episode and then didn't, so I'm 472 00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:09,840 Speaker 1: glad somebody wrote in about it. This is from Gabrielle. 473 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:13,080 Speaker 1: Gabrielle says, hey ladies, I just listened to your podcast 474 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:14,800 Speaker 1: on a Net Kellerman and I had to write in. 475 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: I'm a high school world history, sociology and gender studies 476 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,560 Speaker 1: teacher as well as a swim coach. I swam competitively 477 00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:26,600 Speaker 1: for fifteen years, from summer league teams to the collegiate level. Currently, 478 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:29,320 Speaker 1: in addition to coaching two teams, I'm also manager of 479 00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:31,880 Speaker 1: a pool. Needless to say, I have worn a lot 480 00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:35,640 Speaker 1: of bathing suits. However, I completely took my one piece 481 00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:38,880 Speaker 1: suits for granted. Your podcast combined my passion for history 482 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:41,520 Speaker 1: and swimming as well as gender equality, and Net was 483 00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: incredibly brave to wear what made her comfortable while swimming. 484 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:46,720 Speaker 1: Despite how scandalous it seemed to the rest of society, 485 00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:49,520 Speaker 1: she broke down barriers in the sport of swimming, and 486 00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:54,080 Speaker 1: I am grateful for her contributions. After listening to the podcast, 487 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:56,479 Speaker 1: I searched for pictures of a Net and her bathing suits. 488 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:59,840 Speaker 1: I immediately began to think about the transformation of competitive 489 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:03,080 Speaker 1: him suits in the past decades. Below, I've attached a 490 00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:06,280 Speaker 1: picture of the Australian Olympic team about a hundred years 491 00:30:06,360 --> 00:30:11,000 Speaker 1: after Australian a net transformed the one piece. Surprisingly, the 492 00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:14,240 Speaker 1: two suits are pretty similar. Both have full leg coverage 493 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,520 Speaker 1: and sometimes even sleeves. This coverage is not for modesty, 494 00:30:17,560 --> 00:30:20,480 Speaker 1: as a nets was, but for speed. Today, however, men 495 00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:23,920 Speaker 1: and women cannot compete in a bathing suit that comes 496 00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:26,760 Speaker 1: past the knees because they have been found to be 497 00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: too fast and buoyant. Swimmers who compete in open water 498 00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:33,040 Speaker 1: swimming can wear full wet suits, on the other hand, 499 00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 1: so uh. She talks about the absurdity of men's swimming 500 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:41,400 Speaker 1: the English channel David, which is something that we talked 501 00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:47,160 Speaker 1: about in the episode. Gabrielle goes on to say I 502 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:50,120 Speaker 1: loved hearing about the transformation of swimwear and women in 503 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:53,440 Speaker 1: sports and leisure. This was a topic I completely overlooked. 504 00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:55,920 Speaker 1: To someone surrounded by history and swimming, it would seem 505 00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:58,080 Speaker 1: as if I would know more, I would know everything 506 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:01,240 Speaker 1: about the sport. After this podcast, I am itching to 507 00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:04,560 Speaker 1: know more. Thank you for your entertaining. Thank you for 508 00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:06,720 Speaker 1: entertaining and educating me on my commune. Keep up the 509 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,320 Speaker 1: awesome work, Thanks Gabrielle. And then yes, many pictures of 510 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:16,280 Speaker 1: um swimmers, especially competitive Olympic swimmers in the last few 511 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:21,360 Speaker 1: years do resemble pretty well, uh net Kellerman's swimsuit with 512 00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:23,240 Speaker 1: the more coverage and part to try to make them 513 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:26,400 Speaker 1: faster in the water. Um. So thank you so much 514 00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,960 Speaker 1: Gabrielle for writing in about that. If you would like 515 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,600 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast 516 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,000 Speaker 1: Where History podcast at how stuff works dot com. 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We will have the links 529 00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:12,360 Speaker 1: to where we found out about all these unearthed things. 530 00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: Today we have an archives that every episode that we 531 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:17,720 Speaker 1: have ever done all kinds of cool stuff so you 532 00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:19,520 Speaker 1: can do all that and a whole lot more at 533 00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:26,680 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com or missed in History dot com. 534 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:29,240 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit 535 00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:38,800 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com.