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Speaker 1: Hey, I just wanted to include a brief heads up

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Speaker 1: for our listeners on this one. There is a little

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Speaker 1: bit of talk of animal cruelty. We're not going to

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Speaker 1: go into details, but if that's something you're sensitive to,

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Speaker 1: you may want to check out on this one. Also,

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Speaker 1: as you may have guessed from the title, sometimes this

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Speaker 1: episode is gross. Welcome to Steph you missed in history

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Speaker 1: class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome

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Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So, Tracy,

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Speaker 1: pollution is probably something you think of as a post

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Speaker 1: industrial age problem for humanity. I think a lot of

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Speaker 1: folks do. Yeah, I think that's a pretty common belief.

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Speaker 1: But in truth, we've kind of been finding ways to

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Speaker 1: trash the planet for thousands of years, perhaps not with

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Speaker 1: the great efficiency we currently possess. But there was a

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Speaker 1: really interesting study of Greenland's ice cores in late and

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Speaker 1: early that led to the revelation that greenhouse gases were

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Speaker 1: actually a problem as far back as two thousand years ago,

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Speaker 1: and that was thanks to metallurgy and large scale agriculture.

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Speaker 1: So even as far back as the year one b C.

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Speaker 1: Ancient Romans and their livestock, we're producing methane emissions. So

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Speaker 1: are rice fields of China at the time, because of

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Speaker 1: a bacteria that's associated with UH, the rice crop that

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Speaker 1: are methane producers. So as ancient Rome and the Han

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Speaker 1: dynasty of China decline, so did evidence of these emissions,

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Speaker 1: according to this Greenland study, which was interesting, but of

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Speaker 1: course it's not like human civilization declined. It continued to develop,

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Speaker 1: and as agriculture and technology and its various stages also developed,

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Speaker 1: the emissions of human culture did too. And between the

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Speaker 1: time of those ancient Roman livestock herds and Chinese rice

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Speaker 1: fields that we just started talking about a moment ago

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Speaker 1: in the year sixteen hundred, emissions rose by almost thirty

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Speaker 1: one million tons per year. But today we're going to

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Speaker 1: talk about sort of a different type of pollution related

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Speaker 1: to methane. Methane is a factor UH, and we're stepping

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Speaker 1: forward a couple hundred years from six hundred to first

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Speaker 1: the precursor and then what's called the Great Manure Crisis,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes you'll see it listed as the Great Manure

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Speaker 1: Crisis of eighteen ninety four, although I did not want

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Speaker 1: to give it one particular year because It's not like

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Speaker 1: it was only a problem that year. Uh, an ongoing issue. Yes,

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Speaker 1: it's a time when methane was making things smell horrible

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Speaker 1: and was a problem. But really, the manure produced by

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Speaker 1: one of the most vital animals for human survival at

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Speaker 1: the time and human way of life led to serious

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Speaker 1: issues in urban development. And before we jump in, I

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Speaker 1: want to mention that primarily we're talking about New York

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Speaker 1: and London in this episode, although this was a problem

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Speaker 1: for pretty much any developing city at this time, but

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Speaker 1: those are the places where they seem to have the

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Speaker 1: most documentation of this problem. Manure had become a problem

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Speaker 1: in urban areas by the eighteen teens. The New York

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Speaker 1: City Council pass law in eighteen eighteen to license dirt carts,

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Speaker 1: which were manure collectors, as part of a management effort.

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Speaker 1: But is the city group so did the colossal amount

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Speaker 1: of manure there. It's gonna get so colossal I feel

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Speaker 1: like I should tell everyone to just brace Yeah. In

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Speaker 1: November of eighteen eighty there was a New York Times

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Speaker 1: report on the workings of the city Sanitations Department, and

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Speaker 1: one of the ongoing nuisances that's described in great detail

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Speaker 1: is a manure dump at the foot of East ninety

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Speaker 1: two Street, and that article says, quote, during the cold weather,

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Speaker 1: while the river is filled with ice, stable refuse collects.

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Speaker 1: At this point. The Board of Health has permitted this

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Speaker 1: accumulation under the stipulation that the offensive material shall be

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Speaker 1: removed on or before May one of each year. This

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Speaker 1: the owners have generally failed to do, and the board

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Speaker 1: will probably refuse to permit the usual accumulation this winter.

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Speaker 1: This is like an even more disgusting version of Boston

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Speaker 1: snow farms. When there's a really snowy winter and we

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Speaker 1: just put all the snow somewhere, just good, put it there,

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Speaker 1: a big, big pile, big pile of it. It's going

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Speaker 1: to be grosser as the year goes on. Very similar,

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Speaker 1: except that this way grosser. Except even yeah, I don't

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Speaker 1: know you when you when you see pictures of the

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Speaker 1: melting snow farm and you see that like all the

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Speaker 1: filth that was plowed all the off the roads, that's

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Speaker 1: where it gets really crossed, but not this gross. So

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Speaker 1: by the eighteen nineties, cities had all kinds of transportation

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Speaker 1: needs you need, had goods and materials that needed to

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Speaker 1: be carried from place to place, and then people needed

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Speaker 1: to get around faster than they could walk. To meet

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Speaker 1: these transportation needs, horses were increasingly what people turned to.

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Speaker 1: By nine hundred, in London there were more than fifty

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Speaker 1: thousand working horses powering eleven thousand cabs, several thousand buses,

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Speaker 1: and various carts and delivery vehicles. But London wasn't you

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Speaker 1: nique in this, Most large cities had similar populations of

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Speaker 1: working horses. I'm just gonna take a moment to say

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Speaker 1: when you and I were in New York doing our

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Speaker 1: live show last year, we came around a corner and

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Speaker 1: I was like, I smell horse. And it was because

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Speaker 1: you know, there are those horse drawn carriage places and

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Speaker 1: and like also some mounted police, but this was this

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Speaker 1: was a stable for the horse drawn carriage people. There

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Speaker 1: were maybe four or five horses right when we came

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Speaker 1: around the corner, and I was like, I smell horse.

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Speaker 1: I cannot imagine the smell of horse everywhere in a

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Speaker 1: place with thousands of horses, like I don't. I don't

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Speaker 1: know how that would have all factory fatigue. I think

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Speaker 1: that's why we developed the ability to stop smelling things

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Speaker 1: Over time, right, When people speak about various different bathing

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Speaker 1: standards of various cultures at different points in time, I

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Speaker 1: think sometimes they're neglecting to factory in the fact that

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Speaker 1: there are things like horse smell everywhere in the air. Right. So,

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Speaker 1: once horses became the public transportation option, that segment of

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Speaker 1: the working equine population grew really quickly. In the eighteenth

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Speaker 1: century colonies, the use of horses for personal transport versus

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Speaker 1: pulling cargo was a luxury only for well off people,

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Speaker 1: but by the late nineteenth century, a hundred and twenty

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Speaker 1: thousand passengers were taking horse pulled transportation in New York

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Speaker 1: on an average day. Eventually, tracks were laid in New York,

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Speaker 1: which made omnibuses even faster and more frequent and more affordable,

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Speaker 1: which meant demand for horse drawn conveyance surged. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: mean it's you know, it was a time of great growth.

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Speaker 1: We're in the Industrial Revolution time, so everything was happening

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Speaker 1: very quickly. And if you've ever spent time with horses

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Speaker 1: like Dracy just mentioned being in New York, or any

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Speaker 1: large animal for that matter, you know that produce waste.

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Speaker 1: And if you're talking about an animal the size of

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Speaker 1: a horse, just a large animal, they produce waste in

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Speaker 1: significant amounts. So the average horse being fed regular meals

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Speaker 1: produces fifteen to thirty five pounds that's six point eight

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Speaker 1: to fifteen point eight kilograms of manure each day, as

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Speaker 1: well as about a quart of urine That is a

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Speaker 1: small child worth of waste. Yes, try to imagine fifty

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Speaker 1: thousand horses each producing their average output of feces in

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Speaker 1: the streets of your nearest city. That is between seven

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Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand and one point eight million pounds,

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Speaker 1: or for the metrically inclined, forty thousand to eight hundred

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Speaker 1: and sixteen kilograms of horse manure piling up every day,

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Speaker 1: and a city as large as New York and nine had,

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Speaker 1: which had a larger horse population than London, reaching up

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Speaker 1: to two hundred thousand horses at its apex, that amount

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Speaker 1: could easily reach between two point five and a million

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Speaker 1: pounds one point one to one point ms every day,

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Speaker 1: literally every day, and all of that you're in in

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Speaker 1: the combined area of New York and Brooklyn. Towards the

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Speaker 1: end of the nineteenth century, this added up to as

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Speaker 1: much as forty gallons or a hundred and fifty cubic

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Speaker 1: leaders per day, so much poop and p so much

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Speaker 1: giant amounts. Well, and my thing is like you kind

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Speaker 1: of have that moment where you read the statistic and

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Speaker 1: you go, wow, that's a lot, and then you go

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Speaker 1: every day there's that amount over and over and like

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Speaker 1: there's no end. It's not like you go, Okay, we

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Speaker 1: got two point five million pounds of maneuver that we

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Speaker 1: got to deal with. It's like tomorrow this will be

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Speaker 1: five million if we don't cope with this today at

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Speaker 1: seven point five million the day after that. Like, I

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Speaker 1: really cannot stress how severe this problem was. And in

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Speaker 1: addition to the horses, there were other animals on streets

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Speaker 1: at this time, including pigs, cattle, sometimes sheep were not

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Speaker 1: entirely out of the ordinary, and those animals were also

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Speaker 1: contributing to the manure problem. Uh. And in addition to

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Speaker 1: all of that manure and urine, horses would sometimes die

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Speaker 1: in the course of their work. UH. Some would fall

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Speaker 1: in the busy streets, and if they were badly injured,

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Speaker 1: they would be shot on the spot or sometimes simply

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Speaker 1: left to die heads up for sensitive listeners. Animal cruelty

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Speaker 1: was also a very common reality for many of these animals,

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Speaker 1: they were worked literally to death, which people who've read

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Speaker 1: Black Beauty new it was cheaper to treat a lot

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Speaker 1: of horses very poorly and replace them than it was

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Speaker 1: to treat them well and extend their working lives. And

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Speaker 1: they were often stabled and very crowded conditions which made

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Speaker 1: them susceptible to disease. While efforts were made to clean

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Speaker 1: up the carcasses of these horses that were unfortunately dying

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Speaker 1: in the street, uh for a number there were as

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Speaker 1: many as fifteen thousand deceased horses cleared from New York

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Speaker 1: streets in the year eight teen eighty. That wasn't always

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Speaker 1: possible though, due to the large size of these animals,

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Speaker 1: so sometimes they were left to decay in the thoroughfare

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Speaker 1: so that they could eventually be reduced to a point

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Speaker 1: where they could be disposed of more easily. So imagine

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Speaker 1: the stench. In addition to this, you know multimillion pounds

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Speaker 1: of manure, the thousands of gallons of urine, as well

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Speaker 1: as decomposing bodies in the streets. I just want to

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Speaker 1: take another moment. I know I'm interjecting a lot in

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Speaker 1: this episode. I had a class in college that was

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Speaker 1: about Southern literature. There's a whole conversation about this hallmark

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Speaker 1: of Southern literature. Was there being a dead mule that

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Speaker 1: somebody had to figure out how to deal with? Uh

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Speaker 1: bo into this whole thing about like perceptions of of

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Speaker 1: life in the South and and life in an agricultural area.

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Speaker 1: And I'm like, whoa, we were not on purpose leaving

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Speaker 1: the dead mule in the middle of a busy street. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that was I mean, it was a very real problem.

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Speaker 1: Now I'm thinking of both Enry O'Connor and Faulkner mentioned

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Speaker 1: that though yet so uh before we talk about how

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Speaker 1: some of this problem was dealt with, as well as

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Speaker 1: some of the issues that we're facing cities in addition

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Speaker 1: to the manure and the dead animals, we are going

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Speaker 1: to have a word for one of our sponsors, so

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Speaker 1: to return to our story, maybe wondering what happened to

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Speaker 1: all of this animal waste. Ideally people cleaned it up.

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Speaker 1: In reality, that's really difficult given the amount of manure

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Speaker 1: there was to keep up with. Some of it could

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Speaker 1: be used in the fertilizer trade, but the output of

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Speaker 1: all of the manure from the animals quickly exceeded the

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Speaker 1: demand for fertilizer. Eventually the trade turned and instead of

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Speaker 1: farmers having to pay to have the fertilizer brought to them,

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Speaker 1: city stables had to pay to have the manure taken

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Speaker 1: out of the city. And of course not everyone paid

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Speaker 1: for the services offered to take the manure the manure away,

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Speaker 1: so many opted instead to go the cheap route and

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Speaker 1: dump their manure in vacant lots. Some lots grew so

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Speaker 1: popular for this practice that the piles of waste were

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Speaker 1: said to have risen as high as forty to sixty feet,

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Speaker 1: so that's twelve to eighteen meters high, and that was

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Speaker 1: in New York City. So that's the manure from the stables.

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Speaker 1: Manure that was not in the stables, but from the

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Speaker 1: horses relieving themselves while out on their roots, which if

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Speaker 1: you have ever ridden a horse, you know it just

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Speaker 1: happens wherever. It would just sit untended in the streets,

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Speaker 1: attracting flies and slowly drying out, and eventually that dry

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Speaker 1: manure would turn into dust to be carried around the

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Speaker 1: city on the wind if the weather was dry. In

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Speaker 1: rainy conditions, a muddy mier of this manure developed, making

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Speaker 1: traveling the city streets extremely difficult at best and miserable

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Speaker 1: at worst, and gross and unhygienic. Yeah, just the ickiest.

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Speaker 1: I think about all of the the various fictional films

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Speaker 1: and whatnot that I have watched about London or New

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Speaker 1: York during this time, and I'm like, some of them

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Speaker 1: have the dirt. None of them show piles of manure

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Speaker 1: forty high. Yeah, I'm I'm like, I'm thinking about some

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Speaker 1: historical dramas that have you know, ladies dresses obviously filthy

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Speaker 1: at the hems. Uh, But I don't we think we

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Speaker 1: think mud, we don't think slurry of horse species. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's very very gross. Uh. And of course a cottage

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Speaker 1: industry of crossing sweepers grew out of this problem as well.

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Speaker 1: So there were men that would stand on street corners

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Speaker 1: waiting for pedestrians that wanted to cross, and they would

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Speaker 1: charge a fee to clear the path of the people

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Speaker 1: on foot so that the door would not be in

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Speaker 1: their way and they would not have to drag their

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Speaker 1: clothes through it. I'm just baffled by this whole thing.

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Speaker 1: It's very strange to think about this whole horse situation.

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Speaker 1: Also caused lots of other problems in addition to the

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Speaker 1: manure crisis. While additional animals to keep up with cities

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Speaker 1: continuing to expand meant that there was more manure, the

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Speaker 1: animals also needed additional resources. You needed land for stables

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Speaker 1: and land for growing the hay that they needed to eat,

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Speaker 1: and then land that people couldn't use because of the

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Speaker 1: support crops that were going to feed the animals. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: urban working horse regularly could consume, according to estimates, anywhere

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Speaker 1: between one point four and two point four tons of

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Speaker 1: hay in a given year, and that translates to roughly

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Speaker 1: five acres of land. And that's to feed one horse,

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Speaker 1: And that would be the equivalent of enough to provide

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Speaker 1: crops for six to eight people by these same estimates,

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Speaker 1: And when horse traffic was at its history racle height

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Speaker 1: in New York, it required an estimated fifteen million acres

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Speaker 1: of land to produce the hay to feed them. To

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Speaker 1: make matters even worse, horse traffic was an issue. There

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Speaker 1: was overcrowding on the streets and so there were also accidents.

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Speaker 1: And as an aside, this problem also existed in Julius

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Speaker 1: Caesar's Realm horse drawn carts were forbidden in ancient room

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Speaker 1: from dawn to dusk as a means of controlling the

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Speaker 1: traffic and pollution created by the city's horses. And with

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Speaker 1: traffic came traffic accidents, and many of these were quite

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Speaker 1: brutal and had high mortality rates. Because horses can be

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Speaker 1: skittish and startled, they could stampede or fatally kick humans.

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Speaker 1: In addition to actual wrecks happening where horse carts ran

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Speaker 1: into one another, there were two hundred mortalities attributed to

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Speaker 1: horse drawn vehicles in New York in nineteen hundred, and

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Speaker 1: for every ten thousand vehicles pulled by horses in Chicago

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Speaker 1: in nineteen sixteen, there were sixteen point nine related deaths.

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Speaker 1: Every year, this hiding issue of manure in the streets

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Speaker 1: manifested unsurprisingly in very real illnesses. An estimated three billion

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Speaker 1: flies a day hatched in horse manure in cities across

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Speaker 1: the United States and nine and its flies travel throughout

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Speaker 1: an urban area. Everything they land on is touched by

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Speaker 1: everything they have landed on before, including the manure where

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Speaker 1: they hatched, all kinds of bacteria that they're the carriers

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Speaker 1: of a variety of infectious diseases, and the streets of

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Speaker 1: horse inhabited inhabited cities were a perfect habitat for flies

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Speaker 1: to flourish. Yeah, there are a number of illnesses and

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Speaker 1: diseases that are are linked, at least in theory to

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Speaker 1: this fly problem. Um, particularly diseases that affected young children

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Speaker 1: that didn't have immunity built up yet. So there were

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Speaker 1: so many problems, and you might think somebody fix these problems.

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Speaker 1: They tried well. And I'm thinking that in addition, the

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Speaker 1: dust when in dry weather, the manure dust filled air

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Speaker 1: has to have caused some kind of respiratory problems. Absolutely,

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Speaker 1: I wonder if there was a name for that that

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Speaker 1: we have lost. Now I didn't. Yeah, I didn't see

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Speaker 1: any of my research, but I'm sure there's some colorful

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00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:28,520
Speaker 1: moniker out there, like cheese washers lung. Probably there was something.

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Speaker 1: Uh So in there was actually a conference convened in

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Speaker 1: New York for ten days. Engineers and leaders would come

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Speaker 1: together for the first International Urban Planning Conference, and one

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Speaker 1: of the main agenda points was going to be solving

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Speaker 1: this manure problem. The reality of this conference was disappointing

294
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Speaker 1: because after three days of deliberating, the remaining week of

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Speaker 1: the conference was canceled. The planners and attendance got tired

296
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Speaker 1: of talking about horse manure. No one had any idea

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Speaker 1: is of how to actually combat the problem, and horses

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Speaker 1: were essential to keeping society going at that point. They're

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Speaker 1: basically like, we don't know, throw up our hands, leave

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Speaker 1: the facilit let's all go home. Yeah, it wasn't like

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Speaker 1: they could stop using horses. Consider that horses had been

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Speaker 1: used by humans for both transportation and agriculture for literally

303
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Speaker 1: thousands of years at this point, and they were pretty

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Speaker 1: much the only game going as far as that that went.

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00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:27,920
Speaker 1: There were other animals that could do some of those things,

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Speaker 1: but horses were really the accepted and most common way,

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Speaker 1: and they were so ingrained in the day to day

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Speaker 1: functioning of life for most people that it was unthinkable

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Speaker 1: to envision a world without horses working for us. Everything

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Speaker 1: would have ground to a halt. And the idea of

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Speaker 1: even cutting back on the horse workforce translated immediately in

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Speaker 1: most people's minds to stifling progress and industry at a

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Speaker 1: time when we were really excited about unprecedented growth. Twenty

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Speaker 1: six years before this conference, the northeastern United States had

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Speaker 1: actually gotten a taste of what life would be like

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Speaker 1: the reduced horse workforce. After the equine influenza epidemic of

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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy two, commerce was significantly affected with just not

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Speaker 1: enough animals to carry goods, and when the city of

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00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:15,160
Speaker 1: Boston had a massive fire downtown there weren't enough horses

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Speaker 1: to power the city's fire trucks. No one wanted to

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Speaker 1: risk those events happening again, So even those civic leaders

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00:19:23,119 --> 00:19:26,440
Speaker 1: were aware of the problem and the sanitation danger as

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Speaker 1: cities experienced population growth, so urban population in the US

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Speaker 1: had a thirty million person spike in the hundred years

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Speaker 1: from eighteen hundred and nineteen hundred, and this was happening

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Speaker 1: globally as well. They just acknowledged that we couldn't figure

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Speaker 1: out a way to fix it, and we still need

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Speaker 1: more horses. This is also a compounding problem because the

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Speaker 1: standard of living was rising, so there was more need

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Speaker 1: on average per person for all of the goods that

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Speaker 1: the horses were hauling around. That meant that they needed

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Speaker 1: more horses to hauld the which no end and even

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00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:07,040
Speaker 1: attempting like even kind of concentrated efforts to try to

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00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:10,600
Speaker 1: really have like a surge of management to clean up

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Speaker 1: the existing manure problem had to employ the work of

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Speaker 1: more horses to hollowed away, which produced more manure. I

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00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:26,320
Speaker 1: feel like the growth motto for all cities during this

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00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:29,360
Speaker 1: time should have been like, shrug, we just need more horses,

339
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:34,520
Speaker 1: Like just kept putting more horses on the horse problem.

340
00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:38,280
Speaker 1: One journalist predicted that London would be under nine feet

341
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Speaker 1: or two point seven meters of manure by the mid

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Speaker 1: twentieth century, and a similar declaration in New York predicted

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Speaker 1: that by the nineteen thirties, manure would have risen to

344
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Speaker 1: the level of third story windows. Dracy is just wiping

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Speaker 1: her face in dismay. Obviously, because we're all here listening

346
00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:01,879
Speaker 1: to things on the internet. We didn't wind up with

347
00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:04,600
Speaker 1: cities being literally buried in manure. So next we're going

348
00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,480
Speaker 1: to talk about some of the things people tried to

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Speaker 1: fix this issue involving urban horses in the late Victorian

350
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Speaker 1: era and what eventually did actually fix it. But first

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Speaker 1: we're going to pause or sponsor break, so to get

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Speaker 1: back to how we finally kind of resolved this problem

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Speaker 1: sort of, A number of actions were taken to try

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Speaker 1: to address all of these issues of horse overcrowding in

355
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Speaker 1: the cities and one of the earliest was the founding

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Speaker 1: of the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,

357
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Speaker 1: also known as the a s p c A. On

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Speaker 1: April tenth, eighteen sixty six. Philanthropist Henry Burg founded the

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Speaker 1: society with the primary goal of improving the lives of

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Speaker 1: working horses. Burg had witnessed cruelty to horses when he

361
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Speaker 1: was a U. S. Diplomat in Russia during Abraham Lincoln's

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Speaker 1: presidency uh and he on his way back to the US,

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Speaker 1: he traveled through London and he observed there the Royal

364
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Speaker 1: Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and that's

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Speaker 1: really what inspired him to create a similar organization in

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Speaker 1: the United States. When Bird campaigned for the approval of

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00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:12,560
Speaker 1: the s p c A charter, he stated, quote, this

368
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:15,359
Speaker 1: is a matter purely of conscience. It has no perplexing

369
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,800
Speaker 1: side issues. He works diligently for the next twenty years

370
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Speaker 1: until his death, in often rescuing horses from the street himself.

371
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Speaker 1: He was the driving force for the country's first animal

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Speaker 1: rights laws, and the rapidly growing horse population made it

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Speaker 1: basically impossible to eliminate the cruelty problem. Though yeah, he

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00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:39,680
Speaker 1: made it his life's work, but uh, it didn't all

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00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:42,920
Speaker 1: get solved. Uh. And then, in terms of traffic issues,

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00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:45,560
Speaker 1: a lot of the traffic laws that we still have

377
00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:48,119
Speaker 1: today in the United States are actually the result of

378
00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:52,359
Speaker 1: these crowded city streets filled with horse drawn vehicles. William

379
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,680
Speaker 1: Phelps Eno, who was also called the Father of traffic safety,

380
00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:58,840
Speaker 1: started noticing traffic issues when he was just a boy

381
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Speaker 1: in New York in the eighteen sixties, and as he

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00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:04,880
Speaker 1: and his family traveled throughout Europe, he observed how other

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00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:08,360
Speaker 1: countries handled their traffic, and each of them had problems,

384
00:23:08,359 --> 00:23:11,800
Speaker 1: but some of them also had some unique solutions. And

385
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Speaker 1: one of his books, titled Quote the Story of Highway

386
00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:18,040
Speaker 1: Traffic Control, published in nineteen thirty nine, he wrote, quote,

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Speaker 1: I don't think I ever went on the streets of

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Speaker 1: New York, nor of any other city or town without

389
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Speaker 1: being astonished at the stupidity of drivers, pedestrians, and police.

390
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:30,080
Speaker 1: And once he grew up uh and was working in

391
00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:32,959
Speaker 1: New York with his father in the eight nineties, he

392
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,680
Speaker 1: wondered why no one was doing anything about the horse traffic,

393
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:40,480
Speaker 1: so he decided that he would in He submitted a

394
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Speaker 1: proposal for a subway route that also had surface roads

395
00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:47,000
Speaker 1: and elevated roads and bicycle lanes on top. And it

396
00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:51,000
Speaker 1: was designed to ease congestion. And this plan wasn't adopted,

397
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,240
Speaker 1: but he really didn't give up. He wrote several articles

398
00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:57,399
Speaker 1: in rapid succession. They were called Reform in our Street

399
00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,760
Speaker 1: Traffic most Urgently Needed, and then six ms for the

400
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:04,040
Speaker 1: Management of Carriages and Entertainments, and then Rules of the

401
00:24:04,119 --> 00:24:07,800
Speaker 1: Road Revised. While these were initially published in a horseman's

402
00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:11,399
Speaker 1: periodical titled The Rider and Driver, you Know continued to

403
00:24:11,440 --> 00:24:14,399
Speaker 1: publish and spread them in various places and pamphlets until

404
00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,720
Speaker 1: many of his ideas were actually adopted. You can thank

405
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,320
Speaker 1: you know for stop signs, yield signs, pedestrian islands, which

406
00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:23,320
Speaker 1: he first saw in Paris as a kid and adapted

407
00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:25,919
Speaker 1: in New York, and driving on the right side of

408
00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:30,080
Speaker 1: the road. And his rules really did help with congestion

409
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,760
Speaker 1: and traffic accidents, thus reducing horse carriage related deaths. But

410
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,600
Speaker 1: you may have noticed, neither the A s p c

411
00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:41,920
Speaker 1: A nor these road rules helped the manure crisis, and

412
00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:44,439
Speaker 1: the end of the manure issue was never solved so

413
00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:47,760
Speaker 1: much as it was outmoded. Nobody ever figured out a

414
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:50,000
Speaker 1: way to keep up with the millions of pounds of

415
00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: horse manure that we're dropping in cities daily. But when

416
00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:57,240
Speaker 1: Henry Ford introduced the Model t in, it made the

417
00:24:57,320 --> 00:25:00,639
Speaker 1: personal the personal car relatively a four pitable for a

418
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,200
Speaker 1: lot more consumers in the United States, and so many

419
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:05,840
Speaker 1: of them did switch over time from a family horse

420
00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:12,000
Speaker 1: and buggy to mechanized travel, and Ford's advertising made clear

421
00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:15,560
Speaker 1: the cost effectiveness of making this switch. Quote this is

422
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,280
Speaker 1: one of the ad campaigns. Quote Old Dobbin, the family

423
00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:23,119
Speaker 1: coach horse weighs more than a Ford car, but he

424
00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:25,920
Speaker 1: has only one twentieth the strength of a Ford car,

425
00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:29,480
Speaker 1: cannot go as fast nor as far, costs more to

426
00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:34,400
Speaker 1: maintain and almost as much to acquire. It wasn't as

427
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:37,480
Speaker 1: though the United States and other countries instantly ditched their

428
00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:41,000
Speaker 1: horses and moved over to gasoline powered automobiles, although some

429
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:45,520
Speaker 1: did herald the automobile add the solution to the pollution problem.

430
00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:49,200
Speaker 1: But slowly, over time, as more vehicles are manufactured, more

431
00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:52,800
Speaker 1: people bought them, horses became progressively more and more phased out.

432
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:55,480
Speaker 1: By nineteen twelve, there were more cars on New York

433
00:25:55,560 --> 00:26:01,200
Speaker 1: streets than there were horses. For the first time in history. Yeah,

434
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,639
Speaker 1: they really thought, like, thank goodness, someone, someone has solved

435
00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:11,040
Speaker 1: this methane issue. Were considered Yeah, but they didn't. They

436
00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,440
Speaker 1: weren't thinking that. They were like, the yet pollution is solved.

437
00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:21,480
Speaker 1: You guys cars fixed it. Yeah, but then came lead pollution. Yeah,

438
00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:29,560
Speaker 1: their vehicle emissions the other problems. I mean, yeah, but

439
00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:32,199
Speaker 1: forces were seeing less and less on city streets. The

440
00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:36,200
Speaker 1: manure crisis ended anyway, So not in one fell swoop,

441
00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:39,520
Speaker 1: but in this slow sort of ebb. We didn't know

442
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:42,359
Speaker 1: what was coming down the pike. But you know, the manure.

443
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:45,359
Speaker 1: We're not living in forty ft of manure. That's that.

444
00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:49,800
Speaker 1: You gotta look on the bright side with this one. Treacy. Sure,

445
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,320
Speaker 1: I don't have a car anymore. It's great, I say that.

446
00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:56,840
Speaker 1: I say that, but we do have a car in

447
00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,000
Speaker 1: our household, so when I need to get somewhere in

448
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:04,159
Speaker 1: a car, I can. Yeah. I am definitely, you know,

449
00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:07,080
Speaker 1: even though we have plenty of other environmental problems related

450
00:27:07,119 --> 00:27:11,320
Speaker 1: to our transportation, I'm definitely glad I'm not waiting through

451
00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:15,120
Speaker 1: hiphi manure to get anywhere, because that would be off.

452
00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:22,600
Speaker 1: It's horrifying to think about. It's horrifying, Like I can't

453
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:28,479
Speaker 1: you know, even in the dirtiest cities today, there's like

454
00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:34,000
Speaker 1: I still couldn't imagine. Yeah, I just can't. Uh. Yeah,

455
00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:38,399
Speaker 1: it's the short version. Yeah, I just said yuck times

456
00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:43,720
Speaker 1: and very informative. Though there are definitely plenty of other,

457
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:49,840
Speaker 1: uh problems like this. I had always considered that, like

458
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:56,920
Speaker 1: the dirt problem in earlier like first European and then

459
00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:01,440
Speaker 1: colonial American cities to be about like garbage and not

460
00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:04,320
Speaker 1: having enclosed sewers, and like there was a part of

461
00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,520
Speaker 1: me that was like, horses poop, you got to clean

462
00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:10,119
Speaker 1: that up, But like the scale of this poop situation

463
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:13,399
Speaker 1: was not anywhere in my consciousness. And so you handed

464
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:17,960
Speaker 1: this to me, No, I was. I was because it's

465
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,840
Speaker 1: so I hope our listeners are not so grossed out

466
00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:24,280
Speaker 1: that they will enjoy the opportunity to wow their friends

467
00:28:24,320 --> 00:28:27,199
Speaker 1: with these little factoids. But I had I am a

468
00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:30,280
Speaker 1: friend of mine and said, how much manure do you

469
00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:32,760
Speaker 1: think fell in New York on an average day in

470
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,520
Speaker 1: the eight nineties, And it was like something like three

471
00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:37,600
Speaker 1: tons or something was the number that they could come

472
00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:44,600
Speaker 1: up with. And I'm like, oh, you beautiful child, Wow,

473
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:49,320
Speaker 1: you know what I have pretty pretty listener mail I

474
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:53,000
Speaker 1: was to do with gross things, not about please, not

475
00:28:53,040 --> 00:28:55,800
Speaker 1: even a little, but not. I have a mail. I

476
00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:58,080
Speaker 1: have two pieces. The first one is from our listener

477
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:01,320
Speaker 1: d Anne. She says, Holly and Tracy, I'm reading to

478
00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:03,840
Speaker 1: thank you for the hours of enjoyment and education you

479
00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,200
Speaker 1: and the past host have given me over the years.

480
00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:09,320
Speaker 1: I've been listening since twelve and have spent countless hours

481
00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:11,560
Speaker 1: in your company. I have an hour long each way

482
00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:14,080
Speaker 1: commute and have found podcasts and audio books to be

483
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:16,840
Speaker 1: great friends to keep me saying stuff you missed in

484
00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:18,760
Speaker 1: history class has become one of my favorites. And I've

485
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,920
Speaker 1: actually listened through the past episodes twice, the first time

486
00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:24,600
Speaker 1: picking and choosing those episodes I wanted to hear, and

487
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,360
Speaker 1: the second most recent time listening to all the episodes

488
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,440
Speaker 1: in an attempt to broaden my horizons. It worked, so

489
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:33,880
Speaker 1: in appreciation, I haven't closed a few things first handmade

490
00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:36,000
Speaker 1: by me, ear rings. I do hope you both have

491
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:37,800
Speaker 1: your ears pierced, but if you don't, I don't mind.

492
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:40,200
Speaker 1: If you read gift the Medalist sterling silver and you

493
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,680
Speaker 1: can leg wrestle for choice. And then she also sent

494
00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:46,080
Speaker 1: a book along with an episode recommendation that I'm not

495
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:48,280
Speaker 1: going to read because we might do it and it's interesting,

496
00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:51,480
Speaker 1: but I wanted to thank you Danne so much. Those

497
00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:56,240
Speaker 1: ear rings are beautiful, Tracy and I aren't gonna leg wrestle.

498
00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:00,000
Speaker 1: The bigger problem is that we both like both of them.

499
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:03,560
Speaker 1: We do both like both of them, like you. You

500
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:07,160
Speaker 1: sent me a picture and I was like, I can't pick.

501
00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:14,000
Speaker 1: I suggested we each get one of each, but Tracy

502
00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:16,160
Speaker 1: doesn't seem to like that plan. We'll see what happens,

503
00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:18,479
Speaker 1: but thank you, thank you so much. They're so lovely

504
00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:21,880
Speaker 1: and we'll post pictures of them on our social so

505
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:24,920
Speaker 1: other people can see them. They're absolutely, so so pretty.

506
00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,000
Speaker 1: And the other one is a wonderful card that I

507
00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:30,320
Speaker 1: got from our listeners and my pals, Ashley and Gin.

508
00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:33,720
Speaker 1: They came to visit the house to works offices a

509
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:35,600
Speaker 1: while back and I hung out with them and I

510
00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:38,800
Speaker 1: just adored them both through the most wonderful ladies, super fun,

511
00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:40,840
Speaker 1: really fun to talk to you. And they sent me

512
00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:44,680
Speaker 1: a beautiful card, like a thank you card for the day.

513
00:30:45,320 --> 00:30:48,440
Speaker 1: And here's what makes it majestic and delightful for me.

514
00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,680
Speaker 1: It is a card in the shape of Oscar Wild

515
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:54,840
Speaker 1: and it's him, so he can stand on my desk

516
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:58,360
Speaker 1: forever and judge me. He would, and I love it

517
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:00,880
Speaker 1: so much. It's just the absolute best. Thank you, thank you,

518
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:02,960
Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Ashley and Jen. You guys are

519
00:31:02,960 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: delightful and I adore you, and I'm so thankful for

520
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:09,040
Speaker 1: all our listeners that write us cool stuff. If you

521
00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:10,479
Speaker 1: would like to write to us, you can do so

522
00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:13,040
Speaker 1: at History Podcast at how st works dot com. You

523
00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:15,880
Speaker 1: can visit us at Facebook dot com slash missed in history.

524
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,480
Speaker 1: We're on Twitter at misst in history, at pinterest dot com,

525
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:22,520
Speaker 1: slash misst in history at misst in history dot tumbler

526
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:25,480
Speaker 1: dot com, and we're on Instagram at missed in History.

527
00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:27,959
Speaker 1: You can also visit our parents site, how stuff Works.

528
00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:30,160
Speaker 1: Do a search for almost anything you can think of,

529
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:32,720
Speaker 1: and you're gonna find some pretty cool content that will

530
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,440
Speaker 1: inform you and educate you and at least entertain you

531
00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:38,120
Speaker 1: around that content. You can also visit us at missed

532
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:41,040
Speaker 1: in history dot com, where we have the back catalog

533
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:43,920
Speaker 1: of every episode of this show ever with all hosts

534
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:46,760
Speaker 1: through the years, as well as show notes for any

535
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:48,960
Speaker 1: of the episodes that Tracy and I have put together

536
00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:51,920
Speaker 1: as well as some other goodies, So if you want,

537
00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,480
Speaker 1: please come and visit us online at Houston Works dot

538
00:31:54,480 --> 00:32:01,600
Speaker 1: com and missed in History dot com for moralness and

539
00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:05,080
Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Visit Hastaff Works doft home e