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Speaker 1: Let's get in test with technology with tex stuff from

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Speaker 1: stuff dot com. Hey there be one, and welcome to

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Speaker 1: tex Stuff. I'm Jonathan Strick. And when last we left you,

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Speaker 1: there were two companies that were rising in prominence in

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Speaker 1: various forms of instrumentation, but had as of yet absolutely

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Speaker 1: nothing to do with one another. Yes, they were kind

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Speaker 1: of like those that those awkward boys and girls at

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Speaker 1: the high school dance standing as far apart from each

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Speaker 1: other in the dance floor as they possibly could be.

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Speaker 1: They were science ships passing in the night. Yes. So

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Speaker 1: we had Perkin Elmer, known for creating scientific instrumentation with

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Speaker 1: lots of syllables that make me fall over myself. And

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Speaker 1: then we have E. G and G, a group of

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Speaker 1: M I T. Brainy acts who were really focused on

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Speaker 1: high speed photography and other instrumentation. So when last we

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Speaker 1: left off, we were just coming up on nineteen sixty

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Speaker 1: or when E. G and G really gets involved in

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Speaker 1: the space race. That's right, um. They produced the light

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Speaker 1: beacons that were launched into space on board the Gemini spacecraft,

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Speaker 1: or the Gemini spacecraft if you're one of those folks

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Speaker 1: from NASA who insisted on pronouncing it that way. I've

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Speaker 1: never heard that. That's amazing. You have to watch the

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Speaker 1: old videos. I I say jim and I I refused

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Speaker 1: to say jiminy other than the fact that if you

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Speaker 1: watch those old videos it's too many. You mean like

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Speaker 1: the cricket. Uh. Yeah. So that same year, e G

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Speaker 1: n G also conducts seismic mapping operations in the English

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Speaker 1: Channel as part of a project to create an underwater

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Speaker 1: tunnel connecting England to France. This is nineteen sixty four.

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Speaker 1: We wouldn't actually see that underwater tunnel for many, many,

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Speaker 1: many years, decades in fact, but it's really exciting to

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Speaker 1: me that I had no idea that dated back that far.

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Speaker 1: So that's really cool. In nineteen sixty five, e g

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Speaker 1: MNG lists as a public company on the Stock Exchange.

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Speaker 1: They had actually already begun offering stock options common stock

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Speaker 1: options over a counter back in nineteen sixty for fourteen

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Speaker 1: dollars and fifty cents a share over the counterstock options.

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Speaker 1: I didn't even know, yes, because they were technically public,

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Speaker 1: but they weren't publicly listed on a stock exchange, so

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Speaker 1: it was kind of an interesting example there. In nineteen

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Speaker 1: sixty six, they created e G n G International Incorporated,

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Speaker 1: which was a subsidiary of the overall company, and this

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Speaker 1: was specifically to encompass all their ocean of graphic products

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Speaker 1: and services. We talked in the last episode about how

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Speaker 1: they had created underwater cameras and light sources and worked

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Speaker 1: with Zack Costa. Yeah, that was really pretty cool. In

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Speaker 1: that same year, the Atomic Energy commissioned the a c

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Speaker 1: A sponsored construction of a technical services building in Nevada,

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Speaker 1: specifically for E G and G. Use Wow. This division,

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Speaker 1: sometimes known as Albuquerque Operations, would eventually encompass all kinds

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Speaker 1: of military focused projects, including like landmine detection and ground

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Speaker 1: air communications e MP simulation, uh, and a lot of

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Speaker 1: whipment shielding projects for rugged environments. Yeah. I think e

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Speaker 1: MP simulations mean that you need some good shielding there.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty interesting stuff that that that, you know, thinking

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Speaker 1: about it, this started as a company that was all

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Speaker 1: about high speed photography and now they're looking into EMP

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Speaker 1: simulations for the military. In fact, their relationship with the government.

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Speaker 1: E G and G's relationship with the government would mean that, uh,

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Speaker 1: it would get pretty complicated. You had entire divisions of

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Speaker 1: the company that we're working in a more commercial aspect,

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Speaker 1: and a large portion of the company that was working

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Speaker 1: almost exclusively under government contract. That gets pretty complex later

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Speaker 1: on too. Nineteen sixty seven, E G. M G goes

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Speaker 1: on an acquisition rampage. It's like if you've ever seen

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Speaker 1: one of those old game shows where you got to

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Speaker 1: go on a shopping spree at the end of it

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Speaker 1: and just run down the aisles and just shove stuff,

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Speaker 1: And yeah, that's kind of how I feel. E G

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Speaker 1: and G win at this point. Yeah, because things weren't

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Speaker 1: quite complicated enough, they needed to add all whole bunch

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Speaker 1: of different corporations. Yeah, there were so many that we

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Speaker 1: even we started to list them and then realize that

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Speaker 1: this is just a list of names that aren't going

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Speaker 1: to mean much to anyone who hasn't worked for one

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Speaker 1: of those companies, because most of them are not companies

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Speaker 1: that that most of us know just easily by name.

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Speaker 1: And we ended up cutting the wall out because Yeah, Furthermore,

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Speaker 1: I mean, this was seven and this would continue going

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Speaker 1: on for the next several years. So nineteen sixty eight,

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Speaker 1: E G and G successfully test the Phoebus to A,

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Speaker 1: which was a nuclear reactor for space propulsion. That's pretty cool, uh,

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Speaker 1: And in nineteen sixty nine, they contribute several electronic components

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Speaker 1: to the Apollo program, which was also pronounced Apollo, So

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Speaker 1: they didn't do anything fun with Ellen. It was not

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Speaker 1: the Jimini jim anything. That's good. They contributed to the

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Speaker 1: first successful use of nuclear explosives to recover deeply buried

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Speaker 1: natural gas. That's cool. Also in that year, Apollo eleven

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Speaker 1: landed on the Moon and Neil Armstrong's helmet would boast

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Speaker 1: a transparent goal protective coding that was designed by Perkin Elmer.

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Speaker 1: So now we're seeing E. G and G and Perkin

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Speaker 1: Elmer kind of sort of working together but not knowingly

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Speaker 1: doing so, they're all working specifically for NASSA. But uh,

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Speaker 1: but you know, just just just hints of things to come. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Nineteen seventy three, E G and G supports Antarctic scientific

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Speaker 1: research and also contributes instrumentation to the Pioneer ten space probe.

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Speaker 1: Also that year, Perkin Elmer would acquire a company called

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Speaker 1: inter Data, which was an early computer company, and thus

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Speaker 1: begin getting into digitized components and controllers, which would overall

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Speaker 1: make their equipment easier for people to use with minimal training. Yep.

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Speaker 1: And in nineteen seventy six, E G and G acquires Rheticon,

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Speaker 1: which was a solid state imaging and integrated circuit production company.

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Speaker 1: Uh so, you know, you can see where E. G

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Speaker 1: and G is starting to look into the components that

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Speaker 1: make up today's digital cameras, including charge coupled devices c

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Speaker 1: c ds. That a sensor that's found in many, uh

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Speaker 1: though not all digital cameras. And uh, yeah, there was

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Speaker 1: there's an interesting note here about some more space stuff, right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: that you're Perkin Elmer. One of their mass spectrometers went interplanetary.

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Speaker 1: It was one of the instruments that went to Mars

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Speaker 1: with the with the Viking Lander. That's so freaking awesome.

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Speaker 1: Ninety seven. Okay, here's the big one, guys. This is

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Speaker 1: going to take up a large part of our episode

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Speaker 1: because this is the the big blunder really that that

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Speaker 1: comes in here. This is when Perkin Elmer wins a

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Speaker 1: contract to work on components for the Hubble space telescope

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Speaker 1: way back in nineteen seventy seven. If you happen to

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Speaker 1: know your history of the Hubble space telescope, it might

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Speaker 1: surprise you to know that it all begins back in

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Speaker 1: the late seventies because it wouldn't launch until Yeah. So

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Speaker 1: now Perkin Elmer's focus ha ha was on the optical

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Speaker 1: telescope assembly. There's a note in here that the pun

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Speaker 1: is not intended, and I think you're lying. It's totally intended. Now.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't intended when I was writing it, but then

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Speaker 1: I was like, I'm totally intending it. Intention has changed.

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Speaker 1: But yes, their their focus was on the optical telescope

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Speaker 1: assembly and the fine guidance system. These are two separate

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Speaker 1: systems that they were working on. And so here's the

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Speaker 1: highlights of what the Hubble Space Telescope was all about

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Speaker 1: and what the problem was. So the purpose of the

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Speaker 1: Hubble Space Telescope was to take astronomical measurements and observations

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Speaker 1: outside of the Earth's atmosphere, right, because there's a lot

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Speaker 1: of of of stuff, including air and clouds and moisture

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Speaker 1: and all sorts of other other just things that get

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Speaker 1: in the way of your instruments when you're trying to

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Speaker 1: look at really distant stars. And it's also all that

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Speaker 1: stuff can act as a filter and block certain types

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Speaker 1: of radiation that you might want to be able to

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Speaker 1: study things like X rays and gamma rays. Now we're

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Speaker 1: glad that our atmosphere does this, because life would not

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Speaker 1: really be possible if we didn't have that protective layer. Right,

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Speaker 1: it's excellent, but it does mean that making observations from

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Speaker 1: the ground is very tricky. So what do you do, Well,

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Speaker 1: why not put a telescope outside the atmosphere in Earth orbit.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly the reason that NASA decided to to pursue

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Speaker 1: this idea, the Hubble Space Telescope. So here's how it works.

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Speaker 1: In general, it uses mirrors to direct light to one

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Speaker 1: or more of several scientific instruments that are contained within

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Speaker 1: the telescope, and then those instruments analyze the light that

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Speaker 1: comes in. So those mirrors are incredibly important, right. They

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Speaker 1: have to have a very specific way of focusing that

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Speaker 1: light so it hits the sensors just right. That the

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Speaker 1: mirror shape and the electronics that are used to guide

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Speaker 1: them are very critical. Yeah, because if it's not focusing

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Speaker 1: the light, then you're not getting really good images. So

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Speaker 1: Perk and Elmer worked on the mirrors for the optical

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Speaker 1: telescope assembly, and they had to build the structure for

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Speaker 1: it and the supporting systems, then assemble all of them

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Speaker 1: and to test it before it was sent into space.

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Speaker 1: It's the testing part that met with some criticisms, I

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Speaker 1: would say. So. The telescope's launch met with several delays.

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Speaker 1: All right. The original date was October launch, but that

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Speaker 1: did not happen. No, in January of six for those

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Speaker 1: of us who are old enough to remember, we had

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Speaker 1: the horrible tragedy of the Challenger disaster, and that set

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Speaker 1: back the entire space industry by several months, right right,

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Speaker 1: All of NASSO basically bent itself to figuring out why

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Speaker 1: this tragedy had happened and how it can be prevented

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Speaker 1: in the future exactly. So then, uh, it gets pushed

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Speaker 1: back over and over again. It wouldn't actually launch until April,

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Speaker 1: and once it was an orbit, it immediately started taking pictures,

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Speaker 1: whereupon everyone realized something was not right. Yeah, they weren't

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Speaker 1: as crisp as they needed to be. They weren't. There

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Speaker 1: was this notion that the images they would get back

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Speaker 1: from the hubble we're going to be a certain level

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Speaker 1: of clarity and crispness. And they were not nearly crisp enough.

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Speaker 1: I mean, they weren't awful, but they were blurry, and

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Speaker 1: there was some confusion at first as to why that was,

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Speaker 1: and eventually they determined that the problem was Hubble's primary mirror,

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Speaker 1: which had been pollished over the course of an entire years.

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Speaker 1: How big and delicate the thing is, it had something

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Speaker 1: called a spherical aberration. It means that that the curve

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Speaker 1: on it was was very slightly off. Yeah, like we're

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Speaker 1: talking about the thickness the similar larity of a thickness

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Speaker 1: of one of a sheet of paper. So if you

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Speaker 1: look at that and you were to take a sheet

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Speaker 1: of paper, divide it fifty times equally, one of those

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Speaker 1: would be the difference in curvature that it was versus

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Speaker 1: what it was supposed to be. But but even that

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Speaker 1: small difference meant that the light bouncing off of it

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Speaker 1: was being focused on a very slightly different point than

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Speaker 1: it was supposed to be, right, So that meant that

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Speaker 1: the the center, the light that was hitting the center

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Speaker 1: was hitting one part of the sensor, and the light

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Speaker 1: that was hitting the edges of the mirror was hitting

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Speaker 1: a slightly different focal point. So no matter why however

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Speaker 1: you align the mirror, you were never going to get

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Speaker 1: the perfect image because the center and the edges were

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Speaker 1: out of alignment of the mirror itself, and so how

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Speaker 1: do you fix this? Well, they decided to use what

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Speaker 1: they called the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement, which

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Speaker 1: I'm sure they named it just so they could get

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Speaker 1: the acronym co star. So CO star was a series

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Speaker 1: of ten smaller mirrors that intercepted the reflected light from

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Speaker 1: the primary mirror and then corrected it for that spherical aberration.

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Speaker 1: So they had to go up there and then do

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Speaker 1: some very delicate surgery on the Hubble Space telescope in orbit.

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Speaker 1: All right, This all took place in in December of

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Speaker 1: nine three UM. The installation required eleven months of training

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Speaker 1: and five days of spacewalks once they actually got up there. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so we're talking about it because you know, you're in

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Speaker 1: those giants space suits, right, you have very little mobility,

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Speaker 1: you don't have a lot of flexibility. It's it's tough.

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Speaker 1: There's a limited period of time that you can be

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Speaker 1: out there. It's incredibly high risk kind of operation and

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Speaker 1: also just one that's just monumentally difficult. But they were

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Speaker 1: able to do it. They were able to make this replacement. Now,

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Speaker 1: it didn't come cheaply. The estimated costs were somewhere in

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Speaker 1: the round of eighty six million dollars. It's a big

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Speaker 1: mistake to have to fix. And then subsequent visits to

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Speaker 1: the hubble involved replacing some of the old instrumentation on

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Speaker 1: there with new versions of it that could by themselves

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Speaker 1: account for that spherical aberration, meaning that co star eventually

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Speaker 1: became obsolete because the instruments could correct for the error

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Speaker 1: all on their own. They didn't need that extra set

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Speaker 1: of mirrors. So that's kind of cool and in another

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Speaker 1: prick and Elmer system would need a replacement. Uh you,

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Speaker 1: I remember I mentioned that they had the fine guidance system.

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Speaker 1: That was the second part of the systems they worked on.

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Speaker 1: So fine guidance system was all about letting the hubble

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Speaker 1: remained very stable while taking measurements and to very finely

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Speaker 1: tune the telescope's directions that you're pointing exactly what you

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Speaker 1: want to point at. They had to replace one of

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Speaker 1: the three sensors, which a huge deal because that is

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Speaker 1: you know, it's wear and tear like eventually, so and

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Speaker 1: it wasn't like that was a faulty system, but this

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Speaker 1: gave Perkin Elmer a pretty black eye at least in

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Speaker 1: the space industry for a little while. Uh, and became

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Speaker 1: kind of the stuff of legend in in the NASA chronicles.

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Speaker 1: And it was a mistake that no one knew about

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Speaker 1: until after the Hubble Space Telescope was in orbit, which

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Speaker 1: was decades after Perkin Elmer had gotten the contract. Sure,

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Speaker 1: but you know, anytime you've got a near billion dollar mistake,

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Speaker 1: that's a government contract. That's not that's not looking great.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty rough. So we've got a lot more to

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Speaker 1: say here. But yeah, yeah, don't worry. It's if we

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Speaker 1: don't have it's not sad ending books. We're gonna have

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Speaker 1: a happy ending, we promise. But we're gonna take a

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Speaker 1: quick break to thank our sponsor. Alright, so we're back,

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Speaker 1: and now that we've got the Hubble hubbub out of

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Speaker 1: the way, uh, we're gonna go back to nineteens sent eight.

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Speaker 1: So we took a little bit of a diversion in

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Speaker 1: order to cover all of Hubble. I thought it would

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Speaker 1: have been too confusing to actually intersperse Hubble with the

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Speaker 1: rest of this. It would admit a big mess. But

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Speaker 1: N E. G and G. Remember them, that's the other

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Speaker 1: company we had been talking about They joined the Department

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Speaker 1: of Energy in Morgantown, West Virginia, in order to look

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Speaker 1: at fossil fuel and alternative energy research, and that following years,

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Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy nine, E G and G would establish

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Speaker 1: a new company called E. G and G Hydro Incorporated,

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Speaker 1: to establish hydro electric power sources in the northeastern United States. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: back in ninety eight, while we're time hopping around, UM,

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Speaker 1: some E G G monitoring equipment was used aboard aircraft

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Speaker 1: measuring the radiation levels at Three Mile Island. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: that was the nuclear power facility in the United States

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Speaker 1: that accidentally released radioactive coolant in the form of steam,

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Speaker 1: and so they needed to have ways of measuring the

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Speaker 1: radiation without putting people in harm's way. Uh. It's interesting

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Speaker 1: to me again just to see how far from the

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Speaker 1: origin of eggs. Uh. You know, per this, we've come

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Speaker 1: from high speed photography to Three Mile Islands and fossil

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Speaker 1: fuels and alternative energy. That's kind of interesting. Nineteen eighty

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Speaker 1: they also do something else with extreme photography. We're talking

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Speaker 1: about setting up cameras around Mount St. Helen's, which erupted

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Speaker 1: that year. Uh. An enormous eruption that that was, uh,

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Speaker 1: you know, read your history books for that, because it

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Speaker 1: was I remember living through uh the news reports on that,

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Speaker 1: and it was always really dramatic. So they set up

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Speaker 1: cameras to help the U. S. Government kind of keep

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Speaker 1: an eye on what was going on, again, trying to

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Speaker 1: do so without putting people in harm's way. Two NASA

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Speaker 1: awards E G and G a contract to provide base

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Speaker 1: operations support at Kennedy Space Center. Obviously a big contract there.

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Speaker 1: And in nineteen eighty five and E. G and G

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Speaker 1: scientists actually got to join the Space Shuttle crew for

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Speaker 1: a mission. It was Mission fifty one b slash Space

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Speaker 1: Lab three in order to study crystal growth in micro gravity.

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Speaker 1: And I just wonder, like, how cool is it for

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Speaker 1: you to say that you worked at a company where

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Speaker 1: one of your co workers got to go out into

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Speaker 1: space to do work. That's that's pretty cool. We can't

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Speaker 1: say that, No, we can't. Uh, one of our former

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Speaker 1: co workers went on a parabolic flight and got to

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Speaker 1: have um um uh you know, the the simulated weightlessness.

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Speaker 1: It's about as close as I think we've gotten, but

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Speaker 1: it's still pretty neat. So N nine E G and G.

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Speaker 1: Is awarded contracts to support the Department of Energies super

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Speaker 1: conducting super collider project in Texas UM, which you know,

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Speaker 1: super colliders are always awesome. Even when those projects don't

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Speaker 1: ultimately finish, it's still nifty. In nineties, some of their

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Speaker 1: components would play an integral role in the Department of

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Speaker 1: Defenses global positioning satellites. Yeah, so we're talking super high

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Speaker 1: tech and in it was a big, big year. So

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Speaker 1: Perkin Elmer merged with a company called Applied Biosystems, which

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Speaker 1: was founded by two Hewitt Packard employees, and that company

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Speaker 1: designed and manufactured scientific instruments, the first one being a

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Speaker 1: protein sequencer. In October of n Perkin Elmer agreed, along

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Speaker 1: with Hughes Aircraft, to pay a twenty five million dollar

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Speaker 1: fine to head off a government lawsuit regarding that Hubble

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Speaker 1: mistake you talked about. Perkin Elmer's specific share of that

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Speaker 1: would be fifteen million dollars, which, when you consider that

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Speaker 1: the the price of the or the cost of the

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Speaker 1: error was much higher than that, I guess they were

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Speaker 1: getting off relatively easy. Yeah. I have no doubt whatsoever

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Speaker 1: that the people at Perkin Elmer were trying very hard

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Speaker 1: to make a good product just based upon the company's history.

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Speaker 1: But it also I mean, they were under a lot

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Speaker 1: of criticism saying that after all this time, when all

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Speaker 1: that testing, you would think that that aberration would have

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Speaker 1: revealed itself. And some people alleged that there were at

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Speaker 1: least folks at Perkin Elmer who were aware of the

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Speaker 1: problem but allowed it to go on anyway. Yeah, So

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Speaker 1: whether that's true or not, I don't know, but that

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Speaker 1: was certainly in the allegations. Also, E G. And G

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Speaker 1: got into the micro machining game in a partnership with

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Speaker 1: the Institute of Microelectronics, National University of Singapore, so building

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Speaker 1: lots of teeny tiny machine parts at this point in

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Speaker 1: was another big year. Uh So that year Perkin Elmer

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Speaker 1: reported revenues of more than one billion dollars. So they're

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Speaker 1: not doing too bad for themselves despite all of this.

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Speaker 1: Huw about how about that that fifteen million dollar uh

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Speaker 1: fine might not seem so uh so monumental in comparison

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Speaker 1: to a one billion dollar revenue. You never want to

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Speaker 1: find obviously, but um and and a lot of that

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Speaker 1: was coming from that from that life Life Sciences division

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Speaker 1: that they had just recently m. Yeah, so life sciences

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Speaker 1: was becoming a really big part of Perkin Elmer's portfolio.

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Speaker 1: I mean before they were really in chemistry in general

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Speaker 1: and inorganic chemistry in particular. And yeah, so now we've

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Speaker 1: we're seeing them branch out. Meanwhile, E, G and G

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Speaker 1: reorganizes into five operating segments, uh, and then almost immediately

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Speaker 1: discontinues one of those five. They had a Department of

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Speaker 1: Energy Support division, but with all of that stuff that

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Speaker 1: we've been talking about for the past couple of decades, right,

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Speaker 1: all the alternative energy stuff, all that. But what happened

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Speaker 1: was they had made a bid on a particular contract,

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Speaker 1: it didn't work out, and the company ultimately decided that

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Speaker 1: it made more sense to just fold the division than

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Speaker 1: to continue trying to bid for these contracts. They still

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Speaker 1: got government contracts in other ways, but not in energy anymore. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And then also something big happened just in world news, right,

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Speaker 1: that was that that underwater tunnel between England and France, yep,

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Speaker 1: the Chunnel, the Channel. I once had the opportunity to

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Speaker 1: go on a trip underneath the channel, and I didn't

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Speaker 1: get a chance to take it. But this is really

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Speaker 1: cool because you know, G and G was the company

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Speaker 1: that did all that seismic mapping of the English Channel

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Speaker 1: to try and study the possibility of having this underwater tunnel.

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Speaker 1: So this is we're seeing it start to pay off

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Speaker 1: decade later. Uh and in nine, E G MNG one

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Speaker 1: government contracts to build advanced X ray and explosives detection

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Speaker 1: systems for locations ranging from the Manchester Airport at the

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Speaker 1: in the United Kingdom to federal courthouses throughout the United States.

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Speaker 1: So again really branching out, nineteen, the non governmental division

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Speaker 1: of E G MNG purchases the Analytical Instruments division of

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Speaker 1: Perkin Elmer for four and fifty two million dollars. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so now they change the name or this is why

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Speaker 1: we've been talking about E G and G and Perkin

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Speaker 1: Elmer for two episodes. You know, you've been waiting to

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Speaker 1: find out how are these two companies involved, apart from

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Speaker 1: the fact that they occasionally worked on projects that came

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Speaker 1: together in the form of the Apollo program. It's because

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Speaker 1: the year in part of E G m G buys

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Speaker 1: part of Perkin Elmer, and the new company is called

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Speaker 1: Perkin Elmer, except it doesn't have a dash in it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we probably should have mentioned that Perkin Elmer previously had

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Speaker 1: a dash between Perkin and Elmer. Yes, imagine every single

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Speaker 1: time that we have said the word Perkin Elmer previously

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Speaker 1: in these two episodes, that we were saying Perkin Elmer

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Speaker 1: but with a dash. Yeah, now we're saying Perkin Elmer

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Speaker 1: with no dash, which obviously saved the company millions of

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Speaker 1: dollars by eliminating that dash. Um. But now, seriously, they

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Speaker 1: became Perkin Elmer. So what happened to the rest of

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Speaker 1: the Perkin Elmer company. You know, only part of it

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Speaker 1: was purchased by E. G and G. Right, the old

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Speaker 1: company became PE Corporation, which was focused on that life

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Speaker 1: sciences and biotechnology kind of stuff. Yeah, and also on genomics.

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Speaker 1: So in two thousand, PE Corporation changes its name to

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Speaker 1: apple Era, which was a kind of a portmanteau of

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Speaker 1: Applied and Selera, which were parts of other companies they

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Speaker 1: had acquired previously. Yes, and if you happen to listen

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Speaker 1: to you forward thinking, you will know that Celera is

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Speaker 1: a genetics and genomics company that in fact has very

395
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:07,919
Speaker 1: little to do with Selary, despite what it sounds like. Right,

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Speaker 1: So we finally have this point now where we've got

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Speaker 1: we've got Perkin Elmer. Uh, there was a brief time

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Speaker 1: where Perkin Elmer and PE Corporation made it really really confusing.

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Speaker 1: And plus you had you know, the the governmental parts

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Speaker 1: of E G and G that still exists as well.

401
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Speaker 1: Uh complicated issue. So from two thousand to two thousand

402
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:30,720
Speaker 1: and fourteen, we had even more crazy corporate shenanigans going on.

403
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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, a lot of a lot of purchases and

404
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Speaker 1: acquisitions and change name changes. The name specifically Applied bios

405
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:44,120
Speaker 1: Biosystems got tossed around and capitalized and recapitalized in several

406
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Speaker 1: different iterations. Yeah, it was changed from Applied Biosystems to

407
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Speaker 1: like PE Biosystems, and then a year later changed back

408
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Speaker 1: to Applied Biosystems and then eventually acquired by a totally

409
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Speaker 1: different company. So yeah, we're this is why this is

410
00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:01,280
Speaker 1: a really complicated topic. It's not just the technology, which

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00:23:01,359 --> 00:23:04,600
Speaker 1: all on its own is complex, but because we're talking

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Speaker 1: about the really uh muddy and sometimes political world of

413
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Speaker 1: commerce and how a company is more than just a

414
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Speaker 1: single unit. It's made up of all these other divisions

415
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Speaker 1: and subsidiaries. I think it's really messy really quickly. In fact,

416
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Speaker 1: there were elements of some of these companies that had

417
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Speaker 1: their own stock symbols, So you had divisions within one

418
00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:29,399
Speaker 1: company that each were being publicly traded but in different ways.

419
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Speaker 1: So that's unusual too, or at least unusual to me.

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Speaker 1: I mean, it may happen all the time, but it

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Speaker 1: was one of those things where I was like, really,

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Speaker 1: I think it's not entirely uncommon, but yeah, well, you know,

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Speaker 1: it shows how much I play the stock market. I

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Speaker 1: I that stuff is just opaque to me. Okay, but

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Speaker 1: so what exactly is Perkin Elmer no dash up to today? Wow?

426
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Speaker 1: So much stuff? Okay. So Perkin Elmer also owns lots

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Speaker 1: of other little subs of the eeries. When I say little,

428
00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:06,520
Speaker 1: I've talked about multimillion smaller than Perkin Elmer, which is enormous.

429
00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:09,280
Speaker 1: It's a two point two billion dollar company. So Perkin

430
00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:12,239
Speaker 1: Elmer is involved in things like stem cell research, has

431
00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:15,720
Speaker 1: a subsidiary called via Cord that does that kind of work.

432
00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:20,320
Speaker 1: Also genomics and diagnostics through a company called Signature Genomics.

433
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:24,240
Speaker 1: Also prenatal screening through Perkin Elmer Labs, slash nt D

434
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:31,719
Speaker 1: viral and bacterial DNA slash RNA isolation, chemical analysis, thermal analysis.

435
00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,920
Speaker 1: This one's really cool, the thermal analysis because imagine that

436
00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:39,000
Speaker 1: you are a giant manufacturing company and you work with

437
00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,000
Speaker 1: a lot of different chemicals and you are trying to

438
00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,280
Speaker 1: create a new product, but you're not entirely sure if

439
00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,680
Speaker 1: your processes are going to work with the chemicals you

440
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,880
Speaker 1: want to use, Like you aren't really sure if your

441
00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:52,359
Speaker 1: factories are going to explode or not, that kind of thing.

442
00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:57,240
Speaker 1: What thermal analysis does is run through the various processes

443
00:24:57,359 --> 00:24:59,760
Speaker 1: at the same temperatures and conditions that you would have

444
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:04,080
Speaker 1: your production facilities to see what happens. So if toxins

445
00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,400
Speaker 1: are let out, if there's anything dangerous, if the ultimate

446
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:12,320
Speaker 1: uh end product is not serviceable for some reason. It's

447
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:16,760
Speaker 1: it's kind of a prototyping for chemical manufacturing. That's awesome.

448
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,159
Speaker 1: So it's kind of neat. Uh. They've also got their

449
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,640
Speaker 1: hands and energy conservation UM and like green energy solutions

450
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,000
Speaker 1: stuff like that, and environmental monitoring and analysis that all

451
00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:31,200
Speaker 1: like pollution and toxin detection kind of stuff. Food science, neutraceuticals,

452
00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:34,359
Speaker 1: that's a word that they use, neutraceuticals. You guys, This

453
00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,120
Speaker 1: is the best word I have ever heard in my life.

454
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:41,680
Speaker 1: I hadn't seen that until it showed up in the notes. Neutraceuticals.

455
00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:47,199
Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure they mean vitamins. Yeah, that that makes sense.

456
00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:52,600
Speaker 1: They also are involved in creating forensic analytical lab equipment,

457
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,520
Speaker 1: so for law enforcement agencies and that sort of thing,

458
00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:59,680
Speaker 1: and they do consumer product materials testing. So this is

459
00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:02,680
Speaker 1: an other way where they try and help companies determine

460
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:06,200
Speaker 1: that their products are indeed non toxic. Very important. Let's

461
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:10,280
Speaker 1: say you're making toys for young kids, or or or

462
00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:13,280
Speaker 1: cookware or comfiting or I mean basically anything that we

463
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:15,640
Speaker 1: come into contact with has to go through this sort

464
00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:19,280
Speaker 1: of testing. UM and haza for having fewer things around

465
00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:22,159
Speaker 1: us that cause cancer, right exactly. So this is the

466
00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:24,920
Speaker 1: kind of company that builds the stuff that allows other

467
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:28,480
Speaker 1: companies to finish their products. It's one of those that,

468
00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:30,879
Speaker 1: you know, if you've never heard Park and Elmer before,

469
00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:33,560
Speaker 1: it's you know, it's it's not a big surprise, because

470
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:35,960
Speaker 1: it's not. It's not one of those that is usually

471
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:37,960
Speaker 1: direct to consumers and any kind of way unless you

472
00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:40,919
Speaker 1: work with scientific lab equipment, in which case you may

473
00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:44,040
Speaker 1: be really familiar with it. Yeah, So this has really

474
00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:46,840
Speaker 1: been an interesting topic for us to cover because I

475
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,240
Speaker 1: was not familiar with Park and Elmer apart from I

476
00:26:49,320 --> 00:26:52,840
Speaker 1: knew of it because the hubble hubbub, but that was

477
00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 1: all I had heard of. And I really wasn't familiar

478
00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,080
Speaker 1: with a lot of the equipment because my my experience

479
00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:02,600
Speaker 1: in chemistry, I remember doing titrations and that's about as

480
00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,400
Speaker 1: much as I remember, and that didn't involve any any

481
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:08,560
Speaker 1: complex equipment. Yeah, my kind of experiences from like tenth

482
00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:10,840
Speaker 1: grade in high school. Yeah, So it's it's been a

483
00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:12,760
Speaker 1: while for each of us, and so it was kind

484
00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:14,840
Speaker 1: of fun to go back and look at this stuff. It's,

485
00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:17,200
Speaker 1: you know, material that I don't often look over, and

486
00:27:17,280 --> 00:27:19,800
Speaker 1: it's fun to to explore that. So if any of

487
00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,960
Speaker 1: you guys have suggestions for other fun topics we can cover,

488
00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,000
Speaker 1: you know, something that you've always wondered about, even if

489
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:28,000
Speaker 1: you know maybe it's one of those things kind of

490
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:30,680
Speaker 1: like this this subject where it involves lots of different

491
00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:32,880
Speaker 1: types of tech. Let us know. We like the challenge.

492
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:37,480
Speaker 1: Just give us a lot of heads up time, uh, Like, Hey,

493
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:39,600
Speaker 1: the anniversary is coming up next week of such and

494
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,280
Speaker 1: such company that's been around for four years. That might Yeah,

495
00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:43,840
Speaker 1: we might not be able to get that out in time,

496
00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:46,760
Speaker 1: but otherwise let us know. Send us a message. Our

497
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:50,200
Speaker 1: email is text up at Discovery dot com, or drop

498
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:53,080
Speaker 1: us a line on Facebook, Tumbler, Twitter or handle at

499
00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:56,040
Speaker 1: all three is tech stuff, hs W and Lauren and

500
00:27:56,080 --> 00:28:02,119
Speaker 1: I will talk to you again really soon. For more

501
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:04,800
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff

502
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:05,480
Speaker 1: works dot com