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Speaker 2: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

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Speaker 2: hit the number one science podcast in America. I'm a

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Speaker 2: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the

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Speaker 2: three pound universe in our heads.

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Speaker 1: Join me weekly to explore the relationship.

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Speaker 2: Between your brain and your life, because the more we

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Speaker 2: know about what's running under the hood, be or we

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Speaker 2: can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos with Savid

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Speaker 2: Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you

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Speaker 2: get your podcasts.

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Speaker 3: Guess what, Well, that's that Mago.

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Speaker 4: I've been trying to write a promo for our podcast

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Speaker 4: part Time Genius. But even though we've done over two

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Speaker 4: hundred and fifty episodes, we don't really talk about murders

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Speaker 4: or cults.

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Speaker 3: I mean, we did just cover the Illuminati of cheese,

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Speaker 3: so I feel like that makes us pretty edgy. We

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Speaker 3: also solve mysteries like how Chinese is your Chinese food?

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Speaker 3: And how do dollar stores make money? And then of

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Speaker 3: course can you game a dog show?

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Speaker 4: So what you're saying is everyone should be listening.

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Speaker 3: Listen to Part Time Genius on the iHeartRadio app or

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Speaker 3: wherever you get your podcasts.

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Speaker 5: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.

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Speaker 5: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're

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Speaker 5: angrier and more divided than every person, But in a

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Speaker 5: new copule season of my podcast, I'll Share with the

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Speaker 5: science really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most

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Speaker 5: people think.

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Speaker 4: We all know something is wrong in our culture and

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Speaker 4: our politics, and that we need to do better and

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Speaker 4: that we can do.

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Speaker 5: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you

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Speaker 5: listen to podcasts.

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Speaker 1: Hey Org. Do you think stuff in science is typically

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Speaker 1: well named or sometimes misleading?

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Speaker 6: Depends on which science Do you mean? Physics?

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Speaker 7: Then no.

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Speaker 1: I mean sometimes we do a good job, right, like

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Speaker 1: black hole.

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Speaker 6: Yeah yeah, those are black and their holes in space.

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Speaker 6: So I guess you did good on that one.

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Speaker 1: But in other cases you're saying we didn't do as well.

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Speaker 6: Well, let's see, how about quark flavors which don't have flavor?

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Speaker 6: How about quantum colors which don't have colored?

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Speaker 1: All right, that's fair, So let's do a little experiment.

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Speaker 1: I'm going to give you a physics name, and you're

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Speaker 1: gonna guess what it means.

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Speaker 6: All right, go for it.

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Speaker 1: It's called the dark flow.

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Speaker 6: That sounds like maybe a plumbing product to get your

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Speaker 6: toilet moving again?

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Speaker 1: Nice?

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Speaker 6: Did I get that right?

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Speaker 1: Stay tuned? Didn't find out?

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Speaker 6: You have to go with the flow? Is that what

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Speaker 6: you're saying?

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Speaker 4: Hi?

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Speaker 6: I'm Horia mcgurtoonez and the author of Oliver's Great Big Universe.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at U see Erine, and I hate plumbing projects.

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Speaker 6: Who loves plumbing projects? I guess plumbersumbers?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Maybe, I mean I hope they love plumbing projects.

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Speaker 1: Otherwise it's kind of sad.

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Speaker 6: It's probably interesting to them. Sure, But how many plumbing

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Speaker 6: projects have you worked on recently?

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Speaker 1: Oh? Too many? You know, anytime you have a plumbing project,

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Speaker 1: that means bad news. Something's leaking somewhere, something's broken somewhere.

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Speaker 1: You know, the joys of home ownership.

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Speaker 6: What don't you call a plumber?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's like paying somebody to deliver the bad news

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Speaker 1: to you.

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Speaker 6: Hey. Yeah, and then they then hopefully they fix it

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Speaker 6: for you. What kind of plumbers are you calling?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they fix it. We had a leak in our

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Speaker 1: upstairs bathroom recently and that had to tear out and

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Speaker 1: rehab all the walls in our garage. It was a

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Speaker 1: big pain in the butt.

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Speaker 6: Oh boy, what happened? The tub overfluid or something?

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Speaker 1: It was a dark flow.

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Speaker 6: You took too long of a bath there thinking about physics.

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Speaker 1: I was dunking stuff in the bathtub hoping for a

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Speaker 1: Eureka moment and it just didn't happen.

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Speaker 6: It just didn't happen. You didn't figure out how bulliancy works.

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Speaker 1: Now it's too complicated for a particle physicist.

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Speaker 6: Too many particles in a tub of water. But anyways,

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Speaker 6: welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe,

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Speaker 6: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we teach you to think like a physicist

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Speaker 1: instead of a plumber. Don't dunk stuff in a tub

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Speaker 1: of water, but immerse your brain in the mysteries of

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Speaker 1: the universe and try to learn how the universe works.

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Speaker 1: By Osmos is hanging out with us as we talk

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Speaker 1: and joke about everything that's out there in the universe

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Speaker 1: and try to explain all of it to you.

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Speaker 6: That's right. We try to fill the tub in your

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Speaker 6: mind of knowledge and wonder until it overflows and hopefully

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Speaker 6: maybe leaks into your garage a little bit.

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Speaker 1: You know, in that scenario, maybe a plumbing project is

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Speaker 1: good news because you got to rip everything out and

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Speaker 1: build up a new understanding of the universe. That's what

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Speaker 1: I'm always saying I want to do.

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Speaker 6: Wait, wait, you're saying the universe is plumbing.

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Speaker 1: I'm saying, our mental understanding of how the universe works

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Speaker 1: has plumbing. When you got to tear all that out

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Speaker 1: and rebuild it, that means you're coming up with a

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Speaker 1: new idea about how the universe works. And that's a revolution.

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Speaker 6: But wait, what's the plumbing for ideas? Also, what do

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Speaker 6: you flush down the toilet of physics?

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Speaker 1: Imagine the inside of a physicist mind and model it

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Speaker 1: as a bunch of pipes with ideas flushing and flowing

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Speaker 1: and swirling.

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Speaker 6: I see, I always love physicists thicky pipes themselves in

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Speaker 6: their brains. But aren't physicists sort of the plumbers of

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Speaker 6: the universe kinda? You're trying to figure out how the

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Speaker 6: plumbing of the universe works.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, everything in the universe is out there, sloshing around,

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Speaker 1: banging into itself. It's not like a stable situation. You

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Speaker 1: look up at the night sky and you might think, Hi,

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Speaker 1: everything's just sort of hanging it out. But that's just

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Speaker 1: because we live for such brief moments. On cosmic scales,

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Speaker 1: if you look at the universe over millions or billions

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Speaker 1: of years, you would see things expanding and exploding and

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Speaker 1: smashing and flowing.

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Speaker 6: Well, usually pipes expanding is not a good sign. Like,

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Speaker 6: if your pipe expands, it's probably going to burst.

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Speaker 1: M Yes, that's true. Dark energy would be bad news

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Speaker 1: for your plumbing.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, better flush it down the toilet or call a

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Speaker 6: real professional.

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Speaker 1: Someone who has actually useful skills.

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Speaker 6: You mean, yeah, someone who can fix a leak, someone

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Speaker 6: who knows how to use a wrench.

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Speaker 1: You mean, not a physicist and not a cartoonist.

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Speaker 6: No, but an engineer. Maybe I'm also an engineer. I

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Speaker 6: have that skill.

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Speaker 1: So you tackle the plumbing projects in your house or

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Speaker 1: do you call it professional?

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Speaker 6: Sometimes I do fix it. Yeah, I fix my washing

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Speaker 6: machine the other day. I was pretty proud of myself.

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Speaker 1: My kicking it and swearing at it.

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Speaker 6: No, but looking at it up on YouTube and looking

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Speaker 6: at a video of how to replace the little valve

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Speaker 6: there inside, we're all YouTube engineers.

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Speaker 1: Did you type how to replace that little valve there

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Speaker 1: into Google and just follow the instructions?

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Speaker 8: No?

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Speaker 6: I think I just typed the model of my dishwasher,

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Speaker 6: and then, you know, helpfully, a lot of people out

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Speaker 6: there have posted videos about it. I had to order

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Speaker 6: a part, pulled it apart. Surprisingly, nothing exploded so far.

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Speaker 6: That's right.

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Speaker 1: So far the Jorge has mastered his washing machine and

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Speaker 1: the plumbing of his house. Physicists are still trying to

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Speaker 1: figure out how the universe out there works.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, because it is an amazing universe full of what

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Speaker 6: seems like internal plumbing, where forces and things like particles

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Speaker 6: and quantum fields all flow around and flush together and

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Speaker 6: get mixed up and flow from one side to the other.

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Speaker 1: There's all sorts of stuff involved. There's normal matter, there's

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Speaker 1: dark matter, there's dark energy, there's the expansion of the universe,

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Speaker 1: there's the shape of the universe, in the size of

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Speaker 1: the universe, all of which play a role in what's

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Speaker 1: going on out there.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, we've learned a lot about the universe, but there's

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Speaker 6: still a lot we don't know, big giant concepts that

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Speaker 6: are still a big mystery. So today on the podcast,

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Speaker 6: we'll be tackling the question what is the dark flow?

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Speaker 6: Now this is not related to on flow, is it.

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Speaker 1: Well, there are a lot of bodily functions that do flow,

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Speaker 1: but we are strictly a physics pot cast, not biology.

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Speaker 6: Although putting the word dark in front of it it

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Speaker 6: does make me think of toilet functions.

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Speaker 1: There are a lot of dark matters that get flushed

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Speaker 1: down the toilet, that's true.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, a lot of dark matter that requires a lot

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Speaker 6: of dark energy. Especially if you haven't been eating fiber.

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Speaker 1: When your plumber is telling you you need a new diet,

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Speaker 1: then you definitely have a problem.

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Speaker 6: Yeah. Oh, aren't doctors sort of like body plumbers?

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Speaker 1: Hmmm, yeah, exactly. Yeah, the digestive system sometimes needs a

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Speaker 1: new valve.

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Speaker 6: But this is an intriguing name for a concept that

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Speaker 6: dark flow, and so, as usual, we were wondering how

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Speaker 6: many people out there had heard of this concept or

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Speaker 6: have any idea what it could meet.

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Speaker 1: Thanks to all the volunteers who answered this question. If

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Speaker 1: it sounds like fun to you to get a dose

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Speaker 1: of random physics questions in your inbox every week, right

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Speaker 1: to me too, questions at Daniel Landhorhey dot com.

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Speaker 6: So think about it for a second. What do you

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Speaker 6: think is the dark flow? Here's what people have to say.

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Speaker 9: That sounds like it has to do with dark energy

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Speaker 9: and or dark matter and it's relative distribution through the

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Speaker 9: cosmos over time.

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Speaker 10: I want to say, has something to do with like

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Speaker 10: dark matter flowing between stars or galaxies, or like how

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Speaker 10: we have a solar wind, so like a dark matter wind.

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Speaker 6: All right, I'm gonna go with Batman as well. It's

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Speaker 6: like when Batman's in a state where he's totally concentrated

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Speaker 6: in his crime fighting, it's just, you know, having the

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Speaker 6: artistic flow of fighting crime.

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Speaker 1: At least it would be something new in the Batman story.

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Speaker 1: I feel like Batman is just the same story over

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Speaker 1: and over again.

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Speaker 6: Oh boy, are we going to get into Batman in

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Speaker 6: this episode? How long is this episode? It sounds like

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Speaker 6: you've thought about Batman a lot.

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Speaker 1: I just saw like Batman Year one rebooted. It's like,

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Speaker 1: how many times can you go back and tell the

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Speaker 1: same story about his parents getting shot and he's a

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Speaker 1: dark soul? Dot dot dot, Like, come up with something new, people, Well.

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Speaker 6: Do you mean to change his origin story? Then he

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Speaker 6: wouldn't be Batman.

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Speaker 1: Tell us a story about somebody else. Don't just keep

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Speaker 1: rehashing the same ip.

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Speaker 6: Tell us about possum Man, Yeah, exactly, and squirrel Man

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Speaker 6: squirrel girl is a thing, right.

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Speaker 1: Ryan North writes that it's great.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, yeah, But anyways, without getting too dark here about

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Speaker 6: comic books, this is apparently a real physics concept, dark flow.

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Speaker 1: It is a real physics concept, and it's kind of

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Speaker 1: connected to dark matter and dark energy, but it's neither

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Speaker 1: of those things. It's more related to the overall expansion

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Speaker 1: and flow of galaxies in the universe.

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Speaker 6: I wonder if maybe you've overused the word dark in physics.

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Speaker 6: That's a dark thought, yeah, because people think it's just

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Speaker 6: all connected. If you use the same word for this

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Speaker 6: stept for different things.

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Speaker 1: You're absolutely right. People confuse dark matter and dark energy

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Speaker 1: all the time because they're both called dark. Really, what

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Speaker 1: we mean by dark is we don't understand this. It's

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Speaker 1: mysterious and unknown and invisible, right, like you can't see

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Speaker 1: it in space. Mm hmm, yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 6: All right, Well, Daniel, step us through this. What is

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Speaker 6: the dark flow? What's exactly flowing in the universe and

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Speaker 6: where is it flowing too or down too?

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Speaker 1: That's part of the question. How is the universe flowing

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Speaker 1: and where is it flowing to? So to understand the

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Speaker 1: dark flow, we have to think about the expansion of

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Speaker 1: the universe, like where all the galaxies are going, because

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Speaker 1: the dark flow is a mystery that sort of sits

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Speaker 1: on top of our current understanding of the expansion of

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Speaker 1: the universe, how all the galaxies are moving away from

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Speaker 1: each other.

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Speaker 6: And like expansion, you mean, like the expansion of space itself,

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Speaker 6: Like the space where all the galaxies sit in is expanding,

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Speaker 6: It's getting bigger and bigger.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, space is being created between galaxies, which effectively increases

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Speaker 1: the distance between those galaxies. And that's the expansion of

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Speaker 1: the universe, which is a really interesting and fascinating history. Right.

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Speaker 1: We know that the universe expanded very quickly early.

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Speaker 6: On, that's the Big Bang, right, and inflation.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, loosely speaking, though we don't understand what caused that

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Speaker 1: initial expansion. And then after that period things were still expanding,

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Speaker 1: but the signs sort of lipped. The universe took its

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Speaker 1: foot off the gas and started hitting the brake. So

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Speaker 1: still expanding, but now it was decelerating. There's all this

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Speaker 1: mass in the universe that was starting to slow down

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Speaker 1: the expansion. So universe still getting bigger, space still getting

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Speaker 1: created between the galaxies, but at a lower.

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Speaker 6: Rate now, meaning like the mass of the stuff in

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Speaker 6: the universe was somehow slowing down the expansion. Why was that?

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Speaker 6: Was it like the gravity of the stuff or just

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Speaker 6: having stuff in space makes it not expand.

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Speaker 1: That's just the gravity, right. What determines whether space is

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Speaker 1: expanding or contracting and whether it's accelerating or decelerating is

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Speaker 1: the amount of stuff in space, like the matter density,

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Speaker 1: and that sends to pull stuff together. And then also

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Speaker 1: the shape of the universe is it flat, is it negative,

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Speaker 1: is it open? And the amount of dark energy, which

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Speaker 1: is pushing things out and accelerating things early on in

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Speaker 1: the universe, there really wasn't a whole lot of dark energy,

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Speaker 1: and so matter dominated and it was slowing down that expansion.

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Speaker 1: But because it was still expanding, and as the universe expands,

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Speaker 1: it makes more dark energy because dark energy doesn't get diluted,

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Speaker 1: and then dark energy makes the universe expand more. That

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Speaker 1: continuing expansion, even though it was decelerating, made more dark energy,

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Speaker 1: which turned things around again back to acceleration. So we

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Speaker 1: had constant expansion, but we had like initial acceleration, then deceleration,

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Speaker 1: and now for the last five or six billion years

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Speaker 1: we've had acceleration again that's dark energy.

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Speaker 6: So it's been sort of a roller coaster ride for

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Speaker 6: the universe, right, Like it's stressed out really fast and

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Speaker 6: then it slowed down, and now it's picking up speed again,

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Speaker 6: and potentially it's going to keep picking up speed until

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Speaker 6: it grows it in super duper fast rate.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we don't know what the future holds because we

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Speaker 1: don't really understand dark energy like at all. If this

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Speaker 1: simple model of dark energy is just like some energy

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Speaker 1: that permeates space and causes the expansion of the universe

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Speaker 1: to accelerate is valid, then yeah, I'll just keep going forever,

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Speaker 1: and things will get more and more distant. Space will

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Speaker 1: continue to expand between galaxies, creating vaster and vaster distances

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Speaker 1: between superclusters which will collapse into supermassive black holes. And

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Speaker 1: that's sort of the far future of the universe. And

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Speaker 1: we're talking about this today because this expansion of the universe,

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Speaker 1: this creation of space between galaxies, is sometimes called by

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Speaker 1: astronomers the Hubble flow.

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Speaker 6: Now, first of all, I guess this expansion of space

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Speaker 6: is happening everywhere, all at once, the same everywhere, or

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Speaker 6: does it happen more in certain spots.

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Speaker 1: We think it happens the same everywhere.

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Speaker 6: Even the spots with lots of stuff in it.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the current idea, and it's sort of a

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Speaker 1: theory and an observation. It's sort of the simplest idea

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Speaker 1: you could have if you don't know what dark energy is.

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Speaker 1: Possibly it's something like a cosmological constant, some energy in

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Speaker 1: space that causes this to happen. The simplest thing to

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Speaker 1: do is to say, oh, that's just a number. It's

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Speaker 1: the same everywhere. We don't see any evidence for it

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Speaker 1: being different in different parts of the universe. But you know,

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Speaker 1: that's a tricky because we can't see it in different

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Speaker 1: parts of the universe. At the same time, we can

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Speaker 1: see the expansion and happening locally now ish we can

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Speaker 1: see the expansion happening far away, like a billion years ago.

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Speaker 1: It's hard to compare point to point.

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Speaker 6: But then, didn't you say stuff slows down the expansion

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Speaker 6: of the universe. So I wonder if in this bus,

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Speaker 6: where there's a lot of stuff in it, maybe it's

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Speaker 6: expanding less fast.

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Speaker 1: Stuff does slow down the expansion of the universe. That

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Speaker 1: sort of contributes overall, but everything is actually balanced so

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Speaker 1: that overall the universe is flat. But yeah, we don't

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Speaker 1: know how stuff and dark energy interact with each other.

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Speaker 1: Dark energy is so dilute and so actually weak that

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Speaker 1: anywhere there is stuff, you can basically just ignore the

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Speaker 1: dark energy and just treat it as if there was

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Speaker 1: gravity there, just like from its stuff.

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Speaker 6: But I guess as we look around we see the

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Speaker 6: whole of the universe expanding evenly in all directions exactly.

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Speaker 1: And the idea of the Hubble flow I think is

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Speaker 1: kind of helpful visually for you to think about this,

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Speaker 1: because we tend to think about this in terms of velocities, Like,

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Speaker 1: those galaxies are moving away from us at some speed,

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Speaker 1: and we measure those velocities in terms of redshift. How

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Speaker 1: the light from those galaxies is getting stretched out because

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Speaker 1: those galaxies are moving away from us. This is how

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Speaker 1: Hubble sort of initially described it. You know, the velocity

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Speaker 1: of these galaxies. It makes more sense, it's sort of

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Speaker 1: more natural to think about it in terms of general relativity.

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Speaker 1: Has expansion of space itself, That those galaxies aren't accelerating

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Speaker 1: away from us, but space is being created between us,

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Speaker 1: and so like, there is an increased distance between us

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Speaker 1: and those galaxies, but you're not feeling any acceleration.

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Speaker 6: And you said, this motion is called the Hubble flow.

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Speaker 6: What do you mean motion? And why is it called

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Speaker 6: a flow?

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Speaker 1: So motion there is a bit misleading. The distance between

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Speaker 1: the galaxies is increasing, and so for nearby galaxies you

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Speaker 1: can like measure their velocity and say, oh, that galaxy

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Speaker 1: has a certain velocity in our reference frame. But across

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Speaker 1: really really big distances, it doesn't make sense to talk

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Speaker 1: about relative velocity for objects that are super far away

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Speaker 1: from each other and have different non inertial frames. So

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Speaker 1: astronomers sometimes use velocities as a sort of way to

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Speaker 1: talk about those objects, but it doesn't actually make any

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Speaker 1: sense in terms of general relativity. And why it's called

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Speaker 1: the hubble flow. Yeah, it's a good question. I think

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Speaker 1: it just helps you visualize how like space is being

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Speaker 1: created everywhere and things are being carried along by that stream.

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Speaker 6: Okay, so the hubble flow, And then I guess maybe

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Speaker 6: it's sort of like the flow of space being created

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Speaker 6: pushing everything apart in the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so you can think about those galaxies

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Speaker 1: as sort of like sitting in that hubble flow. Space

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Speaker 1: is being created, everything is moving further and further apart.

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Speaker 1: But there's a wrinkle on top of that motion. Right,

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Speaker 1: the hubble flow is not the only thing that's happening

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Speaker 1: in the universe. Each of these galaxies is also moving

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Speaker 1: relative to the hubble flow. Like people often write in

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Speaker 1: and ask, hey, if galaxies are being pushed apart because

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Speaker 1: of dark energy, why is the Milky Way going to

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Speaker 1: slam into Andromeda? And the answer is that these things

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Speaker 1: are moving because of gravity. Right. We talked earlier about

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Speaker 1: how dark energy sort of winds over really large distances,

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Speaker 1: but for short distances it's too weak. Well, gravity is

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Speaker 1: the opposite. Gravity gets really weak at large distances, so

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Speaker 1: like between superclusters you hardly feel anything. But short distances,

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Speaker 1: like just between two galaxies or between the Sun and

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Speaker 1: the Earth, gravity totally dominates dark energy right.

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Speaker 6: Like, right now, even where I'm sitting, space is expanding,

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Speaker 6: right Like, if I look at my hand in front

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Speaker 6: of me, the space that my hand is in is

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Speaker 6: technically expanding, just like the rest of the universe is

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Speaker 6: just expanding so little that the force is keeping my

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Speaker 6: hand together when over the expansion of the space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly right. And in the case of your

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Speaker 1: body and your hand, the forces are electromagnetic. Those chemical

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Speaker 1: bonds are tying everything together. So the hubble flow is

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Speaker 1: like the gentless little current that your body can overpower.

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Speaker 1: Even on the scale of the Solar System, gravity winds

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Speaker 1: and the motion of the Earth around the Sun is

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Speaker 1: totally dominated just by gravity. Like if it wasn't, we

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Speaker 1: might have discovered dark energy much much earlier, because we

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Speaker 1: wouldn't have understood the orbits of the planets without it,

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Speaker 1: and we have very precise measurements of things happening in

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Speaker 1: the Solar System. Any little deviation from gravity, we would

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Speaker 1: have noticed if it was at all measurable. But dark

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Speaker 1: energy is not even measurable on the scale of our

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Speaker 1: Solar System. You have to go out to between clusters

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Speaker 1: of galaxy in order to see it. So on the

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Speaker 1: local scale, dark energy is basically irrelevant, and it's gravity

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Speaker 1: that winds over and so these galaxies are moving in

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Speaker 1: random directions and feeling tugs from gravity and having all

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Speaker 1: sorts of dynamics. We talked about how galaxies merge and

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Speaker 1: form together and make superclusters. So this motion relative to

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Speaker 1: the Hubble flow, that's called the peculiar motion of a galaxy.

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Speaker 1: It just means how it's moving relative to the flow

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Speaker 1: I see.

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Speaker 6: So like, for example, in our Solar system, the space

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Speaker 6: is expanding, but our planet is tied to the Sun,

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Speaker 6: just like we're tied to the Earth. So like me

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Speaker 6: sitting here on Earth and not moving relative to the Earth,

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Speaker 6: there is sort of almost like space flowing through me

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Speaker 6: as it expands through.

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Speaker 1: Me exactly, So your peculiar motion is towards the Earth,

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Speaker 1: and the Earth's peculiar motion is towards you. And then

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Speaker 1: on the scale of galaxies, like the Milky Way's peculiar

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Speaker 1: motion is relative to Andromeda, and Andromeda's peculiar motion is

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Speaker 1: releigt to the Milky Way. If we only were following

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Speaker 1: the Hubble flow and had no peculiar motion, then the

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Speaker 1: space between us would be expanding, right, the distance would

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Speaker 1: be growing, But it's not. Milky Way. Andromeda are coming

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Speaker 1: towards each other. And that's the case for lots of galaxies,

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Speaker 1: even the ones that aren't going to smash into each other.

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Speaker 1: They're all basically pointing in random directions. Very few are

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Speaker 1: like at rest relative to the Hubble flow.

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Speaker 6: So like our galaxy and Andromeda galaxy are moving relative

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Speaker 6: to each other. And there's two components to that. You're saying, right, like,

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Speaker 6: there's how much we're moving because the space is expanding

441
00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:35,199
Speaker 6: between us, and there's also how much we're moving if

442
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,240
Speaker 6: the space wasn't expanding between us.

443
00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:39,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly right. You can think about it either

444
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:42,280
Speaker 1: just from the reference frame of the Milky Way and say, look,

445
00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:45,000
Speaker 1: everything is moving away from us, and then just break

446
00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:47,639
Speaker 1: that motion into two components, say one of that is

447
00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:50,200
Speaker 1: due to dark energy and the other is everything else

448
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:52,480
Speaker 1: relative to that, And then a more natural way to

449
00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:54,760
Speaker 1: think about it is instead of just having one reference

450
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,720
Speaker 1: frame centered at our heads, think about dark energy is

451
00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:00,960
Speaker 1: just creating this like expanding frame, and then think about

452
00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,040
Speaker 1: the motion relative to those frames. The hubble flow is

453
00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:05,960
Speaker 1: sort of the most natural way to think about the

454
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,560
Speaker 1: expanding universe. And in that frame they're called co moving frames.

455
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:12,680
Speaker 1: The only motion is the peculiar motion, because you just

456
00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:14,800
Speaker 1: sort of set the expansion of the universe as like

457
00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:15,880
Speaker 1: the baseline thing.

458
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:18,400
Speaker 6: Right, It's sort of like maybe like the river analogies

459
00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:21,240
Speaker 6: you just brought up earlier, like we're all moving in

460
00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:24,480
Speaker 6: a river, and the flow of the river is the

461
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:27,239
Speaker 6: hubble flow, or like the expansion of the universe. But

462
00:21:27,320 --> 00:21:29,840
Speaker 6: you know, within my little raft, I can have something

463
00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:32,199
Speaker 6: moving relative to each other, or I can try like

464
00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:34,639
Speaker 6: rowing towards your raft, and then there would be some

465
00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:36,320
Speaker 6: peculiar motion between our rafts.

466
00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:38,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly right. Maybe we have engines and we're trying

467
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,560
Speaker 1: to push towards each other against the current, or we're

468
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,879
Speaker 1: trying to get away from each other or whatever, so

469
00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:45,160
Speaker 1: that's our peculiar motion.

470
00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:48,760
Speaker 6: All right, Well, these are peculiar concepts, and so let's

471
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,880
Speaker 6: dig into now, what is the dark flow of the universe?

472
00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:55,240
Speaker 6: Why is it dark, where is it flowing? And is

473
00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:57,879
Speaker 6: it something we want to touch or take a bath in.

474
00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:00,560
Speaker 6: So let's dig into that, but first let's take a break.

475
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Speaker 6: Hi.

525
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Speaker 2: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

526
00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:42,840
Speaker 2: hit the number one science podcast in America. I'm a

527
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:46,720
Speaker 2: neuroscientists at Stanford, and I've spent my career exploring the

528
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:47,960
Speaker 2: three pound universe.

529
00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:50,240
Speaker 1: In our heads. We're looking at a whole new.

530
00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:54,080
Speaker 2: Series of episodes this season to understand why and how

531
00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:57,120
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532
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533
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Speaker 2: keep a secret? When should you not trust your intuition?

534
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Speaker 2: Why do brains so easily fall for magic tricks, and

535
00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:12,760
Speaker 2: why do they love conspiracy theories. I'm hitting these questions

536
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 2: and hundreds more because the more we know about what's

537
00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:19,920
Speaker 2: running under the hood, the better we can steer our lives.

538
00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:23,919
Speaker 2: Join me weekly to explore the relationship between your brain

539
00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:28,639
Speaker 2: and your life by digging into unexpected questions. Listen to

540
00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:31,919
Speaker 2: Inner Cosmos with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple

541
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,520
Speaker 2: Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

542
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,359
Speaker 6: All right, we're talking about the dark flow of the universe,

543
00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:50,960
Speaker 6: which sounds a little bit sinister. I feel like there's

544
00:25:50,960 --> 00:25:53,680
Speaker 6: something going on under the surface.

545
00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:56,280
Speaker 1: That is not light, sort of like a Batman Tinge

546
00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:58,719
Speaker 1: story The Dark Knights have Gotham.

547
00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:03,359
Speaker 6: I can underplot you, like, there's something going on in

548
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:04,200
Speaker 6: the streets.

549
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:05,320
Speaker 1: Of Gotham exactly.

550
00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:08,639
Speaker 6: There is a flow of villainy in the sewers.

551
00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:11,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, or maybe it's financial plumbing, right, it's a flow

552
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: of dark money through politics.

553
00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:16,240
Speaker 6: Oh there you go. Well again, maybe you should have

554
00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:20,239
Speaker 6: called it something different and not dark and confuse everybody.

555
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,679
Speaker 1: You there means the entire physics community, right, because I

556
00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:24,600
Speaker 1: certainly didn't call this dark flow.

557
00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:27,399
Speaker 6: But you keep using it though, so you are complicit.

558
00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:32,280
Speaker 1: Yes, I am complicit. I will admit to that. Toss

559
00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:34,480
Speaker 1: me in physical naming jail and throw away the key.

560
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:37,240
Speaker 6: M Yes, we'll lock you up in Arkham Asylum with

561
00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:40,359
Speaker 6: the rest of the Batman villains. All right, we're talking

562
00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:43,600
Speaker 6: about the dark flow of the universe, and we talked

563
00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:47,679
Speaker 6: about how the universe is expanding, and it's because space

564
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,560
Speaker 6: is expanding. All of space in the university is expanding.

565
00:26:51,080 --> 00:26:54,160
Speaker 6: And that flow, that flow of new space flowing everywhere,

566
00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:57,560
Speaker 6: being created everywhere, stretching things out they're in space. We

567
00:26:57,640 --> 00:27:00,720
Speaker 6: call that the hubble flow. That the same as the

568
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:01,359
Speaker 6: dark flow.

569
00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,240
Speaker 1: So that's the Hubble flow. The dark flow. Is a

570
00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:08,920
Speaker 1: question about this peculiar motion. Are there any patterns in

571
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:12,320
Speaker 1: the peculiar motion? Like we expect that the universe is

572
00:27:12,359 --> 00:27:15,920
Speaker 1: the same everywhere and it's all just random, there's nothing special,

573
00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:18,919
Speaker 1: and so that if you look at the directions and

574
00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:22,720
Speaker 1: the magnitudes of these peculiar motions, like where's every galaxy going,

575
00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:25,080
Speaker 1: and you add them all up, they should basically add

576
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:27,840
Speaker 1: up to zero. Right, there should be no preferred direction

577
00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:29,360
Speaker 1: in the universe.

578
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:33,960
Speaker 6: Meaning like like let's say we ignore the expansion of

579
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,600
Speaker 6: the universe, or like take that into account, or you

580
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:41,360
Speaker 6: substract the expansion of the universe from the motion of everything.

581
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:44,080
Speaker 6: How is everything moving? How are all those superclusters of

582
00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:47,520
Speaker 6: galaxies on those galaxies and stars? How's it all moving?

583
00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:50,000
Speaker 6: If the universe wasn't expanding, that's what you mean?

584
00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, essentially relative to the expansion. How is everything moving?

585
00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:56,199
Speaker 1: Does it point in some particular direction? Does it average

586
00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,560
Speaker 1: out to zero? We expect, based on like very simple,

587
00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:03,080
Speaker 1: kind of naive but powerful arguments, that it should average

588
00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:06,280
Speaker 1: out to zero. We think the universe is the same everywhere,

589
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:08,600
Speaker 1: and the Big Bang happened at every point in the

590
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:11,400
Speaker 1: universe the same time, and there was no global over

591
00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:14,479
Speaker 1: density anywhere, and so we expect it to basically average

592
00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:14,960
Speaker 1: out to zero.

593
00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:16,960
Speaker 6: Now, what do you mean by average out to zero?

594
00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:19,879
Speaker 6: Like why should that be the case? Like the motion

595
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:21,840
Speaker 6: of our solar system does it add up to zero?

596
00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:25,000
Speaker 1: So our solar system reflects the spin of the initial

597
00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:27,679
Speaker 1: blob of gas that formed it. Right, that blob of

598
00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:30,480
Speaker 1: gas had a bunch of particles heading arounder directions, and

599
00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:33,040
Speaker 1: it was regularly shaped, and it was spinning, and so

600
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:35,800
Speaker 1: the spinning the motion of our solar system including the

601
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:37,520
Speaker 1: motion of the solar system around the center of the

602
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:41,720
Speaker 1: galaxy does reflect the motion of that initial blob, and

603
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:45,080
Speaker 1: we expect all those blobs were basically created equal, and

604
00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:47,160
Speaker 1: so you'll get some spinning one way and some spinning

605
00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:49,400
Speaker 1: another way, and some moving this way and some moving

606
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:51,959
Speaker 1: that way, and you do see a big variation of

607
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:54,240
Speaker 1: like directions of stars, et cetera.

608
00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 6: I see, it's sort of like maybe if we had

609
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,280
Speaker 6: like a gas canister full of gas molecules, you sort

610
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,040
Speaker 6: of expect all the gas molecules, all the motions of

611
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,640
Speaker 6: all those particles and molecules to average out to zero, right,

612
00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:08,440
Speaker 6: because it's all sort of random. The canister is not

613
00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:12,240
Speaker 6: going anywhere, and it's had some time to diffuse and even.

614
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,440
Speaker 1: Out exactly unless there was something outside that cannister pulling

615
00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:17,760
Speaker 1: on them, or something pushing on the whole canister, or

616
00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:20,520
Speaker 1: something else acting that you weren't aware of, the motion

617
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:22,880
Speaker 1: of all the molecules should add up to zero. So

618
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:23,600
Speaker 1: that's the question.

619
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:25,560
Speaker 6: And so that's kind of what you were saying we

620
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:28,040
Speaker 6: should expect from the universe. Like if you subtract the

621
00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:31,120
Speaker 6: expansion of the universe from the motion of everything, then

622
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:33,880
Speaker 6: basically all the stars and galaxies out there. Shoots sort

623
00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,760
Speaker 6: of look like a canister of gas where everything's just

624
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,080
Speaker 6: moving in random directions, but it should all add up.

625
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,360
Speaker 1: To zero, exactly. And there's one more little bit of

626
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:44,440
Speaker 1: trickiness that we need to think about it before we're

627
00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:47,960
Speaker 1: ready to actually look at those galaxies and answer the question.

628
00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:51,040
Speaker 1: And that's the frame of reference. When we talked about

629
00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:54,360
Speaker 1: subtracting out the expansion of the universe, and that's helpful

630
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:57,800
Speaker 1: for like removing something we already understand that's causing everything

631
00:29:57,840 --> 00:29:59,800
Speaker 1: to get away from each other. But we still need

632
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,320
Speaker 1: to pick a frame of reference in order to calculate

633
00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:05,440
Speaker 1: the velocity of a galaxy, because galaxies don't have velocity

634
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:08,880
Speaker 1: relative to space. They only have velocity in some reference frame.

635
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:11,440
Speaker 1: Like put a reference frame on one galaxy, measure the

636
00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:14,840
Speaker 1: velocity of another one relative to that or your spaceship

637
00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:18,360
Speaker 1: or something. Right, velocities are not a property of objects.

638
00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:21,520
Speaker 1: There are properties of pairs of objects. So you basically

639
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:23,640
Speaker 1: have to pick a reference frame in which you're going

640
00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:25,680
Speaker 1: to measure the velocity of all these objects.

641
00:30:26,080 --> 00:30:28,000
Speaker 6: And is it going to change if you change the

642
00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:30,720
Speaker 6: point of reference, like shooting it at up to zero

643
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:31,360
Speaker 6: no matter what.

644
00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:33,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a really interesting and subtle point, Like

645
00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:37,240
Speaker 1: space itself has no frame of reference, doesn't prefer any

646
00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:39,400
Speaker 1: frame of reference, and so it's often said like the

647
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:42,600
Speaker 1: universe has no preferred frame, and that's mostly true. But

648
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:45,760
Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe definitely does have a frame

649
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,640
Speaker 1: of reference. Like if you add up the velocities of

650
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:51,360
Speaker 1: all the stuff in the universe that has a frame

651
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:53,800
Speaker 1: of reference, right, that has a location that has an

652
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,200
Speaker 1: average velocity, and so the stuff in the universe has

653
00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:59,000
Speaker 1: a frame and you can sort of pick that frame

654
00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:02,719
Speaker 1: of reference just by looking at the cosmic microwave background radiation.

655
00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:05,200
Speaker 6: But wait, I thought every other motion of the other

656
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:07,360
Speaker 6: stuff out there should add up to zero. Are you

657
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:09,800
Speaker 6: saying it doesn't or it may not. Like if you

658
00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:12,040
Speaker 6: calculate the average velocity of all the galaxies in the

659
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:15,320
Speaker 6: universe observable universe, shouldn't that be zero?

660
00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:18,000
Speaker 1: It should be if you pick the right reference frame, right,

661
00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:20,920
Speaker 1: and you understand everything that's happening. So that's why the

662
00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:23,800
Speaker 1: answer depends a little bit on the reference frame. So

663
00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:26,080
Speaker 1: we go back to the very early universe and say, well,

664
00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:28,240
Speaker 1: what was the reference frame of all the stuff in

665
00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:30,800
Speaker 1: the early universe like when things were still hot and

666
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,120
Speaker 1: dense and a big plasma. We can actually measure that

667
00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:36,840
Speaker 1: because we can look at the cosmic microwave background radiation

668
00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:39,320
Speaker 1: the life from that plasma, and we can look at

669
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:42,080
Speaker 1: like whether it's bluer or redder in one direction. So

670
00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:46,160
Speaker 1: we can measure our motion through this cosmic microwave background radiation,

671
00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:48,320
Speaker 1: and that tells us what the frame of the universe

672
00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:50,720
Speaker 1: was like fourteen billion years ago, and so it gives

673
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:52,360
Speaker 1: us a frame. Then we can ask like, are the

674
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:57,280
Speaker 1: galaxies now moving relative to the cosmic microwave background radiation?

675
00:31:57,840 --> 00:31:59,640
Speaker 1: We expect that to be no, because we think the

676
00:31:59,640 --> 00:32:02,880
Speaker 1: galaxy came from the same stuff that formed the CMB,

677
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:06,520
Speaker 1: so it'd be weird if that stuff was moving relative

678
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:07,480
Speaker 1: to the CMB.

679
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:09,720
Speaker 6: Wait wait, wait, wait, so are you saying the cosmic

680
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:13,040
Speaker 6: microwave background radiation is not the same in all directions?

681
00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:14,960
Speaker 6: You're saying, like, it's red er to the right than

682
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:15,640
Speaker 6: to our left.

683
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,200
Speaker 1: Kind of yeah, because we're moving through the CMB, we

684
00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:22,000
Speaker 1: have a non zero velocity relative to the CMB. If

685
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,920
Speaker 1: you just measure the CMB overall is very obviously redder

686
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,400
Speaker 1: in one direction and bluer in the other and then

687
00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:29,640
Speaker 1: typically you see these maps of the CNB, but they've

688
00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:32,880
Speaker 1: already subtracted that out. They've already measured our overall motion

689
00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:35,640
Speaker 1: relative to the CMB and subtracted that out, and then

690
00:32:35,680 --> 00:32:38,720
Speaker 1: they're looking for like tiny little wiggles in the CMB

691
00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:39,920
Speaker 1: on top of that.

692
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:42,560
Speaker 6: Oh, I see what it's saying. So like, if you

693
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:46,000
Speaker 6: look at the cosmic microwave background, it has a certain

694
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:50,000
Speaker 6: velocity or motion to it, and so you have to

695
00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:52,800
Speaker 6: sort of assume that's like the motion of the universe

696
00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:55,960
Speaker 6: kind of, that's like the home base of the universe.

697
00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:59,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, the zero of the universe. That's really the only

698
00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:01,560
Speaker 1: thing we can compare two. Right. You can't just measure

699
00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:04,640
Speaker 1: velocities relative to space. That doesn't have any meaning. You

700
00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:07,160
Speaker 1: have to measure relative to something. So you need like

701
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:10,040
Speaker 1: a baseline. So we go back to the early universe

702
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:12,840
Speaker 1: and take the frame of the CMB and say, are

703
00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:17,320
Speaker 1: galaxies overall moving in some direction relative to the motion

704
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:19,800
Speaker 1: of the CMB. That would be weird. It's not weird

705
00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:22,320
Speaker 1: for one galaxy to be moving relative to the CMB,

706
00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:25,040
Speaker 1: where like stuff happens, it gets pulled in some direction.

707
00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:27,800
Speaker 1: The Earth is moving relative to the CMB, No big deal.

708
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:30,440
Speaker 1: But if you add up everything relative to the CMB

709
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:34,720
Speaker 1: after subtracting the expansion also, then the question is where

710
00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:35,600
Speaker 1: is everything going?

711
00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:38,240
Speaker 6: Okay, I see, So we've measured the velocities of all

712
00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,000
Speaker 6: the galaxies and superclusters and stars out there in space,

713
00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:43,160
Speaker 6: and we've measured how they move relative to the cosmic

714
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,720
Speaker 6: micro rate background radiation. And you're saying it should be

715
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:48,680
Speaker 6: zero if you think about it, because it should average out.

716
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:49,680
Speaker 6: But is it.

717
00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: It does not average out to zero, and that's the

718
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:57,560
Speaker 1: dark flow. The dark flow is this extra unexplained velocity

719
00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:01,080
Speaker 1: of all of these galaxies relative to the CMB. After

720
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:05,080
Speaker 1: subtracting out the expansion. Turns out the galaxies are pointing

721
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:07,920
Speaker 1: in a certain direction. Wait, what where are they going?

722
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,080
Speaker 1: So they did this really cool study where they measured

723
00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:14,560
Speaker 1: the velocities of a bunch of different galaxies.

724
00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:17,279
Speaker 6: And this is you measured like everything, like the whole

725
00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:18,880
Speaker 6: observable universe that we can see.

726
00:34:19,320 --> 00:34:22,000
Speaker 1: No, definitely not, that would take way too long. What

727
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:25,080
Speaker 1: they did is they found like seven hundred clusters out

728
00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:27,960
Speaker 1: there in the universe and they measure the velocities of those.

729
00:34:28,320 --> 00:34:32,120
Speaker 1: So again, not even individual galaxies like galaxy clusters. They

730
00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:34,520
Speaker 1: wanted to like scan as far as they could across

731
00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:37,880
Speaker 1: the observable universe. But you know there's zillions and zillions

732
00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:40,000
Speaker 1: of galaxies. If you did the whole project, it would

733
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:40,520
Speaker 1: take forever.

734
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,719
Speaker 6: So then isn't that a really tiny sample of the

735
00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:44,520
Speaker 6: whole universe.

736
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,239
Speaker 1: Absolutely, it's a tiny sample, but they measured it across

737
00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:51,719
Speaker 1: the universe, so they hope there's no bias. And they

738
00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:54,160
Speaker 1: know how much data they have so they can measure

739
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:57,360
Speaker 1: the statistical uncertainty there. So if they measure of velocity

740
00:34:57,360 --> 00:34:59,640
Speaker 1: that's smaller than their uncertainty, then they say, okay, it's

741
00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:02,960
Speaker 1: consisting with zero. If they measure something much bigger than

742
00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:06,160
Speaker 1: their uncertainty, they can still tell that it's happening. Like

743
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:08,440
Speaker 1: if you only measure the speed of two cars zooming

744
00:35:08,440 --> 00:35:10,879
Speaker 1: biber they're going one hundred miles an hour, then that's

745
00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:13,879
Speaker 1: very likely the average speed of your road is not zero,

746
00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:15,440
Speaker 1: it's closer to one hundred.

747
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:19,680
Speaker 6: Okay, so that's a big mystery. Like you've measured the

748
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:22,200
Speaker 6: velocity of while the superclusters out there, or at least

749
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:24,840
Speaker 6: a sample of them, and they don't seem to be

750
00:35:24,920 --> 00:35:28,840
Speaker 6: standing still relative to the background of the universe.

751
00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:31,520
Speaker 1: And they use this very cool technique to measure the

752
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,600
Speaker 1: velocities of these galaxies because these clusters can be hard

753
00:35:34,640 --> 00:35:36,880
Speaker 1: to see. And so what they did is they looked

754
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:40,640
Speaker 1: at CMB photons passing through these clouds of hot gas.

755
00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:43,279
Speaker 1: As the CMB photons passed through them, they get a

756
00:35:43,320 --> 00:35:46,400
Speaker 1: little bit of boost of energy from interacting with these clouds.

757
00:35:46,640 --> 00:35:49,399
Speaker 1: You can use this to see distant galaxies just by

758
00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:52,600
Speaker 1: like their effect on the CMB, Like if those photons

759
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,399
Speaker 1: have passed through the blob of gas, then you can

760
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:57,880
Speaker 1: tell and you can tell the velocity of that blob

761
00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:00,600
Speaker 1: of gas. It's like an extra little Doppler shift there.

762
00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:03,880
Speaker 6: Okay, so everything seems to be moving relative to the

763
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:06,239
Speaker 6: background of the universe by a lot, or is it

764
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:07,520
Speaker 6: like a little tiny.

765
00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:09,480
Speaker 1: Drift, Well, it depends on your scale of reference. But

766
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:12,680
Speaker 1: like it's moving an eight hundred to one thousand kilometers

767
00:36:12,760 --> 00:36:15,719
Speaker 1: per second you add it all up, it's really a

768
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:18,400
Speaker 1: non zero number. It's pointing sort of in the direction

769
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:23,360
Speaker 1: of the Centaurus and Hydra constellations, which listeners might remember

770
00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,480
Speaker 1: is sort of in the same direction as what we

771
00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:28,920
Speaker 1: call the Great attractor, which is behind the zone of

772
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:32,279
Speaker 1: avoidance in our galaxy. Like our galaxy is a big disc, right,

773
00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:34,239
Speaker 1: and so you can look up above the disc, or

774
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,000
Speaker 1: down below the disk, or sort of out away from

775
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,520
Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy. Those directions are pretty easy

776
00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:41,200
Speaker 1: to see because you're not looking through a lot of

777
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:43,480
Speaker 1: dense galaxy. But if you try to look through the

778
00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:45,800
Speaker 1: center of the disk itself, or even through the center

779
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:48,000
Speaker 1: of the galaxy, there's a lot of stuff there, a

780
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,120
Speaker 1: lot of gas and dust and other stars and black

781
00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:53,480
Speaker 1: holes that block our view. And in that direction there

782
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:56,000
Speaker 1: also tends to be like a lot of gravitational motion

783
00:36:56,120 --> 00:36:59,360
Speaker 1: within the observable universe, so it's called the Great Attractor.

784
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:01,680
Speaker 1: We don't know what's there exactly because we can't see

785
00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,560
Speaker 1: in that direction very well, but they're already We thought

786
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:07,520
Speaker 1: there was a lot of local gravitational motion in that

787
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,920
Speaker 1: direction towards sort of the center of the Lini Kia supercluster.

788
00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:14,840
Speaker 1: Now it looks like the whole universe is also moving

789
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:17,680
Speaker 1: in that direction. Like you add up all the galaxies

790
00:37:17,719 --> 00:37:21,160
Speaker 1: in the universe, their velocity on average points in the

791
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,400
Speaker 1: same direction as our motion towards the Great Attractor.

792
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:26,640
Speaker 6: By all the galaxies in the universe. You mean all

793
00:37:26,680 --> 00:37:28,319
Speaker 6: the galaxies we can see.

794
00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:30,640
Speaker 1: I mean only these seven hundred clusters that were measured

795
00:37:30,680 --> 00:37:32,760
Speaker 1: by this one study, right.

796
00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:35,080
Speaker 6: Right, Well, just a zero sample of all of them.

797
00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:39,600
Speaker 1: Maybe exactly a tiny, tiny sample, but yes, statistically significant

798
00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:41,960
Speaker 1: sample of all of them, and they measured a big velocity.

799
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:43,680
Speaker 1: This is a really surprising result.

800
00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:46,680
Speaker 6: So they've measured how things are moving, and you're saying

801
00:37:46,719 --> 00:37:49,520
Speaker 6: they're moving in a particular direction, which seems to be

802
00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:53,480
Speaker 6: in the direction of something really really extra big compared

803
00:37:53,560 --> 00:37:55,520
Speaker 6: to the size of the observable universe.

804
00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:57,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I don't want to confuse people because there's

805
00:37:57,360 --> 00:37:59,960
Speaker 1: two different motions we're talking about here. Like one is

806
00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:03,480
Speaker 1: our particular peculiar motion, the motion of Andromeda and the

807
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:06,560
Speaker 1: milky way in our little cluster is being pulled towards

808
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:10,000
Speaker 1: the center of the Linikia Clue supercluster by some big

809
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:13,680
Speaker 1: mass that's within our universe. Right, that's our sort of

810
00:38:13,719 --> 00:38:16,200
Speaker 1: local peculiar motion. But then you add up all the

811
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:19,200
Speaker 1: peculiar motion of the whole universe, and that also seems

812
00:38:19,239 --> 00:38:22,160
Speaker 1: to be headed coincidentally, maybe I don't know, in the

813
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:26,000
Speaker 1: same direction. So like the whole universe is also moving

814
00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:28,560
Speaker 1: and its arrow is in the same direction as our

815
00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:32,040
Speaker 1: local motion towards the Great Attractor. So sort of like

816
00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:34,200
Speaker 1: back to the analogy of boats in the river. We

817
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:37,120
Speaker 1: discover that, oh, our boat is moving in some direction

818
00:38:37,239 --> 00:38:39,319
Speaker 1: relative to the river, and then we add up all

819
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:41,520
Speaker 1: the boats and like, oh my gosh, everybody's moving in

820
00:38:41,560 --> 00:38:44,479
Speaker 1: that direction. What's going on? It's this is something much

821
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:46,320
Speaker 1: bigger than just the Great Attractor.

822
00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:49,440
Speaker 6: The Great Attractor is within our supercluster of galaxies, or

823
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:50,440
Speaker 6: it's outside of it.

824
00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:52,319
Speaker 1: We don't know what the Great Attractor is. We think

825
00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:54,560
Speaker 1: it might be something super massive at the core of

826
00:38:54,560 --> 00:38:59,080
Speaker 1: our supercluster. So yeah, probably it's within our supercluster. But

827
00:38:59,239 --> 00:39:02,200
Speaker 1: the dark flow is the motion of everything in the universe,

828
00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:05,280
Speaker 1: coincidentally or not, I don't know, in the same direction

829
00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:07,960
Speaker 1: as our motion towards our super cluster.

830
00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:11,160
Speaker 6: Well, like, we're next to this great attractor and we're

831
00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:13,719
Speaker 6: moving towards it. Are you saying then, that when you

832
00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:16,279
Speaker 6: measure out the whole universe, even the stuff behind the

833
00:39:16,280 --> 00:39:20,440
Speaker 6: Great Attractor is moving towards the Great Attractor, meaning towards us.

834
00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:22,640
Speaker 1: No, the stuff behind the Great Attractor is moving in

835
00:39:22,680 --> 00:39:26,280
Speaker 1: the same direction as us, meaning away from the Great Attractor.

836
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:29,680
Speaker 1: So the overall motion is in the same direction, not

837
00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:31,759
Speaker 1: towards the Great Attractor, but in the same direction as

838
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:33,680
Speaker 1: our motion towards the Great Attractor.

839
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:37,000
Speaker 6: Oh, so the Great Attractor is just maybe a red herring.

840
00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:39,240
Speaker 6: It's not really doing anything.

841
00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:41,319
Speaker 1: Maybe, I don't know. It's sort of weird that it

842
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:44,319
Speaker 1: would be a coincidence, but it might just be Yes, all.

843
00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:46,799
Speaker 6: Right, Well, let's dig into what that could mean, what

844
00:39:46,880 --> 00:39:49,520
Speaker 6: could be causing the dark flow of the universe, and

845
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:51,560
Speaker 6: whether or not we do have to call the plumbers

846
00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:54,200
Speaker 6: to fix it or not. So let's dig into that.

847
00:39:54,360 --> 00:40:01,799
Speaker 6: But first let's take another quick break. Hi.

848
00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:05,520
Speaker 2: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

849
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:08,640
Speaker 2: hit the number one science podcast in America. I'm a

850
00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:12,520
Speaker 2: neuroscientists at Stanford, and I've spent my career exploring the

851
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:14,160
Speaker 2: three pound universe.

852
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,040
Speaker 1: In our heads. We're looking at a whole new.

853
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854
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855
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856
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857
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858
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859
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860
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861
00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:49,720
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862
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865
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Speaker 12: word is in an engaging and memorable way. With Kids

877
00:41:43,239 --> 00:41:47,480
Speaker 12: Bible Stories Podcast, Listen to Kids' Bible Stories podcast on

878
00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:51,920
Speaker 12: the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

879
00:41:53,960 --> 00:41:56,319
Speaker 13: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a

880
00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:58,560
Speaker 13: kite and no rain, but those experiments are the most

881
00:41:58,760 --> 00:42:02,160
Speaker 13: important science discoveries of the time.

882
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:03,480
Speaker 1: I'm Evan Ratliffe.

883
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:06,960
Speaker 10: Last season, we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with

884
00:42:07,040 --> 00:42:10,400
Speaker 10: biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story

885
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:13,800
Speaker 10: of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted

886
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:14,560
Speaker 10: off from history.

887
00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:18,960
Speaker 13: His media empire makes him the most successful self made

888
00:42:19,080 --> 00:42:22,120
Speaker 13: business person in America. I mean he was never early

889
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:26,960
Speaker 13: to bed, an early to rise type person. He's enormously famous.

890
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:29,920
Speaker 13: Women start wearing their hair and what was called the

891
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:32,400
Speaker 13: cliffor a la Franklin.

892
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:34,319
Speaker 1: And who's more relevant now than ever.

893
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:38,160
Speaker 13: The only other person who could have possibly been the

894
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,560
Speaker 13: first president would have been Benjamin Franklin, but he's too

895
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:43,920
Speaker 13: old and wants Washington.

896
00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:43,920
Speaker 1: To do it.

897
00:42:44,160 --> 00:42:46,520
Speaker 10: Listen to On Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the

898
00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:49,839
Speaker 10: iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

899
00:42:51,280 --> 00:42:54,080
Speaker 8: Hey, it's Jake Alburn. We have a new limited series

900
00:42:54,120 --> 00:42:58,560
Speaker 8: of my podcast Deep Cover out now, all about George Santos,

901
00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:01,719
Speaker 8: the Republican congress from New York who told a lot

902
00:43:01,760 --> 00:43:04,799
Speaker 8: of stories about his life and his credentials, many of

903
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:07,240
Speaker 8: which turns out were not true.

904
00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:11,239
Speaker 6: That's like, you know, mister Ripley needs catch me if

905
00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:11,640
Speaker 6: you can.

906
00:43:12,480 --> 00:43:14,480
Speaker 4: I mean, the guy who'd wing to everyone.

907
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,880
Speaker 2: He was very ambiguous and sketchy, quite quite honestly about

908
00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:21,879
Speaker 2: what the company did and how it made so much

909
00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:22,760
Speaker 2: money overnight.

910
00:43:23,040 --> 00:43:25,520
Speaker 9: What prosecutors a legend indictment is that most of that

911
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:30,080
Speaker 9: twelve thousand dollars goes directly to Santos's personal bank account.

912
00:43:30,560 --> 00:43:33,840
Speaker 7: I would go down these rabbit holes and start thinking about,

913
00:43:33,880 --> 00:43:35,920
Speaker 7: like what is the nature of truth? You know, like

914
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:38,600
Speaker 7: what can I what can I actually like tell the

915
00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:41,120
Speaker 7: reader is real about this guy's story.

916
00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:46,680
Speaker 14: My phone is literally blowing up inquiries about saying, is

917
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:48,960
Speaker 14: George going to jail? What's going on? And I though,

918
00:43:49,280 --> 00:43:51,920
Speaker 14: like why are you doing this?

919
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:56,839
Speaker 8: Like why listen to Deep Covered George Santos on the

920
00:43:56,880 --> 00:44:01,719
Speaker 8: iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you listen to podcasts.

921
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:12,400
Speaker 6: All Right, we're talking about the dark flow of the universe,

922
00:44:12,440 --> 00:44:14,920
Speaker 6: which is this idea that it seems like everything in

923
00:44:14,960 --> 00:44:18,279
Speaker 6: the universe is moving in a particular direction and we

924
00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:19,000
Speaker 6: don't know why.

925
00:44:19,120 --> 00:44:21,920
Speaker 1: We definitely don't know why, which is why we slapped

926
00:44:21,960 --> 00:44:24,399
Speaker 1: our familiar dark label on this thing.

927
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:27,960
Speaker 6: Or I guess it's moving relative to the cosmic microwave background.

928
00:44:28,040 --> 00:44:29,960
Speaker 6: Could it be a the microwave background is the one

929
00:44:29,960 --> 00:44:31,480
Speaker 6: that's moving or has a bias.

930
00:44:31,880 --> 00:44:34,400
Speaker 1: Well, the motion is relative, so I'm not sure what

931
00:44:34,440 --> 00:44:36,399
Speaker 1: it means to say the CNB is the one that's

932
00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:39,960
Speaker 1: moving like relative to what relative to all the galaxies. Yes,

933
00:44:40,080 --> 00:44:41,880
Speaker 1: but the motion is relative, so you can't just like

934
00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:44,600
Speaker 1: ascribe it to one and not the other. But it's

935
00:44:44,640 --> 00:44:48,000
Speaker 1: the relative motion that's curious, right, because we think that

936
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:50,680
Speaker 1: the stuff that made the galaxies, it's the same stuff

937
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:53,640
Speaker 1: that made that CMB light, So that plasma that made

938
00:44:53,640 --> 00:44:56,640
Speaker 1: the CMB light, its overall motion should be the same

939
00:44:56,920 --> 00:44:59,719
Speaker 1: as the galaxies, because the plasma is what turned into

940
00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:03,799
Speaker 1: the galaxies, unless there was something else involved, Unless there's

941
00:45:03,800 --> 00:45:07,640
Speaker 1: something else pulling on these galaxies that didn't pull on

942
00:45:07,680 --> 00:45:08,200
Speaker 1: the CMB.

943
00:45:08,680 --> 00:45:11,120
Speaker 6: I mean, like, if you zoom out of where we

944
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:15,120
Speaker 6: are our supercluster, our galaxies, our superclusters, maybe we're orbiting

945
00:45:15,160 --> 00:45:19,279
Speaker 6: around something bigger then, maybe even the bigger than the

946
00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:20,880
Speaker 6: observable universe exactly.

947
00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,399
Speaker 1: And we often talk about the observable universe as our

948
00:45:23,480 --> 00:45:26,399
Speaker 1: limit of the things that we can see, but there's

949
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:29,520
Speaker 1: an important subtlety there. The observable universe is what we

950
00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:32,360
Speaker 1: can see now, what we can interact with now. But

951
00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:35,239
Speaker 1: the universe is expanding, right, and things used to be

952
00:45:35,320 --> 00:45:37,960
Speaker 1: closer to us. So there are things that used to

953
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:40,160
Speaker 1: be in our observable universe that we used to be

954
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:42,200
Speaker 1: able to interact with us, that used to be able

955
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,439
Speaker 1: to affect us, which no longer can. So it might

956
00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:48,440
Speaker 1: be that by looking deep into our past and understanding

957
00:45:48,680 --> 00:45:51,760
Speaker 1: how the universe has been affected, we can see hints

958
00:45:51,800 --> 00:45:54,279
Speaker 1: of things that affected us which have now left our

959
00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:57,080
Speaker 1: observable universe. It's sort of like a way to sneak

960
00:45:57,160 --> 00:46:01,400
Speaker 1: into seeing things that are now outside the observable universe.

961
00:46:01,680 --> 00:46:06,479
Speaker 6: Wait, what because of this motion, like maybe it tells

962
00:46:06,560 --> 00:46:07,800
Speaker 6: us words it's.

963
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:11,280
Speaker 1: Been Yeah, exactly, what if there was something really massive,

964
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:16,000
Speaker 1: something crazy massive, in our universe early on, and it

965
00:46:16,040 --> 00:46:19,640
Speaker 1: created this gravitational tug towards it, and now it's left

966
00:46:19,640 --> 00:46:22,360
Speaker 1: our observable universe. So it's not in our universe anymore.

967
00:46:22,840 --> 00:46:25,040
Speaker 1: If you then looked at the motion of just the

968
00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:28,200
Speaker 1: stuff in our observable universe, you would see it all

969
00:46:28,239 --> 00:46:32,879
Speaker 1: moving towards this mysterious source of gravity and attraction, even

970
00:46:32,920 --> 00:46:35,279
Speaker 1: though you wouldn't see that thing itself because it's now

971
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:39,400
Speaker 1: left our observable universe. So if something that's now outside

972
00:46:39,440 --> 00:46:42,720
Speaker 1: of our observable universe was once inside of it, right,

973
00:46:43,120 --> 00:46:45,399
Speaker 1: then it might have still left an imprint on the

974
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:47,640
Speaker 1: motion of galaxies.

975
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:49,759
Speaker 6: Meaning like maybe we could deduce where the Sun is

976
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:51,640
Speaker 6: and what the Sun is just by looking at the

977
00:46:51,719 --> 00:46:54,120
Speaker 6: orbit of the Earth without having to actually look at

978
00:46:54,120 --> 00:46:54,399
Speaker 6: the Sun.

979
00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:56,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you don't need to see the Sun in

980
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,319
Speaker 1: order to know that the Sun is there. And so

981
00:46:59,520 --> 00:47:02,520
Speaker 1: even though the thing is outside our observable universe, it's

982
00:47:02,560 --> 00:47:05,880
Speaker 1: within our past light cone. Our past light cone is

983
00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:08,160
Speaker 1: all the stuff that we have interacted with in the

984
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:11,319
Speaker 1: past that could have affected us in the past, and

985
00:47:11,360 --> 00:47:13,840
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe is pulling things outside of

986
00:47:13,840 --> 00:47:16,400
Speaker 1: our light cone, making it impossible to interact with that

987
00:47:16,440 --> 00:47:19,200
Speaker 1: stuff because space is expanding faster than the speed of light.

988
00:47:19,320 --> 00:47:22,880
Speaker 1: But it is possible that there was once something very dense,

989
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:27,360
Speaker 1: some intense mass, some source of incredible gravity that affected

990
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:30,960
Speaker 1: the formation of the whole universe that we now can't see.

991
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:33,759
Speaker 6: I see. It's sort of like, you know, how we

992
00:47:33,920 --> 00:47:36,600
Speaker 6: found out that the Earth is just orbiting around the Sun,

993
00:47:37,239 --> 00:47:40,200
Speaker 6: and then eventually we just found out that the Solar system,

994
00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:42,640
Speaker 6: the Sun is just kind of in a corner of

995
00:47:42,680 --> 00:47:44,920
Speaker 6: the Milky Way galaxy, orbiting around the center of the

996
00:47:44,960 --> 00:47:48,000
Speaker 6: Milky Way galaxy, not even close to the center of it.

997
00:47:48,080 --> 00:47:51,560
Speaker 6: And now maybe we're finding out that our whole observable universe,

998
00:47:51,680 --> 00:47:54,720
Speaker 6: everything that we can see, all those bazillions of stars,

999
00:47:54,719 --> 00:47:56,880
Speaker 6: maybe we're just like at the corner or at the

1000
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:02,480
Speaker 6: edge of some sort of bigger a mass of stuff.

1001
00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:04,560
Speaker 1: In the universe exactly. And we like to imagine that

1002
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:07,080
Speaker 1: the whole universe, if it's infinite, is filled with the

1003
00:48:07,080 --> 00:48:10,040
Speaker 1: same kind of stuff, and that our chunk, the observable

1004
00:48:10,120 --> 00:48:11,719
Speaker 1: universe we happen to live in it is probably an

1005
00:48:11,719 --> 00:48:14,160
Speaker 1: average chunk, and any chunk it would all average out

1006
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:16,520
Speaker 1: to zero. But it might not be the case, right.

1007
00:48:16,560 --> 00:48:18,960
Speaker 1: It might be that there is some larger structure. There

1008
00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:21,640
Speaker 1: are like things that are denser and heavier and chance

1009
00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:24,760
Speaker 1: so that if you take a random slice of the universe,

1010
00:48:24,960 --> 00:48:27,360
Speaker 1: you don't on average get zero. It gives you a

1011
00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:30,360
Speaker 1: picture as to like, what is that nearby larger structure.

1012
00:48:30,719 --> 00:48:32,480
Speaker 1: I think it's super cool that we could like make

1013
00:48:32,520 --> 00:48:36,320
Speaker 1: measurements in our observable universe and get glimpses for what's

1014
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:40,160
Speaker 1: beyond right which sometimes felt like an impenetrable wall, like

1015
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:42,839
Speaker 1: a dark wall beyond which we couldn't see. But we

1016
00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,640
Speaker 1: can dig out clues from the history of the universe

1017
00:48:45,880 --> 00:48:48,200
Speaker 1: to figure out what has happened that we can no

1018
00:48:48,280 --> 00:48:49,000
Speaker 1: longer see.

1019
00:48:49,120 --> 00:48:51,240
Speaker 6: Well, it's a little bit sort of like the picture

1020
00:48:51,239 --> 00:48:53,160
Speaker 6: we have of the Milky Way Galaxy where we live,

1021
00:48:53,280 --> 00:48:55,080
Speaker 6: Like we really can't see it, we're in the middle

1022
00:48:55,120 --> 00:48:56,920
Speaker 6: of it, but we can sort of reconstruct what it

1023
00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:59,359
Speaker 6: might be or what it is, just by looking at

1024
00:48:59,360 --> 00:49:00,759
Speaker 6: the immediate things around us.

1025
00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:03,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. The things that are obscuring our vision

1026
00:49:03,320 --> 00:49:05,480
Speaker 1: are different. In the case of the Milky Way galaxy,

1027
00:49:05,480 --> 00:49:07,399
Speaker 1: it's like the gas and the dust and other sort

1028
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:10,280
Speaker 1: of practical stuff, and in the case of the observable universe,

1029
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:13,200
Speaker 1: it's the speed of light. But yeah, it's a good analogy. However,

1030
00:49:13,239 --> 00:49:15,279
Speaker 1: of course, there's controversy about this, is.

1031
00:49:15,200 --> 00:49:19,520
Speaker 6: It about the name beyond the dark flow was maybe

1032
00:49:19,520 --> 00:49:21,799
Speaker 6: a terrible idea because it's not really dark.

1033
00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:27,400
Speaker 1: It does kind of flow, though, the controversy is about

1034
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,359
Speaker 1: whether it exists. So this measurement was made originally with

1035
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,520
Speaker 1: like CMB data from the w MAP satellite, sort of

1036
00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:36,839
Speaker 1: an intermediate satellite, not the most precise data we have

1037
00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:38,800
Speaker 1: about the cosmic microwave background radiation.

1038
00:49:39,080 --> 00:49:40,880
Speaker 6: Wa wait, what is the WMAP.

1039
00:49:41,000 --> 00:49:43,520
Speaker 1: I think it's named after Wilkinson. It's a satellite out

1040
00:49:43,560 --> 00:49:47,399
Speaker 1: in space that picks up these CMB photons. They're very

1041
00:49:47,520 --> 00:49:50,640
Speaker 1: very low energy photons, super long wavelengths. You need a

1042
00:49:50,680 --> 00:49:53,120
Speaker 1: very sort of specialized equipment to pick them up. The

1043
00:49:53,280 --> 00:49:55,520
Speaker 1: w MAP satellite is part of a long history of

1044
00:49:55,560 --> 00:49:58,080
Speaker 1: these satellites. It was Kobe was the first one, then

1045
00:49:58,280 --> 00:50:01,360
Speaker 1: w MAP and then Pluck these more and more precise

1046
00:50:01,719 --> 00:50:04,520
Speaker 1: based telescope. Yeah, it's a space telescope. It's an instrument

1047
00:50:04,520 --> 00:50:07,080
Speaker 1: out in space that picks up these photons, and.

1048
00:50:07,040 --> 00:50:10,120
Speaker 6: This one to specialize on the CMB and then but

1049
00:50:10,239 --> 00:50:13,359
Speaker 6: we also used to measure the expansion and the motion

1050
00:50:13,480 --> 00:50:15,160
Speaker 6: of these galaxies.

1051
00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:18,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can learn so much from the CMB. Absolutely,

1052
00:50:18,520 --> 00:50:21,600
Speaker 1: very very general, very powerful. That's why WMAP is such

1053
00:50:21,640 --> 00:50:24,480
Speaker 1: an important thing, and why Kobe won, why the Kobe

1054
00:50:24,520 --> 00:50:27,759
Speaker 1: satellite folks won a Nobel Prize, and why PLANK was

1055
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:30,880
Speaker 1: such an important thing. Plank is the follow up to WMAP. Anyway,

1056
00:50:30,880 --> 00:50:33,880
Speaker 1: these results came from an analysis of seven hundred clusters

1057
00:50:33,920 --> 00:50:36,319
Speaker 1: with a w MAP data, and then they reanalyze this

1058
00:50:36,520 --> 00:50:39,040
Speaker 1: using the PLANK data, so more precise, more recent data,

1059
00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:42,319
Speaker 1: larger data set. And there's a disagreement about the results there,

1060
00:50:42,320 --> 00:50:44,600
Speaker 1: Like one group says, yes, we see the dark flow

1061
00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:47,320
Speaker 1: in the PLANK data. Another group says, no, we analyze

1062
00:50:47,320 --> 00:50:49,040
Speaker 1: that same data, we don't see anything.

1063
00:50:49,360 --> 00:50:52,600
Speaker 6: What cann't They just crosscheck and figure out why they're different.

1064
00:50:52,880 --> 00:50:55,319
Speaker 1: They're working on that, but it's complicated because when you

1065
00:50:55,360 --> 00:50:58,640
Speaker 1: do these analysis, there's so many assumptions, and two different

1066
00:50:58,640 --> 00:51:01,680
Speaker 1: groups are going to make differentsumptions, and those assumptions are

1067
00:51:01,680 --> 00:51:02,680
Speaker 1: sometimes hard to.

1068
00:51:02,640 --> 00:51:04,560
Speaker 6: Spot, Like what kind of assumptions?

1069
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:06,840
Speaker 1: Well, there's all sorts of details you need to understand

1070
00:51:06,880 --> 00:51:10,160
Speaker 1: about how the CMB photons are boosted as they pass

1071
00:51:10,239 --> 00:51:12,719
Speaker 1: through this hot gas. So people have a model of that.

1072
00:51:12,760 --> 00:51:16,120
Speaker 1: Nobody's modeling all of the details of every individual photon

1073
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:19,680
Speaker 1: down to all the microphysics, it's always a simplification and

1074
00:51:19,719 --> 00:51:22,759
Speaker 1: how those simplifications are made, and whether they're valid, and

1075
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:26,320
Speaker 1: whether the simplifications introduce errors, and whether those errors are important.

1076
00:51:26,440 --> 00:51:28,799
Speaker 1: It's a long series of decisions people make when they

1077
00:51:28,840 --> 00:51:31,640
Speaker 1: analyze these data. That's why it's important to have cross checks,

1078
00:51:32,160 --> 00:51:34,840
Speaker 1: because it helps you reveal where those decisions could be

1079
00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:37,200
Speaker 1: biasing your results. So what that tells us is like,

1080
00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:39,319
Speaker 1: there's something funky in one of these analyzes, and you're right,

1081
00:51:39,320 --> 00:51:41,239
Speaker 1: they need to cross check and drill down. But it's

1082
00:51:41,280 --> 00:51:43,360
Speaker 1: not trivial. It's not like they're doing the same calculation

1083
00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:46,800
Speaker 1: and expect to get exactly the same number. They're probing

1084
00:51:46,880 --> 00:51:49,120
Speaker 1: the same physical thing, but they're doing the calculation in

1085
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:50,000
Speaker 1: very different ways.

1086
00:51:51,239 --> 00:51:54,120
Speaker 6: I mean, couldn't they just like go to a meeting

1087
00:51:54,160 --> 00:51:58,400
Speaker 6: together and figure it out, like I'm doing this, what

1088
00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:00,200
Speaker 6: are you doing? Or are you doing that? Oh that

1089
00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:02,200
Speaker 6: doesn't make any sense? What if you tried that?

1090
00:52:03,080 --> 00:52:04,800
Speaker 1: Yeah? I think they are working on that, but I

1091
00:52:04,840 --> 00:52:08,040
Speaker 1: think there's also a little bit of acrimony between these

1092
00:52:08,080 --> 00:52:11,360
Speaker 1: two groups. I'm not sure it's a a friendly disagreement. Yes,

1093
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:16,440
Speaker 1: exactly is it dark drama? I mean nobody's like murdering

1094
00:52:16,440 --> 00:52:18,480
Speaker 1: other people's parents in the alleyway and leading them to

1095
00:52:18,480 --> 00:52:20,600
Speaker 1: become the dark Knight of Justice or anything. It's not

1096
00:52:20,640 --> 00:52:25,560
Speaker 1: that dark, but not yet apparently, stay tuned. Maybe there's

1097
00:52:25,560 --> 00:52:29,520
Speaker 1: a Nobel prize at stake. Things will get ugly. But

1098
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:32,359
Speaker 1: what lies in the future is a deeper analysis of

1099
00:52:32,400 --> 00:52:35,520
Speaker 1: the same data, and we hope maybe even more refined data.

1100
00:52:35,680 --> 00:52:38,040
Speaker 1: Future measurements of the CMB can give us an even

1101
00:52:38,120 --> 00:52:40,640
Speaker 1: clearer picture of what's out there, the motion of the

1102
00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:43,920
Speaker 1: CMB and the motion of all these blobs of gas

1103
00:52:43,960 --> 00:52:46,080
Speaker 1: and galaxies relative to the CMB.

1104
00:52:46,360 --> 00:52:48,800
Speaker 6: So these folks are talking, and what are they saying

1105
00:52:48,920 --> 00:52:52,279
Speaker 6: is maybe the probable cause If if there is a

1106
00:52:52,320 --> 00:52:55,600
Speaker 6: relative motion to all these stars and galaxies around us,

1107
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:56,759
Speaker 6: what could be the cause of it.

1108
00:52:56,920 --> 00:52:59,160
Speaker 1: So the only idea that's out there, if this thing

1109
00:52:59,280 --> 00:53:02,200
Speaker 1: is real, is what we talked about earlier, some big

1110
00:53:02,360 --> 00:53:05,920
Speaker 1: blob of stuff that's out there beyond our observable universe,

1111
00:53:06,040 --> 00:53:09,840
Speaker 1: past our horizon, something very dense that once pulled on

1112
00:53:09,960 --> 00:53:12,280
Speaker 1: all of us. So we all have this overall bias

1113
00:53:12,280 --> 00:53:15,880
Speaker 1: in our peculiar motion. What that could be? Nobody knows?

1114
00:53:16,120 --> 00:53:19,120
Speaker 6: Wait are you saying that maybe there was something bigger

1115
00:53:19,160 --> 00:53:22,040
Speaker 6: than the observable universe. There was pulling on all of

1116
00:53:22,080 --> 00:53:25,279
Speaker 6: our galaxies that we can see, but now that it's

1117
00:53:25,320 --> 00:53:27,840
Speaker 6: so far away from us, it doesn't affect us anymore,

1118
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:29,000
Speaker 6: or can't affect us.

1119
00:53:29,239 --> 00:53:32,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly right, because the expansion of the universe

1120
00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:36,160
Speaker 1: is faster than life. This expansion increases as distance grows,

1121
00:53:36,480 --> 00:53:39,480
Speaker 1: and so things fall off the edge of our horizon.

1122
00:53:39,880 --> 00:53:42,040
Speaker 1: There are some things which could interact with us, could

1123
00:53:42,120 --> 00:53:45,440
Speaker 1: send us photons or pull on us, which now can

1124
00:53:45,520 --> 00:53:48,960
Speaker 1: no longer. Like things near the edge of the observable universe.

1125
00:53:48,960 --> 00:53:51,520
Speaker 1: We see photons from them, but some of them are

1126
00:53:51,560 --> 00:53:54,440
Speaker 1: now past the edge of the observable universe, and if

1127
00:53:54,440 --> 00:53:57,600
Speaker 1: they send us photons, those photons will never arrive because

1128
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:00,960
Speaker 1: space is expanding between us and those Ghax, he's faster

1129
00:54:01,080 --> 00:54:03,360
Speaker 1: than the speed of light. Sort of mind boggling to

1130
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:04,120
Speaker 1: think about.

1131
00:54:04,080 --> 00:54:06,960
Speaker 6: Right, the spin gravity can only go as fast as

1132
00:54:06,960 --> 00:54:09,680
Speaker 6: the speed of light. Right, so if something's moving or

1133
00:54:09,719 --> 00:54:12,359
Speaker 6: being expanded away from us faster than the speed of light,

1134
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:14,640
Speaker 6: then even we'll never feel it's gravity.

1135
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:16,959
Speaker 1: Exactly like if they shine a flashlight at you, you'll

1136
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:19,399
Speaker 1: never see it, no matter how long you wait, which

1137
00:54:19,480 --> 00:54:22,600
Speaker 1: also means you'll never feel its gravity. You might have

1138
00:54:22,640 --> 00:54:25,160
Speaker 1: seen that flashlight earlier on, you might have felt their

1139
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:28,640
Speaker 1: gravity early on, but no longer. So again, this is

1140
00:54:28,680 --> 00:54:30,480
Speaker 1: like a way to probe things that we might have

1141
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:33,440
Speaker 1: interacted with earlier in the history of the universe that

1142
00:54:33,520 --> 00:54:34,720
Speaker 1: we can no longer see.

1143
00:54:34,920 --> 00:54:37,359
Speaker 6: You're saying, we'll see it like the spin it gave

1144
00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:39,960
Speaker 6: us or the orbit it gave us.

1145
00:54:40,080 --> 00:54:42,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's sort of like what happens if you

1146
00:54:42,440 --> 00:54:46,120
Speaker 1: walk into a party five seconds after some celebrity does right,

1147
00:54:46,160 --> 00:54:48,360
Speaker 1: and everybody's looking in the same direction, and you're like,

1148
00:54:48,360 --> 00:54:49,839
Speaker 1: what's going on? Who was just here?

1149
00:54:50,040 --> 00:54:52,760
Speaker 6: Who was that? Was that badman?

1150
00:54:53,160 --> 00:54:56,120
Speaker 1: Or was that Kim Kardashian or is Kim Kardashian actually batman?

1151
00:54:57,000 --> 00:54:59,360
Speaker 1: And you see the effect on the conversations, and everybody's

1152
00:54:59,360 --> 00:55:01,120
Speaker 1: head is pointing to in some direction. You don't see

1153
00:55:01,120 --> 00:55:03,279
Speaker 1: the person, but you see the effect they left on

1154
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:03,719
Speaker 1: the room.

1155
00:55:04,080 --> 00:55:06,400
Speaker 6: Or so we think, right, we still have to confirm

1156
00:55:06,440 --> 00:55:07,640
Speaker 6: these measurements.

1157
00:55:07,320 --> 00:55:10,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. These are very difficult measurements to make. And

1158
00:55:10,120 --> 00:55:12,520
Speaker 1: as you hear, there's not a consensus about whether the

1159
00:55:12,560 --> 00:55:13,879
Speaker 1: dark flow is even a thing.

1160
00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:16,439
Speaker 6: Well, boy, maybe you should give it a different name.

1161
00:55:17,239 --> 00:55:19,439
Speaker 1: Would you call it? What would you call it? The dark?

1162
00:55:19,520 --> 00:55:22,680
Speaker 6: Kardashian, Well, I feel like the word dark didn't that

1163
00:55:22,719 --> 00:55:25,520
Speaker 6: originate from the being invisible, Like dark matter. You can't

1164
00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:28,200
Speaker 6: see it because it doesn't interact with the electromagnetic light.

1165
00:55:28,320 --> 00:55:30,800
Speaker 6: Because if you're going to call anything that's mysterious dark,

1166
00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:33,560
Speaker 6: then that's everything, isn't it the whole universe.

1167
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:37,040
Speaker 1: It's kind of mysterious. I think that dark means mysterious.

1168
00:55:37,080 --> 00:55:40,080
Speaker 1: It doesn't mean invisible, because dark it doesn't actually mean invisible, right,

1169
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:43,200
Speaker 1: you can have invisible things in bright light. Also, dark

1170
00:55:43,239 --> 00:55:46,799
Speaker 1: corners mean dark corners are things that are like obscured, right, right.

1171
00:55:46,840 --> 00:55:48,479
Speaker 6: But I guess what I mean is if you start

1172
00:55:48,520 --> 00:55:51,759
Speaker 6: calling everything that's mysterious dark, then that's just going to

1173
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:55,080
Speaker 6: confuse everybody. Yeah, that's probably true dark. There's dark particles,

1174
00:55:55,160 --> 00:55:58,600
Speaker 6: there's you know, dark things in my fridge are going

1175
00:55:58,640 --> 00:56:01,960
Speaker 6: to think people are I think they're related to dark

1176
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:03,600
Speaker 6: matter and dark energy in the dark night.

1177
00:56:03,880 --> 00:56:06,520
Speaker 1: Well, they're all mysterious, so they are all related in

1178
00:56:06,520 --> 00:56:09,640
Speaker 1: that sense, in the dark minds of physicists, or.

1179
00:56:09,920 --> 00:56:12,359
Speaker 6: Maybe not in the physical in the physical sense, right.

1180
00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:15,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, No, absolutely, they could have completely different physical explanations.

1181
00:56:16,120 --> 00:56:18,000
Speaker 1: They're just currently not understood.

1182
00:56:18,040 --> 00:56:19,680
Speaker 6: All right, Well, maybe you should just call it the

1183
00:56:19,719 --> 00:56:21,799
Speaker 6: hubble flow and then just follow it up with we

1184
00:56:21,880 --> 00:56:24,600
Speaker 6: don't know what the hubble flow is or what's causing.

1185
00:56:24,360 --> 00:56:27,360
Speaker 1: It, but this is in addition to the hubble flow, Like,

1186
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:30,000
Speaker 1: what on top of the hubble flow is happening in

1187
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:31,440
Speaker 1: the universe? Is really the question?

1188
00:56:31,920 --> 00:56:34,520
Speaker 6: All right? Well, it sounds like the answer once again

1189
00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:38,440
Speaker 6: is stay tuned. There are mysterious workings in the universe,

1190
00:56:38,520 --> 00:56:41,560
Speaker 6: mysterious flows plumbing that we can't yet see out there

1191
00:56:41,560 --> 00:56:44,920
Speaker 6: in the universe that is hopefully leaking a little bit

1192
00:56:44,960 --> 00:56:47,080
Speaker 6: so that we know and we can study it.

1193
00:56:47,120 --> 00:56:49,200
Speaker 1: And we'd love to understand the universe. And so we're

1194
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:51,200
Speaker 1: looking out there into the night sky and trying to

1195
00:56:51,239 --> 00:56:54,680
Speaker 1: squeeze every tiny little drop of information out of the

1196
00:56:54,680 --> 00:56:57,640
Speaker 1: photons that do arrive to us. And it's incredible that

1197
00:56:57,680 --> 00:56:59,520
Speaker 1: we can even figure out that the universe is out

1198
00:56:59,520 --> 00:57:01,960
Speaker 1: there and what it's doing, and maybe even get a

1199
00:57:02,040 --> 00:57:05,160
Speaker 1: glimpse of what's past the edge of the observable universe.

1200
00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:07,520
Speaker 6: I wonder if physicists are like Batman, you know, you're

1201
00:57:07,520 --> 00:57:10,200
Speaker 6: looking up at the sky. You see a bad signal

1202
00:57:10,360 --> 00:57:13,480
Speaker 6: in the motion of the stars, and you're like duty calls.

1203
00:57:13,680 --> 00:57:18,480
Speaker 1: We're all totally ripped, just like Batman ripped. That wasn't

1204
00:57:18,480 --> 00:57:19,680
Speaker 1: a joke, man, Why are you laughing?

1205
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:22,920
Speaker 6: Ripped in your minds and the apps of your minds

1206
00:57:23,480 --> 00:57:29,240
Speaker 6: and in the biceps of your typing fingers. Well, in

1207
00:57:29,280 --> 00:57:33,120
Speaker 6: any case, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us.

1208
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:34,560
Speaker 6: See you next time.

1209
00:57:38,960 --> 00:57:41,840
Speaker 1: For more science and curiosity, come find us on social

1210
00:57:41,880 --> 00:57:46,800
Speaker 1: media where we answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, Discord, Instant,

1211
00:57:46,880 --> 00:57:50,320
Speaker 1: and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1212
00:57:50,360 --> 00:57:53,800
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

1213
00:57:54,080 --> 00:57:59,200
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1214
00:57:59,360 --> 00:58:06,600
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you

1215
00:58:06,640 --> 00:58:08,680
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

1216
00:58:08,720 --> 00:58:11,800
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in

1217
00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:14,919
Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every

1218
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Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

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Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy

1220
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1221
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1222
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Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as Dairy dot COM's Last

1223
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Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more.

1224
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Speaker 6: Guess what Will?

1225
00:58:37,160 --> 00:58:37,800
Speaker 3: What's that Mago?

1226
00:58:38,160 --> 00:58:40,160
Speaker 4: I've been trying to write a promo for our podcast,

1227
00:58:40,160 --> 00:58:42,680
Speaker 4: Part Time Genius, but even though we've done over two

1228
00:58:42,800 --> 00:58:45,680
Speaker 4: hundred and fifty episodes, we don't really talk about murders

1229
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:46,400
Speaker 4: or cults.

1230
00:58:46,520 --> 00:58:48,920
Speaker 3: I mean, we did just cover the Illuminati of cheese,

1231
00:58:48,960 --> 00:58:51,160
Speaker 3: so I feel like that makes us pretty edgy. We

1232
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:54,480
Speaker 3: also solve mysteries like how Chinese is your Chinese food?

1233
00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:57,240
Speaker 3: And how do dollar stores make money? And then, of

1234
00:58:57,280 --> 00:58:59,320
Speaker 3: course can you game a dog show?

1235
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:01,920
Speaker 4: I'm saying is everyone should be listening.

1236
00:59:02,320 --> 00:59:04,680
Speaker 3: Listen to Part Time Genius on the iHeartRadio app or

1237
00:59:04,680 --> 00:59:06,120
Speaker 3: wherever you get your podcasts.

1238
00:59:06,720 --> 00:59:06,919
Speaker 1: Hi.

1239
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:10,640
Speaker 2: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

1240
00:59:10,720 --> 00:59:13,440
Speaker 2: hit the number one science podcast in America. I mean

1241
00:59:13,560 --> 00:59:17,240
Speaker 2: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the

1242
00:59:17,320 --> 00:59:19,280
Speaker 2: three pound universe in our heads.

1243
00:59:19,640 --> 00:59:22,720
Speaker 1: Join me weekly to explore the relationship.

1244
00:59:22,040 --> 00:59:23,840
Speaker 6: Between your brain and your life.

1245
00:59:24,040 --> 00:59:27,120
Speaker 2: Because the more we know about what's running under the hood,

1246
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:30,960
Speaker 2: better we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos

1247
00:59:30,960 --> 00:59:34,320
Speaker 2: with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

1248
00:59:34,360 --> 00:59:36,000
Speaker 2: wherever you get your podcasts.