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Speaker 1: Hey everybody. Before we get started today, we want to

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Speaker 1: make sure everyone knows about our upcoming live shows. First up,

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Speaker 1: Holly will be at Salt Lake Comic Con September one, three.

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Speaker 1: I won't be able to make it to that one,

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Speaker 1: so past guest and friend of the show, Brian Young

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Speaker 1: will be talking with her about Lawn Cheney. Then on

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Speaker 1: October six am, we will be appearing as part of

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Speaker 1: New York Comic Con Presents and we'll be talking about

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Speaker 1: the first comic book. You can find out more information

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Speaker 1: on all of this ticket links everything like that if

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Speaker 1: you go to Missed in History dot com and click

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Speaker 1: the link that says live shows. Welcome to steph you

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Speaker 1: missed in History class from how Stuff Works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tray C. V.

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Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Today we are going to

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Speaker 1: finish out our podcast on a mean Pasha who was

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Speaker 1: born Edward Schnitzer and spent his childhood in university years

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Speaker 1: in Prussia before leaving for the Ottoman Empire to practice

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Speaker 1: medicine and eventually work in a number of government positions.

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Speaker 1: Where we left off last time, he had become the

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Speaker 1: governor of Equatoria and what's now South Sudan. We only

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Speaker 1: really have European perspectives on his time as governor. From

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Speaker 1: that point of view, he handled his position with thoughtfulness

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Speaker 1: and compassion, while also trying to reform the province and

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Speaker 1: carry out a range of scientific study at the same time.

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Speaker 1: In the biography I Mean Pasha his life and work,

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Speaker 1: George Schweitzer wrote, quote, under a means auspices, Equatorial Territory

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Speaker 1: was guided into unexpected paths of order and prosperity. But

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Speaker 1: then things took a really dramatic turn in the eighteen eighties,

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Speaker 1: leading Henry Morton Stanley, who was famous for having done

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Speaker 1: a similar journey to find Dr David Livingston and lets

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Speaker 1: the Stanley mounting a relief expedition to go find him.

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Speaker 1: So that so we're going to talk about today Stanley's

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Speaker 1: a Mean Pasha relief expedition unfolded in the context of

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Speaker 1: the Scramble for Africa. He and other explorers had returned

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Speaker 1: from expeditions into Africa in the mid to late nineteenth

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Speaker 1: century and described it as a place of immense natural wealth,

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Speaker 1: including lumber, ivory, rubber, gold, copper, and diamonds. In places

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Speaker 1: the land was also incredibly fertile, suitable for establishing expansive plantations.

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Speaker 1: These same explorers also described the African people as uncivilized and,

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Speaker 1: in their words, savage. Parts of the continent, particularly western

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Speaker 1: and Central Africa, were also still reeling from the effects

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Speaker 1: of the Transatlantic slave trade, which we talked about a

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Speaker 1: bit more in Part one. The industrial Revolution hadn't really

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Speaker 1: affected a lot of the continent, and from a European perspective,

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Speaker 1: that sort of industry is a hallmark of how sophisticated

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Speaker 1: and intelligent a society was. So since that industry wasn't there,

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Speaker 1: obviously that place was worse. Yeah. So, even though the

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Speaker 1: continent of Africa was home to an immensely diverse collection

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Speaker 1: of people's and nations, speaking thousands of languages, and full

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Speaker 1: of unique and complex social systems with their own art

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Speaker 1: and music and technology. To the European I the civilized

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Speaker 1: world should save it from Africans and then use African

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Speaker 1: labor to cheaply carry out what they thought would clearly

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Speaker 1: be a superior plan for industry and agriculture. As a result,

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Speaker 1: in the eighteen seventies and eighteen eighties, multiple European nations

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Speaker 1: began aggressively trying to colonize the African continent. This land

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Speaker 1: grab led to increasing tensions among the various European powers

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Speaker 1: of involved, but at the same time they didn't want

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Speaker 1: to actually go to war with each other over it.

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Speaker 1: But that eventually reached the point that the Berlin West

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Speaker 1: Africa Conference was convened from no fifteen eighty four to

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Speaker 1: February eighty five. Assembled at the request of Portugal, the

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Speaker 1: Berlin West Africa Conference brought Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal,

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Speaker 1: and King Leopold the Second of Belgium together to work

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Speaker 1: out who should have which territory around the Congo River basin.

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Speaker 1: While the Berlin West Africa Conference didn't directly affect the

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Speaker 1: rest of the continent, it did lay the groundwork for

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Speaker 1: nations to apply the same basic ideas of partition and

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Speaker 1: colonization to other parts of Africa as well. Meanwhile, the

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Speaker 1: peoples of Africa had no representation or voice in this process,

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Speaker 1: or any real input into the colonization that followed. While

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Speaker 1: some colonial conquests did take place by force, others were

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Speaker 1: carried out with very little physical conflict for a variety

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Speaker 1: of reasons. Sometimes it was just obvious that the colonizing

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Speaker 1: force had much greater numbers and superior firepower, so it

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Speaker 1: seemed to make a lot more sense to just save

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Speaker 1: everybody's life lives and accept the terms. But sometimes African

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Speaker 1: leaders thought that this would be sort of a temporary measure,

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Speaker 1: one that might bring new developments and resources that would

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Speaker 1: ultimately be beneficial for them. By nineteen fourteen, European powers

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Speaker 1: controlled all of Africa apart from Liberia and Abyssinia, also

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Speaker 1: known as the Ethiopian Empire. Abyssinia maintained its independence, while

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Speaker 1: Liberia had been established by the American Colonization Society as

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Speaker 1: a home for free black people and former slaves from

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Speaker 1: the United States. Liberia declared independence on July eighteen forty seven.

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Speaker 1: The scramble for Africa fed into an uprising that directly

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Speaker 1: affected Amin Pasha's work as governor of Equatoria. In the

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Speaker 1: late nineteenth century, Sudan had been under Egyptian rule, but

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Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy six, due to financial mismanagement and an

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Speaker 1: overly aggressive modernization campaign, as Egypt was in so much

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Speaker 1: debt that it had to declare bankrupt. See, they should

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Speaker 1: have just made a mean Passia in charge of all that,

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Speaker 1: and it would have been fine that it does. He

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Speaker 1: carried that off Britain and France took control of Egypt's

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Speaker 1: economy in Britain eventually invaded and occupied the nation in

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty two. With all of this going on, none

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Speaker 1: of the nations involved paid much attention to what was

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Speaker 1: happening in Sudan to the south. Many of Sudan's local

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Speaker 1: population were vastly dissatisfied with the colonial government. They were

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Speaker 1: tired of being exploited by European powers, didn't feel particularly

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Speaker 1: connected even to Egypt, which was their neighbor. One particular man,

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Speaker 1: Mohammed Ahmad ibn al Said Abdallah, was a mystic and

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Speaker 1: an ascetic who was gathering disciples as early as eighteen seventy,

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Speaker 1: and after a series of religious visions, Mohammed Ahmad proclaimed

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Speaker 1: himself to be the Mighty on June twenty nine, eight one.

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Speaker 1: In Islam, the Mahdi is essentially a divinely guided redeemer

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Speaker 1: who is sent to bring justice to the world, restore

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Speaker 1: the purity of Islam, and rule humanity before judgment day.

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Speaker 1: It's often translated as the guided One. As with any religion,

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Speaker 1: Different people and sects have very different interpretations. How to

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Speaker 1: consider both the Mahdi and Judgment Day, Muhammada Mad's interpretation

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Speaker 1: was relatively violent and apocalyptic. He started encouraging an armed

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Speaker 1: overthrow of the colonial government and raised an army to

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Speaker 1: that end, hoping to establish an Islamic nation. Today, there

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Speaker 1: are a lot of accounts, especially ones that are written

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Speaker 1: in recent years, that frame this as calling for jahad,

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Speaker 1: using the Arabic word for struggle. But English use of

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Speaker 1: the word jahad's i mean holy war is actually fairly new,

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Speaker 1: with its first appearance in writing according to the Oxford

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Speaker 1: English Dictionary in eighteen sixty nine. Although Islam as a

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Speaker 1: religion uses the concept of jahad in the context of

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Speaker 1: a lot of internal and external struggles that aren't violent

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Speaker 1: at all, a lot of non Muslims today interpret the

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Speaker 1: word jahad only as meaning holy war, that is not

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Speaker 1: at all. How contemporaneous accounts described this like I did

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Speaker 1: not find the word jihad used anywhere in any of

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Speaker 1: the primary sources that I read that were written at

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Speaker 1: the time. Instead, authorities in Egypt and Sudan described this

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Speaker 1: as an uprising or a revolt and we're going to

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Speaker 1: talk all about how this uprising played out after we

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Speaker 1: first paused for a bit of a sponsor break. At first,

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Speaker 1: Egyptian and Sudanese authorities didn't take this uprising, which became

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Speaker 1: known as the Modest Uprising, particularly seriously. This was in

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Speaker 1: spite of learnings from I Mean Pasha, who at the

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Speaker 1: time had the title of bay during this During his

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Speaker 1: time in Equatoria, he had really pay scrupulous attention to

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Speaker 1: all the various political and social and religious issues that

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Speaker 1: were playing out in the area. He not only pointed

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Speaker 1: out that conditions were right for this uprising to become

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Speaker 1: something serious, but he also offered to go and negotiate

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Speaker 1: himself instead. Rove Pasha, then Governor General of Sudan, dispatched

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Speaker 1: a man named Abu Saud. Abusu knew Mohammed Ahmad, so

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Speaker 1: the idea was that he could talk to him personally

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Speaker 1: and convince him to stop his anti government agitation and

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Speaker 1: then come with him back to the capitol. Instead, Abusau

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Speaker 1: deployed an armed detail to bring in Mohammed Ahmad by force,

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Speaker 1: at which point the Modest Force wiped out the detail

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Speaker 1: and came away with all of their weapons. The Modest

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Speaker 1: Force continued to grow from there, with people joining it

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Speaker 1: for a whole range of social and political and religious reasons.

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Speaker 1: Because Egypt was still essentially part of the Ottoman Empire,

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Speaker 1: Muslims were pretty well represented in the colonial government. I mean,

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Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire was an Islamic empire, but only the

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Speaker 1: most affluent and best educated people actually had a voice

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Speaker 1: in the government, so a lot of people felt really excluded.

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Speaker 1: Some Muslims also wanted an exclusively Muslim state that was

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Speaker 1: governed directly under Islamic law. Slave traders joined the Modest

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Speaker 1: Force as well, under pressure from European allies, particularly Britain.

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Speaker 1: Colonial governments had tried to implement an immediate, across the

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Speaker 1: board abolition of slavery, so slave traders hoped that an

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Speaker 1: overthrow of the colonial government would allow the practice of

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Speaker 1: slavery to resume, and what eventually became known as the

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Speaker 1: Modest War or the Modest Revolution. This force defeated multiple

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Speaker 1: well armed Egyptian units between eighteen eighty one and eighteen

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Speaker 1: eighty three, including slaughtering a force of nearly eight thousand

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Speaker 1: men under the command of General William Hicks, and in

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty five, they lay siege to the Sudanese capital

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Speaker 1: of Khartoum. Major General Charles George Gordon, Amin Pasha's former

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Speaker 1: employer and the former governor of Equatoria, was actually killed

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Speaker 1: in this siege against Muhammed Ahmad's orders. After taking Khartoum,

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Speaker 1: the Modest Force abandoned it and moved on to Omdurman.

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Speaker 1: Both Khartoum and Omdurman were well to the north of

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Speaker 1: Equatoria and Amin Pasha's capital at Lado. While the province

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Speaker 1: had seen some violence overall, these years had been more

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Speaker 1: of a watchful wait. However, Britain's withdrawal cleared the way

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Speaker 1: for the Modest Force to continue to take over the

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Speaker 1: rest of Sudan and into other provinces, including Equatoria. Britain's

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Speaker 1: withdrawal also cut off Aman Pasha's lines of communications with

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Speaker 1: the whole rest of the world. One of the last

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Speaker 1: communications that Amine received was a letter from new Bar Pasha,

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Speaker 1: who was the Prime Minister of Egypt, acknowledging that the

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Speaker 1: monarch was abandoning Sudan and would be unable to offer

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Speaker 1: him any further assistance. In this letter, Amine was given

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Speaker 1: unlimited freedom of action and assurances that if he decided

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Speaker 1: it would be best to retreat back to Egypt, efforts

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Speaker 1: would be made to work with various tribes between his

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Speaker 1: position and the border to assure his safe passage. And regardless,

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Speaker 1: he was given total carte blanche to take care of

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Speaker 1: himself and his garrisons. Hey, we're basically like, we can't

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Speaker 1: help you see whatever you need. And that was the

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Speaker 1: end of that. So for a while, I mean stayed put.

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Speaker 1: But eventually the modest takeover started to put more and

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Speaker 1: more pressure on the province of Equatoria. I mean, though

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Speaker 1: did not want to leave. Not only was this his

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Speaker 1: home now, but he knew that leaving it behind was

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Speaker 1: going to undo all that work that he had put

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Speaker 1: into it during his years as governor, which we talked

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Speaker 1: about in Part one. Eventually, though he really didn't feel

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Speaker 1: like he had any other choice, the situation became just

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Speaker 1: too dangerous. He evacuated south to Waddle and you got

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Speaker 1: to near Lake Albert. Amine had visited Uganda a number

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Speaker 1: of times and had tried to establish friendly relationships with

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Speaker 1: local leaders, so he wasn't wholly unfamiliar with the land

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Speaker 1: or its people. He quickly sent emissaries to the local

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Speaker 1: tribal leaders that he knew, as well as writing letters

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Speaker 1: to officials in Zanzibar in Egypt, even though he wasn't

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Speaker 1: particularly hopeful that those missives would get through. When he

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Speaker 1: did try to write to people anywhere else, he tried

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Speaker 1: to reassure the rest of the world that he was fine.

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Speaker 1: In a letter data January seven, he said, quote, respecting

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Speaker 1: my plans for the future, I can only repeat that

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Speaker 1: I am fully determined to stay, and even assuming that

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Speaker 1: no help comes and the province slowly goes to pieces,

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Speaker 1: I shall remain steadfast to the end. It is perfectly

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Speaker 1: clear to me with that with my motley crowd, a

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Speaker 1: journey right across Uganda and over the lake is an impossibility.

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Speaker 1: He went on to say that they were building new

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Speaker 1: boats and repairing their steamers and so quote their need

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Speaker 1: be no anxiety on our account. Basically, he wanted to

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Speaker 1: keep everyone who had evacuated with him, which included a

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Speaker 1: lot of the residents of the former Equatorian capital, together

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Speaker 1: and safe. So he got to work doing a lot

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Speaker 1: of the same things that he'd been doing in Equatoria,

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Speaker 1: establishing crops, improving roads, and trying to see to the

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Speaker 1: needs of the people he was still essentially governing. He

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Speaker 1: also offered as much aid as he could to neighboring tribes,

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Speaker 1: and the entire time continued on with his work as

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Speaker 1: a naturalist and anthropologist. This definitely was not easy. They

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Speaker 1: were essentially starting over as refugees, and they only had

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Speaker 1: what they had managed to carry out of Equatoria. At

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Speaker 1: one point, they lost several of their huts and a

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Speaker 1: lot of their provisions and a fire. Illnesses were common,

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Speaker 1: including a smallpox epidemic, and the region was also home

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Speaker 1: to a species of fly whose bites tended to cause

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Speaker 1: fevers and alterations. At some point, and the timeline is

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Speaker 1: not exactly clear, Amen had married an Abyssinian woman who

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Speaker 1: became ill in late February of seven and died on

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Speaker 1: March sixth of that year. The two of them had

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Speaker 1: a daughter, Farita, as well as a son who died

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Speaker 1: around the same time as his mother. Outside of Uganda,

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Speaker 1: nobody had any idea that any of this was going on.

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Speaker 1: Nobody in Europe or anywhere else in Africa had gotten

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Speaker 1: any word from Iman Pasha at all since the fall

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Speaker 1: of Khartoum. That changed when Dr Wilhelm Yunker, an explorer

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Speaker 1: and scientist, made his way to the eastern coast of Africa.

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Speaker 1: Yunker had been with a Mean in Equatoria for quite

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Speaker 1: some time and knew about the decision to retreat south.

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Speaker 1: He gave a much different read on a means attitude,

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Speaker 1: describing a Means last statement to him as quote, we

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Speaker 1: shall hold out until we obtain help or until we perish.

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Speaker 1: It sounds a lot more fatalistic than the letter that

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Speaker 1: he wrote. UH. And with this uh statement from doctor Younger,

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Speaker 1: the world decided that the Mean Pasha needed to be rescued,

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Speaker 1: and that is what we were going to talk about

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Speaker 1: after a sponsor break. As words spread that a Mean

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Speaker 1: Pasha was cut off from the rest of the world

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Speaker 1: and needed to be rescued, multiple organizations started trying to

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Speaker 1: organize and fund a relief expedition to either go get

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Speaker 1: him or to bring him provisions and supplies. Eventually, explorer

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Speaker 1: and journalist Henry Morton Stanley, who was already made famous

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Speaker 1: by his expedition to find Dr David Livingstone, was tapped

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Speaker 1: to do this, and there is already an episode on

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Speaker 1: this famous meeting between Stanley and Livingston, which is in

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Speaker 1: our archive, and we're actually going to be re airing

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Speaker 1: it as our next Saturday Classic. The Amin Pasha relief

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Speaker 1: expedition was funded by private support, the Egyptian government and

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Speaker 1: King Leopold, the second of Belgium. King Leopold's activities in

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Speaker 1: Africa could and probably at some point will be an

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Speaker 1: entire other episode of the show, but very briefly. Uh

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Speaker 1: He became interested in the Congo region of Africa during

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Speaker 1: Stanley's exploration there in the mid eighteen seventies, and on

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Speaker 1: February five, eighty five, he established the Congo Free State

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Speaker 1: as his personal possession under his private ownership rather than

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Speaker 1: a colony of Belgium. Leopold's rule over the Congo Free

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Speaker 1: State is now notorious for brutality, exploitation, and all manner

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Speaker 1: of human rights abuses. Malnutrition and disease were rampants, as

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Speaker 1: well as the use of forced labor on rubber and

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Speaker 1: palm oil plantations. So Leopold definitely had ulterior motives here,

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Speaker 1: and these motives were one reason why Stanley did not

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Speaker 1: take a remotely direct route to where a Mean Pasha

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Speaker 1: was believed to be. Instead, he set out on a

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Speaker 1: meandering route that would allow him to try to open

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Speaker 1: up more of the Congo to Leopold's control. Along the way,

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Speaker 1: there are also reports that he was on an ivory hunt,

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Speaker 1: so definitely not just about going to get a mean pasha.

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Speaker 1: The expedition arrived at Banana Point on the Congo coast

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Speaker 1: on March seven. Three months later, he arrived in Yambua,

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Speaker 1: departing from there with an advanced column made up of

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Speaker 1: three eighty three Africans and six Europeans. He left a

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Speaker 1: rear guard behind, which was made of two d sixty

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Speaker 1: five Africans and five Europeans for both the advance and

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Speaker 1: the rear columns. This expedition went incredibly badly. Illness, including malaria, roundworm,

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Speaker 1: tape worm, and gastro intestinal issues were rampant. So was malnutrition,

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Speaker 1: as well as an epidemic of burrowing fleas that led

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Speaker 1: to ulcerations and amputations. There's some speculation that cattle brought

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Speaker 1: with the advanced guard into Uganda spread an epidemic of

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Speaker 1: sleeping sickness there by Stanley's own admission the expedition and

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Speaker 1: caused the deaths of at least one thousand people, mostly

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Speaker 1: Africans employed as soldiers reporters, but also people that he

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Speaker 1: described as quote belligerent natives. For the Rear Column, it

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Speaker 1: was worse, a lot, a lot worse like It's one

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Speaker 1: of the possible inspirations for Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.

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Speaker 1: That level of worse. Most of its officers died or

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Speaker 1: were killed, and a lot of the African porters either

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Speaker 1: starved to death or died from eating poisonous food. Stories

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Speaker 1: of humanitarian horrors were rampant. They are also touched on

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Speaker 1: in the past episode on Stanley and Livingstone. That will

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Speaker 1: be our next Saturday classics, so I don't really feel

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Speaker 1: they need to repeat the worst of them here. It

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Speaker 1: was awful. In December seven, the Advanced Column finally made

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Speaker 1: it to Lake Albert, almost eight months after having set

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Speaker 1: off from Banana Point. Stanley was too sick to continue

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Speaker 1: and sent an officer to look for a mean posh Ah.

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Speaker 1: They also eventually gathered up what was left of the

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Speaker 1: Rear Guard. While he was waiting, Stanley received a letter

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Speaker 1: from a mean giving a more precise account of where

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Speaker 1: he could be found, and so he sent a team

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Speaker 1: to retrieve him. On April, the team found a mean

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Speaker 1: Pasha on April and returned to Stanley with him On

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Speaker 1: the twenty nine. They drank a bunch of champagne to celebrate.

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Speaker 1: But the Iman Pasha Relief Expedition was not at this

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Speaker 1: point actually able to offer a mean Pasha any relief

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Speaker 1: in a mean Pasha his life and work. It was

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Speaker 1: described this way quote, A collection of famine stricken, tattered,

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Speaker 1: worn and exhausted men brought him thirty four cases of ammunition,

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Speaker 1: two bales of half spoiled clothes, and a letter from

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Speaker 1: the Cadive. The route taken by this expedition was anything

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Speaker 1: but that by which Amene could establish the communication so

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Speaker 1: essential to him with the outer world. So yeah, I

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Speaker 1: mean Pasha ended up aiding the relief expedition that had

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Speaker 1: come to aid him, but he didn't really want to

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Speaker 1: be rescued. There had been some talk in the planning

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Speaker 1: process and and all of that about whether this exhibition

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Speaker 1: was meant to resupply a Mean Pasha or to take

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Speaker 1: him out of Africa, but Stanley presented him with a

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Speaker 1: few options. He could retreat with Stanley to the coast.

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Speaker 1: He could continue to be governor but as part of

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Speaker 1: the Congo Free State, or he could join up with

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Speaker 1: the English East Africa Company and try to take over Uganda.

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Speaker 1: Stanley did not tell I mean Pasha about the existence

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Speaker 1: of the German East Africa Company, which he might, because

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Speaker 1: he was ethnically German, have found appealing. Also didn't tell

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Speaker 1: him about the fact that the German East Africa Company

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Speaker 1: was also trying to mount its own even pasha relief expedition.

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Speaker 1: So of the options offered to him, A mean didn't

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Speaker 1: really want to do any of them. All of the

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Speaker 1: options that Stanley had presented to him would require him

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Speaker 1: to abandon the work that he had been doing for years,

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Speaker 1: and to at least some degree, the people that he

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Speaker 1: had been living and working with all that time. Yeah, like,

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Speaker 1: if he went to be the governor of the Congo

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Speaker 1: Free State, he was probably not going to be relocating

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Speaker 1: all of these people that he had with him there.

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Speaker 1: And of course the people that I mean Pasha had

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Speaker 1: been governing all this time did not really like any

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Speaker 1: of these options either. At one point, his fighting force,

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Speaker 1: objecting to the idea of having to leave their home,

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Speaker 1: tried to mutiny. Then, when he was returning to waddle

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Speaker 1: I on August eighteenth of eight he was captured and

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Speaker 1: held prisoner by rebels. It was only after being released

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Speaker 1: that he finally relented and agreed to leave the area

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Speaker 1: with Stanley. So he the rest of Stanley's surviving straggling

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Speaker 1: force and about fifteen hundred others departed on April tenth,

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty nine, and they reached the Indian Ocean that December.

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Speaker 1: The expedition to relieve a Mean Pasha was supposed to

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Speaker 1: take eighteen months, but it instead took a total of

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Speaker 1: thirty two, and after all that, Stanley didn't get to

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Speaker 1: return to Europe. The hero with a Mean Pasha in

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Speaker 1: tow Amine had always been very nearsighted, and in Zanzibar

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Speaker 1: he stepped out of a window that he thought led

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Speaker 1: onto a balcony during a celebratory dinner, and he cracked

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Speaker 1: his skull, and though he did recover, he was too

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Speaker 1: seriously hurt to be moved, so Stanley had to return

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Speaker 1: to Europe alone. After he recovered, I Mean stayed in Africa.

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Speaker 1: He took a job under kaiserville Helm in the second

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Speaker 1: working to advance German interests in Central Africa during the

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Speaker 1: ongoing scramble for the continent. However, this work did not

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Speaker 1: go nearly as well as his governorship of Equa Torrea had.

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Speaker 1: While he had been out of the Central Continent, slave

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Speaker 1: traders that he had worked so assiduously against had been

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Speaker 1: hard at work on their own, turning people against him,

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Speaker 1: and then on July one, eight ninety, Britain and Germany

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Speaker 1: signed an agreement excluding Lake Albert, which was where he

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Speaker 1: was supposed to be working from German control. He continued

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Speaker 1: to travel and explore in the Congo region until the

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Speaker 1: eighteen nineties, continuing to send his findings and specimens back

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Speaker 1: to Western museums. Other explorers and officials sent word back

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Speaker 1: to Europe reporting on his whereabouts. On December tenth, a

390
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Speaker 1: doctor Stulmann reported that he was in poor health and

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Speaker 1: had lost much of his eyesight. Once again convinced that

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Speaker 1: he needed relief, a German force was dispatched to fetch him,

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Speaker 1: but when they got to his last known location, he

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Speaker 1: was gone. On October eighteen nine two, a mean Pasha

395
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Speaker 1: was assassinated by slave traders who split his throat to

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Speaker 1: again quote his obituary quote. Thus perished miserably in the

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Speaker 1: wilds of Africa, A man who had devoted many years

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Speaker 1: of his life to the cause of African civilization, whose

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00:25:10,359 --> 00:25:13,320
Speaker 1: scientific work had secured him a foremost place in the

400
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Speaker 1: devoted band, to whose labors we are indebted for our

401
00:25:16,480 --> 00:25:20,800
Speaker 1: knowledge of the dark continent, and whose unselfishness, amiability, and

402
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Speaker 1: strong sense of duty are extolled by all who came

403
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Speaker 1: into contact with him. I feel like that piece of obituary,

404
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Speaker 1: in addition to summing up the fact that a mean

405
00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:33,560
Speaker 1: Pasha seems to have been a generally good guy, he

406
00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:36,520
Speaker 1: was trying to do a good work, also sums up

407
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:41,520
Speaker 1: racist statitudes about Africa. I mean Pasha's daughter Farita was

408
00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,359
Speaker 1: sent to Nissa, where her guardians were a mean sister

409
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Speaker 1: and his colleague George Schweitzer. In eighteen ninety, Henry Morton

410
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,359
Speaker 1: Stanley published a book called In Darkest Africa, or the Quest,

411
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Speaker 1: Rescue and Retreat of I Mean Governor of Equatoria. It

412
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Speaker 1: is a very dramatic account of the relief expedition that

413
00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:04,719
Speaker 1: solidified a lot of very racist ideas about the continent

414
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Speaker 1: of Africa. Also, it solidified the idea of Henry Morton

415
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Speaker 1: Stanley being great. Uh. It was a colossal bestseller, But

416
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Speaker 1: that same year the Aborigines Protection Society in London condemned

417
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Speaker 1: the Amin Pasha Relief Expedition, accusing Stanley of committing atrocities

418
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Speaker 1: against the African population. Stanley himself also came under a

419
00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:35,760
Speaker 1: lot of scrutiny as more words spread about the horrors

420
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Speaker 1: of the expedition, particularly the rear columns behavior to return

421
00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:45,240
Speaker 1: briefly to Sudan. Although Mohammed Ahmad died of typhus in

422
00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:48,960
Speaker 1: eighty five, the Modest Force remained in control of much

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Speaker 1: of Sudan until the Battle of Omderman on September two,

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Speaker 1: and that battle was a decisive victory for the British,

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Speaker 1: killing more than ten thousand of the Modest Force, which

426
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Speaker 1: was only fifty thousand, and at that point Britain once

427
00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:07,080
Speaker 1: again established Sudan as an Anglo Egyptian colony. I mean

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Speaker 1: Pasha published note books during his lifetime, although he did

429
00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:15,240
Speaker 1: contribute to scientific journals and other publications. After his death, though,

430
00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:18,720
Speaker 1: a number of his friends and colleagues published biographies of

431
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,959
Speaker 1: him that drew from and sometimes reprinted these letters and journals.

432
00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:25,680
Speaker 1: A lot of these are available on the Internet now

433
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:28,520
Speaker 1: they're in the public domain. I kind of wish that

434
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:35,879
Speaker 1: they had become as widely read as Stanley's book, because

435
00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:38,040
Speaker 1: you know, I didn't read literally every single word of

436
00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:42,320
Speaker 1: every journal that he wrote, but I found his descriptions

437
00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:47,040
Speaker 1: of UH life in Africa and the natural world in

438
00:27:47,119 --> 00:27:52,200
Speaker 1: Africa to be written in a more um sort of

439
00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:56,800
Speaker 1: dispassionate and non judge non judgmental way, right as a

440
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,040
Speaker 1: lot of the tone of Stanley's writing is more like,

441
00:27:59,119 --> 00:28:03,480
Speaker 1: oh look how exotic and dangerous Africa is. I'm so great. Well,

442
00:28:03,480 --> 00:28:06,119
Speaker 1: I think you've just explained why they were not so widely.

443
00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:12,280
Speaker 1: Less sensational and more accurate is often not what sells books. Um.

444
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,280
Speaker 1: As we noted earlier, we already have an episode in

445
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:18,840
Speaker 1: the archive on Stanley's rescue of Dr Livingston that is

446
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:21,239
Speaker 1: from back when Sarah and Dablina were hosts, and that

447
00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:23,359
Speaker 1: is actually going to be our next Saturday Classics, so

448
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,840
Speaker 1: you get a week of sort of themed stuff. So

449
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:28,480
Speaker 1: if you hang on til Saturday, you'll get that and

450
00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:31,760
Speaker 1: you can expand your your background knowledge on this topic.

451
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:35,679
Speaker 1: That does the mean passion. I find him really fascinating,

452
00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:39,920
Speaker 1: and I do definitely wish that we had UH like

453
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:43,800
Speaker 1: the perspective, more perspectives of local people, because a lot

454
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,800
Speaker 1: of that was not written down by anybody. So it's

455
00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:48,400
Speaker 1: like we sort of have to put a level of

456
00:28:48,440 --> 00:28:51,520
Speaker 1: trust that the people who were writing about him in

457
00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:55,440
Speaker 1: these pretty positive terms were accurately assessing what was going on.

458
00:28:55,520 --> 00:28:58,280
Speaker 1: But from everything I can determine, it does seem as

459
00:28:58,320 --> 00:29:01,480
Speaker 1: though that he was liked and respected and people thought

460
00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:05,640
Speaker 1: that he was doing a pretty good job governing Equatoria

461
00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:10,240
Speaker 1: while he was there. So, uh, do you got some

462
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:14,400
Speaker 1: listener mail? Yes? I do. This is from Grace. It

463
00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:18,000
Speaker 1: is about our recent episode on the h L Hunley

464
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:20,560
Speaker 1: and it's called the Sinking of the h L Hunley.

465
00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:24,840
Speaker 1: Admittedly not anything actually to do about that sinking, which

466
00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:28,760
Speaker 1: I find delightful as an email subject line. So Grace says, Hi,

467
00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:31,720
Speaker 1: Tracy and Holly. I am another of your longtime listeners,

468
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,600
Speaker 1: first time writers. I was listening to your latest episode

469
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,480
Speaker 1: when you guys are talking about the blockade runners and

470
00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:41,920
Speaker 1: the fantasy built up around them. I am from Halifax, Nova, Scotia.

471
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,120
Speaker 1: Love for the previous Hosts episode on the explosion. And

472
00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 1: my grandmother was a Kadian who grew up on the coast.

473
00:29:48,440 --> 00:29:52,160
Speaker 1: I grew up hearing similar stories about rum runners. There's

474
00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:56,280
Speaker 1: a cove near my grandmother's childhood home, called Smugglers Cove,

475
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,880
Speaker 1: has a deep cave only accessible by land at low tide.

476
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:03,600
Speaker 1: Uh it is a It is in the Bay of Fundy.

477
00:30:03,680 --> 00:30:06,400
Speaker 1: The tides are no joke. My favorite was about my

478
00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:10,440
Speaker 1: grandmother's best friend. She was apparently beautiful as a small child,

479
00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:12,920
Speaker 1: and her father, who was in charge of picking up

480
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:15,160
Speaker 1: the booze from the smugglers and bringing it inland to

481
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:17,400
Speaker 1: the cities. This is the point at which they were

482
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:20,200
Speaker 1: most likely to be caught, used to drive the cart

483
00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,320
Speaker 1: filled with hidden rum with his pretty daughter right up front.

484
00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:26,480
Speaker 1: They were never stopped in search, probably because they looked

485
00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:28,800
Speaker 1: so but nine. It sounds silly, but there was a

486
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:30,800
Speaker 1: fair amount of discrimination at the time and for a

487
00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:35,240
Speaker 1: while after against the French speaking minority. So never they

488
00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:38,440
Speaker 1: never stopped, So never being stopped and searched was a

489
00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:41,360
Speaker 1: real feat. I know you guys get told to do

490
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,000
Speaker 1: an episode on the Acadians all the times, is me

491
00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:46,120
Speaker 1: throwing my hat in the ring. But what might be

492
00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: more interesting is an episode on where they all went

493
00:30:48,360 --> 00:30:51,800
Speaker 1: after being kicked out the spread of and how some

494
00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:56,920
Speaker 1: came back. And then Grace offers another episode suggestion as well.

495
00:30:56,960 --> 00:30:59,840
Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Grace. I love this comparison, but

496
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,760
Speaker 1: weeen blockade runners and rum runners. I had not thought

497
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:04,880
Speaker 1: of that before, but it makes total sense. And I

498
00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:07,520
Speaker 1: also wanted to read this note because yes, the Expulsion

499
00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:11,200
Speaker 1: of the Acadians is definitely on the list. I really

500
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:13,400
Speaker 1: cannot predict when it might make it to the top

501
00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:16,080
Speaker 1: of the list because there is just a lot of

502
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:20,960
Speaker 1: cultural knowledge that uh whichever of us um would be

503
00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:23,560
Speaker 1: writing that episode would need to really absorb before we

504
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:27,400
Speaker 1: could do that all justice. So, if you would like

505
00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:29,760
Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast

506
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:32,280
Speaker 1: where a history podcasts that How Stuff Works dot com

507
00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:36,280
Speaker 1: or on everywhere on social media, missed in History is

508
00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:39,800
Speaker 1: our name. So that's Facebook and Tumblr and Twitter and

509
00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:43,160
Speaker 1: Pinterest and Instagram, all that our website is at missed

510
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:45,320
Speaker 1: in History dot com. Or you can find show notes.

511
00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:49,200
Speaker 1: You can find uh searchable archive all of our episodes. Ever,

512
00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:52,360
Speaker 1: so come to miss in history dot com for that

513
00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:58,920
Speaker 1: and a whole lot more. For more on this and

514
00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:01,800
Speaker 1: thousands of other tops fix, visit house dock Works dot com.

515
00:32:09,720 --> 00:32:09,760
Speaker 1: M