1 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:12,160 Speaker 1: The universe is chuck filled with crazy stuff, weird, weird stuff. 2 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: Every time you look out into the universe, every time 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: you build a new telescope, you see something else weird 4 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:23,000 Speaker 1: that you don't understand. Things or aliens, things but made 5 00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:26,279 Speaker 1: by aliens. I mean, there's all You're always finding things 6 00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:29,440 Speaker 1: that don't make any sense. Usually the procedure is, you know, 7 00:00:29,560 --> 00:00:32,000 Speaker 1: you see something you don't understand, and then you try 8 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:34,440 Speaker 1: to explain it using things you do understand, and you 9 00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:37,480 Speaker 1: get more and more elaborate explanations. But usually you figure 10 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:40,320 Speaker 1: it out or it stands, you know, for decades as 11 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 1: an enduring mystery. That's a clue that there's something out 12 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:45,959 Speaker 1: there that we don't understand. Its truth is out there. 13 00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: The truth is out there. It's whispering to us, there's 14 00:00:49,840 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: something here that's interesting. Hi. I'm Jorge. I'm a cartoonist. 15 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:12,679 Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist. Welcome back to 16 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:18,320 Speaker 1: our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe. Daniel and 17 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,480 Speaker 1: Jorge have a strange pause in the title of their podcast, 18 00:01:23,040 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge need a Banana stat Daniel and Jorge 19 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 1: tried to explain the universe, but they ran out of bananas. Yeah. 20 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:37,200 Speaker 1: In this podcast, we try to take things in the 21 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:39,440 Speaker 1: universe and explain them to you because the universe is 22 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: filled with wild, wacky stuff that gives us insight into 23 00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:44,960 Speaker 1: how the universe works. And so we're trying to take 24 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: it apart, piece by piece and make sure it makes 25 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:50,120 Speaker 1: sense to you. Yeah, all the pieces that we understand 26 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:53,600 Speaker 1: and all the pieces that not even physicists understand. And 27 00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:56,480 Speaker 1: those are the most fun bits, the ones that are mysteries, 28 00:01:56,520 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 1: those that are clues as to the next revolution in physics, 29 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 1: the that I hope will lead to a Nobel Prize 30 00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:06,200 Speaker 1: discovery hopefully by me or my graduate students or not, 31 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: or year leads to years of frustration and nothing. That's 32 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:13,480 Speaker 1: that's research. Or you are a listener, and hey, if 33 00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:16,960 Speaker 1: you get a Nobel Prize winning idea listening to this podcast, 34 00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:19,079 Speaker 1: at least give us a little bit of credit. Yes, 35 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:20,760 Speaker 1: give us a shout out. At least when you go 36 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:23,440 Speaker 1: to Stockholm, you know, nod in a wink. We'll we'll 37 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:25,840 Speaker 1: understand you're talking about us. Yeah, just say our our 38 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:28,480 Speaker 1: website and then we'll be we'll call it. We'll call 39 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:30,680 Speaker 1: it even. But you know that's a joke, but it 40 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 1: is true that we're gonna be talking today about a 41 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:35,800 Speaker 1: topic which, if somebody could explain it would almost certainly 42 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:38,680 Speaker 1: give them a Nobel prize. Anytime you can explain a 43 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:42,839 Speaker 1: decades long standing mystery in physics, you know, that's that's 44 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: worth something. That's right Today on the podcast, we'll be 45 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: talking about cosmic raise, and not just any cosmic raise, 46 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:58,720 Speaker 1: super duper crazy high energy cosmic raise. Is that the 47 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:02,960 Speaker 1: official physics for them? Yeah? What is the acronym for 48 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:08,800 Speaker 1: that super duper crazy high such as saying that in 49 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:11,120 Speaker 1: conferences all the time. That's right, you can you should 50 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:12,960 Speaker 1: add some numbers to that though at the end, like 51 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:18,840 Speaker 1: three three cosmic rays. Yeah no, but we run out 52 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:21,200 Speaker 1: of we run out of prephysics prefixist to even described 53 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:24,960 Speaker 1: as a high energy of particles that we see from space. Okay, yeah, yeah, 54 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:27,880 Speaker 1: so yeah. The first time I heard the words cosmic 55 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:30,680 Speaker 1: rays was actually when I was about nine years old. 56 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: If you can't believe it. Were you talking to some 57 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: dude named Ray and he was like, I'm cosmic close close. 58 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:41,200 Speaker 1: I was reading, uh, some comics by Stanley, the late 59 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,720 Speaker 1: Great Stanley. I don't know if you know this, but 60 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:48,560 Speaker 1: the Fantastic Four, their origin is tied to this idea 61 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: of cosmic rays. There's so much overlap between physics and cartoons, right, 62 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 1: I mean not just this podcast, but like so much 63 00:03:56,640 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 1: of concepts and physics ends up in cartoons. You know, ray, Asian, 64 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:03,800 Speaker 1: cosmic rays, all this stuff. It's just like it's fuel 65 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: for people's imagination. Yeah, no, I think I think they 66 00:04:07,520 --> 00:04:09,880 Speaker 1: mean comics in general have always sort of tried to 67 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:15,520 Speaker 1: capture the public anxiety and and the public kind of zeitgeist, 68 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:18,400 Speaker 1: and to kind of put in saying, cartoonists have been 69 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: making physicists look bad for I've been making you look 70 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:25,400 Speaker 1: cool like superheroes. I can just imagine you, imagine you 71 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:31,080 Speaker 1: in spandex. Daniel, Oh wait, Hard rather not um come out? 72 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:35,200 Speaker 1: Mike dropped. So yeah. And the Fantastic Four, the they 73 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 1: get their superpowers by flying off into space and then 74 00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 1: getting bombarded by cosmic rays, and then when they land 75 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: back on Earth they have these amazing superpowers like stretch 76 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:47,200 Speaker 1: and getting going visible and turning to a flaming torch. 77 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: So that's how I know about the cosmic rays. Is 78 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:52,839 Speaker 1: that about correct? You know? Do they give you superpowers? 79 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:56,680 Speaker 1: I finally totally get I totally recommend you go into 80 00:04:56,839 --> 00:04:59,440 Speaker 1: into space and bade yourself in consmic race. You'll definitely 81 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 1: get super ours. That's accurate. Um. I love how cartoons 82 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:08,640 Speaker 1: and comic books especially have been like using concepts in 83 00:05:08,720 --> 00:05:11,880 Speaker 1: physics that are like weakly understood and then making us 84 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:14,520 Speaker 1: look like bad guys. Right, all these it's always like 85 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:17,479 Speaker 1: this new technology is going to cause the rise of 86 00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: a crazy villain or you know, but to be honest, 87 00:05:21,360 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: in cosmic ray is all these things. But let's be honest, Daniel, 88 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:27,040 Speaker 1: Do you know for sure that getting bathed in cosmic 89 00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,279 Speaker 1: rays will not give you superpowers? Do you know that 90 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:31,600 Speaker 1: for sure? Um? No, I think if you bathe yourself 91 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:34,800 Speaker 1: in cosmic grads, you're very likely to die. Sons listeners, 92 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:37,520 Speaker 1: if you're about to board your own private spaceship, don't. 93 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:39,960 Speaker 1: So it sounds important for everyone to know what a 94 00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 1: cosmic ray is. But we were wondering if you out 95 00:05:43,120 --> 00:05:45,479 Speaker 1: there and knew what it means when you say the 96 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:49,240 Speaker 1: words cosmic rays, what are cosmic rays? Yeah? Exactly. So 97 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:51,919 Speaker 1: I went around and I asked random people, one of 98 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: whom is my wife at what is a cosmic ray? 99 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: Do you know what a cosmic ray is Here's what 100 00:05:56,720 --> 00:05:59,880 Speaker 1: they had to say. Um, a cosmic ray is a 101 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:05,560 Speaker 1: particle that is originating from an unknown part of the universe, 102 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,160 Speaker 1: and it can go through any kind of matter. So 103 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:13,239 Speaker 1: they come pumbling to the Earth and probably reveal interesting 104 00:06:13,279 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 1: secrets about what's going on. And we're trying to figure 105 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,040 Speaker 1: out how to do that. I heard waves in there somewhere, 106 00:06:18,120 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 1: So maybe cosmic surfers array that comes from the sky 107 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:28,599 Speaker 1: that can be seen from a telescope. Oh lord, I 108 00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:31,000 Speaker 1: feel like I want to say that's like strong radiation 109 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,119 Speaker 1: from the Sun, but I'm not sure. Yes, I would 110 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,240 Speaker 1: guess it has to do a solar raise the sun 111 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,359 Speaker 1: and something related to that. Okay, cosmic raise, they power 112 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: Superman be funny of your wife was like, wait, how 113 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:49,480 Speaker 1: do you know about Ray? She's like, he wasn't here 114 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:52,479 Speaker 1: last night. I don't know if you're talking about, but 115 00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: he is cosmic. This podcast just got not safe for 116 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:01,159 Speaker 1: work once again. This is what happens when we record 117 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,440 Speaker 1: at night. Why I tell you it's a little wonky. 118 00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: It's a d j U late night after dark. But 119 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: most people seem to have heard about cosmic craze, and 120 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:15,000 Speaker 1: one fellow even said, oh, yeah, they power Superman. So 121 00:07:15,040 --> 00:07:19,119 Speaker 1: there's definitely the cosmic grave physics cartooning connection there. Okay, 122 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:22,120 Speaker 1: they power Superman? Come on, who is this person? Everyone knows? 123 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: That's not right? Not everybody knows that. So where's Superman 124 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:29,600 Speaker 1: get his power? Does he eat? Does Superman actually eat? 125 00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: Have you seen Superman eat? Um? Superman? No, he doesn't know. 126 00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: He doesn't need to eat. He gets energy from the Sun. 127 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: The Sun says, those are cosmic rays. Jorge, what? Okay, 128 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: So let's break it down. So what Daniel is a 129 00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:54,520 Speaker 1: cosmic ray? A cosmic ray is a particle from space 130 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: that hits the Earth. Ray is just another name for particle. 131 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,880 Speaker 1: Cosmic just means it comes from space. So cosmic rays 132 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:04,600 Speaker 1: are just space particles space particles. Yeah, but space particles 133 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:06,600 Speaker 1: was vetoed by the physics committee that came up with 134 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 1: a name for these things, because cosmic rays sounds so 135 00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:12,200 Speaker 1: much cooler. But was it? Why do they have this name? 136 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,840 Speaker 1: Were they just named before we knew about particles? Like 137 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: what's the difference? Like did we confuse raisin particles before? Oh? Yeah, um, 138 00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:22,400 Speaker 1: you know, we knew about things like X rays and 139 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:25,080 Speaker 1: all sorts of other kinds of rays before we understood particles. 140 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: So yeah, cosmic rays have been have been known about 141 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: for you know, a hundred years, so we didn't know 142 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:34,000 Speaker 1: they were like little bits. Yeah, it's only it's more 143 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: recently that people understood their particles. But you know, everything 144 00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: that's a particle from space officially could be called the 145 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:43,679 Speaker 1: cosmic ray, and that includes photons from the sun. Random 146 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:46,160 Speaker 1: dude on the streets, know it's more about Superman than 147 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:48,760 Speaker 1: you do. I think they know more about physics than 148 00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:51,800 Speaker 1: I do, clearly, but I doubt they know more about 149 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,719 Speaker 1: that person. You should do this. They know more physics 150 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 1: and no more cosmics, no more continent boom that qualifies 151 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:01,000 Speaker 1: them to take over. Okay, So it just means any 152 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:03,960 Speaker 1: kind of energy or particle that's coming front space and 153 00:09:04,040 --> 00:09:06,800 Speaker 1: hits the Earth. Okay, that's right. Okay, but that's not 154 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: a very exciting answer. Like photons, You can't just call 155 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 1: sunlight cosmic grades. You can, it wouldn't be very exciting. 156 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:14,760 Speaker 1: You're right, but the cosmic rays that we're interested in 157 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,120 Speaker 1: are not the normal, everyday speam of sunlight that comes 158 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:20,720 Speaker 1: from the sun right into cosmic grades were interested in 159 00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:24,040 Speaker 1: are the weird ones. It's not just photons hitting the Earth, 160 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:28,200 Speaker 1: it's other kinds of particles, that's right. The Sun produces 161 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: a huge number of particles, right, not just photons, of course, 162 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:35,520 Speaker 1: but neutrinos and protons and heavier stuff and all sorts 163 00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: of stuff. The Sun is spewing stuff out. It's called 164 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:40,200 Speaker 1: the solar wind. And we have so many names for 165 00:09:40,240 --> 00:09:43,200 Speaker 1: the same thing. Right, they're just space particles, but they're 166 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: cosmic rays. If they're here, they're space wind. If they're 167 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:49,120 Speaker 1: there anyway, the Sun spews them all out loud. So 168 00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: so that's that might be an interesting and new idea 169 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,280 Speaker 1: for people, the fact that the Sun is not just 170 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:59,840 Speaker 1: shining light, it's also shining stuff, like it's burping matter. Yeah, 171 00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:02,720 Speaker 1: I asolutely, because it's you know, it's a huge fusion reactor, 172 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:05,599 Speaker 1: and fusion produces a lot of stuff. Yeah, So you 173 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:08,960 Speaker 1: get protons, you get heavier elements, you get huge numbers 174 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: of neutrinos. I mean, we have um a hundred billion 175 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:16,280 Speaker 1: neutrinos from the Sun passed through your fingernail every second. 176 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 1: So there's a lot of stuff coming from the Sun. Okay, 177 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:22,400 Speaker 1: but neutrinos we don't feel, and they go right through 178 00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:24,680 Speaker 1: us right there. Like that, they're known as ghost particle. 179 00:10:25,679 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: That's right. So the reason we're not all constantly getting 180 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:32,319 Speaker 1: superpowers from cosmic grades from the Sun is that most 181 00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:34,600 Speaker 1: of this stuff is we're shielded from most of this stuff. 182 00:10:34,760 --> 00:10:38,680 Speaker 1: So photons not dangerous neutrinos pass right through us. We haven't. 183 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: They can't affect us at all. Right, And for those 184 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:43,440 Speaker 1: of you interested neutrinos, we have a whole podcast on that. 185 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 1: And then the other stuff, the stuff that's more dangerous 186 00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: are charged particles like protons or heavier, heavier nuclei that 187 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:53,480 Speaker 1: could really do some damage. These are more dangerous because 188 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: they're they're in a way bigger and more. They interact 189 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:01,800 Speaker 1: with our cells in a very dangerous way, right, that's right. Yeah, 190 00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:03,680 Speaker 1: if you if a protons shot through you, it would 191 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 1: definitely interact with things in you. It could disturb your DNA, 192 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:08,439 Speaker 1: it could give you cancer. It's not a good idea 193 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: to stand in the beam of protons. And there's a 194 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 1: huge number of protons coming from the Sun. Now, before 195 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:16,520 Speaker 1: you start digging that shelter to protect yourself, um, you 196 00:11:16,559 --> 00:11:19,439 Speaker 1: already have a shelter, and that shelter is the is twofold. 197 00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:22,079 Speaker 1: One is the Earth's magnetic field, and the second is 198 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:24,960 Speaker 1: the Earth's atmosphere. Hold on, I have so many questions 199 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:27,480 Speaker 1: for you, but before we keep going, let's take a 200 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:43,679 Speaker 1: short break. Okay, So the Sun is shooting stuff at us, 201 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 1: and it's coming all the way to Earth. So how 202 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:51,600 Speaker 1: does the magnetic field protect us? Well, every charged particle 203 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: that hits the magnetic field bends. Magnetic fields are really 204 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:57,440 Speaker 1: good at bending charged particles, and so instead of just 205 00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:00,080 Speaker 1: slamming right into the Earth, these things get deflected it 206 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:02,760 Speaker 1: and sometimes they spiral along and end up at the 207 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,559 Speaker 1: North Pole. And that's what you that's why you get 208 00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,400 Speaker 1: the Northern lights. You mean the planet Earth has a 209 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:11,920 Speaker 1: force field. Yes, we have a force field. Yeah, absolutely, yeah, 210 00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:14,000 Speaker 1: And it's a good thing we do because otherwise we 211 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:18,199 Speaker 1: don't have cancer. So we have a massive global anti 212 00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:22,400 Speaker 1: cancer shield. Wow. Okay, that's pretty crazy impressive stuff like 213 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: a force like a force field for for real. Said, also, 214 00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:30,080 Speaker 1: the atmosphere protects us, that's right, because a particle that 215 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:32,160 Speaker 1: makes it through the magnetic field and hits the atmosphere 216 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:33,679 Speaker 1: is not just going to fly all the way down 217 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:36,760 Speaker 1: to Earth because the atmosphere is not transparent to charge 218 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:40,160 Speaker 1: particles like a photon can fly through the atmosphere because 219 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:43,000 Speaker 1: the atmosphere is mostly neutral particles, and it'll just fly 220 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:45,559 Speaker 1: through all the nitrogen and oxygen and and get down 221 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:47,720 Speaker 1: to Earth right, get down to the surface. But a 222 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: charge particle will slam into those things and will interact 223 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,440 Speaker 1: with them. They'll break up those nuclei. It's sort of 224 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:55,920 Speaker 1: like if a rock hits the Earth, right, it rarely 225 00:12:55,960 --> 00:12:57,959 Speaker 1: gets all the way down to the surface unless it's 226 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 1: huge smaller rocks, they do burn up. And that's what 227 00:13:00,840 --> 00:13:05,160 Speaker 1: we call it's what we see is shooting stars. Oh okay, yeah, 228 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:08,520 Speaker 1: so basically every proton is like a super tiny little meteor, 229 00:13:08,600 --> 00:13:10,880 Speaker 1: a super tiny little shooting star. So most of them 230 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 1: don't make it down to the surface. Okay, they interact 231 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:17,320 Speaker 1: with the air and the oxygen in our atmosphere before 232 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:19,360 Speaker 1: it gets to us. Yeah, And you can think of 233 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:22,800 Speaker 1: the atmosphere so like a really big mattress, and it 234 00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: absorbs most of this energy, and so instead of having 235 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:28,439 Speaker 1: one particle with a huge amount of energy, it spreads 236 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:30,960 Speaker 1: it out, so you get like, you know, billions of particles, 237 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:32,920 Speaker 1: each with a small amount of energy, which is much 238 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,120 Speaker 1: less dangerous because they don't all hit you. It's kind 239 00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 1: of like an billiards when you start with a like 240 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,440 Speaker 1: a cluster of balls and you hit the first one, 241 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:45,040 Speaker 1: that impact kind of spreads. Yeah, yeah, exactly. You don't 242 00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:47,000 Speaker 1: want to get hit by the Cuba, all right. If 243 00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:49,000 Speaker 1: you get hit by the seven, then you know you're 244 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,640 Speaker 1: not gonna be You're gonna be an okay shape. Okay. 245 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:55,079 Speaker 1: But but it's surprising because the atmosphere is pretty thin, 246 00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:57,640 Speaker 1: isn't it kind of in comparison to the Earth and 247 00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:00,200 Speaker 1: to the Sun. It's like a thin layer of us. 248 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:03,440 Speaker 1: But that you're saying that feeling naked, feeling naked when 249 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:06,600 Speaker 1: when it comes to space now suddenly feeling vulnerable. Oh 250 00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:08,320 Speaker 1: my god, I need to put something else on. I 251 00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:13,760 Speaker 1: feel cosmicly. Yeah, the other Earth's atmospheres, you know, um uh, 252 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:15,480 Speaker 1: it depends on where you want to call the edge 253 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:18,040 Speaker 1: of the atmosphere. But it's not super thick compared to 254 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:20,200 Speaker 1: the size of the Earth. That's true, just like the 255 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:21,920 Speaker 1: oceans are not that deep compared to the size of 256 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:23,720 Speaker 1: the Earth. The Earth is huge, and the atmosphere is 257 00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:26,040 Speaker 1: a thin layer protecting us from space. Yeah, I mean, 258 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:28,480 Speaker 1: it's weird to think air would could be protecting us, 259 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: you know, it's um Yeah, And you know they go 260 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: hand in hand because the magnetic field is protecting our atmosphere. 261 00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: If we lost our magnetic field suddenly, then all these 262 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:42,480 Speaker 1: the solar wind would blow away our atmosphere. So the 263 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:44,560 Speaker 1: so the magnetic field is doing two things. It's being 264 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: a cool force field and it's kind of also protecting 265 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:53,360 Speaker 1: our sun block. Basically exactly exactly, you can think of 266 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:57,160 Speaker 1: the atmospheres like the insulation, and the magnetic field is 267 00:14:57,240 --> 00:14:59,360 Speaker 1: like the you know, the aluminum sheeting on the outside 268 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: of your house that keeps the cold, cold, uncarrying space away, 269 00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:06,200 Speaker 1: and let's just hang out and relax safely on the 270 00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:12,280 Speaker 1: surface of the Earth. So then a cosmic race seems 271 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:14,440 Speaker 1: to be like a commonplace thing. But what's kind of 272 00:15:14,440 --> 00:15:16,960 Speaker 1: interesting about them, you were telling me, is that they 273 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: vary in energy. Some of them are sort of you 274 00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 1: never see, but some of them do have a lot 275 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,120 Speaker 1: of energy. Yeah, So you study cosmic rays and you 276 00:15:26,160 --> 00:15:28,400 Speaker 1: see a lot of them that don't have that much energy. 277 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:29,920 Speaker 1: You know, they're just pumped out by the sun, no 278 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,400 Speaker 1: big deal. But you keep looking, and you keep looking, 279 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,600 Speaker 1: and you find more and more that have higher and 280 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:37,360 Speaker 1: higher energy, and you and as you look, you just 281 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: keep finding them at higher and higher energy and the 282 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:44,120 Speaker 1: energy they get to is ridiculous. Like we see cosmic 283 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: rays meaning protons, so individual particles coming from space that 284 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,720 Speaker 1: have absurd amounts of energy energy that we can't explain 285 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:55,320 Speaker 1: through any mechanism. Okay, so let's break it down. So, um, 286 00:15:55,360 --> 00:15:58,920 Speaker 1: at the lower energies of these protons hitting the Earth, 287 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: what are the energies of these cosmic rays? So we 288 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:06,320 Speaker 1: usually use a unit called electron volt and um it's 289 00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:08,440 Speaker 1: a sort of a unit using particle physics. I'll break 290 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:10,000 Speaker 1: it down for you in a minute. But you know, 291 00:16:10,040 --> 00:16:13,200 Speaker 1: at the lower energies like ten to the eleven electron volts, 292 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:15,360 Speaker 1: tend to the twelve electron volts, These are very common, 293 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:18,280 Speaker 1: no big deal put out by the Sun. But things 294 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 1: start to get interesting around tend to the eighteen ten, 295 00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:24,200 Speaker 1: the nineteen ten to the twenty. We even see particles 296 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:27,160 Speaker 1: around ten to the twenty one electron volts. So, for 297 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:29,240 Speaker 1: those of you who aren't familiar with that unit, ten 298 00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:31,600 Speaker 1: to the twenty one electron bolts is like more than 299 00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:34,640 Speaker 1: a hundred jewels, which is as much energy is in 300 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:38,360 Speaker 1: a major league fastball. So now you have a tiny 301 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:40,680 Speaker 1: little particle with almost no mass. Right, A proton is 302 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:43,520 Speaker 1: super tiny. It's got as much energy as an entire 303 00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:46,400 Speaker 1: fastball thrown as fast as a human can throw it, 304 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 1: which would hurt if it hit you right, It certainly would. 305 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:52,120 Speaker 1: It certainly would. It would fly right through you and 306 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,680 Speaker 1: cause all sorts of damage. You probably wouldn't notice it immediately. 307 00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:58,120 Speaker 1: So if you had to choose between getting hit by 308 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:00,800 Speaker 1: a cosmic ray super hi energy cosmo gray, or a 309 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:04,280 Speaker 1: major league fastball in the head, I'd probably choose cosmic gray, honestly, 310 00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:07,120 Speaker 1: because it's tiny and it might not do that much 311 00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:10,160 Speaker 1: damage as it slams into Is that right. Yeah, yeah, 312 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:11,760 Speaker 1: it's just one, and you might get lucky. You might 313 00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:14,560 Speaker 1: miss everything useful and not cause cancer or something like that. 314 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: Oh I see yeah, okay, yeah, But these these particles 315 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:20,280 Speaker 1: are super high energy, and the thing that's fascinating about 316 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,400 Speaker 1: them is that we have no understanding with We don't 317 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:25,959 Speaker 1: know anything in the universe that can make particles this 318 00:17:26,080 --> 00:17:29,360 Speaker 1: high energy. Okay, so by energy, do you mean like 319 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 1: the particle itself has a lot of energy or it's 320 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:34,479 Speaker 1: just going faster. Yeah, that's the same thing. I mean, 321 00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: the particle is a lot of kinetic energy. It's moving 322 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:40,199 Speaker 1: super duper fast. It's not like it's hot, it's not 323 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,639 Speaker 1: like it's vibrating. It's just it's it's really just trucking 324 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:44,639 Speaker 1: along at a super high speed. Oh I see. So 325 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:47,119 Speaker 1: the Sun is exploding, it's spewing out these protons, and 326 00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:49,600 Speaker 1: some of them go faster than others. Some of them 327 00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 1: go faster than others, but some of them go faster 328 00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:54,520 Speaker 1: than the Sun can make. Right, So these protons we 329 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:56,320 Speaker 1: don't think are coming from the Sun. We think they're 330 00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:59,960 Speaker 1: coming from something else. The Sun cannot make protons this fast. 331 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:02,160 Speaker 1: How do we know it can't make them that fast? 332 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:03,920 Speaker 1: How do we know it can't make them that fast? Well, 333 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:06,320 Speaker 1: they don't seem to be coming from the Sun, right, 334 00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:09,520 Speaker 1: So we're getting from the back from like the nights. 335 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:12,359 Speaker 1: We get them, Yeah, we get them from getting from 336 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 1: the actions in space. We're getting shot out from some 337 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,719 Speaker 1: someplace in the universe we don't even know, right, the 338 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:21,000 Speaker 1: cosmic rays aren't aren't just all coming from the Sun. 339 00:18:21,119 --> 00:18:24,320 Speaker 1: Some of them were getting bombarded by rays from all directions. 340 00:18:24,359 --> 00:18:27,080 Speaker 1: You're saying that's right, Lots of things in space make 341 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:31,720 Speaker 1: cosmic grays, our son other sons, black holes, pulsars, all 342 00:18:31,760 --> 00:18:34,560 Speaker 1: those crazy things that all shoot out particles, and some 343 00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:37,440 Speaker 1: of them come to Earth any kind of violent kind 344 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:41,320 Speaker 1: of you know, explosion continues. Crashing in the universe is 345 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:44,359 Speaker 1: feeling out stuff. That's right, it's making cosmic rays, and 346 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:46,760 Speaker 1: some of them land on Earth and their clue right there, 347 00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:49,480 Speaker 1: clues to what happened, What made this neutrino and what 348 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:51,359 Speaker 1: made it come in this direction and go so fast? 349 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:53,920 Speaker 1: What made this proton? What made this piece of iron 350 00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:56,720 Speaker 1: go so fast? Each one carries with it some information 351 00:18:56,760 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: about how and where it was born, and that's fascinating 352 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,960 Speaker 1: because it tells us about places will never get to 353 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:05,359 Speaker 1: and things will never see. Right. Okay, so sometimes some 354 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:08,040 Speaker 1: of these cosmic rays have a super amount of energy 355 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:09,600 Speaker 1: and we don't know where they're coming from. How often 356 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:13,600 Speaker 1: are we getting bombarded by these high energy cosmic rays? Yea, 357 00:19:13,680 --> 00:19:16,520 Speaker 1: the higher the energy, the more the more rare they are. 358 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:19,920 Speaker 1: So for example, at ten to the twenty one electron bolts, 359 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,520 Speaker 1: which is like the highest energy particle anybody's ever seen. 360 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:26,200 Speaker 1: You know, we think that those come about one per 361 00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:31,359 Speaker 1: square kilometer per few hundred years. One per square kilometers, 362 00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:33,960 Speaker 1: so very rare. Well, you know, the Earth has a 363 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:36,320 Speaker 1: lot of square kilometers, So yeah, if you had a 364 00:19:36,359 --> 00:19:39,399 Speaker 1: square kilometer of cameras looking for these things, you wouldn't 365 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: would have to wait a long time to observe them. 366 00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:43,159 Speaker 1: But if you have a big detective you're a lot 367 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,080 Speaker 1: of square kilometers, then you can see. You know, if 368 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,160 Speaker 1: you had a few hundred square kilometers, you could see 369 00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:49,240 Speaker 1: one a year. Okay, so if you're listening to this 370 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:54,800 Speaker 1: podcast and you draw one kilometer square around you, you 371 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 1: have to wait a hundred years to see one of 372 00:19:57,119 --> 00:20:00,440 Speaker 1: these high energy particles come down on you. That's right exactly. 373 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:02,400 Speaker 1: But and to me, the most interesting thing about these 374 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,960 Speaker 1: particles is that, um, we have no idea what could 375 00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: be making them. I mean, I've asked after a physicists 376 00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:11,679 Speaker 1: have said, what's the highest energy particle? You imagine in 377 00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:15,040 Speaker 1: space anywhere in the universe, use anything you want. And 378 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:18,080 Speaker 1: they start with like a supernova, huge explosion, particles going 379 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:20,359 Speaker 1: super fast. Then they sling shot the stuff around a 380 00:20:20,359 --> 00:20:23,119 Speaker 1: black hole. Right then they ride waves from other stars 381 00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: and they can't get close to the kind of particles 382 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:28,560 Speaker 1: we see they at most can explain particles that like 383 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,520 Speaker 1: tend to the seventeen tend of the eighteen, but we 384 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,280 Speaker 1: see particles a thousand times more energetic than that. Right, 385 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:38,400 Speaker 1: it's totally unexplained. There's nothing out there that can make 386 00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:40,679 Speaker 1: these kind of particles that we know of, which means 387 00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:43,320 Speaker 1: there's something new out there. It's like you're in the 388 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:45,520 Speaker 1: middle of the jungle and you hear some strange animal 389 00:20:45,560 --> 00:20:48,399 Speaker 1: sound and there's no animal that you know of that 390 00:20:48,560 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 1: makes that sound or could make that sound exactly. And 391 00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,199 Speaker 1: that's right, you see. Yeah, you see tracks in the 392 00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:56,640 Speaker 1: in the in the in the mud, and you've never 393 00:20:56,680 --> 00:20:58,720 Speaker 1: seen an animal make that track before. And so that's 394 00:20:58,720 --> 00:21:01,760 Speaker 1: a clue that there's something out there waiting to be discovered. 395 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:03,920 Speaker 1: You know, these are clues that are surfing along on 396 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:07,720 Speaker 1: the cosmos, being delivered to Earth and saying there's something interesting, 397 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:11,200 Speaker 1: pay attention. Wow. So that's a huge mystery. So but 398 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:13,760 Speaker 1: you I'm sure if physicists have ideas like what could 399 00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:17,880 Speaker 1: these crazy high energy particles be or be coming from? 400 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:20,480 Speaker 1: I think it's a fantastic four. Yeah, I think they're 401 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:27,320 Speaker 1: form of vengeance. It's Stanley shooting from head. Yeah, exactly, 402 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:29,080 Speaker 1: and I want to talk about that some more, but 403 00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:44,880 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. You know, physicists have ideas, 404 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:46,840 Speaker 1: and the ideas are kind of wacky. And one reason 405 00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:49,159 Speaker 1: is that, you know, we haven't seen that many of 406 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,879 Speaker 1: these things because they're pretty rare, and so you know, 407 00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:54,680 Speaker 1: we can't necessarily tell where in the universe they're coming from. 408 00:21:54,960 --> 00:21:57,359 Speaker 1: You only have a few dozen of these things ever seen, 409 00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: and they don't like all come from the Sun or 410 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:01,280 Speaker 1: from one point, and it's ways. But we do have 411 00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:03,760 Speaker 1: some fun ideas, you know, and one of my favorites, 412 00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:07,360 Speaker 1: of course, is maybe it's not some thing that's shooting 413 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:10,400 Speaker 1: these cosmic rays at us. Maybe it's some one. Right. 414 00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:14,320 Speaker 1: We'd imagine if if we found all these cosmic rays, 415 00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:16,520 Speaker 1: and we got more of them somehow, and we could 416 00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 1: tell if they're all coming from the same location, and 417 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:22,600 Speaker 1: that location was like a planet orbiting some nearby star, right, 418 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:25,240 Speaker 1: that would be amazing because it would suggest that there's 419 00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:28,880 Speaker 1: something on that planet capable of shooting particles at an 420 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:33,720 Speaker 1: unnatural energy. Right before suggests trying to kill it was 421 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:37,640 Speaker 1: like shooting deadly raise at us, Why do you got 422 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:39,959 Speaker 1: to go there? Come on? It could be totally benign 423 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:43,200 Speaker 1: alien particle physicists. And I'm sure those guys are really cool. 424 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:46,680 Speaker 1: I'm sure they make awesome podcasts with alien cartoonists, right, 425 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:49,280 Speaker 1: and maybe they're just doing their science and what we're 426 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:53,479 Speaker 1: seeing is like the pollution from their enormous Solar system 427 00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:56,280 Speaker 1: sized collider or something they're doing to understand physics at 428 00:22:56,320 --> 00:23:00,640 Speaker 1: the most fundamental level. Um. That seems more are possible 429 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:02,760 Speaker 1: to you then that they might be shooting at us 430 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:05,399 Speaker 1: to kill us. Why would they try to shoot us 431 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:08,440 Speaker 1: for so far away? What is the goal of beaming 432 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: you know, a crazy cosmic death ray all the way 433 00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:13,479 Speaker 1: across the universe? Or maybe do you think maybe they 434 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:15,679 Speaker 1: could be talking to us, like, hey, like this is 435 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:19,439 Speaker 1: morse code, like did for sure? For sure, it's a 436 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:21,200 Speaker 1: good way to send a message, right, a type beam 437 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:24,520 Speaker 1: of particles um and so we could certainly contain some information. 438 00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:27,119 Speaker 1: So that's one crazy ideas. Maybe it's pollution from an 439 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:30,359 Speaker 1: alien particle physics experiment or a message from space or something. 440 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:33,479 Speaker 1: That's definitely one idea. What are some other crazy ideas? 441 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:35,879 Speaker 1: The least crazy idea is that maybe it's just some 442 00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:38,280 Speaker 1: new kind of star right, and we've never seen this 443 00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:40,439 Speaker 1: kind of star before and so we don't understand it. 444 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:42,800 Speaker 1: And in some phase of its life it burps out 445 00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:45,399 Speaker 1: these particles at crazy high energy. But they're coming at 446 00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,439 Speaker 1: a pretty constant rate, aren't they. It would be some 447 00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:51,040 Speaker 1: sort of like big surprise if there was a sound 448 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:53,480 Speaker 1: that was spewing these out at this rate. Yeah, it 449 00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:56,440 Speaker 1: would be. And because we have one more clue, which 450 00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: is we know they can't be coming from very far 451 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:02,760 Speaker 1: away because the universe, while it's transparent to me into 452 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,200 Speaker 1: you into photons, they can Photons can fly through the 453 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:08,520 Speaker 1: universe for billions and billions of light years. The universe 454 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:12,160 Speaker 1: is opaque. Two particles at this energy, they can't fly 455 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:14,720 Speaker 1: forever through the through the universe. They get slowed down 456 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:18,840 Speaker 1: and stopped by the cosmic microwave background, these little leftover 457 00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:21,800 Speaker 1: photons from the Big Bang. They impede the progress of 458 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:25,399 Speaker 1: these particles. I see. It's like, um, the universe is 459 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:27,920 Speaker 1: thinker for these particles. So they can't travel this fast 460 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:31,399 Speaker 1: that far exactly exactly. And so we're seeing them this fast. 461 00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:34,359 Speaker 1: That means they came from somewhere pretty close by. Now 462 00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,560 Speaker 1: we're talking close by by cosmic standards, right, not like oh, 463 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:39,920 Speaker 1: they come from down the street, or they're coming from Neptune. 464 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 1: You know, we're talking it comes from this galaxy or 465 00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:44,840 Speaker 1: one of the nearby galaxies and a sort of our 466 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,399 Speaker 1: local group. But they can't be coming from super duper 467 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:50,320 Speaker 1: far away, right. It means that whatever it is can't 468 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:52,040 Speaker 1: be too far, which means we should be able to 469 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,359 Speaker 1: see it. Right, So if there is some new kind 470 00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:56,280 Speaker 1: of star out there that has this weird property, we 471 00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 1: should be able to spot it. Okay, that's one. That's 472 00:24:59,040 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 1: another idea. Okay, that's the kind of the vanilla idea. 473 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:06,840 Speaker 1: That's the vanilla board, crazy, vanilla crazy idea. I know. 474 00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:09,359 Speaker 1: I'm sure astrophysicists would love to discover a new kind 475 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:11,199 Speaker 1: of star that purps out highendgy particles, but I think 476 00:25:11,240 --> 00:25:13,000 Speaker 1: it would be kind of boring because the other ideas 477 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:15,520 Speaker 1: are crazy, like some of there's somebody out there who 478 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,439 Speaker 1: wrote a paper and there's not a crackpot. This is 479 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:20,080 Speaker 1: a guy from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, 480 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,880 Speaker 1: right where Einstein famously worked and many smart people work today. 481 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:27,199 Speaker 1: And he said that maybe um super high endry cosmic 482 00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:31,160 Speaker 1: rays are a clue that there's a glitch in the simulation. 483 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:36,920 Speaker 1: What so that that's two things. One is that he's saying, Um, 484 00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:40,159 Speaker 1: the universe is a simulation, and too, there could be 485 00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:43,840 Speaker 1: gligen it. Yeah, exactly. And the idea is basically, if 486 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:47,440 Speaker 1: the universe is a simulation, then probably whoever is running 487 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:51,240 Speaker 1: that simulation has sliced the universe up into big cubes, right, 488 00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:53,680 Speaker 1: Because when you do a simulation of some piece of matter, 489 00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:55,280 Speaker 1: you slice it up into pieces and you do each 490 00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:57,960 Speaker 1: of them in parallel, and that works pretty well unless 491 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:00,399 Speaker 1: you have something that's moving super duper fact asked so 492 00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: that it crosses over those cubes like starts in one 493 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:05,720 Speaker 1: ends up in the other one, which messes up your 494 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:09,159 Speaker 1: calculation because the cube is supposed to contain everything, and 495 00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:11,840 Speaker 1: so things that are super duper fast could be traversing 496 00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:15,320 Speaker 1: these cubes and essentially creating glitches. And so he wrote 497 00:26:15,359 --> 00:26:18,439 Speaker 1: this really fun paper about how if we see discrepancies 498 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:21,160 Speaker 1: in the angles that we discover these cosmic rays, that 499 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:23,480 Speaker 1: that could be a clue that the universe is a simulation. 500 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,280 Speaker 1: And he's found the glitch. Wow, And then what so? 501 00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,680 Speaker 1: Or the other possibility, right, is that it could be 502 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:35,280 Speaker 1: something entirely new that we never discovered in the universe. 503 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,639 Speaker 1: Maybe there's some kind of special, some some some something 504 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:41,560 Speaker 1: that we've never seen before, right, yeah, exactly, and that 505 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,080 Speaker 1: would be really fascinating. I think that would be amazing 506 00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:45,840 Speaker 1: to say, like, oh, there's a new kind of object. 507 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:48,520 Speaker 1: It's not a star, it's not a black holes, nebula, 508 00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:51,680 Speaker 1: it's some new thing, something, something we can't even imagine 509 00:26:51,760 --> 00:27:00,919 Speaker 1: right now, exactly exactly. So what are scientists doing to 510 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: study these cosmic rays? Well, what we're doing is Richard 511 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:05,480 Speaker 1: trying to collect as many of them as we can, 512 00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: right because that's the number one clue is where they're 513 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,320 Speaker 1: coming from and what is the energy spectrum? Like, so 514 00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:13,360 Speaker 1: if we could get enough of them, we could make 515 00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:15,480 Speaker 1: a map in the sky and say, oh, look they 516 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:18,200 Speaker 1: tend to come from the centers of galaxies, or oh 517 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:20,240 Speaker 1: look they tend to come from a nearby a black 518 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:22,840 Speaker 1: hole or something. We could get a clue just by 519 00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:25,920 Speaker 1: seeing where they come from. Um. So the number one 520 00:27:25,960 --> 00:27:27,760 Speaker 1: thing is get as many of them as you can, 521 00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:29,919 Speaker 1: because right now we only have like, you know, a 522 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,000 Speaker 1: handful of them. We have tens of these things at 523 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,520 Speaker 1: the very highest energy, but I mean we're getting them 524 00:27:34,560 --> 00:27:36,840 Speaker 1: all the time. It's just a question of catching them 525 00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:39,720 Speaker 1: right and men being able to measure their angle under 526 00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:42,440 Speaker 1: energy exactly. And they're hitting the earth all the time, 527 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,800 Speaker 1: but we're not spotting them right. It's like, you know, 528 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:47,400 Speaker 1: if something amazing happens, you don't take a picture, well, 529 00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:50,280 Speaker 1: you don't have the picture right and say it didn't 530 00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:53,880 Speaker 1: happen pickure, didn't happen exactly. And so we have these 531 00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:58,280 Speaker 1: really awesome um cosmic ray telescopes. So these things are 532 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:00,919 Speaker 1: really big, right, they cover huge amounts, Like there's one 533 00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:03,960 Speaker 1: in South America called the o G Observatory. It takes 534 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: up a huge swath of land in Argentina and um, 535 00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:09,560 Speaker 1: you know, thousands of square kilometers, so they get a 536 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:11,680 Speaker 1: lot of a lot of stuff in there. But it's 537 00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:13,840 Speaker 1: not big enough, right, it's not big enough to collect 538 00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,760 Speaker 1: dozens and dozens of these things a year. So we're 539 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:19,920 Speaker 1: building another one in Utah. It's called Telescope Array is 540 00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,720 Speaker 1: even bigger. It's awesome, but even still, you know, it's 541 00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:25,840 Speaker 1: a tiny fraction of the Earth. Because you can't cover 542 00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:28,520 Speaker 1: the whole Earth in particle detectors, right, people will get 543 00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:30,679 Speaker 1: kind of upset, you just like mowed down all the 544 00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:34,280 Speaker 1: farms and the cities and covered everything with particle detectors. Oh, 545 00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,360 Speaker 1: I see, these rays are so rare that you need 546 00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,320 Speaker 1: just to cover a lot of area. You can't just 547 00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:41,880 Speaker 1: sit in one one kilometer square and wait a hundred years. 548 00:28:42,040 --> 00:28:45,440 Speaker 1: You just have to have a big catcher's globe. Right. Yeah, 549 00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,160 Speaker 1: well you could wait a hundred years, but I don't 550 00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:49,480 Speaker 1: really want to. And your options are wait a long 551 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 1: time or build a bigger detector. And uh so we'd 552 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:55,080 Speaker 1: like to know the answer sooner rather than later. But 553 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: these things are expensive, right, And by bigger you mean 554 00:28:58,040 --> 00:29:01,320 Speaker 1: not like there's a dish the size of them at 555 00:29:01,320 --> 00:29:04,600 Speaker 1: the Comma desert. It's like little dishes spread out, that's right. 556 00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,480 Speaker 1: Because what happens when a cosmic ray hits the atmosphere, 557 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:09,880 Speaker 1: if you remember we talked about earlier, is it creates 558 00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:13,160 Speaker 1: a big splash. Right, One particle hits and it creates 559 00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:16,320 Speaker 1: two particles of lower energy, which turns into four particles 560 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:18,680 Speaker 1: of even lower energy. So you start out with one 561 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:21,160 Speaker 1: particle super high energy, and you end up with a 562 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:23,640 Speaker 1: big flash over the surface of the Earth, lots of 563 00:29:23,680 --> 00:29:26,719 Speaker 1: particles with a little bit of energy. And that flash 564 00:29:27,040 --> 00:29:29,880 Speaker 1: is about two kilometers one to two kilometers wide, so 565 00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:32,320 Speaker 1: it creates this big shower over the surface of the Earth. 566 00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:35,840 Speaker 1: Um that's that tells you what that particle was and 567 00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:37,960 Speaker 1: where it came from, what its energy was. And you 568 00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:39,680 Speaker 1: don't have to see the whole shower. You just have 569 00:29:39,760 --> 00:29:41,880 Speaker 1: to have it hit a few detectors in order to 570 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:43,800 Speaker 1: spot it. So you don't have to cover the whole 571 00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:46,600 Speaker 1: Earth with particle detectors. That doesn't have to be blanketed, 572 00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:50,000 Speaker 1: but you need like one every you know, or one 573 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 1: every kilometer or something. Right, So you're saying these are 574 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:54,840 Speaker 1: really expensive, and the bigger they are, the more expensive 575 00:29:54,880 --> 00:29:58,480 Speaker 1: to get. But something interesting is that you are involved 576 00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:01,479 Speaker 1: in this sort of new way to the tet cosmic race, right, 577 00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:05,120 Speaker 1: like this kind of citizen science initiative. Yeah, my grad 578 00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:06,840 Speaker 1: students and I were sitting around a few years ago 579 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:08,960 Speaker 1: and we thought, is there a better way to do this? 580 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:10,960 Speaker 1: And we were all, you know, sitting around playing on 581 00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 1: our phones than we realized, Hold on a second, this 582 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: phone I'm holding in my hand is kind of a 583 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:19,760 Speaker 1: cosmic ray detector because every phone has a piece of 584 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,360 Speaker 1: silicon inside of it that's used for the camera. Right, 585 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:25,240 Speaker 1: cameras are no longer like film, their digital and digital 586 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:28,320 Speaker 1: camera is basically a particle detector. There's a little bit 587 00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: of silicon in there which is sensitive to cosmic rays, 588 00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:34,760 Speaker 1: and it has a computer in it, and it's connected 589 00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,160 Speaker 1: to the internet, right, and there are zillions of these 590 00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,680 Speaker 1: things all over the world. Right, So we imagine what 591 00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:45,000 Speaker 1: if when people went to sleep at night, we took 592 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,239 Speaker 1: over their phones and we used the cameras in their 593 00:30:47,280 --> 00:30:50,840 Speaker 1: phones to look for particles. Because these things already exist 594 00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:53,000 Speaker 1: and people are maintaining them, and they don't use their 595 00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:55,840 Speaker 1: phones at night. And so we thought, let's try to 596 00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:58,200 Speaker 1: tie all the phones in the world together to make 597 00:30:58,280 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 1: a huge earth size telescope to gather as many of 598 00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 1: these cosmic rays as we could, like a giant web 599 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:09,600 Speaker 1: of mini portable detectors in people's phones. Yeah, exactly, because 600 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: the amount of money but that's been spent on phones 601 00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:15,520 Speaker 1: is staggering. I mean, there's like a million Android phones 602 00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:19,040 Speaker 1: turned on every single day. You know, It's like trillions 603 00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:21,920 Speaker 1: of dollars have been spent on consumer electronics. And we thought, 604 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,480 Speaker 1: let's piggyback on that and use some of it for science, 605 00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:26,720 Speaker 1: because there's no way we're getting the government to build 606 00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:30,040 Speaker 1: us a trillion dollar particle detector. So and you guys 607 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:32,120 Speaker 1: have made this, like, you made an app that you 608 00:31:32,120 --> 00:31:35,440 Speaker 1: can download to your phone to turn your phone into 609 00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:39,400 Speaker 1: a cosmic ray detector. That's right. It's called Crayface c 610 00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:42,840 Speaker 1: R A f I S stands for cosmic rays found 611 00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:45,400 Speaker 1: in smartphones. And you can go to you can Google 612 00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:47,240 Speaker 1: that and go to our website and you can download 613 00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:49,080 Speaker 1: the app and you can be a part of the network. 614 00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:51,400 Speaker 1: We're growing it slowly because we want to make sure 615 00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:54,240 Speaker 1: it works, but eventually it could be the largest particle 616 00:31:54,240 --> 00:31:57,440 Speaker 1: detector in the history of humanity. We could gather all 617 00:31:57,440 --> 00:31:59,920 Speaker 1: these cosmic rays and maybe even get a clue as 618 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,760 Speaker 1: where they're coming from and who is sending us crazy messages. 619 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:08,520 Speaker 1: You could be deciphering, helping decipher the alien message. That's right. 620 00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:11,080 Speaker 1: And the message could be We're coming for you. We 621 00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:16,240 Speaker 1: can't believe you killed stan Lee. Um. It could be 622 00:32:16,280 --> 00:32:18,760 Speaker 1: hey do you guys want superpowers? Or hey do you 623 00:32:18,760 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: have a cup of sugar? Um. So, so people at 624 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:23,880 Speaker 1: home listening to this could be part of the scientific 625 00:32:23,920 --> 00:32:26,560 Speaker 1: Endebt endeavor. Right. That's pretty cool. Yeah, and we thought 626 00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:28,239 Speaker 1: that would be fun because we don't just want to 627 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:31,320 Speaker 1: use your phones computing to do some calculation. We want 628 00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:33,719 Speaker 1: to actually let you be a part of it, and 629 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,200 Speaker 1: the plan is that anybody who lets their phone run 630 00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:38,600 Speaker 1: for long enough and collects enough data can actually be 631 00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:41,280 Speaker 1: an author on the scientific papers that come out of it, 632 00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:43,120 Speaker 1: if we ever got to do any science of it, 633 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:45,560 Speaker 1: because we want people to feel invested, We want people 634 00:32:45,560 --> 00:32:48,000 Speaker 1: to feel like they really get to participate in this project. 635 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:50,960 Speaker 1: So what you're saying is that with these cosmic rays, 636 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,760 Speaker 1: really what we need is just more data, Like we 637 00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:55,400 Speaker 1: don't know where they could be coming from, but we 638 00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: don't have no enough about them to try to decipher 639 00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:02,200 Speaker 1: it right exactly. It's like we've gotten the first taste 640 00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:04,320 Speaker 1: of a clue that something interesting is out there, and 641 00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:06,400 Speaker 1: we need the rest of the clues before we can 642 00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:09,360 Speaker 1: figure it out because we just don't have enough information. Right. 643 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,200 Speaker 1: We've seen a few of them, but we'd love to 644 00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:13,719 Speaker 1: see thousands and millions of them before we have an 645 00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:16,920 Speaker 1: idea of where they're coming from, what's causing them. We 646 00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:20,000 Speaker 1: just need more data. So this is such a fascinating 647 00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:22,400 Speaker 1: thing to me, just the sense, just the idea that 648 00:33:22,440 --> 00:33:25,080 Speaker 1: there might be something in the universe out there that 649 00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:29,440 Speaker 1: we still don't know. You know, it's like certain, Yeah, 650 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:31,800 Speaker 1: I'm certain. I mean even a cognate craze aside. The 651 00:33:31,880 --> 00:33:34,120 Speaker 1: universe is filled with crazy stuff, and every decade we 652 00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:37,440 Speaker 1: discovered new crazier stuff than we could have even ever imagined. 653 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:40,880 Speaker 1: So this is fantastic because you're right, it's a concrete clue. 654 00:33:41,280 --> 00:33:43,800 Speaker 1: It's the universe giving us the direction is weird look 655 00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:46,360 Speaker 1: to find new crazy stuff. But I'm sure already that 656 00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,840 Speaker 1: there's crazy stuff in the universe we never imagined. Yeah, 657 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:51,959 Speaker 1: and we're being bathed in it, right, like we're constantly 658 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,600 Speaker 1: getting being bombarded by these clues that there's that there's 659 00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:58,640 Speaker 1: mystery that's right in the universe is sending us these messages, 660 00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: and it's wondering why are these eyes taken so long 661 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:04,840 Speaker 1: to figure it out? We're right here, that's right. Yeah, 662 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:07,200 Speaker 1: So cosmic rays, these super high your cosmic grades of 663 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,520 Speaker 1: the mysteries for decades. We've known about these things for 664 00:34:09,640 --> 00:34:13,880 Speaker 1: decades and we just haven't figured it out yet. Alright, 665 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:17,160 Speaker 1: So thanks everyone for listening to the mystery of cosmic rays. 666 00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:20,319 Speaker 1: So when you look up at the night sky the 667 00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,040 Speaker 1: next time, or even if you walk out during the day. 668 00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:28,399 Speaker 1: Just remember that you're being bathed in physics mystery. That's right, 669 00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:30,799 Speaker 1: And if you do figure out the mystery of cosmic rays, 670 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:32,719 Speaker 1: please let us know. Give us a tip before you 671 00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:44,799 Speaker 1: announce the publicy. I'd love to be included before you 672 00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:47,760 Speaker 1: still have a question after listening to all these explanations, 673 00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:50,760 Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 674 00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:53,600 Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 675 00:34:53,920 --> 00:34:57,080 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or email us at 676 00:34:57,320 --> 00:35:08,920 Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Orge dot com.