1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:15,480 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,560 --> 00:00:19,760 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. While we were in Iceland, we 5 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:24,680 Speaker 2: had this amazing local guide named Gwillion who went by 6 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:29,479 Speaker 2: God and God was full of knowledge about Icelandic history. 7 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 2: And the trip also involved a lot of bus rides, 8 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 2: so those bus rides were full of God telling us 9 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:38,920 Speaker 2: all about the history of where we were going. I 10 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:42,040 Speaker 2: don't actually remember whether we were on the bus or 11 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:45,720 Speaker 2: at one of the places that we visited, but one 12 00:00:45,760 --> 00:00:49,240 Speaker 2: of the people that he told us about was Joan Arrison, 13 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 2: who was the last Catholic bishop in Iceland before it 14 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:57,400 Speaker 2: became a Lutheran country. This story had a lot of 15 00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:02,000 Speaker 2: gory details, including a pretty ruesome beheadings, so of course 16 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 2: I was like, that's going on the list. There's a 17 00:01:06,120 --> 00:01:10,399 Speaker 2: lot of writing about Joan Arson in Icelandic there's way 18 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:13,560 Speaker 2: less writing about him in English. So if you're from Iceland, 19 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:16,640 Speaker 2: you might know more about him than we do, and 20 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 2: you will probably, or I will say, certainly say all 21 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:24,560 Speaker 2: the names in this episode better than we will. 22 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:29,480 Speaker 1: Do one hundred percent. As a quick bit of background. 23 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:33,480 Speaker 1: The Norse settled Iceland in the ninth century, and around 24 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: the year nine thirty a national parliament was established, known 25 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: as the All Thing. A Thing was essentially an assembly 26 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:44,800 Speaker 1: or council, and smaller things were held across Iceland. The 27 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:47,680 Speaker 1: All Thing was the one that brought the whole island 28 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: together every summer as both a legislative and judicial body. 29 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:56,840 Speaker 1: Chieftains and other representatives would discuss and pass laws, and 30 00:01:57,040 --> 00:02:00,240 Speaker 1: judges would hear cases that hadn't been handled through one 31 00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:04,120 Speaker 1: of the smaller things. The All Things still exists today, 32 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: although it meets at a parliament building in Reykivic rather 33 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:10,560 Speaker 1: than at the Assembly Fields or Thingvilier, which is where 34 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:11,640 Speaker 1: it met historically. 35 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:15,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, there's It's often described as the oldest parliament in 36 00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:20,200 Speaker 2: the world. There's various debate about whether that's correct or not. 37 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 1: But and it has great acoustics. 38 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 2: Yes, Overwhelmingly. These first Norse settlers were polytheistic. The spread 39 00:02:28,400 --> 00:02:32,279 Speaker 2: of Christianity starting in the tenth century led to strife 40 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:36,200 Speaker 2: and sometimes violence, which was also happening in other parts 41 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:41,560 Speaker 2: of the Norse world. King Olaf Triggvisen christianized Norway by 42 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,320 Speaker 2: force after coming to power there in the year nine 43 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:46,680 Speaker 2: to ninety five. Been other people who had tried to 44 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:50,120 Speaker 2: do that, but Olaf is the person that's usually pointed 45 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:54,799 Speaker 2: at as successful. He also sent missionaries to other Nordic countries, 46 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:58,560 Speaker 2: including Iceland. In the face of all of this, the 47 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:02,919 Speaker 2: question of whether Iceland should become Christian came before the Alting. 48 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:07,399 Speaker 1: The Alting decided that Iceland would become a Christian nation 49 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:12,239 Speaker 1: around the year one thousand. The Diocese of Skalholdt was 50 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:16,200 Speaker 1: established in ten fifty six, about eighty kilometers or fifty 51 00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:20,440 Speaker 1: miles east of Reykiavik. The Diocese of Holar was established 52 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:23,679 Speaker 1: in eleven oh six, near the northern coast of the island, 53 00:03:23,880 --> 00:03:27,680 Speaker 1: essentially on the opposite side of Iceland from Vick. The 54 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:30,919 Speaker 1: Diocese of Skalholdt covered about two thirds of the country, 55 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:33,880 Speaker 1: while the Diocese of Holar covered the other third. 56 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:39,120 Speaker 2: Most sources say that Joan Arisen was born in northern 57 00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 2: Iceland in fourteen eighty four, but some sources argue that 58 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:45,880 Speaker 2: it was really a decade earlier than that in fourteen 59 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 2: seventy four. There's not much detail known about his early life. 60 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 2: Sometimes this family is described as poor and other times 61 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 2: of reasonable means. After his father died, possibly during the 62 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 2: course of Yoon's education, he took care of his mother. 63 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:05,600 Speaker 1: Yoon was ordained in about fifteen oh seven. At the 64 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: age of about twenty three, he started living with a 65 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: woman named Helga Sigordo Darter in what was basically a 66 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:16,159 Speaker 1: civil union or a common law marriage. For the most part, 67 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:20,160 Speaker 1: Catholic clergy in Iceland weren't observing a tradition of celibacy 68 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,360 Speaker 1: at this point. Yohon's father had also been the son 69 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: of a monastic prior. Yon and Helga had nine children together, 70 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:32,600 Speaker 1: six of whom lived until adulthood. The Bishop of Holar 71 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:36,159 Speaker 1: at this time was Gottzog Nikolissen, who seems to have 72 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:40,200 Speaker 1: put a lot of trust in Yoon. Gotskalk sent him 73 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:43,560 Speaker 1: on missions to Norway at least twice, once to get 74 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,720 Speaker 1: some timber for the church and once to deliver gold 75 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 1: that was going to be made into a chalice. In 76 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:51,040 Speaker 1: fifteen nineteen. 77 00:04:51,120 --> 00:04:55,520 Speaker 2: Goskok also absolved Yon of any sin that was associated 78 00:04:55,560 --> 00:04:59,479 Speaker 2: with his relationship with Helga. Although both clergy and lay 79 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:01,960 Speaker 2: people and i Iceland generally seemed to have thought it 80 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 2: was fine for priests to have common law partners. That 81 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:10,159 Speaker 2: was not as true for bishops, so this absolution was 82 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:14,240 Speaker 2: probably because Gottskulk was planning for Yoon to be his successor. 83 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:19,480 Speaker 2: Bishop Gotzkalk died the following year in fifteen twenty, when 84 00:05:19,600 --> 00:05:23,560 Speaker 2: Joan was about thirty six. This circles back around to 85 00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 2: the questions about his birth year. His rise through the 86 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:30,600 Speaker 2: leadership of the diocese is seen as very fast if 87 00:05:30,640 --> 00:05:33,640 Speaker 2: he was really ordained around fifteen oh seven, when he 88 00:05:33,680 --> 00:05:36,919 Speaker 2: was about twenty three, but it wouldn't have been so 89 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 2: unusual if he was really in his mid forties when 90 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 2: Gotzkulk died. Regardless, in addition to taking on increasing power 91 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:49,080 Speaker 2: and responsibility within the church, Yon had become prosperous and 92 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 2: prominent in Northern Iceland, much like a powerful chieftain. When 93 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:56,239 Speaker 2: a group of clerics meant to choose an interim leader 94 00:05:56,240 --> 00:06:00,840 Speaker 2: for the Sea, they chose Yoon almost unanimously. Jon did 95 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:04,279 Speaker 2: still have some detractors, though, and a different group of 96 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:08,080 Speaker 2: clergymen also met and put forth a different candidate of 97 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:12,640 Speaker 2: their own, named Pyotr Paulsen. It seems like they intended 98 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:15,719 Speaker 2: for Jon and Pyotr to have sort of equal power 99 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:19,400 Speaker 2: and responsibility. But Pyotr gave up this role by the 100 00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:22,839 Speaker 2: following April, and that left Yon in charge. 101 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: Lar also wasn't the only place where Yon had enemies. 102 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: Vander Paulsen, bishop of the Southern Diocese in Skuholt, had 103 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: been in Norway being consecrated when Bishop Goldskulk died. Norway 104 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:39,880 Speaker 1: had taken control of Iceland in the thirteenth century, and 105 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: the Icelandic Diocese reported to the Archdiocese of Nideros, which 106 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: is now Trondheim. Nideros had been the capital of Norway, 107 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: and although the capital had been moved to Oslo, Nidios 108 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:56,640 Speaker 1: was still Norway's religious center. The Archbishop of Nideros had 109 00:06:56,640 --> 00:07:00,400 Speaker 1: made Ownder interim bishop of Holar until in new bishop 110 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:05,400 Speaker 1: could be elected. Omander seems to have really, really, really 111 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:09,360 Speaker 1: hated Yon. If Yon really was only in his mid thirties, 112 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:12,840 Speaker 1: this might have been related to his age. Was probably 113 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: also connected to how powerful Yoon had become in northern Iceland. 114 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:21,440 Speaker 1: He had a reputation for being really ambitious and assertive, 115 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:24,720 Speaker 1: and it's possible that Omander thought this would sort of 116 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: tip the balance of power between the two dioceses. Regardless 117 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:33,480 Speaker 1: of the exact reasoning, Omanders started trying to remove Yoan 118 00:07:33,560 --> 00:07:37,080 Speaker 1: from power. He wrote to Pope Clement the seventh about it, 119 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: and he also tried to put George Paulsen back in 120 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:44,960 Speaker 1: charge of the Sea. The Northern clergy refused to recognize this, 121 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:49,119 Speaker 1: and on August eighteenth, fifteen twenty two, they elected Yon 122 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:52,800 Speaker 1: to be the next bishop. They wrote to the Archdiocese 123 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:56,040 Speaker 1: of Neteros to both name Jon as their choice for 124 00:07:56,120 --> 00:08:01,640 Speaker 1: bishop and to complain about Omander's behavior. Almander tried to 125 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:05,240 Speaker 1: stop Yoon from going to Norway to be consecrated, so 126 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:08,960 Speaker 1: Yon made arrangements to travel there aboard a German merchant ship. 127 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:12,800 Speaker 1: Almander tried to take the matter to court before writing 128 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 1: North with a group of men, possibly as many as 129 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 1: three hundred, to physically stop Yoan from leaving. Almander also 130 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: sent word to the German merchants that they would be 131 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: attacked if they left Iceland with Yon aboard. Yon sent 132 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: a priest named Magnus back to Holar with a copy 133 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: of a letter that he had written to the Archbishop 134 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:37,520 Speaker 1: of Nideros, outlining everything that had happened and saying that 135 00:08:37,600 --> 00:08:40,880 Speaker 1: Omander should go to Nideros to answer for his actions. 136 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:45,320 Speaker 1: In what seems like a pretty astute move, Magnus read 137 00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:47,760 Speaker 1: them this letter through a window where they could not 138 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: reach him. 139 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:52,920 Speaker 2: Although the German merchants initially had to turn back because 140 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:56,320 Speaker 2: of some bad weather, Yon did ultimately make it to 141 00:08:56,440 --> 00:09:01,120 Speaker 2: Norway with them. Omander was probably hoping the king, King 142 00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 2: Christian the Second, and the Archbishop of Nideros would refuse 143 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:10,040 Speaker 2: to recognize Yon as bishop. Omander already had relationship with 144 00:09:10,120 --> 00:09:12,440 Speaker 2: both of those men because of the time he had 145 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 2: spent in Norway for his own consecration. But Christian the 146 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 2: Second was forced off the throne after a revolt in 147 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:25,280 Speaker 2: early fifteen twenty three, and the archbishop who had consecrated 148 00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:29,640 Speaker 2: Omander had died. By the time John arrived, there were 149 00:09:29,679 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 2: different people in charge. The king was now Frederick the First, 150 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:36,959 Speaker 2: who Joon developed a friendly relationship with, and the new 151 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 2: Archbishop of Nidos, olaf Ingelbertson, cleared Yoon of all the 152 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:45,360 Speaker 2: charges against him on August ninth of fifteen twenty four 153 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:51,120 Speaker 2: and formally consecrated him as Bishop of Holar. There is 154 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:55,920 Speaker 2: a possibly apocryphal story about Joan's coronation, which is at 155 00:09:55,960 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 2: toward the end of the ceremony, his miter fell off. 156 00:09:59,240 --> 00:10:03,199 Speaker 2: That's the ceremonyeal headpiece worn by bishops. As a couple 157 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,960 Speaker 2: of page boys raced to pick it up, he said 158 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 2: something along the lines of that's how my episcopal career 159 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:12,560 Speaker 2: will end. We'll have some more after a sponsor break. 160 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:26,079 Speaker 2: When Yon Arrison returned to Iceland in fifteen twenty five, 161 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 2: he became one of the country's wealthiest and most powerful men. 162 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 2: He was the bishop of one of the country's two dioceses, 163 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:37,840 Speaker 2: and the church was deeply interconnected with every level of 164 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,760 Speaker 2: Iceland's social fabric. He also had control of more than 165 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:44,520 Speaker 2: one hundred farms that had been left to the church 166 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:48,880 Speaker 2: by a wealthy landowner. But he continued to be at 167 00:10:48,880 --> 00:10:52,160 Speaker 2: odds with Umander and the Diocese of Skowhold for at 168 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:55,640 Speaker 2: least the next couple of years. This came to a head, 169 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,439 Speaker 2: with both jon and Omander showing up at the fifteen 170 00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 2: twenty seven an Allthing with more than a thousand men 171 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:06,040 Speaker 2: a piece. There may have even been a duel between 172 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:09,680 Speaker 2: their champions at the All Thing that year. Eventually, though, 173 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 2: these two men started to tolerate each other. It seems 174 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:16,559 Speaker 2: like eventually they were like that guy's not going anywhere 175 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:20,600 Speaker 2: he's been formally consecrated. I just gotta live with it. 176 00:11:21,520 --> 00:11:24,800 Speaker 2: There's not a lot of documentation about Yoan's first years 177 00:11:24,840 --> 00:11:28,559 Speaker 2: as a bishop, beyond that he did introduce the printing 178 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,960 Speaker 2: press to Iceland, probably around the year fifteen thirty five. 179 00:11:32,840 --> 00:11:36,719 Speaker 2: Iceland's first printer was a Swedish priest named Joan Matthiason. 180 00:11:37,679 --> 00:11:40,440 Speaker 2: Some documents from this press still survive today, and it 181 00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:44,520 Speaker 2: is possible that Yoan authorized a translation and printing of 182 00:11:44,559 --> 00:11:48,520 Speaker 2: an Icelandic Bible, but if that is true, no copies 183 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 2: of that Bible survive. He also wrote poetry, most of 184 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 2: it religious or devotional. Some sources describe him as the 185 00:11:56,400 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 2: greatest poet of his generation, and he worked on a 186 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,559 Speaker 2: advancing his son's careers, playing a big enough role in 187 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 2: their upward mobility that some sources describe it as nepotism. 188 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,960 Speaker 2: He also arranged marriages for his daughters to wealthy men. 189 00:12:12,960 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 2: These same years were tumultuous elsewhere in the Norse world. 190 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,960 Speaker 2: In fifteen thirty three, King Frederic the First died. This 191 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:23,880 Speaker 2: led to a war of succession in Denmark known as 192 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:27,840 Speaker 2: the Count's War or the Count's Feud. On one side, 193 00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:30,240 Speaker 2: was Christian the second that was the one who had 194 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:33,800 Speaker 2: been deposed back in fifteen twenty three, and then on 195 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 2: the other side was Frederick's only son, Christian, who was 196 00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 2: the ultimate victor and became King Christian the third. 197 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:46,480 Speaker 1: Christian the third was a devout Lutheran. Martin Luther was 198 00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 1: a German theologian who had initially intended to try to 199 00:12:49,679 --> 00:12:53,080 Speaker 1: reform the Catholic Church, but he had been excommunicated in 200 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:56,880 Speaker 1: fifteen twenty one. The reform movement he was part of 201 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:00,199 Speaker 1: had evolved into a schism in which reformers broke from 202 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:04,960 Speaker 1: the Catholic Church and started establishing new denominations. Today, this 203 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: is known as the Protestant Reformation. After coming to the 204 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:12,800 Speaker 1: throne in Denmark, Christian third immediately began the process of 205 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:15,760 Speaker 1: turning it into a Lutheran nation, which was something he 206 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:19,440 Speaker 1: had already done in territory that he controlled before becoming king. 207 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 2: This included things like arresting the Catholic bishops and seizing 208 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:28,480 Speaker 2: all their assets and introducing a Lutheran Church order that 209 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:33,280 Speaker 2: had been approved by Martin Luther himself. Christian then did 210 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:36,320 Speaker 2: the same in Norway after ascending to the throne there. 211 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:38,760 Speaker 2: In fifteen thirty seven. Of course, all of this is 212 00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 2: an entire other story that we are not getting into today. 213 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:48,240 Speaker 1: Bishops John and Omander recognized that the king's religious efforts 214 00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:50,800 Speaker 1: were a threat and that he would probably try to 215 00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:55,719 Speaker 1: implement Lutheranism in Iceland, and he did. He had the 216 00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: Lutheran Church Order read at the All Thing in fifteen 217 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:03,000 Speaker 1: thirty eight. Not much as known about the bishop's response 218 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:05,440 Speaker 1: to this first reading, but it doesn't seem like it 219 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:09,320 Speaker 1: led to meaningful changes right away. Also, this was not 220 00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:13,040 Speaker 1: the first time Lutheranism was introduced to Iceland. It was 221 00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:16,840 Speaker 1: likely introduced by German merchants earlier in the fifteen thirties, 222 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: and there was at least one Lutheran church in Iceland 223 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:23,560 Speaker 1: by fifteen thirty seven. It was also common for promising 224 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,680 Speaker 1: young men to be sent to Germany to study, and 225 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:29,680 Speaker 1: as Martin Luther grew in prominence, they started to be 226 00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:31,440 Speaker 1: exposed to his ideas there. 227 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,680 Speaker 2: It did not take long for things to escalate in Iceland, though. 228 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 2: In fifteen thirty nine, Iceland's governor was Klaus vander Marvitzen. 229 00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 2: His representative, Diedrich van Minden, led a small group of 230 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,960 Speaker 2: men in an attack on the monastery at Vide on 231 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:53,480 Speaker 2: an island northeast of Reykivic. They expelled all the monks 232 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:56,160 Speaker 2: and they seized the monastery in all of its lands 233 00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:59,880 Speaker 2: and assets. When the all thing convened not long after that, 234 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,120 Speaker 2: Amander questioned the men who were involved with this, and 235 00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:08,120 Speaker 2: the assembly excommunicated both the governor and Diedrich van Menden. 236 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:11,600 Speaker 2: Omander set a letter to the king, signed by most 237 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:13,960 Speaker 2: of the southern clergy and a lot of lay people, 238 00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:18,200 Speaker 2: detailing what had happened. But Diedrich tried to do this 239 00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 2: again at another monastery not long after, and he and 240 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,920 Speaker 2: his men stopped in Skullhold on the way, where they 241 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:28,240 Speaker 2: insulted and harassed the bishop and in some accounts physically 242 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:32,560 Speaker 2: assaulted him. In response, a group of farmers rose up 243 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 2: and killed Diedrich and his men. On August tenth, Icelandic 244 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 2: courts condemned the governor and acquitted the farmers who were involved. 245 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:45,080 Speaker 2: By the time word reached Denmark about what had happened, 246 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:49,960 Speaker 2: it was too late to send reinforcements to Iceland. Travel 247 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:53,480 Speaker 2: between Denmark and Iceland wasn't really possible in the winter, 248 00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:58,680 Speaker 2: everything was frozen, so since many of Denmark's representatives in 249 00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 2: Iceland had been killed, and Icelandic courts were not recognizing 250 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 2: the authority of the governor. Over that winter, Iceland was 251 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 2: more or less out of Denmark's control. But this what 252 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:14,240 Speaker 2: had happened, these killings, that was also a major issue 253 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:17,200 Speaker 2: to the king, so when travel resumed in the spring, 254 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:21,160 Speaker 2: he wanted to both regain control of Iceland and accelerate 255 00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:25,480 Speaker 2: its conversion to Lutheranism. And then there were also rumors 256 00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 2: spreading that Omander had ordered those killings, so the King 257 00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 2: wanted somebody to get to the bottom of that too. 258 00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:36,520 Speaker 1: Meanwhile, both Joan Arison and Omander Paulson had written to 259 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: the King to express their loyalty to Denmark but also 260 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 1: maintain their dedication to their existing religion and traditions. Joan 261 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:48,120 Speaker 1: also said that if the King insisted that Iceland adopt 262 00:16:48,120 --> 00:16:52,040 Speaker 1: these Lutheran religious reforms, Catholics should be allowed to leave 263 00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:55,520 Speaker 1: the island and resettle in whatever place God showed them. 264 00:16:56,560 --> 00:17:00,920 Speaker 2: Although Yon and Omander were now solidly on the same side, 265 00:17:01,240 --> 00:17:03,320 Speaker 2: and they were both trying to keep Iceland as a 266 00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:07,240 Speaker 2: Catholic country, they were at very different points in their 267 00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:12,119 Speaker 2: lives and their careers as bishops. Joan was fifty six, 268 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 2: or maybe sixty six, if you're going by that earlier 269 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:19,680 Speaker 2: birth year. He was still really active, and as we've said, 270 00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:22,160 Speaker 2: he was one of the wealthiest and most powerful men 271 00:17:22,280 --> 00:17:26,560 Speaker 2: in northern Iceland. But Olmander was in his eighties and 272 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:31,240 Speaker 2: had lost most of his eyesight. He had already tapped 273 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:34,880 Speaker 2: his nephew Sigmund as his successor, but Sigmund had then 274 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 2: died in Norway shortly after being consecrated. Olmander's second choice 275 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:45,440 Speaker 2: was his assistant Gisser Anerson, who was already in Norway 276 00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:49,160 Speaker 2: when Didrich von Menden and his men were killed. Gisser 277 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:52,480 Speaker 2: was sent back to Iceland as Bishop elect, but without 278 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:56,240 Speaker 2: formally being consecrated yet, possibly because of his age. He 279 00:17:56,359 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 2: was only twenty eight. He arrived back in Iceland in 280 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:04,720 Speaker 2: May of fifteen forty. What Omender apparently did not know 281 00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:08,600 Speaker 2: was that Gisser was a Lutheran. When Gisser appeared at 282 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,440 Speaker 2: the All Thing that summer, he read the Lutheran Order 283 00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 2: and Christian's command that it be adopted in Iceland and 284 00:18:15,119 --> 00:18:18,560 Speaker 2: that Didrich's killers be brought to justice. 285 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:21,280 Speaker 1: After discussing these issues, the All Thing wrote back to 286 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:25,040 Speaker 1: the King, refusing to adopt the church order and maintaining 287 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:28,359 Speaker 1: not only that Omander had not ordered the killings, but 288 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:31,480 Speaker 1: also that the perpetrators had already been tried and acquitted 289 00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:35,640 Speaker 1: under Icelandic law. The all Thing also asked the King 290 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:38,560 Speaker 1: for a new governor, which did lead the King to 291 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:41,359 Speaker 1: recall and imprison Klaus van der Marvitsen. 292 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,000 Speaker 2: Another complication was that, in addition to Gisser, there were 293 00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:50,639 Speaker 2: multiple other Lutherans in Omander's household and at the Diocese 294 00:18:50,720 --> 00:18:55,080 Speaker 2: of Skalholt. It really just kind of reads to me 295 00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:59,359 Speaker 2: like a hotbed of secret Lutheranism. One of these was 296 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:05,080 Speaker 2: Omender's secretary, Otdter Gotzkuksen, who was the son of gotzkuk Nicholson, 297 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:09,879 Speaker 2: who had been Joan Arson's predecessor back in Hular. Otter 298 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:14,399 Speaker 2: had secretly converted while studying in Denmark and Germany, and 299 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 2: he was spending his free time secretly translating a Lutheran 300 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:23,040 Speaker 2: version of the New Testament into Icelandic out in Omander's barn. 301 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,159 Speaker 2: It does not seem like Omander was at all aware 302 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:30,880 Speaker 2: of Gisser's thoughts on Lutheranism when he chose him as 303 00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:34,520 Speaker 2: his successor or that there were other Lutherans in his 304 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:38,760 Speaker 2: household and staff. When he realized what was happening, he 305 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:42,119 Speaker 2: was not happy about it. He wrote to Joan Arison 306 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:46,240 Speaker 2: complaining about Gisser's actions and claiming he had taken silver 307 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:50,520 Speaker 2: and other church property from the cathedral to his own residence. 308 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:55,159 Speaker 2: Joan was still upholding Catholic traditions in the north of Iceland, 309 00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:57,879 Speaker 2: and he was alarmed by what was happening in the south. 310 00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:00,240 Speaker 2: But it also seems like he thought it it was 311 00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:03,640 Speaker 2: prudent to keep a positive working relationship with Gisser as 312 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:08,640 Speaker 2: his counterpart in the Southern diocese. Yon and Gisser agreed 313 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 2: to help and support one another through a covenant of 314 00:20:11,880 --> 00:20:17,320 Speaker 2: friendship and mutual aid. King Christian dispatched a new governor 315 00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:21,960 Speaker 2: to Iceland. That was Christopher Huetfeldt, who arrived in May 316 00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:27,280 Speaker 2: of fifteen forty one along with two warships. Christopher was 317 00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:31,480 Speaker 2: tasked with converting Iceland to Lutheranism and with implementing a 318 00:20:31,560 --> 00:20:34,639 Speaker 2: new tax to help the king pay off the debt 319 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:37,280 Speaker 2: from the Count's war that had put him on the throne. 320 00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:42,120 Speaker 2: With Gisser in charge, the diocese at Skalholt quickly adopted 321 00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:45,119 Speaker 2: all of this, but Yon and his counsel wrote to 322 00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:47,959 Speaker 2: the king to say that they would pay this tax 323 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 2: in exchange for maintaining their religious liberty and their traditional customs. 324 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:57,199 Speaker 1: In the summer of fifteen forty one, the governor started 325 00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:02,560 Speaker 1: making plans to take Omander into custody. Although Omander had retired, 326 00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:06,560 Speaker 1: he had not yet left Scouhold. Some of his friends 327 00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:08,439 Speaker 1: convinced him that it would be safer for him to 328 00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,359 Speaker 1: retire to a monastery, and on the way there he 329 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:15,720 Speaker 1: stopped to visit his sister. On June second, fifteen forty one, 330 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,639 Speaker 1: some of the governor's men showed up while Omander was 331 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:22,040 Speaker 1: still sleeping, forced him out of his sister's house, still 332 00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:25,440 Speaker 1: in his night clothes, and put him on a Danish ship. 333 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:28,360 Speaker 1: He was deported, and he either died on the journey 334 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:32,080 Speaker 1: or sometime within a couple of years of arriving in Denmark. 335 00:21:32,480 --> 00:21:35,120 Speaker 1: Remembering that he was a very old man through all 336 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:35,399 Speaker 1: of this. 337 00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:39,600 Speaker 2: Yeah, I think they did let him change into something 338 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:42,360 Speaker 2: other than his night clothes, but he was described as 339 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:46,520 Speaker 2: still like he was not adequately dressed. Uh. When Amander 340 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:51,240 Speaker 2: was planning this journey to this monastery, Giesser had told 341 00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:54,439 Speaker 2: him he did not have anything to worry about. But 342 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 2: Giesser was definitely involved in this whole abduction and deportation plan. 343 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 2: He may have actually instigated it, but that part is 344 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:08,200 Speaker 2: less clear. Gisser later wrote to Joan Arson saying he 345 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:10,760 Speaker 2: believed what he had done was for the greater good, 346 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,360 Speaker 2: and he asked Joan not to believe any quote evil 347 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:18,920 Speaker 2: rumors that he might hear. Joan agreed to this, saying 348 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:21,960 Speaker 2: that if he were to hear any slander about Gisser, 349 00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:25,320 Speaker 2: he would not believe it unless he received some kind 350 00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:27,159 Speaker 2: of certified documentary proof. 351 00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:30,880 Speaker 1: Joan Arison had been traveling south for the All Thing 352 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:34,320 Speaker 1: when Omander was abducted and deported, and when he heard 353 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:37,520 Speaker 1: about it, he turned back. He sent letters to the 354 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:40,920 Speaker 1: All Thing and to the governor forbidding any action against 355 00:22:40,920 --> 00:22:45,960 Speaker 1: his diocese, without Yoan and Omander there to argue against it. 356 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:49,320 Speaker 1: This time, the All Thing agreed to adopt the Lutheran 357 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,040 Speaker 1: Church Order, but since the Diocese at Holar was not 358 00:22:53,119 --> 00:22:56,120 Speaker 1: represented at the All Thing when this was decided, it 359 00:22:56,200 --> 00:23:00,520 Speaker 1: was not considered to apply to them. For a while, 360 00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:04,199 Speaker 1: Jon didn't really interfere with what was happening in the 361 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:10,160 Speaker 1: Southern diocese. While he thought Gisser's acceptance of Lutheranism was heresy, 362 00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:15,320 Speaker 1: Gisser had also been lawfully appointed as bishop of the diocese. 363 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,439 Speaker 1: Jon also agreed to pay the. 364 00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:23,399 Speaker 2: Taxes and assist Danish officials as long as he and 365 00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:28,520 Speaker 2: his diocese were able to maintain their Catholic religion and customs. 366 00:23:29,359 --> 00:23:32,840 Speaker 1: In fifteen forty two, King Christian the third ordered Gisser 367 00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:36,960 Speaker 1: and Joan to come to Copenhagen. Gisser went, but Jone 368 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,080 Speaker 1: said he was ill, and he sent delegates in his place, 369 00:23:40,680 --> 00:23:44,640 Speaker 1: one of them being his son, Sigurdur. Sigadre and Gisser 370 00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:47,639 Speaker 1: both signed on to the Lutheran Ordinance while there, and 371 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: a priest who had traveled with Sigadure started preaching Lutheran doctrine. 372 00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: When they got back to Iceland, Joan refused to be 373 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:58,000 Speaker 1: bound by the ordinance that his son had signed as 374 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:01,280 Speaker 1: his delegate, but for the moment Christian seems to have 375 00:24:01,320 --> 00:24:04,720 Speaker 1: considered the matter settled and didn't do much to interfere 376 00:24:04,760 --> 00:24:09,359 Speaker 1: with the North. This kind of uneasy peace did not last, though, 377 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:11,800 Speaker 1: and we will get to that after a sponsor break 378 00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:25,680 Speaker 1: on good Friday of fifteen forty eight, Bishop Gisser Anderson 379 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:29,960 Speaker 1: died at the age of only thirty six. He had 380 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,520 Speaker 1: gone to Caldetharnis, which is southeast of Raykivic, to remove 381 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,840 Speaker 1: a wooden cross that had long been seen as a 382 00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:42,560 Speaker 1: healing relic and was frequently used as a pilgrimage site, 383 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:48,920 Speaker 1: obviously among Catholics. Gisser got sick and died after returning 384 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:53,200 Speaker 1: to Skyhold from that trip. When Yown heard about his death, 385 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:56,600 Speaker 1: he rode to Skuleholt and on the way wrote a 386 00:24:56,760 --> 00:25:01,360 Speaker 1: letter offering to handle any church and religious and nothing 387 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:05,280 Speaker 1: else until a replacement could be elected as bishop of 388 00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: the Southern Diocese. Before the start of Christian the Third's 389 00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:13,000 Speaker 1: efforts to make Iceland a Lutheran country, this would have 390 00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 1: been a completely normal and uncontroversial thing to do. With 391 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,720 Speaker 1: Gisser's death. Joan was the only Catholic bishop in Iceland. 392 00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:25,919 Speaker 1: The Archdiocese of Nideros had been dissolved as Christian the 393 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:30,159 Speaker 1: Third had converted Norway to Lutheranism, so Yan was also 394 00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:33,240 Speaker 1: reporting directly to the Pope and was seen as the 395 00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:37,919 Speaker 1: Pope's representative in Iceland. It was routine for an Icelandic 396 00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: bishop to take on or at least assist with the 397 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,879 Speaker 1: duties of his counterpart at the other diocese if he 398 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:48,439 Speaker 1: died or for some other reason was incapacitated. But the 399 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:52,160 Speaker 1: Protestant Reformation made all of this a whole lot more complicated, 400 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:56,520 Speaker 1: especially as the Reformation and counter Reformation had led to 401 00:25:56,640 --> 00:25:59,119 Speaker 1: wars in other parts of Europe. 402 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 2: Yan also did not simply step in to keep things 403 00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:07,200 Speaker 2: running in the Southern diocese. After Gisser's death, he started 404 00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:12,040 Speaker 2: trying to re establish Catholicism there. He chose an abbot 405 00:26:12,119 --> 00:26:16,159 Speaker 2: named Sigvador Haldersen as Giessard's replacement and sent him to 406 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:21,159 Speaker 2: Denmark to be consecrated. Of course, Lutheran church authorities in 407 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:24,240 Speaker 2: Denmark were not going to do that. They did not 408 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:28,359 Speaker 2: consecrate Sigfrither as bishop, and they also did not let 409 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 2: him leave Denmark. Sigrither died in Denmark a couple of 410 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:37,640 Speaker 2: years later, after having first become a Lutheran. Lutherans had 411 00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:42,880 Speaker 2: also put forth their own candidate for that bishop spot, 412 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 2: an Icelandic priest named Martin Anderson. Martin was already in Copenhagen. 413 00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:55,720 Speaker 2: He became Bishop of Skalhold instead before Martin returned from Denmark. 414 00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:59,840 Speaker 2: Yoon continued trying to re implement Catholicism in the South 415 00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,160 Speaker 2: with the help of people living there who were still Catholic. 416 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:09,440 Speaker 2: This included reconsecrating monasteries and cathedrals, including the monastery at 417 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,280 Speaker 2: v Day. He arrested Lutheran clerics and forced them to 418 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:19,000 Speaker 2: either readopt Catholicism or to leave Iceland. Yoan also declared 419 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:23,199 Speaker 2: Giesser a heretic, exuming his body from its grave and 420 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:26,600 Speaker 2: throwing it into a pit. In the late summer of 421 00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:29,919 Speaker 2: fifteen forty eight, some of Joan's men lay siege to 422 00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 2: Scouhold for eight days, but they were ultimately repelled thanks 423 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:37,960 Speaker 2: to its having been fortified by Martin's brother Pyotr. Martin 424 00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:42,080 Speaker 2: and Pyotr's brother in law, Dottie Guthmunson was also heavily 425 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:46,720 Speaker 2: involved in the Lutheran opposition to Joan's efforts. There was 426 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:50,160 Speaker 2: another pause in the winter as the seas once again 427 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:55,040 Speaker 2: became impassable, but on February eleventh, fifteen forty nine, the 428 00:27:55,200 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 2: king declared Joan Arson outlawed. When Martin Anderson arrived back 429 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:04,400 Speaker 2: in Iceland in the spring, he was carrying a summons 430 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:07,879 Speaker 2: for Yoon's arrest, and of course Yon considered that to 431 00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:14,880 Speaker 2: be invalid. Dotty Gudmundson started working with the latest Icelandic governor, 432 00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:20,159 Speaker 2: Laurences Mullah, to try to get the king to condemn Yon. Instead, 433 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:23,920 Speaker 2: the King ordered Doty to arrest Jon and his sons, 434 00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:27,439 Speaker 2: thinking this would be a lot less bloody and expensive 435 00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:30,320 Speaker 2: than sending some more warships and trying. 436 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:33,840 Speaker 1: To fight over it. Meanwhile, Yon had written a letter 437 00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:37,080 Speaker 1: to Pope Paul the Third asking for guidance for what 438 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:39,880 Speaker 1: to do with donations that normally would have gone to 439 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:44,840 Speaker 1: the archdiocese at Nideros. The Pope's response was to distribute 440 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:48,480 Speaker 1: them to the poor. The Pope also described Yoon as 441 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,440 Speaker 1: pious and full of veneration and obedience toward the Pope 442 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:56,600 Speaker 1: and the Holy See. This letter said in part quote, 443 00:28:56,680 --> 00:29:00,640 Speaker 1: we therefore pronounce on you our highest recognition in the Lord, 444 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:04,320 Speaker 1: and exhort you with the flock entrusted to you, to 445 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:08,440 Speaker 1: persevere in the same mind. For this you will receive 446 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,920 Speaker 1: praise from men here on earth and from God himself 447 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:17,080 Speaker 1: eternal life in heaven. Joan saw this as confirmation that 448 00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:20,440 Speaker 1: what he was doing was right and had the Pope's support, 449 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:23,800 Speaker 1: and he had it translated into Icelandic, and then he 450 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:29,000 Speaker 1: distributed that around the diocese. Then Yan sent two of 451 00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:33,960 Speaker 1: his sons to Skalholt to try to arrest Martin Anderson 452 00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:38,080 Speaker 1: and Die the Goodmunson. One of the sons, Ari was 453 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:41,280 Speaker 1: a loe mother or a lawyer or law speaker, and 454 00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: the other one, Jorn, was a priest. They did manage 455 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: to capture the bishop, but dot These men reportedly put 456 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:53,080 Speaker 1: on gray clothing to camouflage themselves and then were able 457 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:57,560 Speaker 1: to ambush Yon's men and drive them back. Bishop Martin 458 00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:01,000 Speaker 1: was kept in Ari's custody at a monoch they where 459 00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:04,800 Speaker 1: he was forced to work drying cod We said earlier 460 00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:08,640 Speaker 1: that most of yoan Arson's poetry was religious, but he 461 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:12,000 Speaker 1: also wrote a number of insulting poems about Martin while 462 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:15,040 Speaker 1: he was in custody, and about a cleric named Arnie 463 00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: Arnerson who had also been captured in fifteen fifty. The 464 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:24,120 Speaker 1: next time the Althing convened, Joan, Ari and Bjorn were 465 00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:27,640 Speaker 1: all there, Yan with two hundred men, and Ari and 466 00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,880 Speaker 1: Bjorn with one hundred men apiece. Before the gathered assembly, 467 00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:35,480 Speaker 1: they all declared that one of the very prominent Lutheran 468 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,880 Speaker 1: priests in Iceland was a heretic ultimately that led this 469 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:44,160 Speaker 1: priest to flee to Denmark. Later in the summer, Yoan 470 00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:47,040 Speaker 1: and Dottie arranged a thing at which they would discuss 471 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:51,200 Speaker 1: their various grievances, but once they were there, Dotty announced 472 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 1: that he was going to put things off until the 473 00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: next all Thing the following spring. An official thing was 474 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: supposed to come along with protections for its partition, but 475 00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:07,080 Speaker 1: postponing the proceedings meant those protections essentially disappeared. Realizing they 476 00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:10,880 Speaker 1: were under threat, Yoan declared himself and his sons to 477 00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:15,280 Speaker 1: be under the King's protection, but Dottie's men took them captive. 478 00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:19,080 Speaker 2: Something else that was supposed to happen at this point 479 00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:21,960 Speaker 2: was that the three men would be held until they 480 00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:26,400 Speaker 2: could be tried at the next all Thing. Christian Screever, 481 00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:30,280 Speaker 2: who was the governor's representative, took custody of Yan and 482 00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:34,360 Speaker 2: his sons on October twenty third, fifteen fifty. The idea 483 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:37,200 Speaker 2: was they were going to hold them until the following summer, 484 00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:42,440 Speaker 2: but everybody knew that doing that would be challenging at best, 485 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:46,120 Speaker 2: even with the reduced travel during the colder months, there 486 00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:48,640 Speaker 2: would probably be people from the north who would be 487 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:53,640 Speaker 2: coming to Joan's defense. Unrest would probably be spreading through 488 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:58,200 Speaker 2: and from the North without Yan there. This led to 489 00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:01,400 Speaker 2: a lot of discussion among ya Jones captors, and a 490 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:05,360 Speaker 2: clergyman named Joan Bjarnison is often cited as offering this 491 00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:09,479 Speaker 2: solution quote the axe and the earth will keep them best. 492 00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:14,719 Speaker 2: On November sixth, fifteen fifty, Christian Screever gave a recitation 493 00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:18,760 Speaker 2: of all the purported crimes of Joan Arson and his sons, 494 00:32:19,360 --> 00:32:22,520 Speaker 2: and even though there had been no real trial, they 495 00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:27,160 Speaker 2: were all beheaded the next day. Various accounts give some 496 00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:32,040 Speaker 2: different details, but Ari Joonsen was beheaded first, with his 497 00:32:32,160 --> 00:32:36,719 Speaker 2: head severed in one blow. Bjorn Yoonsen was next, and 498 00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:40,200 Speaker 2: it took four blows to decapitate him, and then for 499 00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:44,680 Speaker 2: Yoan Arson, it took seven blows and he gave his 500 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:50,640 Speaker 2: last words after the third, saying in Latin, into your hands, Lord, 501 00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:53,920 Speaker 2: I commend my spirit. He died at the age of 502 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,760 Speaker 2: sixty six, or you know, seventy six if you're looking 503 00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:02,080 Speaker 2: at that date. Discrepancy the story that our guide God 504 00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:05,760 Speaker 2: told us on our trip about why it took seven 505 00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:10,040 Speaker 2: blows was that the regular executioner didn't want to behead 506 00:33:10,440 --> 00:33:14,080 Speaker 2: Yoan Arson, so this task instead fell to somebody who 507 00:33:14,160 --> 00:33:17,120 Speaker 2: was not considered to be particularly smart and did not 508 00:33:17,320 --> 00:33:21,800 Speaker 2: have a sharp axe. If Danish authorities were trying to 509 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:25,600 Speaker 2: avoid a hassle by executing Yoan and his sons rather 510 00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,920 Speaker 2: than holding them until the all thing that really did 511 00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:32,720 Speaker 2: not work out for them. Especially in the north of Iceland. 512 00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:36,840 Speaker 2: Yan was immediately seen as a martyr. A force from 513 00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:39,840 Speaker 2: the north, which may have been sent by Joan's daughter Thorn, 514 00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:45,680 Speaker 2: marched to Skullholdt and killed every Danish person there. In 515 00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:49,560 Speaker 2: the spring, another party was sent from Hullar to claim 516 00:33:49,680 --> 00:33:52,960 Speaker 2: the bodies of Yon and his sons. Their bodies were 517 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:57,120 Speaker 2: exhumed and placed in coffins still covered in mud. Those 518 00:33:57,160 --> 00:34:00,959 Speaker 2: coffins had bells attached and they were carried from Skalholt 519 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:05,880 Speaker 2: back to Holar. This party stopped at Loeugerwatten, which was 520 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:09,160 Speaker 2: home to a consecrated hot spring, where the bodies were 521 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:13,440 Speaker 2: washed before being returned to their coffins. There are six 522 00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:17,800 Speaker 2: stones beside this pool, which, according to tradition, are where 523 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:21,400 Speaker 2: the coffins were laid while the bodies were being cleaned 524 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:22,200 Speaker 2: and prepared. 525 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:27,319 Speaker 1: Also, according to legend, church bells rang as this processional 526 00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:31,160 Speaker 1: passed on the way back to Holar. This ended with 527 00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:34,680 Speaker 1: the largest bell at the Holar Cathedral, which started ringing 528 00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:38,080 Speaker 1: by itself as the procession came down into the valley 529 00:34:38,440 --> 00:34:42,040 Speaker 1: and continued ringing until they were insight of town, at 530 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:43,520 Speaker 1: which point it cracked. 531 00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:48,000 Speaker 2: There had once again been very little Danish presence in 532 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:51,600 Speaker 2: Iceland over the winter of fifteen fifty to fifteen fifty 533 00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:56,839 Speaker 2: one because they were all dead, But four Danish warships 534 00:34:56,960 --> 00:35:00,520 Speaker 2: arrived in the spring and troops started marching on the north. 535 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:05,600 Speaker 2: They had been sent to arrest Joan Arson, not knowing 536 00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:09,120 Speaker 2: when they set sail that he had already been executed. 537 00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:14,160 Speaker 2: Yone was posthumously condemned as a trader, and troops re 538 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:19,919 Speaker 2: established Danish and Lutheran control over Iceland. Catholicism was made 539 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:24,480 Speaker 2: illegal and Catholics were outlawed. The remaining monastic houses in 540 00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:27,759 Speaker 2: Iceland were dissolved and their assets were all seized, and 541 00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:31,280 Speaker 2: that included that chalice that Yon had delivered the gold 542 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:34,040 Speaker 2: for early in his years as a priest. 543 00:35:34,560 --> 00:35:35,479 Speaker 1: During all of. 544 00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:39,319 Speaker 2: This, Johan's common law wife helegas Cigaret's daughter had to 545 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:44,160 Speaker 2: go into hiding. Most Catholic Icelanders who refused to convert 546 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,719 Speaker 2: to Lutheranism left. A lot of them went to Scotland, 547 00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:51,120 Speaker 2: where for the moment Catholicism was still legal, but then 548 00:35:51,160 --> 00:35:53,160 Speaker 2: that changed in fifteen sixty. 549 00:35:54,320 --> 00:36:00,239 Speaker 1: From an outsider's perspective, Joan Arson's legacy is fascinating. Own 550 00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:03,120 Speaker 1: died as one of the wealthiest men in all of Iceland, 551 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:06,440 Speaker 1: if not the wealthiest. He had stewardship of more than 552 00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,960 Speaker 1: three hundred and fifty estates. One of the sources used 553 00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:13,160 Speaker 1: in this episode said that he controlled eighteen percent of 554 00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:17,280 Speaker 1: Iceland's real estate. There was one Danish official who wrote 555 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:19,880 Speaker 1: that if you were riding through Iceland and asked whose 556 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:23,400 Speaker 1: farm that was, the answer was either Bishop Jones or 557 00:36:23,480 --> 00:36:27,279 Speaker 1: Bjorn Johnson's. He was incredibly rich at a time when 558 00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:31,560 Speaker 1: people in Iceland overwhelmingly were not, and he faced criticism 559 00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:34,640 Speaker 1: for that wealth while he was alive. But he and 560 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:38,239 Speaker 1: his sons Ari and Bjorn are also seen as emblematic 561 00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:43,880 Speaker 1: of Iceland's past. Nineteenth century Icelandic historian Joan Sigurdson called 562 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:48,640 Speaker 1: them the last Icelanders. There's another degree of irony in 563 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:53,120 Speaker 1: Jon Arson's status as a national hero in Iceland. He 564 00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:56,800 Speaker 1: was fighting against something that's now part of the national 565 00:36:56,840 --> 00:37:01,760 Speaker 1: fabric of Iceland Today. The Evangelic Lutheran Church of Iceland 566 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:05,360 Speaker 1: is the state church of Iceland. More than sixty percent 567 00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:09,520 Speaker 1: of the population or members. The religion Yon observed and 568 00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:13,840 Speaker 1: fought for was outlawed in Iceland for centuries, with Catholics 569 00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:17,520 Speaker 1: only starting to return to Iceland in the extremely late 570 00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:23,280 Speaker 1: eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The Apostolic Prefecture of Iceland 571 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:27,040 Speaker 1: was established in nineteen twenty three, and it became the 572 00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:32,360 Speaker 1: Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykovic in nineteen sixty eight. According 573 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:35,840 Speaker 1: to statistics Iceland, only three point nine percent of people 574 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:39,920 Speaker 1: in Iceland are Catholic today, and between two thirds and 575 00:37:39,960 --> 00:37:41,480 Speaker 1: three quarters of those. 576 00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:45,360 Speaker 2: Are people who immigrated to Iceland from places where Catholicism 577 00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:49,840 Speaker 2: is a lot more widely practiced. This irony connects to 578 00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:55,239 Speaker 2: some debate and varying interpretations around Yoon's motivations. How much 579 00:37:55,239 --> 00:37:58,040 Speaker 2: of it was about religious faith, how much about his 580 00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 2: ambition and personal wealth and and how that was tied 581 00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:04,240 Speaker 2: to the Catholic Church, And how much was about wanting 582 00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:08,600 Speaker 2: Iceland to be free of royal control by Denmark. That 583 00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:11,920 Speaker 2: last part is definitely connected to his status as an 584 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:17,839 Speaker 2: icon and national hero. Centuries passed before Iceland became independent. 585 00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:21,320 Speaker 2: It became a sovereign state in a union with Denmark 586 00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:25,680 Speaker 2: in nineteen eighteen, and an independent republic in nineteen forty four. 587 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:30,680 Speaker 2: There's also a saying that all Icelanders are descended from 588 00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:35,279 Speaker 2: Joan Arson. The Icelandic Web of Science website tackled the 589 00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:38,400 Speaker 2: question of whether this was true in a two thousand 590 00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:41,799 Speaker 2: and five piece by the late Ghislie Gunnerson, who had 591 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:45,200 Speaker 2: been a history professor at the University of Iceland. This 592 00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:49,680 Speaker 2: was translated into English by Nicholas Jones. This piece looked 593 00:38:49,719 --> 00:38:54,160 Speaker 2: at math and at historical laws banning marriages between third 594 00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:57,760 Speaker 2: and fourth cousins, and of course people more closely related 595 00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:01,880 Speaker 2: than that. This piece a proximated that a person living 596 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:06,280 Speaker 2: in two thousand and five would have about sixty five thousand, 597 00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:10,120 Speaker 2: five hundred and thirty six ancestors who were alive in 598 00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:15,400 Speaker 2: fourteen eighty four when Yon Arson was born. The population 599 00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:19,520 Speaker 2: of Iceland in fourteen eighty four was probably less than that, 600 00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:22,359 Speaker 2: and some of the people living in fourteen eighty four 601 00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,880 Speaker 2: would for various reasons not ever have any children. So 602 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:30,920 Speaker 2: this article concluded it is at least possible that everyone 603 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:36,280 Speaker 2: with Icelandic heritage is related to Yon Arson in some way. 604 00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,200 Speaker 2: Do you have Listener mail to take us out? I 605 00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:45,719 Speaker 2: do have Lisener mail. This is from Lorena, and Lorena wrote, Hi, 606 00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:49,440 Speaker 2: Holly and Tracy, I listened to your sl one Reactor 607 00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:52,480 Speaker 2: episode and the replay of the demon Core episode with 608 00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:57,360 Speaker 2: great interest slash Horror this week. The extreme laxity and 609 00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:00,719 Speaker 2: nuclear safety standards of the mid century was surprise to 610 00:40:00,760 --> 00:40:04,759 Speaker 2: me since I grew up in a nuclear town, Pickering, Ontario. 611 00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:07,920 Speaker 2: As a child in the early nineties, we had nuclear 612 00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:12,000 Speaker 2: drills which consisted of hiding under our desk question mark 613 00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:15,200 Speaker 2: and being told that our teachers would issue us a 614 00:40:15,239 --> 00:40:19,000 Speaker 2: potassium eyeed eyed pill if there was a real nuclear incident. 615 00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:22,000 Speaker 2: Details were not provided, and since my main source of 616 00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:26,600 Speaker 2: knowledge about nuclear exposure was the historical fiction about Satacho 617 00:40:26,719 --> 00:40:29,759 Speaker 2: Chan and the thousand paper cranes, I was under the 618 00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:33,040 Speaker 2: impression that we would invariably die painful deaths if we 619 00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:37,000 Speaker 2: were exposed to any radiation whatsoever. Nonetheless, it was clear 620 00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:40,320 Speaker 2: that there was a protocol Then in two thousand, my 621 00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:45,080 Speaker 2: Grade thirteen OAC for the Ontarians out There Art project 622 00:40:45,120 --> 00:40:47,600 Speaker 2: was helping paint a mural for the lunch room at 623 00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:51,000 Speaker 2: the nuclear plant. We painted the panels off site, and 624 00:40:51,040 --> 00:40:54,160 Speaker 2: I was only permitted a single tour of the working 625 00:40:54,239 --> 00:40:57,760 Speaker 2: part of the plant after assuring them there was zero 626 00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:01,239 Speaker 2: chance I could be pregnant. Even so, the staff got 627 00:41:01,320 --> 00:41:03,600 Speaker 2: quite sharp with me because I kept putting my pen 628 00:41:03,760 --> 00:41:07,359 Speaker 2: cap in my mouth as the tour began. The art 629 00:41:07,760 --> 00:41:11,040 Speaker 2: opening was held out doors and attendees were only permitted 630 00:41:11,080 --> 00:41:13,760 Speaker 2: to go in briefly in small groups to view the mural, 631 00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:17,600 Speaker 2: wearing safety gear, so it seemed Pickering was very safety conscious. 632 00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:21,359 Speaker 2: Wikipedia reveals that in fact, the plant operations were rather 633 00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:24,160 Speaker 2: lax at times, but we were blissfully ignorant. Thanks for 634 00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:27,239 Speaker 2: your work. I've learned so much from the podcast and 635 00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:30,040 Speaker 2: remittance of my pet tax. Here my weird little guys, 636 00:41:30,120 --> 00:41:33,960 Speaker 2: Pippin and Mary. Pippin and Mary are so cute babies. 637 00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:35,520 Speaker 1: Uh. 638 00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:38,120 Speaker 2: I don't know all the cat breeds, but these look 639 00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:43,080 Speaker 2: like simeuse to me, and they are lounging in almost 640 00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:45,720 Speaker 2: a little train along the back of a couch. Super 641 00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:51,960 Speaker 2: duper cute. Thank you so much, Larina for this episode. 642 00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:53,880 Speaker 1: A couple of random things. 643 00:41:54,560 --> 00:41:57,440 Speaker 2: One of the reasons there used to be ducking covered drills, 644 00:41:57,640 --> 00:41:59,319 Speaker 2: like people like to make fun of duck and cover 645 00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:03,359 Speaker 2: drills because see, it does seem completely pointless that if 646 00:42:03,360 --> 00:42:06,120 Speaker 2: there was going to be a massive radiation and exposure, 647 00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:08,880 Speaker 2: how is hiding under your desk going to work? And 648 00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:11,560 Speaker 2: the idea was that if you were not like at 649 00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:16,400 Speaker 2: the center of the blast, there would be you know, 650 00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:19,439 Speaker 2: the force of an explosion also happening. So being under 651 00:42:19,480 --> 00:42:22,160 Speaker 2: the desk was meant to protect you from things like 652 00:42:22,239 --> 00:42:26,280 Speaker 2: falling debris. But it does seem kind of silly because 653 00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:31,000 Speaker 2: also radiation happening. I don't know if Larina has heard it, 654 00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:33,359 Speaker 2: but we do have a two part episode back when 655 00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:36,520 Speaker 2: we were celebrating our one thousandth episode of the podcast 656 00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:41,319 Speaker 2: about Sadako Sasaki, so folding a thousand paper cranes if 657 00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:44,960 Speaker 2: folks want to go listen to that, and then I've 658 00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:48,759 Speaker 2: just I was sort of delighted by the whole uh, 659 00:42:48,840 --> 00:42:51,560 Speaker 2: putting your pen cap in your mouth being a cause 660 00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:55,480 Speaker 2: for alarm. It totally makes sense why that would be 661 00:42:55,480 --> 00:42:58,879 Speaker 2: the case, But yeah, I get that end what great 662 00:42:58,920 --> 00:42:59,520 Speaker 2: kiddie cats. 663 00:42:59,640 --> 00:43:02,440 Speaker 1: Also, I have gone to open the email myself. We 664 00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:04,480 Speaker 1: don't always both have them open when we're doing it. 665 00:43:04,960 --> 00:43:07,600 Speaker 1: And yes, I would say those are chocolate points Simes. 666 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:14,120 Speaker 2: Okay, yeah, thank you for the confirmation of that, so 667 00:43:14,239 --> 00:43:16,080 Speaker 2: thank you so much again. If you would like to 668 00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:19,279 Speaker 2: send us an email or at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio 669 00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:23,880 Speaker 2: dot com. You can also subscribe to our show on 670 00:43:23,920 --> 00:43:27,319 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app or anywhere else you'd like to get 671 00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:35,000 Speaker 2: your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 672 00:43:35,040 --> 00:43:39,440 Speaker 2: production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the 673 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:42,960 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 674 00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:45,640 Speaker 2: favorite shows.