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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorge, have you ever seen hot lava in real life?

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Speaker 1: I've been to see the volcanoes in Hawaii. Yeah. How

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Speaker 1: close did you get to the actual lava? Pretty close, like,

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Speaker 1: you know, a few feet. I touched it with the stick.

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Speaker 1: You actually touched the lava with a stick? And did

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Speaker 1: you love it? I did, although I'm not in love

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Speaker 1: it with it? Thank goodness for that. It is pretty

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Speaker 1: hot stuff though. Hi. I'm or hammy cartoonists and the

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Speaker 1: creator of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist.

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Speaker 1: I'm the co author of the book We Have No Idea,

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Speaker 1: and I'm a big fan of chocolate lava kicks. Well,

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Speaker 1: so much information there. First of all, you wrote a book.

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Speaker 1: I did. I wrote a book with this friend of mine.

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Speaker 1: You should check it out. It's pretty funny. What's the

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Speaker 1: call again? And where can I prochase it? It's called

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Speaker 1: We Have No Idea. It's about all the grand mysteries

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Speaker 1: of the universe, everything we don't know about science and

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Speaker 1: physics and the universe, everything that we love talking about

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Speaker 1: on the podcast. And I wrote it with you, and

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Speaker 1: it's filled with fantastic, hilarious little doodles. And cartoons that

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Speaker 1: explain the physics and also make you laugh, just like

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Speaker 1: this podcast. Oh well, cartoons and comics, Sign me up.

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Speaker 1: And also you like chocolate lava cake? What it's that

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Speaker 1: chocolate mead out of lava or is it lava mede

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Speaker 1: out of chocolate? It's lava made out of chocolate. I

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Speaker 1: guess you know. It's a cake that you bite into

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Speaker 1: and this molten chocolate flows out, burns your tongue, but

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Speaker 1: it's so delicious you don't mind. Basically just undercooked chocolate cake. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: those sort of super popular, while deck I guess they're

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Speaker 1: still popular with me. They still are. But welcome to

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Speaker 1: our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio in which we take a big

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Speaker 1: bite of the lava filled deliciousness of the universe and

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Speaker 1: try to explain all of it to you. We think

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Speaker 1: about all the crazy stuff that's out there. We zoom

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Speaker 1: down to the tin, these little particles that are jiggling

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Speaker 1: and wiggling and made out of strings. We talk about

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Speaker 1: the whole shape of the universe and its future and

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Speaker 1: what might happen to it and to you. And we

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Speaker 1: do all that while making some banana jokes. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: hopefully without burning your tongue, because physics is pretty hot.

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Speaker 1: Understanding the universe, learning about it. It's all pretty amazing

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Speaker 1: and hot stuff. It is hot stuff, and we like

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Speaker 1: to see it explode out of your mind and flow

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Speaker 1: out through your life. And I love hearing from listeners

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Speaker 1: that they have had their excitement for physics tickled by

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Speaker 1: listening to the podcast. Yeah, we like to talk about

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Speaker 1: all of the small stuff out there in the universe

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Speaker 1: and all of the huge stuff out there that you

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Speaker 1: can find and you can discover, and especially we like

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Speaker 1: to talk about extreme things in the universe. We definitely

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Speaker 1: do because we love to ask questions about like how

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Speaker 1: hot can something get, or how big can something be,

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Speaker 1: or how small can we see things? These extremes of

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Speaker 1: the universe are what tells us what's possible. There are

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Speaker 1: the places where the actual rules of the universe might

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Speaker 1: be revealed, and so we love to explore these crazy extremes. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we have a whole series of extreme podcast episodes and

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Speaker 1: that's where you que the heavy metal Guitar Music, Extreme

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Speaker 1: Universe Teaching sponsorship from Mountain Dew right there. I wish,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, we have episodes about the coldest thing in

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Speaker 1: the universe, the biggest thing, the shiniest thing, all kinds

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Speaker 1: of the biggest, most extreme things. I don't think we've

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Speaker 1: done the shiniest thing yet. That's a great idea. Well,

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Speaker 1: I guess we have the brightest. We do have the brightest,

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Speaker 1: and we have the fastest spinning thing, and the hottest thing,

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Speaker 1: and the coldest thing, and the emptiest thing, and the

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Speaker 1: densest thing, and all the thingiest things out there in

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Speaker 1: the universe. Right we still haven't done the silliest thing

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Speaker 1: in the universe. Silliest thing in the universe. I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure that's a physics podcast topic, isn't it. What if

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Speaker 1: you define eiliness in physics terms, You know what, probably

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Speaker 1: there is some concept in physics that has nothing to

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Speaker 1: do with silliness but is called silliness anyway. It's like

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Speaker 1: another court charge or something, silliness, silliness and boringness. This

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Speaker 1: one has two sillies, and that one has negative one

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Speaker 1: and a half borings. And there's the the whit Sun rule,

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Speaker 1: which says that no two nerds should have a silly

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Speaker 1: podcast at the same time. We're breaking that rule right now.

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Speaker 1: It's what it's all about. So, yeah, we like to

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Speaker 1: talk about extreme things, and so today on the podcast,

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Speaker 1: we'll be tackling the question what's the most powerful volcano

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Speaker 1: in the Solar System? Now, Daniel, powerful doesn't end with

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Speaker 1: an E S T. Oh, Yeah, that's true. The most

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Speaker 1: dramatic ist okano in the Solar system, most powerful ist

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Speaker 1: power is well, you know, that's a linguistic problem. You know,

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Speaker 1: some of these adjectives you can't add E S T

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Speaker 1: to them, but you're still extreme because you're still the

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Speaker 1: most something. I guess adding the most helps grammatically speaking. Alright,

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Speaker 1: So the question is what's the most powerful volcano in

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Speaker 1: the Solar system? Now, Daniel, I think you picked this

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Speaker 1: word very carefully because you didn't say what's the hottest

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Speaker 1: volcano or largest volcano? You said the most powerful volcano.

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Speaker 1: I did. I thought about powerful volcano because there's lots

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Speaker 1: of different ways to describe volcanoes, right, you know, And

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Speaker 1: I'm not that interested in like the biggest volcano if

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Speaker 1: it's like inert and not doing anything anymore, it's basically

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Speaker 1: just like a dead volcano. So I wanted to know

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Speaker 1: about like the most dramatic, the one that's going to

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Speaker 1: explode the most, the one that's like really gonna blow

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Speaker 1: up in your mind. So I thought about most powerful

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Speaker 1: volcano buries. Yeah, exactly, the one with the worst indigestion, exactly,

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Speaker 1: the rudest. Alright, Well, it's a pretty big solar system.

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Speaker 1: I imagine there are a lot of volcanoes in it,

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Speaker 1: and so we'll talk about all of the ones here

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Speaker 1: on Earth, all the ones in the Solar system. But

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Speaker 1: as usually, we were wondering how many people out there

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Speaker 1: maybe had an answer to this question. So thank you

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Speaker 1: to everybody who volunteers to answer these random physics questions

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Speaker 1: from me with no preparation. Really appreciate it, and if

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Speaker 1: you would like to participate, don't be shy. I promise

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Speaker 1: it's fun. Right to me two questions at Daniel and

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Speaker 1: Jorge dot com and you'll hear your guesses on the podcast.

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Speaker 1: What could be more fun than get a difficult physics

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Speaker 1: questions in front of thousands of people? You know, you'd

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Speaker 1: be surprised. When I used to walk around campus and

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Speaker 1: ask people, it was almost never people said no, like

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Speaker 1: everybody was up for their lecture whatever. I wonder how

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Speaker 1: they would feel if you told them how many people

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Speaker 1: listen to this podcast and whether or not that number

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Speaker 1: would impress them or make them feel bad for us.

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Speaker 1: There's definitely a reason why I try not to look

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Speaker 1: like a famous podcaster when I walk around campus. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well I see that's some purpose. It's just my natural look. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: Is there a look for successful podcasters? Like? What are

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Speaker 1: we supposed to look like? I don't know, but this

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Speaker 1: definitely isn't it that? You know? Or maybe the more

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Speaker 1: successful you are, the less you know dress you have

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Speaker 1: to look? Right? I mean I feel like in l

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Speaker 1: A that's true, Like the more successful you are, the

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Speaker 1: more like you don't care how you dressed. Maybe I

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Speaker 1: dressed like Seth Rogan, right, so I might as well

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Speaker 1: be Seth Rogan. But you know, we have one listener,

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Speaker 1: Mark Fearing, who's also a cartoonist, and he once drew

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Speaker 1: our portraits just based on hearing our voices. Like what

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Speaker 1: his mental image was of us? Wow? And what do

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Speaker 1: we look like? Well? I looked like this big barrel

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Speaker 1: chested guy wearing like a tweed vest and pontificating with

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Speaker 1: a big pipe coming out of my mouth. So I

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Speaker 1: look pretty pretentious? And how did he get it right

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Speaker 1: for me. I think he didn't know that you have

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Speaker 1: a Chinese background. Didn't somebody want to say that we

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Speaker 1: looked like the guys from what is that of the Concord?

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Speaker 1: Fly to the Concord? Yet? Well, last show is hilarious,

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Speaker 1: so I would be glad to be compared for that

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Speaker 1: show at any level. But anyways, we're talking about volcanoes

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Speaker 1: and we were going to ask people on the street,

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Speaker 1: but they thought was the most powerful volcano in the

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Speaker 1: Solar System. Here's what they had to say. I don't know,

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Speaker 1: but I'll just give stuff. It's on t Tom. The

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Speaker 1: most powerful volcano in the Solar System is actually me

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Speaker 1: after a night of binging on Taco Bell. No, I'm kidding. Actually,

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Speaker 1: I think it's on a moon, one of the icy

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Speaker 1: moons that's got a bunch of heat generated by gravity

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Speaker 1: from Jupiter Saturn and something like that. That is a

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Speaker 1: good one. I don't know about specific volcano, but I

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Speaker 1: have a haunch it would be on Jupiter's moon aisle.

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Speaker 1: So we're not talking about the highest volcano. Olympus mons

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Speaker 1: on Mars is extinct. So I'm thinking that gravitational tides

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Speaker 1: on a moon of a gas giant would drive tremendous eruptions,

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Speaker 1: maybe a water volcano on Europa or a methane volcano

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Speaker 1: on Titan. I'd say the most powerful volcano in the

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Speaker 1: Solar System would be the volcanoes on Io because when

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Speaker 1: they go off, they shoot, we clear out into space

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Speaker 1: that then gets sucked up to form a ring around Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: So I would say the most powerful volcanoes are the

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Speaker 1: ones on Io. I would guess that that would probably

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Speaker 1: be on Venus, but I don't know what the name

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Speaker 1: of it is. I know that the moons of Jupiter

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Speaker 1: have a pretty strong volcanoes an active. But I also

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Speaker 1: know that Mars has one big volcano and that one

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Speaker 1: is not active. It is probably in the Sun. There's

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Speaker 1: the dead one on Mars, Olympus Mons, and then um

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Speaker 1: around Saturn there's the moon Enceladus, which is ejecting like

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Speaker 1: ice and stuff into the space. And that's kind of

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Speaker 1: like a volcano, all right. I like the person who

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Speaker 1: said that they're the most powerful volcano in the Solar system.

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Speaker 1: That person needs to find a new Taco truck. I

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Speaker 1: don't want to be around that person. That is not

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Speaker 1: a good sign, my friend, But nobody said any volcanoes

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Speaker 1: on Earth. People just like assumed that the biggest, craziest,

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Speaker 1: most powerful volcanoes are somewhere else. I guess I think

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Speaker 1: you said in the Solar System, So that kind of

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Speaker 1: tips you off that, you know, to get to the

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Speaker 1: extreme stuff you have to go outside of the planet. Well,

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Speaker 1: I'd like to know what's the most powerful volcano in

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Speaker 1: the universe, but we have no idea what's out here

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Speaker 1: beyond the Solar System. So that's sort of just like

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Speaker 1: the limits of what we could probe right in the universe. Huh.

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Speaker 1: I mean, there must be a more powerful volcano somewhere else,

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Speaker 1: just because there are so many planets. Is there a

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Speaker 1: theoretical limit to the biggest volcano? Do you know what

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Speaker 1: I mean? Like, at some point, wouldn't it collapsed into

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Speaker 1: a star or something? Theoretical limits could like a whole

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Speaker 1: planet be a volcano. You know, that's pretty cool. And

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Speaker 1: if so, then what's the biggest volcano planet? You could

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Speaker 1: have done? Dune done new podcast episode idea. I guess

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Speaker 1: I'm getting ahead of ourselves, but yeah, so let's tackle

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Speaker 1: this question, Daniel, and I guess the first question is

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Speaker 1: about them monology. So you said you post the question

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Speaker 1: is the most powerful volcano and not the hottest, not

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Speaker 1: the Burke is So what does that actually mean? Well,

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Speaker 1: when I was first thinking about this, I was imagining

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Speaker 1: dramatic explosions, right. We all know about like Mount Saint

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Speaker 1: Helen's or other big explosions in history that have killed

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Speaker 1: lots of people, have been very dramatic and pumped a

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Speaker 1: bunch of stuff into the atmosphere. So that's sort of

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Speaker 1: what I had in mind at first. But it turns

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Speaker 1: out there's two very different kinds of volcanoes. There's the

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Speaker 1: ones that like explode and blow their top like we're

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Speaker 1: talking about, and they have like one really big eruption.

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Speaker 1: But then there's sort of the slow and steady kind

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Speaker 1: of volcano that sort of leaks lava continuously over many

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Speaker 1: many years, like the one you visited in Hawaii, and

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Speaker 1: those could actually be much more dramatic and influential on

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Speaker 1: like climate. So there are two types, yeah, exactly. So

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Speaker 1: the kind in Hawaii, for example, is called a shield volcano.

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Speaker 1: This is the kind of volcano that sort of slowly

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Speaker 1: leaks lava, Like the volcanoes in Hawaii don't just explode

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Speaker 1: and then stop there's a continuous flow of lava, and

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Speaker 1: that's because this lava doesn't have a lot of silica

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Speaker 1: in it, so it's very fluid, so it doesn't like

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Speaker 1: build up and then explode. And what you get then

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Speaker 1: is this it's called a shield volcano because it basically

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Speaker 1: just sort of like flows down hill and spreads out.

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Speaker 1: You get this very flat sort of volcano shape, not

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Speaker 1: you're like typical cone volcano. It's very broad and flat,

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Speaker 1: so it's sort of like a shield laying on the ground.

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Speaker 1: But it's still unpredictable, right, Like you can build up

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Speaker 1: pressure in them, and sometimes you know, the top collapses,

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Speaker 1: Like I've been up there to the top of some

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Speaker 1: of the ones in Hawaii, and you know, the things change,

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Speaker 1: Like one year I went and there was this whole landscape,

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Speaker 1: and then the next year I went and the landscape

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Speaker 1: was gone. Yeah. Absolutely, And they're constantly producing more landscape. Right,

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Speaker 1: it's like a continuous flow, but you're right, it's variable.

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Speaker 1: It's not like exactly continuous, you know, And these things

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Speaker 1: definitely have cycles where they're more active and less active.

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Speaker 1: The one kil auo in Hawaii, it produces like two

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Speaker 1: points seven cubic kilometers of lava which spread out covering

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Speaker 1: like a hundred square kilometers over about a thirty year period.

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Speaker 1: But it has ups and downs and times right when

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Speaker 1: it's producing more in times when it's producing less. But

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Speaker 1: they're not like really the dramatic explosions that you're used

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Speaker 1: to seeing, like in cartoons, for example. You don't like

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Speaker 1: the giants prays of lava. That's not this kind. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: So shield volcanoes put out a lot of lava, but

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Speaker 1: sort of like in a more continuous, slow flow because

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Speaker 1: of the kind of lava they are, and you know

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Speaker 1: in history they've been very important, Like there's one in

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Speaker 1: Siberia that probably caused like the Permian extinction, an event

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Speaker 1: that killed like seventy of all species on land and

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Speaker 1: spread its lava across like an enormous area of the earth.

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Speaker 1: So I don't mean to put down shield volcanoes like

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Speaker 1: they're very powerful, they're very important, but they don't have

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Speaker 1: like this sort of momentary, dramatic explosion the way the

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Speaker 1: other kind of volcanoes that we call like strato volcanoes are. Wait,

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Speaker 1: so that one in Siberia, how did it kill so

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Speaker 1: many species? Well, just spread lava across like a huge

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Speaker 1: plane where species where it wasn't just the lava, it

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Speaker 1: also released a lot of mercury into the amosphere and

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Speaker 1: raise the temperature of the Earth by like ten degrees,

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Speaker 1: which can upset a lot of ecosystems, but it's definitely

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Speaker 1: can affect, like you know, the course of life on Earth,

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Speaker 1: all right. So then the other kind is called the

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Speaker 1: sword volcano. The other kind it's called a strato volcano.

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Speaker 1: Strato because there's like lots of layers in it. It's

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Speaker 1: like layers of magma and then other kinds of rock

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Speaker 1: and sort of builds up slowly. And this kind of

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Speaker 1: volcano is much more eruptive because that has a different

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Speaker 1: kind of lava. The lava has more silica in it

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Speaker 1: and more dissolved gas, and so it's sort of like stickier.

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Speaker 1: It's goo eier, and so it doesn't like flow out

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Speaker 1: of the crack and the earth is easily. It tends

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Speaker 1: to be more like build up and then when the

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Speaker 1: pressure builds up underneath it and then it blows. And

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Speaker 1: so this sort of good leads to like a much

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Speaker 1: more dramatic explosion. Right and gassier too, Right, Yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: it releases enormous quantities of rock and lava and also

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Speaker 1: gas and smoke, and they can also have big effects

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Speaker 1: on climate. And we'll talk about a few examples later on. Alright,

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Speaker 1: So those are the two kinds here on Earth or anywhere?

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Speaker 1: Does that apply to all other planets to those are

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Speaker 1: the ones that we have studied best on Earth, And

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Speaker 1: we'll talk about the ones and other bodies in the

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Speaker 1: Solar System. You'll see that they're not really a fair

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Speaker 1: classification for talking about what's happening on other planets because

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Speaker 1: the process is really very very different. You're not even

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Speaker 1: always talking about lava. Sometimes you have very low gravity

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Speaker 1: environments and so it doesn't like build up the same

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Speaker 1: way it does here on Earth. So volcanoes on Earth

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Speaker 1: are pretty different than volcanoes on Io or on Titan

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Speaker 1: or in other places. I see, they're more alien. But

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Speaker 1: the way that geologists sort of rank volcanoes or talking

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Speaker 1: about volcanoes power, they use this metric they measure like

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Speaker 1: how much stuff comes out of the volcano, like what

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Speaker 1: volume of stuff has it emitted at a single time

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Speaker 1: or over time. Because you just said that there are

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Speaker 1: kind of two kinds, like one that's steady and flowing,

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Speaker 1: and the other kind that it's more explosive. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: it's sort of a judgment call, but you integrate over

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Speaker 1: the eruption. And if it's a shield volcano and the

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Speaker 1: eruption is sort of continuous, then you can measure its

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Speaker 1: power just by the volume of lava produced. If it's

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Speaker 1: an erupting streado volcano, then you can measure its power

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Speaker 1: by the volume of stuff produced in that eruption. And

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Speaker 1: then you know it goes quiet for a while, and

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Speaker 1: so you sort of know when the eruption ends. But

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Speaker 1: I guess even if it's the erupting kind, the strato

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Speaker 1: volcanous one, the fact that it's not erupting, it's not

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Speaker 1: because there's no lava sort of coming up from the ground.

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Speaker 1: There is, it's just building up, right, Exactly, Both kinds

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Speaker 1: have sort of a steady flow of lava exactly. Both

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Speaker 1: of them are places where there's like a big pool

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Speaker 1: I think actually it's called magma before it comes out

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Speaker 1: of the ground and then it's called lava. But they

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Speaker 1: have this pool of magma underneath where there's like a

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Speaker 1: crack in the crust and it's sort of getting closer

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Speaker 1: to the surface and that pressure can build up. And

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Speaker 1: that's one problem with this metric of measuring a powerful

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Speaker 1: volcano basically by the volume of its greatest explosion. There

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Speaker 1: could be a volcano out there that's like about ready

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Speaker 1: to go and it's much more powerful than any volcano

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Speaker 1: on Earth. It just has never blown up, and so

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Speaker 1: we don't know that it's there. And I guess, you know,

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Speaker 1: maybe just to take a step back where it's all

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Speaker 1: this lava coming, it's just the molten center of the

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Speaker 1: Earth or is it a particular layer? And why does

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Speaker 1: it come up? Doesn't gravity pull it down? Yeah? Well,

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Speaker 1: you know, the Earth is many, many layers, and you

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Speaker 1: have the crust and then underneath that you have the mantle.

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Speaker 1: But the crust is not of uniform thickness, right, And

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Speaker 1: so there are places, for example, when the tectonic plates meet,

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Speaker 1: where there are gaps and it's easier for things that

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Speaker 1: are molten inside the Earth to come up. For example,

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Speaker 1: a lot of the volcanoes on Earth are actually underwater

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Speaker 1: and they exist where these tectonic plates meet in the ocean,

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Speaker 1: and so you can get a lot of volcanoes there.

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Speaker 1: So typically they're just places in the Earth, where this

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Speaker 1: sort of the Earth's crust is thinner and this molten

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Speaker 1: magma can bubble up. I guess that's all that stuff

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Speaker 1: is under pressure, right, because on top of all that

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Speaker 1: lava molten center of the Earth, there's a bunch of

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Speaker 1: tectonic plates pressing down at it, and so if you

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Speaker 1: have a crack, then it's going to leak out some

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Speaker 1: of that lava being squeezed underneath. Yeah, the reason that

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Speaker 1: it's liquid is because of the pressure. When you have

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Speaker 1: some heat from like radioactive decays of isotopes from the

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Speaker 1: inside of the Earth, but mostly it's gravitational pressure. I

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Speaker 1: think about why is the Sun hot. The Sun is

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Speaker 1: hot because it's being squeezed, and then that squeeze and

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Speaker 1: creates fusion. The Earth doesn't have fusion, but it's still

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Speaker 1: being squeezed and that creates an enormous amount of pressure,

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Speaker 1: and that pressure can create friction, and that's why you

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Speaker 1: have liquid inside the Earth. All right, Well, let's get

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Speaker 1: into what are the most powerful volcanoes, not just here

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Speaker 1: on Earth but in the Solar System. But first let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break. Alright, we're talking about the hottest

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Speaker 1: volcanoes in the solar system, Daniel, the most powerful volcano,

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Speaker 1: who has the most influence on the course of history, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: or who can just blow the most stuff into the atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: Because that's really how they measure it. They're not like

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Speaker 1: how many people did you kill or how many square

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Speaker 1: kilometers did you cover with your lava? And just like

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Speaker 1: what's the volume of stuff that you blew up out

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Speaker 1: of the top of the mountain. But you just told

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Speaker 1: me a little earlier that powerful is measured by the

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Speaker 1: amount of lava flow, which could be like steady and

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Speaker 1: not that exciting. It could be, but you measured by

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Speaker 1: the volume of lava. But I guess what I mean

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Speaker 1: is you could have a really powerful volcano but it's

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Speaker 1: just using kind of constantly. It's never exploding or throwing

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Speaker 1: things up into the atmosphere, But it could still be

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Speaker 1: the most powerful one. Yeah, if it's producing a lot

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Speaker 1: of lava, then by this definition, it would be the

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Speaker 1: most powerful. It wouldn't be very dramatic and it wouldn't

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Speaker 1: be exploding, but it still would be the most powerful.

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Speaker 1: Or do you mean, like, are we sort of adding

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Speaker 1: an element of drama to the word powerful, Like the

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Speaker 1: most lava in the shortest amount of time. No, I think,

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Speaker 1: as we said earlier, you just measure how much stuff

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Speaker 1: has been produced, and so Kilauea, for example, has been

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Speaker 1: producing stuff for a long time. So it racks up

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Speaker 1: like a good amount of lava, like three cubic kilometers,

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Speaker 1: which sounds like a lot, right, But it turns out

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Speaker 1: that even these shield volcanoes that are constantly leaking what

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Speaker 1: seems like an impressive amount of lava don't hold a

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Speaker 1: candle to these strato volcanoes, which can release just so

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Speaker 1: much more stuff in a short amount of time. All right, Well,

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Speaker 1: let's get into what have been some of the most

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Speaker 1: powerful volcanoes in our history here on Earth, and I

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Speaker 1: guess Mount St. Helens is kind of at the top

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Speaker 1: of the list, at least in terms of the consciousness

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Speaker 1: of the population. Yeah, it's one that people can talk

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Speaker 1: about and think about because it happens sort of in

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Speaker 1: recent history. We have like television footage and pictures and

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Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff, so people sort of connect with it.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty small event on sort of like the top

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Speaker 1: list of volcanic eruptions and Earth's history. However, so it's

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Speaker 1: the deadliest and most economically destructive in US history, But

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Speaker 1: it's not actually that impressive. Only three cubic kilometers of

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Speaker 1: stuff was blown off the top of the mountain. I

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Speaker 1: guess the US is not that old. I mean it's

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Speaker 1: like two d years old compared to you know, the

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Speaker 1: age of the Earth. And so to say that the

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Speaker 1: most it's the biggest one in US history doesn't go

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Speaker 1: back a lot pretty far. No, it's just a blink.

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Speaker 1: I mean, that's very impressive, like imagine, and three cubic

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Speaker 1: kilometers of lava. It's a lot of stuff, right, It

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Speaker 1: blew off the whole top of the mountain. The top

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Speaker 1: of the mountain is now like a one mile wide crater.

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Speaker 1: So this is nothing to sneeze at. It's just not

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Speaker 1: that big compared to other crazier events in Earth's history.

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Speaker 1: And Mountain Helens was a strato volcano that kind of

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Speaker 1: builds up and then explodes. Yeah, and there were some

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Speaker 1: hints that it was going to explode. There was like

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Speaker 1: an earthquake a couple of months before and the cracked

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Speaker 1: the volcano and there was like steam coming out and

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Speaker 1: people could see the top of the mountain changing shape.

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Speaker 1: It was like bulging. So people were pretty well clued

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Speaker 1: in that something was going to happen, and there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of like vulcanologists that were around watching it. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: a lot of them underestimated the power of it. Some

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Speaker 1: of them tragically died in the lava flow because they

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Speaker 1: were too close. They didn't live long and prosper they

426
00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,800
Speaker 1: did not exactly. No, So it killed like almost sixty people,

427
00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:53,119
Speaker 1: and it destroyed a bunch of homes. And I guess

428
00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:55,040
Speaker 1: maybe and people didn't think that it was going to

429
00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,040
Speaker 1: blow up or you know where. They just sort of like, oh,

430
00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:00,720
Speaker 1: look it's blowing out smoke and it looks woolen. Let's

431
00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:02,440
Speaker 1: take more pictures. Yeah, they thought it was going to

432
00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:05,240
Speaker 1: blow but just not that bad. You know, they didn't

433
00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:07,880
Speaker 1: expect it to be as dramatic as it was. They

434
00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:11,640
Speaker 1: underestimated its power. Classic mistake. All right, So that's Mount St.

435
00:22:11,640 --> 00:22:15,159
Speaker 1: Helen's in. What else do we have in our history? Well,

436
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:18,879
Speaker 1: the most powerful recorded volcano in all of human history, right,

437
00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:21,000
Speaker 1: which is you know, not that long we're talking maybe

438
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:23,600
Speaker 1: ten tho years is only a couple hundred years ago

439
00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:27,640
Speaker 1: in Indonesia, there was this volcano, Mount Timborra, which blew

440
00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:31,680
Speaker 1: up in eighteen fifteen, and it's famous because it deleted

441
00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:35,080
Speaker 1: a whole summer. It's called the Year without a Summer.

442
00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:39,320
Speaker 1: What I can relate to that experience this past summer,

443
00:22:39,720 --> 00:22:42,760
Speaker 1: This past year feels like it was raised. It blew

444
00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,080
Speaker 1: up so much material into the sky, went all around

445
00:22:46,119 --> 00:22:50,159
Speaker 1: the world that it's basically caused a volcanic winter. This

446
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:53,359
Speaker 1: happened in April, and so basically summer just never came

447
00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:56,639
Speaker 1: because the sun was blocked. You had like winter, spring

448
00:22:56,880 --> 00:22:59,840
Speaker 1: back to winter, and then roll right into fall. We

449
00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:03,359
Speaker 1: had like snow in New York in June. The whole

450
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:07,000
Speaker 1: temperature of the Earth dipped a measurable amount because of

451
00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:09,399
Speaker 1: this one volcano. So when they say like when it

452
00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:13,000
Speaker 1: snows in July as a saying that it could happen,

453
00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:16,439
Speaker 1: and it has happened exactly, and it affected you know, crops,

454
00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:19,320
Speaker 1: and hundreds of thousands of people died as a consequence

455
00:23:19,359 --> 00:23:22,080
Speaker 1: of this volcano. People like died of starvation. A lot

456
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:24,520
Speaker 1: of people died in the immediate aftermath because it was

457
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:27,760
Speaker 1: very dramatic. You know, Mount Saint Helen's blew three cubic

458
00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:32,720
Speaker 1: kilometers of debris. This one blew two hundred cubic kilometers

459
00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:35,119
Speaker 1: of debris up into the air. I guess that's kind

460
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:37,280
Speaker 1: of what happens, right when you blocked the sun, things

461
00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:40,520
Speaker 1: get cold. Yeah, you basically put a shroud. The whole

462
00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:44,280
Speaker 1: earth basically got a big shroud and we couldn't get sun,

463
00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:46,760
Speaker 1: so we couldn't have summer. It was a pretty crazy event.

464
00:23:46,880 --> 00:23:48,600
Speaker 1: It blew off the whole top of the mound. It

465
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,399
Speaker 1: lost like almost five thousand feet in height, and it

466
00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:54,919
Speaker 1: like dropped stones that are twenties cimeters wide on the

467
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,840
Speaker 1: nearby villages. So it was pretty insane. You could hear

468
00:23:57,880 --> 00:24:01,920
Speaker 1: it happening like a thousand miles away. That's pretty powerful

469
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:05,760
Speaker 1: stuff exactly. So that puts Mount St Helens really to shame,

470
00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:07,600
Speaker 1: all right, So then what else is on our list

471
00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:11,600
Speaker 1: of most notorious explosions on Earth? So that's as far

472
00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:14,159
Speaker 1: back as we can look sort of recorded history, but

473
00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:16,840
Speaker 1: we can look back in the geological record and see

474
00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:20,800
Speaker 1: evidence of more powerful volcanoes. So there was this event

475
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:25,040
Speaker 1: seventy five thousand years ago again in Indonesia, and geologists

476
00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:27,720
Speaker 1: think this was the most powerful volcanic blast in the

477
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:32,200
Speaker 1: last million years. Mount St. Helen's blew three cubic kilometers

478
00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:36,760
Speaker 1: Mount Tambora in eighteen fifteen blew two hundred cubic kilometers.

479
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:40,680
Speaker 1: This one, we think blew almost three thousand cubic kilometers

480
00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:44,880
Speaker 1: of stuff into the air, causing a volcanic winter about

481
00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:48,880
Speaker 1: ten years long. Ten years, like no summer for ten years,

482
00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:52,520
Speaker 1: no summer for ten years, and it cooled the whole earth,

483
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,960
Speaker 1: and its impact lasted almost a thousand years. Is that

484
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,480
Speaker 1: sort of related to the Ice Age? The Ice Age,

485
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,040
Speaker 1: I think is a separate event, but this definitely contributed

486
00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:03,720
Speaker 1: to the cooling of the Earth, and we think it

487
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:08,360
Speaker 1: kills a lot of humans. There's also separately this evidence

488
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:11,800
Speaker 1: that humans had a genetic bottleneck seventy thousand years ago.

489
00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:14,159
Speaker 1: If you look at everybody's DNA who's alive now and

490
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:16,880
Speaker 1: try to reconstruct where they came from, it turns out

491
00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:20,440
Speaker 1: that it looks like the whole human population comes from

492
00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:24,160
Speaker 1: a very small group of people around seventy thousand years ago.

493
00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:27,040
Speaker 1: They called this like a genetic bottleneck. We all have

494
00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:30,280
Speaker 1: like the same ancestors, a group of about like maybe

495
00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:33,560
Speaker 1: five to ten thousand people that lived about seventy thousand

496
00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:36,159
Speaker 1: years ago, and so like there's a lot of debate

497
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,919
Speaker 1: and discussion in the field about whether one thing caused

498
00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:42,520
Speaker 1: the other. But it might be that this eruption killed

499
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:45,840
Speaker 1: a lot of the extent humans only leaving a small population,

500
00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:48,800
Speaker 1: which then where the ancestors for everybody who's alive today.

501
00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:53,040
Speaker 1: So we come from survivors of this volcanic exclusion. Yeah, yeah, exactly. Well,

502
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:56,400
Speaker 1: by definition, we all come from survivors. But this almost

503
00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:58,760
Speaker 1: wiped us out, right. It could have been the end

504
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:01,880
Speaker 1: of humanity. Yeah, I mean killed everyone except like three

505
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:03,680
Speaker 1: to ten tho people. That's not a lot of people.

506
00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 1: That's like a small town left to repopulate the entire earth. Yeah, exactly.

507
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,760
Speaker 1: And they got busy doing it, and it took seventy

508
00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:12,720
Speaker 1: thousand years, but hey, they did their duty. They got busy,

509
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,000
Speaker 1: wink wink. It's a big job, but somebody's got to

510
00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,960
Speaker 1: do it. Yeah. And so what's this volcano call. It's

511
00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:21,280
Speaker 1: called Lake Toba and it's in Sumatra, Indonesia. And that's

512
00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:24,880
Speaker 1: the most powerful eruption we think in the last million years,

513
00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:27,800
Speaker 1: just from the like the geological record that we can study,

514
00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:29,800
Speaker 1: but that we can see too, right, But there'll be

515
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,400
Speaker 1: things hidden underneath, you know, jungles or the ocean floor. Yeah,

516
00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:35,760
Speaker 1: That's how they find this stuff is they dig down

517
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:39,200
Speaker 1: through layers of sediment and they see like ash laid down,

518
00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:42,320
Speaker 1: and you can tell like exactly how much was deposited

519
00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:45,520
Speaker 1: because it's like still there. You see these dark layers

520
00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:47,959
Speaker 1: in the sedimentary rock, and you can tell what happened.

521
00:26:48,320 --> 00:26:50,400
Speaker 1: And they also they can look down you know, ice

522
00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:53,040
Speaker 1: in Antarctica and stuff, and they can measure the global

523
00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:55,840
Speaker 1: temperatures and the amount of snowfall and stuff like that.

524
00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:58,240
Speaker 1: That's how they know what the temperature was, you know,

525
00:26:58,320 --> 00:27:01,000
Speaker 1: seventy five thousand years ago. Alright, what else is on

526
00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:04,159
Speaker 1: the list? Another really powerful set of eruption has happened

527
00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:07,200
Speaker 1: right here in the United States about two million years

528
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,520
Speaker 1: ago in Yellowstone. Yellowstone is famous, of course for these

529
00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:13,160
Speaker 1: guys are as old Faithful and all sorts of stuff.

530
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:15,120
Speaker 1: So you know, there's like a lot of heat going

531
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:18,240
Speaker 1: on underneath. But it turns out that the Yellowstone lies

532
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,320
Speaker 1: over like a hot spot. It's like a thin spot

533
00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:24,399
Speaker 1: in the crust, and there's all this hot magma that

534
00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:27,399
Speaker 1: rises up from the mantle very near the surface and

535
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:30,199
Speaker 1: sort of heats everything up. What are you saying Yellowstone

536
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:34,480
Speaker 1: is a volcano or was a volcano. Yellowstone is a volcano.

537
00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:37,639
Speaker 1: It's like could blow at any time. And in the

538
00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:40,400
Speaker 1: last twenty or so years, people have been like measuring

539
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,960
Speaker 1: the level of this magma and it's been rising and

540
00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:45,920
Speaker 1: rising and rising. And some people saying, oh, Yellowstone is

541
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,600
Speaker 1: like do for an eruption. That's hogwash. We don't really

542
00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:51,920
Speaker 1: know when Yellowstone will erupt again. The last time you

543
00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:55,120
Speaker 1: interrupted it was about six hundred and forty thousand years

544
00:27:55,160 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: ago in a pretty mammoth eruption that released like a

545
00:27:58,720 --> 00:28:02,400
Speaker 1: thousand cubic colorometers. But over the last two million years

546
00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:06,040
Speaker 1: it's erupted several times, many of those times just as

547
00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:09,000
Speaker 1: large as Lake Toba or even larger. Wow, So that

548
00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:11,960
Speaker 1: could have also maybe taken out our species. Yeah, but

549
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:13,760
Speaker 1: I don't know what humans looked like, you know, two

550
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:16,360
Speaker 1: million years ago, what the evolutionary tree was, and it's

551
00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:18,840
Speaker 1: harder for us to predict that and then to calculate that.

552
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:22,680
Speaker 1: But yeah, absolutely it definitely affected anybody who's living anywhere nearby.

553
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,720
Speaker 1: These eruptions produced enough ash and lava to fill the

554
00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,320
Speaker 1: Grand Canyon. Like these are mammoth events sort of in

555
00:28:29,359 --> 00:28:31,480
Speaker 1: world history. Kind of makes you wonder what might have

556
00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:33,800
Speaker 1: been you know, what could humans have looked like those

557
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:36,640
Speaker 1: other humans that survived. You know, it could have been

558
00:28:36,680 --> 00:28:40,600
Speaker 1: taller or better looking, or smarter or more susceptible to

559
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,880
Speaker 1: volcanic eruptions. Yeah, it's cool to think about how like

560
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:46,920
Speaker 1: random moments that could have been different really shaped in

561
00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:49,840
Speaker 1: the path of life on Earth. You know, the asteroid

562
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:52,360
Speaker 1: hits the Earth then kills the dinosaurs, and all those

563
00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:55,880
Speaker 1: kinds of events, including volcanic eruptions, have really shaped where

564
00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:58,600
Speaker 1: we are. And we don't know right now if where

565
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:00,640
Speaker 1: we are is sort of like what would have happened

566
00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:03,960
Speaker 1: in most circumstances, or it's just like a totally rare

567
00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:06,880
Speaker 1: and random occurrence. So it's fascinating to think about all

568
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:09,320
Speaker 1: these things and to look at volcanic activity on other

569
00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:12,720
Speaker 1: bodies to understand like, are we lucky or unlucky? Do

570
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:14,640
Speaker 1: we need this kind of volcanoes to sort of like

571
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:19,320
Speaker 1: keep evolution fresh? Or has all this volcanic activity prevented

572
00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:22,200
Speaker 1: things from progressing more quickly right? Or we invest in

573
00:29:22,240 --> 00:29:25,600
Speaker 1: that giant volcano plug idea. I think if you plug

574
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:27,600
Speaker 1: up a volcano, you end up just putting it off

575
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,560
Speaker 1: and it's a bigger explosion when it happens now if

576
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:33,000
Speaker 1: you plug it really good, Daniel. But maybe the biggest

577
00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:35,800
Speaker 1: eruption in the history of the Earth that we know

578
00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:39,120
Speaker 1: of have been even further back in history. There's this

579
00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:44,600
Speaker 1: eruption a hundred and thirty two million years ago, what yeah,

580
00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,840
Speaker 1: down in what's now South America. But this is before

581
00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,120
Speaker 1: South America split off from Africa. This is back when

582
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:53,920
Speaker 1: there was like a different set of continents, this continent

583
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:56,400
Speaker 1: called Gondwana, which is you know how sort of South

584
00:29:56,440 --> 00:30:01,080
Speaker 1: America tucks into the little armpit of Africa there. Yeah, yeah, yeah,

585
00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:03,560
Speaker 1: So it used to be a single continent and it

586
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,720
Speaker 1: was split apart by tectonic activity, and they think that

587
00:30:06,760 --> 00:30:09,640
Speaker 1: about a hundred and thirty two million years ago as

588
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:12,400
Speaker 1: sort of part of that splits. Connected to when that

589
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:15,880
Speaker 1: split happened, there was this enormous set of volcanic eruptions

590
00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:18,120
Speaker 1: right around there. And if you've ever been to like

591
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:21,760
Speaker 1: Iguazoo Falls in Paraguay, it's very close to right around there.

592
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,840
Speaker 1: And so this was a huge event. It probably put

593
00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:29,240
Speaker 1: out like almost nine thousand cubic kilometers of lava. I

594
00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:32,640
Speaker 1: guess you you know, these continent ships and these motions

595
00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:35,920
Speaker 1: and splitting of continents. They all happened because of volcanic activity. Right,

596
00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:39,320
Speaker 1: It's all sort of like magma and and you know,

597
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,560
Speaker 1: Earth turning down there and moving things around exactly. So

598
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:45,560
Speaker 1: this volcanic activity is very closely connected to these cracks

599
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,680
Speaker 1: and earth crust, these intersections between the plates. That's why

600
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:52,040
Speaker 1: we think, for example, there's probably like a million submarine

601
00:30:52,120 --> 00:30:55,960
Speaker 1: volcanoes on the ocean floor putting out lava constantly. All

602
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,560
Speaker 1: these little cracks where these things are happening, and I

603
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:01,640
Speaker 1: guess thankfully they're on the water, right, they are underwater,

604
00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:04,400
Speaker 1: but they actually make a really weird kind of lava

605
00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:07,120
Speaker 1: because they come out and they cool really quickly when

606
00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:09,720
Speaker 1: they hit the water. They make these weird blobs and

607
00:31:09,760 --> 00:31:12,360
Speaker 1: they're called pillow lava. Right. They look kind of like,

608
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:15,800
Speaker 1: you know, bubbly. Yeah, they look a little bubbly. And

609
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:17,800
Speaker 1: so what the lava looks like depends a lot on

610
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:19,880
Speaker 1: what happens when it comes out. Does it like dribble

611
00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:22,120
Speaker 1: down the side of the mountain and make a bigger

612
00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 1: Hawaiian island, or does it make a you know, fluffy

613
00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:27,959
Speaker 1: pillow underwater or does it get like shot out into space.

614
00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:30,440
Speaker 1: Because they's at the top of a really tall volcano.

615
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:32,440
Speaker 1: All right, so that's the biggest one. And what's the

616
00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:35,880
Speaker 1: name of these volcano of or volcanoes. It's a whole

617
00:31:35,920 --> 00:31:38,600
Speaker 1: region down there and it's called the Piranha and etan

618
00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:42,320
Speaker 1: Deca traps, and it's down there still in South America.

619
00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:45,360
Speaker 1: There's a lot of volcanic activity sort of under Iguazoo

620
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:47,720
Speaker 1: Falls and that whole area. This one was like a

621
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,080
Speaker 1: huge explosion. Are you saying it was like a network

622
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,200
Speaker 1: of explosions or was it just one chinormous explosion. There's

623
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:55,280
Speaker 1: a lot of discussion about that, as you might be

624
00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:57,920
Speaker 1: able to guess. It's hard to tell exactly what happened

625
00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:00,520
Speaker 1: a hundred and two million years ago, so the evidence

626
00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:02,640
Speaker 1: isn't conclusive, and some people think, oh, this was like

627
00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:04,960
Speaker 1: a network of volcanoes. Some people think it was one

628
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:09,360
Speaker 1: mega explosion. Geologists still argue about it at conferences. But

629
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:12,280
Speaker 1: I guess it didn't extinguish life on Earth because we're

630
00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:14,800
Speaker 1: still here. Yeah, it didn't. And interestingly, it doesn't seem

631
00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:17,440
Speaker 1: to coincide with like mass extinction. So even though it

632
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:19,800
Speaker 1: produced a huge amount of lava and probably put a

633
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,000
Speaker 1: bunch of stuff out into the atmosphere. It didn't kill

634
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,280
Speaker 1: off a bunch of critters that we know of. What

635
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:26,240
Speaker 1: if there are you know, species that we had no

636
00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:28,040
Speaker 1: idea about. It could be. But you know, they look

637
00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:30,720
Speaker 1: at the fossil records before and after and you can

638
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:34,320
Speaker 1: line up like extinction events with volcanic events sometimes and

639
00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:37,120
Speaker 1: sometimes there are volcanic events with no extinction events where

640
00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:39,400
Speaker 1: you see like the same kind of critters alive before

641
00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:42,960
Speaker 1: and after the eruption. All right, well, that's volcanoes on

642
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,640
Speaker 1: planet Earth. Let's get into what are some of the

643
00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:49,600
Speaker 1: most powerful volcanoes in the Solar System and see if

644
00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:51,680
Speaker 1: we can beat some of the ones here on Earth.

645
00:32:52,040 --> 00:33:07,560
Speaker 1: But first let's take another quick break. All right, Daniel,

646
00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:11,719
Speaker 1: we're talking about giant, powerful volcanoes, and they don't just

647
00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:14,760
Speaker 1: happen here on Earth. They happen on other planets and

648
00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,120
Speaker 1: even in other moods. Yeah, exactly, And our Solar System,

649
00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:21,240
Speaker 1: it turns out, used to have a lot of volcanic activity.

650
00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:24,320
Speaker 1: We think the Moon might have had volcanoes, We think

651
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:27,960
Speaker 1: Venus might have had volcanoes. We know that Mars used

652
00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:30,640
Speaker 1: to have volcanoes. In fact, one of the largest mountains

653
00:33:30,680 --> 00:33:34,160
Speaker 1: in the Solar System is on Mars Olympus Mons and

654
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:38,280
Speaker 1: it's a shield volcano, but it's dead. And most of

655
00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:41,320
Speaker 1: these things, the Moon, Venus and Mars no longer have

656
00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:44,560
Speaker 1: any volcanic activity. I guess, you know, it's a natural

657
00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:47,000
Speaker 1: part of just being a planet, you know, like having

658
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,320
Speaker 1: you know, pimples as a teenager. Like it's a rite

659
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:52,320
Speaker 1: of passage almost for all planets, because there all planets

660
00:33:52,360 --> 00:33:55,240
Speaker 1: start off it's molten, and then they get crusty and

661
00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:58,360
Speaker 1: cool on the outside, and you know that exhorts pressure

662
00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:01,960
Speaker 1: and so inevitably, you know, all planets I would imagine

663
00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:05,200
Speaker 1: get volcanoes. Yeah, I think that's probably true. They're all

664
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:07,800
Speaker 1: molten at some point. I guess rocky one. Sorry, I

665
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,360
Speaker 1: guess you need to be a rocky planet to have volcanoes.

666
00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:12,640
Speaker 1: You need to be a rocky planet. It also requires

667
00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:15,560
Speaker 1: a special configuration. You have to have like this crust

668
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:19,279
Speaker 1: which holds the magma in but is thin enough that

669
00:34:19,320 --> 00:34:21,600
Speaker 1: it can like crack and you can bulge, and you

670
00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:24,600
Speaker 1: also have to have like a liquid core. And so Mars,

671
00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:27,879
Speaker 1: for example, we don't think it has any more volcanoes,

672
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,400
Speaker 1: but we don't actually know whether it still has a

673
00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,480
Speaker 1: liquid core. Some people think it's totally cooled, and some

674
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: people think there's still like magma underneath dying to get out.

675
00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:40,399
Speaker 1: But the outside trust is too solid to let any

676
00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:43,720
Speaker 1: volcanoes bubble up anymore, I see, or too thick maybe

677
00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:46,319
Speaker 1: like it could just be too dense or something. All right,

678
00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:49,719
Speaker 1: we'll take us through a tour of volcanoes in the

679
00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:52,320
Speaker 1: Solar system. Well, it's really exciting that there are volcanoes

680
00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:54,600
Speaker 1: in the Solar System because it means that some of

681
00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:56,920
Speaker 1: these other bodies are not dead, They're not just like

682
00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:00,239
Speaker 1: cold places. Volcanoes are a sign of like ACTIVI city,

683
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:03,960
Speaker 1: and activity means heat, and the heat maybe means life.

684
00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:06,200
Speaker 1: It's excited to see other places in the Solar System

685
00:35:06,239 --> 00:35:08,759
Speaker 1: where stuff is still happening. And so currently in the

686
00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:11,120
Speaker 1: Solar System, of course we have volcanoes on Earth. And

687
00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: then there's three other places where we've seen this kind

688
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:15,600
Speaker 1: of activity, and they're all moons. There's a moon of

689
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:19,360
Speaker 1: Neptune which is called Triton. There's Insulatus, which sounds like

690
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:22,720
Speaker 1: a salad but it's actually the sixth largest moon of Saturn.

691
00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:25,319
Speaker 1: And then of course there's Io. Did you just call

692
00:35:25,360 --> 00:35:28,800
Speaker 1: it Insulata? Because that is literally the Spanish word for salad.

693
00:35:29,239 --> 00:35:30,600
Speaker 1: I was trying to figure out how to pronounce it.

694
00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:35,479
Speaker 1: I think it's insulatus, isn't it is inseladus enceladus insulatus. Well,

695
00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:38,480
Speaker 1: I think I'd like a Caesar insulatus please. Well, we'll

696
00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:41,719
Speaker 1: get that to you straight from Saturn. But wait, So,

697
00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:44,080
Speaker 1: most of the volcanoes we know about that are active

698
00:35:44,120 --> 00:35:47,239
Speaker 1: now are in moons. There aren't any in like you know,

699
00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:50,600
Speaker 1: Venus or Mars or Mercury. None of those places have

700
00:35:50,719 --> 00:35:54,960
Speaker 1: active volcanoes. Mars we think has some activity going on,

701
00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:58,399
Speaker 1: like there are Mars quakes, but there are no volcanoes

702
00:35:58,520 --> 00:36:01,239
Speaker 1: left on Mars. And of course there's this fossil of

703
00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:04,680
Speaker 1: a volcano, Olympus Mons, it's the largest mountain in the

704
00:36:04,760 --> 00:36:08,319
Speaker 1: Solar System, is not currently anymore volcano. There's nothing happening there.

705
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:10,439
Speaker 1: I guess what makes us special then? Here on Earth?

706
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:14,040
Speaker 1: What is it about Earth that let's just still have volcanoes.

707
00:36:14,160 --> 00:36:16,680
Speaker 1: That's not something we really understand, Like we don't understand

708
00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,359
Speaker 1: the inside of Venus and Mars or Mercury. It's something

709
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:23,480
Speaker 1: we're still studying. It's a difficult thing to do, and

710
00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,600
Speaker 1: in fact, we're gonna have a whole podcast about like

711
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:29,279
Speaker 1: whether Mars and Venus still have liquid cores and what's

712
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:31,520
Speaker 1: going on with them. But it's not something that's easy

713
00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:33,879
Speaker 1: to understand. There's a lot of discussion and debate. Really,

714
00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:35,680
Speaker 1: we don't know it. Could it just be luck or

715
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:37,879
Speaker 1: is it something about our crust, you know, like our

716
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,000
Speaker 1: composition of the rock or our atmosphere. It's something to

717
00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:43,600
Speaker 1: do with the size, right. The size of a planet

718
00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:46,360
Speaker 1: determines like how hot it gets, how much gravity there is,

719
00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:49,200
Speaker 1: and also how long it takes to cool. So, for example,

720
00:36:49,280 --> 00:36:51,759
Speaker 1: Mars is much smaller than Earth, which is probably why

721
00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:54,480
Speaker 1: it's cooled faster, and the outer crust has formed and

722
00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:57,200
Speaker 1: been so thick and choked off all of those volcanoes.

723
00:36:57,640 --> 00:37:00,520
Speaker 1: But also you're right, volcanoes are important. They're big part

724
00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:03,759
Speaker 1: of like why we have our atmosphere, and so it's

725
00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:05,920
Speaker 1: interesting to learn all about this because it helps us

726
00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:09,399
Speaker 1: understand like for other planets and other solar systems, are

727
00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:12,319
Speaker 1: they likely to have volcanic activity which could produce the

728
00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:15,920
Speaker 1: atmosphere they need to eventually seed life. Oh, you need

729
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,879
Speaker 1: volcanoes to make an atmosphere, right, You don't just get

730
00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:20,680
Speaker 1: it for free. You don't just get it for free.

731
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:23,480
Speaker 1: Like if there was gas around when the Earth formed

732
00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:25,560
Speaker 1: and mostly got blown off because you didn't have like

733
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:27,680
Speaker 1: the steady currents you need to have a magnetic field

734
00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:30,200
Speaker 1: is early on. So by the time things settled down

735
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,520
Speaker 1: and cooled off and you had like a nice magnetic

736
00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:35,000
Speaker 1: field to protect your atmosphere, then you need to sort

737
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:37,560
Speaker 1: of replenish it the same way like Earth once had

738
00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:40,040
Speaker 1: water when it was very very young and the formation,

739
00:37:40,360 --> 00:37:42,400
Speaker 1: but most of that boiled off into space and it

740
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:45,400
Speaker 1: needed to be replenished mostly by comets and other things

741
00:37:45,719 --> 00:37:48,000
Speaker 1: in the same way we need to replenish our atmosphere,

742
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:50,760
Speaker 1: and that mostly came I think from volcanoes. I see,

743
00:37:50,760 --> 00:37:53,600
Speaker 1: and I guess gas planets can have volcanoes, which is

744
00:37:53,760 --> 00:37:56,440
Speaker 1: or ice planets right there too cold. You can't actually

745
00:37:56,520 --> 00:38:00,759
Speaker 1: have volcanoes on ice planets like ice law. Yeah, but

746
00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:04,040
Speaker 1: they are cryo volcanoes. They do not blow out like

747
00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:06,640
Speaker 1: molten rock. And that's what we think is going on.

748
00:38:06,719 --> 00:38:09,880
Speaker 1: For example, on Triton, we think solar radiation penetrates the

749
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:12,560
Speaker 1: surface and heats up some layers that are below that

750
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:15,040
Speaker 1: are darker, so they absorb more of this energy and

751
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:17,840
Speaker 1: they get hot and then they blow out through the surface.

752
00:38:18,040 --> 00:38:20,759
Speaker 1: Well what do they blow If not lava, it's most

753
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:24,520
Speaker 1: of like nitrogen gas or some water vapor, or methane

754
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:27,800
Speaker 1: or ceo two. Some of these things are called cryo

755
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:31,120
Speaker 1: volcanoes because they're still really cold, but it's still like

756
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:35,160
Speaker 1: pressurized gas, so it might still be hot. No, it's

757
00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,120
Speaker 1: pressurized gas, but it's like, you know, liquid nitrogen is

758
00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:40,800
Speaker 1: still really cold, and so if you're blowing out liquid

759
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:43,480
Speaker 1: nitrogen into space and it's not gonna warm you up,

760
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:47,960
Speaker 1: Oh my god, liquid nitrogen volcano, like a volcano that's

761
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,960
Speaker 1: not red but like blue or white. Right, yeah, absolutely.

762
00:38:51,080 --> 00:38:53,160
Speaker 1: This is a pretty exciting moment when they found it.

763
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:57,560
Speaker 1: Like Voyager two saw this on Triton in pretty exciting

764
00:38:57,560 --> 00:38:59,400
Speaker 1: moment to like see this and it rises up like

765
00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:03,200
Speaker 1: five miles into space because this thing has very light

766
00:39:03,239 --> 00:39:05,600
Speaker 1: gravity and so you don't get like, you know, bubbling

767
00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:07,839
Speaker 1: up a volcano like you do on Earth, and these

768
00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:10,800
Speaker 1: geysers just like shoot out into space. Well, it was

769
00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:13,799
Speaker 1: so exciting the astrophysicists cry, and that's why they called

770
00:39:13,840 --> 00:39:18,879
Speaker 1: it a cryo volcano. That joke makes me cry. That's

771
00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:21,680
Speaker 1: what I'm here for so I feel like you can't

772
00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:24,400
Speaker 1: call it a volcano. If it's it's not lava. Shouldn't

773
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,680
Speaker 1: there be another name? Yeah, well they do have another name.

774
00:39:26,719 --> 00:39:29,080
Speaker 1: They call it a cryo volcano. It's a cold volcano.

775
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:31,960
Speaker 1: It's a frozen volcano. Oh, I see they get a

776
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,160
Speaker 1: derivative name. Yeah, sort of. And this thing happens in

777
00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:38,080
Speaker 1: other places, so like in Silatus or in Saladust. The

778
00:39:38,120 --> 00:39:40,120
Speaker 1: Moon of Salads as the same kind of thing. It

779
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:44,120
Speaker 1: shoots up icy particles. And Cassini in two thousand five

780
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:46,600
Speaker 1: went by and it took pictures and it actually flew

781
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:49,080
Speaker 1: through some of these jets because they come from the

782
00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:51,719
Speaker 1: poles and so they're pretty reliable. You know where they are,

783
00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:54,560
Speaker 1: and it measured. It has water, vapor and nitrogen and

784
00:39:54,640 --> 00:39:57,800
Speaker 1: methane and carbon dioxide and stuff like a sur pricing

785
00:39:57,840 --> 00:40:01,840
Speaker 1: amount of ranch dressing, which is we too much ranch dressing.

786
00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:06,319
Speaker 1: Everybody always overdoes ran dressing, more crutons, less dressing. And

787
00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:08,920
Speaker 1: we talked once about the moon Europa, which is a

788
00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:11,839
Speaker 1: cool place that has like an icy crust, probably with

789
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:15,040
Speaker 1: water underneath, like a big water ocean, and sometimes that

790
00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:18,520
Speaker 1: cracks and you get these geysers of frozen water, vapor

791
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:21,719
Speaker 1: plumes that come out that might, for example, I have

792
00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:24,279
Speaker 1: little microbes in them. So we're sending a mission to

793
00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:27,120
Speaker 1: Europa to sample of these geysers. And you know, can

794
00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:30,040
Speaker 1: you call them geysers? Can you call them volcanoes? You know,

795
00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:34,319
Speaker 1: I don't know cryo geysers, cryo geysers, Yeah, exactly. But

796
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:37,040
Speaker 1: there is one that you can definitely call a volcano

797
00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:40,080
Speaker 1: and is very impressive. And this is a volcano that's

798
00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:43,040
Speaker 1: on the moon Io, that's a moon of Jupiter. Yeah,

799
00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:46,080
Speaker 1: Io is a moon of Jupiter. It's the innermost moon

800
00:40:46,200 --> 00:40:48,879
Speaker 1: of Jupiter. Okay, so this one actually has like love

801
00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:51,800
Speaker 1: on it. Yes, this is the most volcanically active body

802
00:40:51,840 --> 00:40:54,560
Speaker 1: in the entire Solar system. They've seen like a hundred

803
00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:56,960
Speaker 1: and fifty different volcanoes. They think there's even more, like

804
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,200
Speaker 1: maybe up to four hundred or so. And this thing

805
00:40:59,280 --> 00:41:02,600
Speaker 1: is really hot because it's so close to Jupiter. Jupiter

806
00:41:02,680 --> 00:41:05,440
Speaker 1: is like tugging on it and it's basically squeezing it.

807
00:41:05,680 --> 00:41:08,160
Speaker 1: Remember we talked about like tidal forces. What happens if

808
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,040
Speaker 1: you get really close to a black hole, It's gonna

809
00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:13,040
Speaker 1: pull on one side of you more than the other

810
00:41:13,080 --> 00:41:15,600
Speaker 1: side of you. Well, that happens anytime you get close

811
00:41:15,640 --> 00:41:18,520
Speaker 1: to any large body. For example, the Moon is doing

812
00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:21,160
Speaker 1: that to Earth and like squeezing the water on the Earth,

813
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,360
Speaker 1: and which is why we have tides. It's like the

814
00:41:23,360 --> 00:41:25,960
Speaker 1: gravity is needing it, right, Like it's sort of like

815
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:29,040
Speaker 1: stretching in and compressing in, and that creates heat that

816
00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:32,480
Speaker 1: warms it up exactly, creates friction internally, and that keeps

817
00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:35,200
Speaker 1: it hot on the inside. So Io is hot because

818
00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:38,440
Speaker 1: Jupiter is like kneeding it with its gravity. Boy, it's

819
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:41,879
Speaker 1: just got a little racy here, racy and spacey racy

820
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:46,200
Speaker 1: at a distance, and so it melts the rock inside Io,

821
00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:48,919
Speaker 1: and you have like actual lava and you have these

822
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:53,000
Speaker 1: really huge eruptions. The new Horizon spacecraft saw one eruption

823
00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:56,480
Speaker 1: from this spashtar volcano that went up a hundred and

824
00:41:56,520 --> 00:42:00,000
Speaker 1: eighty miles high. This is like actual lava, actual lava

825
00:42:00,239 --> 00:42:03,080
Speaker 1: shot out into space. Yeah, hundred and eighty months. Like,

826
00:42:03,160 --> 00:42:04,919
Speaker 1: we don't get that kind of activity here on Earth,

827
00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:06,839
Speaker 1: do we. Like the most we get is a couple

828
00:42:06,840 --> 00:42:09,279
Speaker 1: of miles yeah, exactly. And of course because we have

829
00:42:09,360 --> 00:42:11,960
Speaker 1: much more gravity, right, so it's easier to launch like

830
00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:15,520
Speaker 1: tens of cubic miles of hot lava up into space

831
00:42:15,680 --> 00:42:18,200
Speaker 1: when you're a smaller moon that just isn't as much gravity.

832
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,000
Speaker 1: It sounds like it has fear of volcanoes and earth. Right,

833
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:24,640
Speaker 1: we have millions you said underwater, maybe we have millions. Yeah, yeah,

834
00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:28,399
Speaker 1: but these seem more powerful, like more dramatic, and it's

835
00:42:28,440 --> 00:42:32,600
Speaker 1: a denser volcanic environment. Is like more volcanoes per square

836
00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:35,799
Speaker 1: you know, kilometer or something. And I also features what

837
00:42:36,040 --> 00:42:39,719
Speaker 1: one geologists called in their paper the most powerful volcano

838
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:44,279
Speaker 1: in the Solar System. There was a competition and he

839
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:46,279
Speaker 1: gave the medal to this one. What's it called. It's

840
00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,279
Speaker 1: called Luki. It's named after, you know, the trickster god

841
00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:52,719
Speaker 1: of North mythology. People think it's the most powerful volcano

842
00:42:52,880 --> 00:42:55,600
Speaker 1: in the Solar system. It's seven hundred times more powerful

843
00:42:55,640 --> 00:42:58,960
Speaker 1: than Kilauea. For example. It puts out seven hundred times

844
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,680
Speaker 1: as much lava every year. Wow, that's a lot of lava.

845
00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:05,240
Speaker 1: It's a lot of lava that's like hotter than Tom Hilton.

846
00:43:06,680 --> 00:43:09,440
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. It'll burn you. And it's hard to measure

847
00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:12,600
Speaker 1: these things, like we don't have like great cameras taking

848
00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:14,640
Speaker 1: pictures of this stuff. What they can do is sort

849
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:18,000
Speaker 1: of just watch in the infrared these eruptions of heat.

850
00:43:18,320 --> 00:43:20,360
Speaker 1: You know, they watch the heat on the surface and

851
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:23,560
Speaker 1: they try to convert that heat measurement into like a

852
00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:26,239
Speaker 1: volume of magma. So you know, there's uncertainties there, but

853
00:43:26,480 --> 00:43:29,319
Speaker 1: these are definitely big, powerful things hanging out in the

854
00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:31,279
Speaker 1: surface of Io. You say, we can look at it

855
00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:34,360
Speaker 1: from here, like you can actually see the heat and

856
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:36,640
Speaker 1: the signature, or they need to get up close and

857
00:43:36,719 --> 00:43:38,840
Speaker 1: have we taken pictures of it. We have taken pictures.

858
00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:41,400
Speaker 1: We have had like fly bys taking pictures of these

859
00:43:41,440 --> 00:43:43,400
Speaker 1: things so you can see it. But the best shots

860
00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:46,319
Speaker 1: we have come from watching it steadily day by day,

861
00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:48,760
Speaker 1: and you can use like space telescopes, so like Hubble

862
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:51,279
Speaker 1: has imaged it. For example. It's a weird volcano because

863
00:43:51,280 --> 00:43:54,480
Speaker 1: it's constantly leaking lava, but it also tends to erupt,

864
00:43:54,719 --> 00:43:57,400
Speaker 1: so like every five and forty days there's like a

865
00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:00,799
Speaker 1: huge outpouring of lava and then it just sort of

866
00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:03,440
Speaker 1: bubbles around for a while leaking lava. All right, So

867
00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:06,319
Speaker 1: then that's our winner. That's the most powerful volcano in

868
00:44:06,440 --> 00:44:10,120
Speaker 1: the Solar system. It's low key in the moon Io,

869
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:12,360
Speaker 1: which is a moon of Yeah, and I want to

870
00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:15,160
Speaker 1: thank Robert Howell, a geologist University of why Ivan, for

871
00:44:15,239 --> 00:44:18,359
Speaker 1: answering all of my questions about volcanoes. And he wanted

872
00:44:18,360 --> 00:44:20,200
Speaker 1: me to point out that Locy is not really a

873
00:44:20,280 --> 00:44:23,759
Speaker 1: shield volcano because the weird composition and the low gravity,

874
00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:26,759
Speaker 1: the lava that comes out doesn't like really build up

875
00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:29,680
Speaker 1: into a shield. That he called it a ptera because

876
00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:32,000
Speaker 1: it's like this vast pool of lava. So if you

877
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:34,040
Speaker 1: look down onto it from space, it's just just like

878
00:44:34,280 --> 00:44:37,520
Speaker 1: lake of lava. But they don't even really understand exactly

879
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:41,160
Speaker 1: how it forms. Interesting, it has a gravity assist kind

880
00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:43,480
Speaker 1: of like there's less gravity there so that maybe you

881
00:44:43,520 --> 00:44:45,640
Speaker 1: can shoot higher. Yeah, it shoots higher, and it doesn't

882
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:48,000
Speaker 1: build up the same way. So like the shape of

883
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:50,439
Speaker 1: the volcano, the whole nature of it, you can't even

884
00:44:50,480 --> 00:44:53,200
Speaker 1: really call it a shield volcano because to be a

885
00:44:53,239 --> 00:44:56,239
Speaker 1: shield volcano requires basically being on Earth or having a

886
00:44:56,239 --> 00:44:58,840
Speaker 1: similar gravitational environment. Like the whole shape of it is

887
00:44:58,880 --> 00:45:02,359
Speaker 1: different than h dynamics of it, I imagine exactly pretty cool,

888
00:45:02,360 --> 00:45:04,719
Speaker 1: all right, So that's the biggest, most powerful volcano in

889
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:08,480
Speaker 1: the Solar System. It's seven hundred times more powerful than

890
00:45:08,719 --> 00:45:11,200
Speaker 1: kill a whale. Yeah, it's pretty impressive. I would not

891
00:45:11,239 --> 00:45:15,600
Speaker 1: recommend Io as a family vacation destination. Hawaii is much better. Well,

892
00:45:15,680 --> 00:45:17,880
Speaker 1: you just don't go when it's erupting. But you know

893
00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:19,920
Speaker 1: you have a five hunded in your window there you

894
00:45:19,920 --> 00:45:22,719
Speaker 1: can swoop in and take pictures. All right, we'll send

895
00:45:22,719 --> 00:45:25,719
Speaker 1: you there. You can go touch the lava. Yeah, I'm

896
00:45:25,760 --> 00:45:28,480
Speaker 1: sure I'll love it. Stop by first salad on the way,

897
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:31,080
Speaker 1: a warm salad. All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that.

898
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:33,719
Speaker 1: And think about all the amazing things that are out

899
00:45:33,719 --> 00:45:36,799
Speaker 1: there in other planets of their moons. Things that we

900
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:39,600
Speaker 1: think are big and powerful here are maybe pale and

901
00:45:39,640 --> 00:45:42,200
Speaker 1: comparison to things that are right in our neighborhood. And

902
00:45:42,239 --> 00:45:44,719
Speaker 1: that's why we love to throw our minds out there

903
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:47,400
Speaker 1: into the rest of the universe to imagine how life

904
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:50,080
Speaker 1: here on Earth is different or similar to what's going

905
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:51,960
Speaker 1: on out there in the rest of the universe. When

906
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:54,799
Speaker 1: aliens come, can we talk to them about volcanoes or

907
00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:58,200
Speaker 1: will they be amazed that we have these crazy bubbling

908
00:45:58,239 --> 00:46:01,000
Speaker 1: pots of lava on the surface of our planet. Interesting

909
00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:03,400
Speaker 1: we could become like a tourist destination. We are the

910
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:07,480
Speaker 1: Hawaii of the galaxy. There you go, were the Taco

911
00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:09,879
Speaker 1: Stand of the Solar system. All right, well, we hope

912
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:12,359
Speaker 1: you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See you next time.

913
00:46:20,080 --> 00:46:22,920
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained.

914
00:46:22,920 --> 00:46:25,880
Speaker 1: The Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. Or

915
00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:28,879
Speaker 1: more podcast from my heart Radio, visit the I heart

916
00:46:28,960 --> 00:46:32,560
Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your

917
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:33,360
Speaker 1: favorite shows.