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Speaker 1: Hey, Orgey, what do you think is the most impressive

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Speaker 1: thing humanity has ever built?

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Speaker 3: Hmm, that's a pretty good question. Let me think about

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Speaker 3: it for a second. I think I would have to

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Speaker 3: say probably the most impressive human achievement is the refrigerator, pasely.

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Speaker 3: I mean, the refuse it every day. I couldn't live

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Speaker 3: with without it. It's pretty awesome.

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Speaker 1: That's a cool answer. I was sorted thinking things like,

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Speaker 1: you know, the Great Wall, or the Golden gate Bridge

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Speaker 1: or the Burge Khalifa. You know stuff that would inspire awe.

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Speaker 1: You know things that like last for generations.

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Speaker 3: Well, you know there is still in my fridge that's

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Speaker 3: been there for generations.

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Speaker 1: I don't know. I look at these projects sometimes, and

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Speaker 1: I think, you know, humanity can really accomplish great things

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Speaker 1: when we work together. It's really sort of impressive what

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Speaker 1: we can pull off and we all work together.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, well, I don't know. I mean I once ate

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Speaker 3: everything in my fridge all by myself. I mean I

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Speaker 3: didn't need the rest of humanity for that.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, you can accomplish great things by yourself. But

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Speaker 1: it makes me wonder sometimes, like what future humans will build,

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Speaker 1: Like what are the great what's the Great Wall of

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Speaker 1: the twenty first century? You know, what kind of achievements

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Speaker 1: will we with? Kind of monuments will we leave behind

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Speaker 1: for future humans?

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Speaker 3: The Great Refrigerator of China.

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Speaker 1: That's right, a huge refrigerator in.

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Speaker 3: Space that you can see from space, that you.

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Speaker 1: Can see from space that it needs to be cleaned.

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Speaker 3: Hi, I'm Poorge. I'm the cartoonist behind the comic strip

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Speaker 3: Piled Higher and Deeper or PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist. And I smash

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Speaker 1: protons together at the Large Hadron Collider to try to

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Speaker 1: figure out what the universe is made out of. And

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Speaker 1: together we wrote a book called We Have No Idea,

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Speaker 1: which explores all the things we don't know about the universe.

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Speaker 3: Right now, you're listening to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 3: Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we try to mix accessible science with a

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Speaker 1: huge quantity of low quality jokes.

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Speaker 3: What do you mean, Are you saying my jokes are

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Speaker 3: low quality.

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Speaker 1: Or no, I'm saying we spray a huge number of

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Speaker 1: jokes and our editor just picks out the ones that

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Speaker 1: are best so that our listeners think we're funny.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, are awesome editor, exactly.

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Speaker 1: Our producer who we should give a shout out to.

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Speaker 3: For sure, Taylor, Thank you so much for making us funny.

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Speaker 1: Thank you for making us sound funny. And speaking of

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Speaker 1: human achievements, today's podcast is all about monumental constructions and accomplishments.

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Speaker 1: What can civilizations do when they get together and build

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Speaker 1: something enormous? Yeah?

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Speaker 3: What can humans? What are humans capable of making?

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Speaker 4: Like?

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Speaker 3: What are the limits of our ingenuity and resources and

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Speaker 3: our ability to work together? That's right, because you know,

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Speaker 3: there are a lot of problems right in the world,

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Speaker 3: like global energy consumption and global warming, and.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and some of those are being tackled right,

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Speaker 1: Like we're developing solar power so that we can get

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Speaker 1: energy just from the sun and not burn fossil fuels

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Speaker 1: and to meet the global energy demands. Right, But if

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Speaker 1: you extrapolate forward and you think, like, what is humanity

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Speaker 1: going to need? Our global energy consumption is just increasing

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Speaker 1: and it seems unlikely unless we have some cataclysmic event

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Speaker 1: in our civilization that that's ever going to turn around.

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Speaker 1: So if you project forward, you might wonder, like, how

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Speaker 1: is humanity going to meet it's energy needs in the

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Speaker 1: future if we don't invent some fantastic new form of fusion, Right,

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Speaker 1: what can we do to rapidly increase the amount of

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Speaker 1: energy we have accessible?

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Speaker 3: And that's the question two of our listeners had, and

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Speaker 3: so they sent us questions via Twitter and via email.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So we owe a shout out to Everton

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Speaker 1: Chin and to Steve Davis for requesting this topic.

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Speaker 3: So today on the podcast we'll be covering the topic

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Speaker 3: what is a Dyson sphere?

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Speaker 1: That's right?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, So the Dyson's fhere, Daniel, So this is the

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Speaker 3: idea that you know, we could maybe build something that

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Speaker 3: can really take advantage of all that amazing power that's

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Speaker 3: coming out of the sun, Right.

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Speaker 1: That's right. If you think about like grabbing solar power

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Speaker 1: and you think, well, we might need a huge amount

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Speaker 1: of it for your first instinct is like, let's just

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Speaker 1: put a bunch of solar panels in the desert, right,

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Speaker 1: Let's just like build solar panel after solar panel. After all,

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Speaker 1: nobody's really using that land. There's a lot of sun

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Speaker 1: out there, right. But as humanity gets more and more

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Speaker 1: greedy about energy, you might think like is there enough

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Speaker 1: room on Earth to put enough solar panels?

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Speaker 3: Right? So is that true? Like? What if we covered

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Speaker 3: all of the Sahara Desert in solar panels? Would that

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Speaker 3: not be enough?

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Speaker 1: I think that would be enough today. Like actually, I

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Speaker 1: think today all you'd need to do is cover like

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Speaker 1: Delaware with solar panels, and you'd have enough energy to

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Speaker 1: power the entire United States or maybe even the Earth.

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Speaker 3: What really?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, solar sold. You were just ready to Delaware.

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Speaker 3: It means Delaware. That's where all those fake companies are

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Speaker 3: set up, aren't they.

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Speaker 1: We probably have listeners in Delaware, so you might want

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Speaker 1: to check with them before you're doing.

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Speaker 3: They might appreciate the shade, you know.

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Speaker 1: Being relocated. Sorry, we have authority here from Hojrahea Cham

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Speaker 1: a podcast host or We're gonna raise your house and.

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Speaker 3: Put solar panels eminent podcast main that's being moved out

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Speaker 3: of Delaware.

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Speaker 1: Well, I just checked numbers, and it turns out Delaware

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Speaker 1: is actually a bit too small. I think you'd need

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Speaker 1: to add Maryland to Hope. That's okay with Maryland. No,

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Speaker 1: But the point is that I think today human civilization

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Speaker 1: can survive using energy captured by a pretty small fraction

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Speaker 1: of the Earth's surface. But imagine in the future, right,

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Speaker 1: what if we want to build a huge civilization, what

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Speaker 1: we want to construct enormous things, we want to send

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Speaker 1: ships across the stars. We're going to need incredible amounts

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Speaker 1: of energy, and you know, we're not gonna be able

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Speaker 1: to burn coal to do that, and we're not going

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Speaker 1: to be able to necessarily cover the Earth and solar panels,

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Speaker 1: and so people started thinking big. People started thinking what's

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Speaker 1: the limit, Like, what's the maximum number of solar panels

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Speaker 1: you can make?

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Speaker 3: What's the biggest solar panel you can build?

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, and where would you put it?

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Speaker 3: Okay, So this is where the question of what is

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Speaker 3: a Dyson's fear comes from?

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Speaker 1: Exactly This is a thought, a thought experiment by Freeman Dyson,

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Speaker 1: a famous physicist, to think about, what is the biggest

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Speaker 1: solar panel? Is it possible? Could we build one? How

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Speaker 1: would you do it? And could we see if other

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Speaker 1: civilizations are doing it? Wow?

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Speaker 3: That's amazing, all right? So we, as usual, we're wondering

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Speaker 3: how many of you out there actually knew what a

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Speaker 3: Dyson's sphere was. Like if someone approached you on the

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Speaker 3: street and asks you, hey, have you seen any Dyson spheres?

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Speaker 3: Or hey, do you know what it is?

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Speaker 1: Or would you contribute ten dollars towards building a Dison sphere?

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Speaker 3: So, as usual, Daniel went out into the streets and

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Speaker 3: asked people randomly out there if they knew what a

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Speaker 3: Dyson's fhear was.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, here's what people had to say, have you ever

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Speaker 1: heard of a thing called a Dyson sphere?

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Speaker 5: Enough? Okay, I know it in the context of looking

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Speaker 5: for other life on other planets, because it's basically like

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Speaker 5: a ring that you can build around a star to

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Speaker 5: harness its light. So for energy, you look at the

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Speaker 5: light patterns. If something interferes with the patterns and like

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Speaker 5: in a certain way, it can lead to the assumption

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Speaker 5: that maybe there's a dicen sphere around it and there's

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Speaker 5: something awesome. Yeah, okay, yeah, it's this gigantic thing that

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Speaker 5: you put around like a solar system and then you

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Speaker 5: can harness all the energy.

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Speaker 2: I heard of it.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what it is. Cool.

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Speaker 3: No, all right, so pretty much no across the board.

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Speaker 1: Well, I would say we got our typical set of

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Speaker 1: binary responses, a bunch of no's. I got a bunch

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Speaker 1: of weird looks too. People were like, is he making

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Speaker 1: this up? Like is that a thing? Really? Is this

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Speaker 1: like a test? You know?

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Speaker 3: I wonder how many people thought you were talking about

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Speaker 3: the diceon vacuum cleaner.

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Speaker 1: That thing really sucks. No, I think I think it

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Speaker 1: was like people thought maybe it was a control question,

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Speaker 1: like I was making things up, like have you ever

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Speaker 1: heard of the you know, smith Gabbat Kabui or whatever,

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Speaker 1: and because it.

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Speaker 3: Was like a trick question, like to see if you

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Speaker 3: if you try to make up some funny things.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, which actually gives me the idea I should do that, right,

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Speaker 1: We should have a trick question and see if people

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Speaker 1: spout off. You know, Oh yes, I told I saw

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Speaker 1: a Nova episode about that and it's involves a you know,

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Speaker 1: electrophons and whatever.

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Speaker 3: What would it be about let's see dark It should

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Speaker 3: be like dark, a dark black hole about that?

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Speaker 1: Oh, you know what, that's actually really cool. And people

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Speaker 1: have written in asking whether you can have a black

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Speaker 1: hole made of dark matter? Oh, which is a really

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Speaker 1: awesome question, which we should talk about in a different episode.

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Speaker 3: But it meant an anti dark matter black hole, the.

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Speaker 1: Dark matter black hole. Yeah, isn't that a cool idea?

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Speaker 3: An anti dark matter black hole.

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Speaker 2: Oh?

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Speaker 1: Well, we don't know if dark matter has anti particles.

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Speaker 1: We don't even know if dark matter is made of particles,

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Speaker 1: so we don't know if there is such a thing

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Speaker 1: as anti dark matter. But we know there is dark matter,

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Speaker 1: and we know there are black holes. So people have

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Speaker 1: this tendency to like ram them together anyway.

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Speaker 3: So nobody thought you meant the vacuum cleaner, because you know,

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Speaker 3: the dice and vacuum cleaners they're known for having this

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Speaker 3: like sphere out front that they that you used to

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Speaker 3: pivot and to roll around and like it twists the

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Speaker 3: head of the vacuum cleaner as you tilt and turn.

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Speaker 1: Did you get some like check from dicing company because

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Speaker 1: I didn't get one. I don't understand why you're promoting

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Speaker 1: the diceon vacuum. You're going.

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Speaker 3: If you'd slash.

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Speaker 1: Or hey got a check.

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Speaker 3: Slash and didn't share it with Daniel. Well, let's break

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Speaker 3: it down for people. Then what is a Dyson sphere?

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Speaker 1: So Dyson sphere is basically the idea of maximal solar panels. Right,

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Speaker 1: you want to build solar panels, you cover the Earth.

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Speaker 1: The Earth captures a tiny fraction of the energy from

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Speaker 1: the Sun.

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Speaker 3: Right, It's like a tiny, tiny fraction right Like to

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Speaker 3: the Sun, the Earth just looks like a little marble

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Speaker 3: way out there in space exactly, and so it's barely

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Speaker 3: catching any of its rays exactly.

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Speaker 1: So imagine a sphere and the radius of the sphere

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Speaker 1: is the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Right. So,

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Speaker 1: now imagine a sphere that's basically the size of the

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Speaker 1: Earth's orbit.

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Speaker 3: It's like a ball centered on the Sun that reaches

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Speaker 3: all the way to Earth exactly, and it's made out of.

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Speaker 1: What well, I mean, just imagine the sphere for now geometrically,

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Speaker 1: and think about what fraction of that sphere is covered

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Speaker 1: by the Earth. Right, this is the point you were

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Speaker 1: making before it's like a tiny dot. Most of the

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Speaker 1: Sun's energy just gets radied out into space. Right. It

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Speaker 1: maybe hits a Jupiter or Saturn, but the vast majority,

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Speaker 1: ninety nine point nine percent of it just gets shot

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Speaker 1: out into space. Right. So the idea is, if you

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Speaker 1: really want to go big, if you want to build

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Speaker 1: a huge project, you know, then could you build solar

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Speaker 1: panels that capture a significant fraction or even dare I

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Speaker 1: say all of the Sun's energy? Right?

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Speaker 3: All? Wow, So it's like a giant solar panel that

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Speaker 3: surrounds the Sun completely.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, like, let's do the thought experiment. Let's

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Speaker 1: think as big as possible. How much energy would that be?

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Speaker 1: You know, how would you do it? And could you

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Speaker 1: tell if other people had done it? So this is

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Speaker 1: the origin of it. Freeman Dyson thought about this and

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Speaker 1: he wrote a paper about it, and he thought, could

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Speaker 1: you build one of these things? And if another civilization

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Speaker 1: around another star had done this, could we tell and

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Speaker 1: could we use that to find alien civilizations?

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Speaker 3: This is like a legit physics paper.

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Speaker 1: This is a legit physics papers published in Science, one

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Speaker 1: of the top journals. And really yeah, and the thing

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Speaker 1: I love about that is about it is that it's visionary.

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Speaker 1: It's like, what would we do in a thousand years,

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Speaker 1: what would we do in a million years? And could

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Speaker 1: we use those ideas if we could predict them, could

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Speaker 1: we use those ideas to discover super advanced alien civilizations? Like,

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Speaker 1: let's not look for other civilizations at the same level

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Speaker 1: as us. Let's look for civilizations that are like a

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Speaker 1: million years or a billion years ahead of us and

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Speaker 1: try to anticipate what they would do and how we

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Speaker 1: would spot them. So I love that kind of visionary thinking.

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Speaker 3: Oh, like, if you use your imagination wildly, where could

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Speaker 3: humans go? And then that we could maybe see or

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Speaker 3: get evidence of from other civilizations out in the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly right, exactly like trying to think of what

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Speaker 1: the grown ups are doing, because we're basically kids, you know,

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Speaker 1: we are pretty new to this whole universe. We've been

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Speaker 1: in tell gent for you know, maybe tens of thousands

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Speaker 1: of years. We've been technological for decades, right, We've been

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Speaker 1: communicating for you know, less than that, and so we

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Speaker 1: are brand new on the universe stage. And there may

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Speaker 1: be a.

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Speaker 3: Full of pimples, voices cracking.

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Speaker 1: We're not even there. Man, we're not a puberty, we're grown. No,

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Speaker 1: we are still pooping our pants from the civilization point

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Speaker 1: of view.

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Speaker 3: Like literally, I mean literally poop.

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Speaker 1: We are poop in the bed. It's true. And so

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Speaker 1: you know, might ask like what are the grown ups doing?

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Speaker 1: And the same way it's hard for kids to anticipate,

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Speaker 1: like what is an adult life like? And how would

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Speaker 1: you tell what's going on? It might be hard for

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Speaker 1: us to predict what super advanced civilizations would do and

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Speaker 1: how they would live and how they would get energy.

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Speaker 1: So that was the idea of Freeman Dyson. He thought,

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Speaker 1: can we spot other stars being wrapped by these spheres?

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Speaker 3: Wo? What kind of physicists was he?

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Speaker 1: Oh, he's famous for being really broad. He's done all

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Speaker 1: sorts of physics. I think he even did some chemistry.

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Speaker 1: He did quantum mechanics. He's thought about consciousness. He's one

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Speaker 1: of these modern day you know, renaissance men who like

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Speaker 1: thought of it and dabbled in all sorts of different

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Speaker 1: kinds of physics.

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Speaker 3: I wonder if your name affects that, you know, like

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Speaker 3: if you go around with the name Freeman Dyson, is

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Speaker 3: just see expectation that you were this amazing personality what that.

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Speaker 1: You only had that expectation because there's a guy named

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Speaker 1: that who has an amazing Uh.

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Speaker 3: Well, that's what I mean. It's like he's got the

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Speaker 3: perfect name to be a renaissance him.

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Speaker 1: It's the other direction, man, he was a renaissance man,

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Speaker 1: and now therefore his name is connected with being a

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Speaker 1: renaissance man. It doesn't work the other way. It's not

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Speaker 1: like you're born.

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Speaker 3: See, he's like the original cool guys and they're like Galileo.

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Speaker 1: That sounds like you'll be a great scientist. Yeah, No,

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Speaker 1: I think it's the other direction. But he does have

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Speaker 1: sort of a mystical name. I always thought his name,

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Speaker 1: you know, I always connected his name with like the Freemasons,

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Speaker 1: you know, Freeman Dyson. He sounds like he's probably the

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Speaker 1: member of a secret society somewhere.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, from like cool people who.

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Speaker 1: Are trying to build trying to build mega structures. Even

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Speaker 1: that word is fun to say, right, mega structures.

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Speaker 3: So he had this idea, he thought, hey, what could

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Speaker 3: we possibly what could a few alien civilization much more

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Speaker 3: advanced than us? What could they possibly be doing that

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Speaker 3: we could maybe detect exactly? And he had the idea

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Speaker 3: that maybe they figured out a way to capture all

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Speaker 3: of the Sun's energy by building something basically like wrapping

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Speaker 3: it up the Sun.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And that's pretty hard to do. I mean,

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Speaker 1: imagine as you were saying before that you had to

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Speaker 1: build something that size, right, Like the radius of it

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Speaker 1: is millions of miles, right, So you're going to construct

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Speaker 1: something that wraps the whole Sun at like the distance

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Speaker 1: from the Earth to the Sun and grabs all that energy.

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Speaker 1: I mean, the size of it is boggling, Like the

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Speaker 1: inside of that sphere. Did a few calculations, the inside

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Speaker 1: of that sphere would have the surface there are of

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Speaker 1: five hundred and fifty million earths.

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Speaker 3: Wow, which sounds doable. Maybe, I don't know.

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Speaker 1: It's it's hard to build something that big. I mean,

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Speaker 1: in order to build something that big, you need stuff, right,

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Speaker 1: you need materials. You need like, you know, matter, And

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Speaker 1: if you're going to build it, you need to basically

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Speaker 1: use all of the matter in Jupiter and Saturn and

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Speaker 1: the asteroid belt. You use up, like all the stuff

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Speaker 1: in the Solar system just to build that shell. Like

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Speaker 1: it's just barely enough stuff to build a shell all

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Speaker 1: the way around the Sun.

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Speaker 3: Why does it need to be the RTUs of where

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Speaker 3: the Earth is. Couldn't you just make it smaller and

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Speaker 3: be more convenent to make.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like that.

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Speaker 3: Make it the radius of what's the mercury, the closest one,

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Speaker 3: you know, the smallest fhere around the Sun, and then

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Speaker 3: just have like a cable running to.

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Speaker 1: Us to Earth. Yeah, you have to balance, right.

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Speaker 3: The closer you get extension cord, extension cord.

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Speaker 1: The closer you get to the Sun, the hotter things

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Speaker 1: get and things melt and it's hard to work, you know,

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Speaker 1: So you want to balance there. You don't want you

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Speaker 1: don't want to be like immediately surrounding the Sun. You

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Speaker 1: don't want to be really far away because that has

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Speaker 1: to be.

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Speaker 3: Bigger between tents to build something that close to the Sun.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. The other advantage if you built it at the

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Speaker 1: radius of the Earth is then you'd have an awesome

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Speaker 1: livable surface, right, You'd people could live on the inside

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Speaker 1: of that sphere, Like you could put dirt down and

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Speaker 1: plant crops and you'd be at the you'd be in

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Speaker 1: the habitable zone, right, you'd be at the right distance

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Speaker 1: for the Sun to have the right temperature.

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Speaker 3: Oh, you build it at the radius of this Earth

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Speaker 3: and where the Earth is. Then really it could be

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Speaker 3: like sunny Florida all.

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Speaker 1: Year round exactly. I mean, let's all around the.

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Speaker 3: System.

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Speaker 1: Yes, let's think big. Let's think like, you know, we're

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Speaker 1: going to do this, what would be the best thing

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Speaker 1: to do, Like humanity is going to be huge and

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Speaker 1: have a huge amounts of energy, then let's like, let's

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Speaker 1: prepare for the future of humanity and build five hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty million times the land of the Earth. The

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Speaker 1: amount of energy this thing with capture is just ridiculous,

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Speaker 1: Like if you captured all of the energy of the

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Speaker 1: Sun every year. There's this number which is pretty hard

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00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:12,480
Speaker 1: to understand. It's three hundred and eighty four yata watts, right,

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00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:16,080
Speaker 1: watts being an innertive energy and yata.

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00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,880
Speaker 3: Being lot of ones, whole lot, whole lot.

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Speaker 1: Of ones exactly. No, it's three point eight times ten

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00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:27,439
Speaker 1: to the twenty six watts, right, Like, it's just a

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Speaker 1: ridiculous number. So I thought, well, let's explain it in

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Speaker 1: terms of how much energy humanity currently uses. Right, So,

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Speaker 1: currently the power use of humanity is one thirty three

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Speaker 1: trillionth the energy put out by the Sun.

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Speaker 3: Wow, so thirty three thousand billion times how much we

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Speaker 3: use right now?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so we don't really need this thing today or

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Speaker 1: tomorrow or next year. Right. This is the kind of

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Speaker 1: thing that that would support a civilization with enormous energy consumption.

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Speaker 1: You know, the kind of thing where you're like building

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00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:01,720
Speaker 1: huge space ship and you're pushing them to other star

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Speaker 1: systems with like lasers, you know, like light sales that

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Speaker 1: captured laser beams, Like you would have an incredible amount

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Speaker 1: of energy if you could really capture all of the

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Speaker 1: energy output of the sun.

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Speaker 3: Okay, I have a lot of questions, but first let's

421
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Speaker 3: take a quick break.

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471
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Speaker 3: All right, so that's a dice. It's this idea that

472
00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,560
Speaker 3: you could maybe build a shell around the Sun and

473
00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:07,440
Speaker 3: capture all of the energy that's coming out of it. Yeah,

474
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:09,560
Speaker 3: and you would want to build it kind of far

475
00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,040
Speaker 3: away from the Sun because otherwise it would just melt.

476
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,080
Speaker 3: But it would be humongous. It would be bazillion times

477
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,760
Speaker 3: the surface of the Earth. Would take a lot of

478
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:21,960
Speaker 3: stuff to build that shell.

479
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:24,120
Speaker 1: You take a lot of stuff. It would be enormous.

480
00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:26,480
Speaker 1: And there's a lot of other problems, Like problem number

481
00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:28,440
Speaker 1: one is you'd have to be really strong. I mean,

482
00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:30,119
Speaker 1: this thing is going to have a huge amount of

483
00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:31,040
Speaker 1: weight on it, right.

484
00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:35,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, Like and just like it would get toussled around,

485
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:36,639
Speaker 3: right because it would have to hold together.

486
00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:40,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it doesn't You wouldn't also have any gravity, right,

487
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:43,000
Speaker 1: Like the gravity we experienced from walking around on Earth

488
00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:45,960
Speaker 1: comes from Earth. But if you're if you build a

489
00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:49,440
Speaker 1: huge shell the size of the Earth's radius and build

490
00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,840
Speaker 1: it around the Sun, then it's balanced gravitationally, right, you

491
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:56,080
Speaker 1: don't feel it doesn't feel the Sun's gravity, and there's

492
00:23:56,080 --> 00:23:58,720
Speaker 1: no net gravitational force on it from the Sun, so

493
00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:01,639
Speaker 1: it'd be sort of like loading around the Sun. Nothing

494
00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:04,640
Speaker 1: to keep it in place, which means it could like drift,

495
00:24:04,760 --> 00:24:06,439
Speaker 1: you know, and like one side of it could get

496
00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:09,640
Speaker 1: too close, maybe bump into the Sun or something. It'd

497
00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:12,080
Speaker 1: be pretty hard to maintain. You need like jets on

498
00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:14,000
Speaker 1: it to like keep it in the right place.

499
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,639
Speaker 3: I think an interesting idea is the just the idea

500
00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:21,800
Speaker 3: that you can envelop a sun right like it. You know,

501
00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:24,040
Speaker 3: your intuition, my intotion tells me that if you cover

502
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:26,919
Speaker 3: it up the sun it would snuff out, but not

503
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:27,920
Speaker 3: so right like you could.

504
00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:30,679
Speaker 1: The Sun doesn't need any feedback, right, it's just pumping

505
00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:33,840
Speaker 1: that energy out. It doesn't need It doesn't need or care,

506
00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:37,199
Speaker 1: doesn't need to know or care about what happens to

507
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:39,280
Speaker 1: the photons and protons that it's flying out.

508
00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:42,199
Speaker 3: Yeah right, that's what I mean. Like you could capture

509
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:43,399
Speaker 3: a sun literally.

510
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,359
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly, and it would burn happily inside your dike,

511
00:24:46,480 --> 00:24:49,520
Speaker 1: so you're pumping out energy, yeah exactly. And you know

512
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:51,840
Speaker 1: that's basically what we want to do here on Earth

513
00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:54,040
Speaker 1: on a much smaller scale. I mean, that's fusion, right.

514
00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:57,320
Speaker 1: Fusion says, build a little plasma, make it really hot,

515
00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:00,040
Speaker 1: have it burn, have it pump out radiation, which we

516
00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,560
Speaker 1: then capture. That's energy. So we want to do that,

517
00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:05,040
Speaker 1: and you know we want to do that in a

518
00:25:05,119 --> 00:25:07,760
Speaker 1: miniature way on Earth, in a controlled way. But we

519
00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:11,480
Speaker 1: basically have a huge fusion furnace already and it's going

520
00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:13,879
Speaker 1: pretty well and it's not too far away. So some

521
00:25:13,920 --> 00:25:16,520
Speaker 1: people say, let's just capture that energy, right, Why have

522
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:19,520
Speaker 1: fusion here on Earth when it's already going in the center.

523
00:25:19,359 --> 00:25:22,000
Speaker 3: Of the solar Build a whole lot of yotta watts

524
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:28,840
Speaker 3: exactly giant trillion size shell. Yeah, that sounds much easier.

525
00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:31,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so you might be thinking also, like, all right, well,

526
00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:35,160
Speaker 1: a huge shell sounds like too much, Like you don't

527
00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:38,040
Speaker 1: need to complete the shell, right, if you don't need

528
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,200
Speaker 1: thirty three trillion times our energy, What if you just

529
00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:42,600
Speaker 1: build a partial shell, right, Like, I mean that's basically

530
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:44,879
Speaker 1: every solar panel, right, the one you have on your

531
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:46,840
Speaker 1: roof right now is a tiny little bit of a

532
00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:50,040
Speaker 1: dice and sphere, right, it's a tiny little dison sphere element.

533
00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:51,960
Speaker 1: So you might think, we don't have to go all

534
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:53,919
Speaker 1: the way. It's not like a you have just a

535
00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,200
Speaker 1: few little solar panels, or you have the whole thing.

536
00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:58,639
Speaker 1: You might just build you know, part of a shell.

537
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,879
Speaker 3: Like half a shell, or just a ring of the shell,

538
00:26:03,160 --> 00:26:04,399
Speaker 3: or a patch of the shell.

539
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,320
Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, Like a good middle ground is like a ring.

540
00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:09,760
Speaker 1: And you can imagine putting them like in Earth orbit, right,

541
00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:11,920
Speaker 1: so they're all in the same orbit, so they don't

542
00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:13,960
Speaker 1: bump around each other. You got a bunch of like

543
00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:17,639
Speaker 1: really big solar panels in Earth orbit gathering all this

544
00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:21,520
Speaker 1: energy and sending it back to Earth. But you know,

545
00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:23,320
Speaker 1: you were you were saying earlier, like and then you

546
00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:26,000
Speaker 1: just put out a big cable. That's actually kind of

547
00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:29,119
Speaker 1: a tricky problem, Like how do you get this energy

548
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:30,680
Speaker 1: and bring it back to Earth.

549
00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:33,560
Speaker 3: I don't know you can. You can't just run an

550
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:34,280
Speaker 3: extension cord.

551
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, you need a whole lot of YadA extension cords,

552
00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:43,800
Speaker 1: a mile YadA mile. I No, you need some sort

553
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:47,360
Speaker 1: of wireless energy transfer, which is pretty tricky. I mean,

554
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:49,280
Speaker 1: we know how to do this, but it's not it's

555
00:26:49,320 --> 00:26:52,479
Speaker 1: not that easy. Basically, it's lasers, right, for long distance

556
00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:54,199
Speaker 1: energy transfer. The only way we know how to do

557
00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:55,000
Speaker 1: it is lasers.

558
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,080
Speaker 3: So you're saying, let's build a giant laser out in

559
00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:00,800
Speaker 3: space and points it at the Earth and shoot and

560
00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:02,359
Speaker 3: point into the Earth exactly.

561
00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:05,280
Speaker 1: It's like, or you could think of it more like

562
00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:08,399
Speaker 1: a magnifying glass. Like basically it's like take the Sun's

563
00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:11,080
Speaker 1: rays and focus them on the Earth, right, you know,

564
00:27:11,240 --> 00:27:13,320
Speaker 1: so we're basically like you know how you take a

565
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:15,760
Speaker 1: magnifying glass when you're a kid in like fry little bugs.

566
00:27:15,880 --> 00:27:20,240
Speaker 1: We're basically doing that to ourselves. So that's pretty dangerous, right.

567
00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:22,320
Speaker 1: You need some sort of way to absorb that energy

568
00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:25,520
Speaker 1: here on Earth and in a safe way, and you know,

569
00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:29,159
Speaker 1: there's a lot of things to figure out. But as usual,

570
00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:30,879
Speaker 1: we could just leave that to the engineers.

571
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,040
Speaker 3: Okay, So let's see you're saying it's kind of an

572
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:41,480
Speaker 3: alternative to what if you just cover like the Sahara Desert.

573
00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:43,960
Speaker 3: Wouldn't that set us up for the next billion years

574
00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:44,639
Speaker 3: or something that.

575
00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:46,119
Speaker 1: Would set us up for a while. Yeah. I think

576
00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:48,000
Speaker 1: there are people who own the Sahara Desert though, so

577
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:49,480
Speaker 1: they might have something to say about that.

578
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:51,520
Speaker 3: They can move to Delaware.

579
00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:56,239
Speaker 1: Want you were just solved some problems all over the place, man,

580
00:27:56,400 --> 00:28:01,480
Speaker 1: just global solutions by fororhe Cham. We definitely do not

581
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:04,000
Speaker 1: need this anytime in the near future, right, Like we

582
00:28:04,080 --> 00:28:06,840
Speaker 1: if we invested in solar power, we would be set

583
00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:07,560
Speaker 1: up for a while.

584
00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:09,560
Speaker 3: Oh, I see you're saying we don't need it, but

585
00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:11,040
Speaker 3: maybe aliens needed.

586
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:12,920
Speaker 1: Well I'm saying we don't need it now, but like,

587
00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:15,159
Speaker 1: let's think big, right, Let's think about like what is

588
00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:18,200
Speaker 1: humanity need in a thousand years, in a million years,

589
00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:20,000
Speaker 1: let's if you're going to build this thing, you gotta

590
00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:21,840
Speaker 1: start thinking about it now so you can figure this

591
00:28:21,840 --> 00:28:24,679
Speaker 1: stuff out. And it's always fun to think aspirationally, like

592
00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:27,560
Speaker 1: could we build this? You know, is it possible? What

593
00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:30,840
Speaker 1: technology would you need? Because often that's spurs ideas, right,

594
00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:33,400
Speaker 1: people are like, hmm, I wonder if you could transfer

595
00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,080
Speaker 1: a laser from an orbiting ring of solar panels to

596
00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:37,800
Speaker 1: the Earth. How would you do that? And then they

597
00:28:37,840 --> 00:28:40,160
Speaker 1: get interested. Then they come up with some invention which makes,

598
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,760
Speaker 1: you know, for better Hamburgers or something. But a lot

599
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,600
Speaker 1: of cool stuff comes out of just like thinking aspirationally.

600
00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,120
Speaker 3: M I see you're saying it, like, what if in

601
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:52,200
Speaker 3: a thousand years there are thirty three trillion yachta people

602
00:28:54,080 --> 00:28:56,480
Speaker 3: on Earth and we need all that energy? Maybe we

603
00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:59,280
Speaker 3: should think about these kind of crazy ideas in advance.

604
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:00,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly before we.

605
00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:04,480
Speaker 3: Have covered Delaware, we covered the Sahara. It's not enough.

606
00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:06,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, so you could do the whole sphere, which seems

607
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,280
Speaker 1: a little crazy because you need all this material. You

608
00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:12,959
Speaker 1: could do a ring, right of orbiting orbiting solar panels.

609
00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:16,200
Speaker 1: That's sort of you know, intermediate, but there's also a

610
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:19,160
Speaker 1: lot of other appurches, like you could have a few rings, right,

611
00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:21,959
Speaker 1: you could have like different rings at different radius, or

612
00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:24,400
Speaker 1: you know, orbiting in different directions or something. They have

613
00:29:24,440 --> 00:29:27,240
Speaker 1: to think about, you know, collisions and shadows and stuff

614
00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:29,800
Speaker 1: like that. But that kind of stuff is pretty practical.

615
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:34,360
Speaker 3: Isn't that a famous science ficture novel, like the ring idea,

616
00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:36,200
Speaker 3: Ring around the Earth?

617
00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 1: No ring world. Yeah, Larry Niffn had this idea of

618
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:40,640
Speaker 1: a ring world. I don't know if he had a

619
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:43,280
Speaker 1: son in the middle of it or not, but yeah,

620
00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:45,480
Speaker 1: definitely you could build a ring and you could be spinning,

621
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:47,760
Speaker 1: you know, so you could live on it that kind

622
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 1: of thing.

623
00:29:49,080 --> 00:29:51,360
Speaker 3: Okay, so that's one idea ring. You can also do

624
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 3: like a patch, right, or like small patches.

625
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:56,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You got to these small patches, and some

626
00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:59,760
Speaker 1: people are thinking about the idea of they're not satellites.

627
00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:03,160
Speaker 1: They're called statites because they don't move, but they're basically

628
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 1: just big floating patches of solar panel, and they avoid

629
00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:12,280
Speaker 1: float falling into the sun because they partially absorb the

630
00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:14,320
Speaker 1: Sun's energy. That's where you get the energy for the

631
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,400
Speaker 1: solar panel, but they also partially reflect it. Right, think

632
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,200
Speaker 1: about what happens when you reflect energy. Basically you're getting

633
00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,640
Speaker 1: a push, right, If a photon comes and bounces off

634
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:27,040
Speaker 1: of you, then you're getting a little push from that photon.

635
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,960
Speaker 1: So if a big solar panel is half reflective and

636
00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:36,600
Speaker 1: half absorbent, then half the energy goes into electricity or whatever,

637
00:30:36,760 --> 00:30:39,400
Speaker 1: and half of it keeps the solar panel from falling

638
00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,400
Speaker 1: into the sun. So these things could basically like float

639
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,120
Speaker 1: on the solar wind, which I think is pretty cool.

640
00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:48,720
Speaker 1: There's something beautiful about about all these like huge super

641
00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:52,560
Speaker 1: thin solar panels out there floating on the solar wind.

642
00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:55,160
Speaker 1: Half the energy keeping them alight, and half of them

643
00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:57,360
Speaker 1: the energy keeping our televisions on.

644
00:30:57,560 --> 00:30:59,960
Speaker 3: They're not floating around the Earth. They're just floating out

645
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 3: in space, and we would kind of swing by them

646
00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:02,760
Speaker 3: every year.

647
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:05,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly exactly, and they would be stationary with respect

648
00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:07,760
Speaker 1: to the Sun. Right, they wouldn't be orbiting the way

649
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:11,040
Speaker 1: we are, and that would be pretty cool. Something really

650
00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:14,680
Speaker 1: cool about that right, And I think the thing that

651
00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:18,400
Speaker 1: God Freeman Dyson thinking about this is if aliens were

652
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:20,880
Speaker 1: doing this, how could we spot it? How could we

653
00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:24,280
Speaker 1: tell if somebody was doing this? And initially you think, well,

654
00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:26,760
Speaker 1: if they build a whole sphere, then they're blocking out

655
00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:29,360
Speaker 1: their sun. We wouldn't even know their sun exists, right,

656
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:31,800
Speaker 1: So how do we even know anybody is there?

657
00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,880
Speaker 3: Oh, there could be out there tons of stars covered

658
00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:38,520
Speaker 3: up in these Dyson spheres. I mean, I'm sure they

659
00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:41,760
Speaker 3: call it something different unless from Dyson is an alien,

660
00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:46,680
Speaker 3: which you could explain his coolness. But yeah, right, like,

661
00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:48,760
Speaker 3: there could be stars out that there are covered up

662
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:50,960
Speaker 3: by alien civilizations. We just don't know it because we

663
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:51,720
Speaker 3: can't see them.

664
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:53,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, so he actually had a cool idea. He said,

665
00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:56,200
Speaker 1: all right, if you build these things, it will block

666
00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:58,160
Speaker 1: out the light of the sun. But if it's made

667
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,640
Speaker 1: of matter and it's absorbing the energy of their suns,

668
00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:04,560
Speaker 1: then it's gonna glow, it's gonna get hot, and it's

669
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,680
Speaker 1: gonna give off infrared radiation. So you won't see the

670
00:32:07,720 --> 00:32:09,360
Speaker 1: stars the way you normally would, you know, in the

671
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:12,360
Speaker 1: visible spectrum and all that stuff, but you would see

672
00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,440
Speaker 1: sort of a black patch of sky plus a bunch

673
00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:19,840
Speaker 1: of infrared radiation, which shows you that there's something hot there.

674
00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:24,800
Speaker 3: No, really, you would attribute that to an alien civilization

675
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:29,200
Speaker 3: building a shell the size side a giant shell around

676
00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,440
Speaker 3: this cern and not just some like hot rock or.

677
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:33,120
Speaker 1: Well, how do you get a hot rock? How do

678
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:35,040
Speaker 1: you get something out in the middle of space? Not

679
00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:37,680
Speaker 1: next to a star that's warm? Right?

680
00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,640
Speaker 3: Aren't there stars that are like basically like cinders kind of?

681
00:32:41,920 --> 00:32:42,040
Speaker 5: Uh?

682
00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:44,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, there are some. Yeah, Well, this is the point

683
00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:45,960
Speaker 1: of his paper. He's like, how could you see this?

684
00:32:46,240 --> 00:32:49,240
Speaker 1: And he had the idea like, let's look for infrared radiation.

685
00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:52,760
Speaker 1: And I'm sure you know reviewer number two had your reaction, no,

686
00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:59,040
Speaker 1: come on, But he talks in the paper about like

687
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:00,880
Speaker 1: other things that might make make this signal and how

688
00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:04,520
Speaker 1: you could tell et cetera. But it's a good idea, right, Like,

689
00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,840
Speaker 1: how else could you spot these things unless you saw

690
00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:07,480
Speaker 1: them building it?

691
00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:07,680
Speaker 5: Right?

692
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:10,120
Speaker 1: Unless you watch them build it. You could see the

693
00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:13,440
Speaker 1: star like winking out year by year as they're constructing

694
00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:15,160
Speaker 1: this thing. That would be super awesome.

695
00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:18,200
Speaker 3: But wouldn't it take them like hundreds of years to

696
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:21,040
Speaker 3: build it? Right? I mean even an advance we're.

697
00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:24,760
Speaker 1: Talking about hypothetical super advanced aliens. I could say anything. Right,

698
00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:28,040
Speaker 1: maybe they spend like a million years building it and

699
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:31,520
Speaker 1: then it's just like unfolds in one year or something, right, who.

700
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:34,000
Speaker 3: Knows just as we're looking at their star.

701
00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:37,360
Speaker 1: Yes, you'd have to be super lucky. Right, So I

702
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:39,920
Speaker 1: think either you're super lucky because you're seeing them build it,

703
00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:44,080
Speaker 1: or you see these things radiated. And if people have

704
00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:45,880
Speaker 1: done this, people have like looked out in the night

705
00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:49,160
Speaker 1: sky and said, are there places where all we see

706
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:55,160
Speaker 1: is infrared emission? Right? And so people did this survey

707
00:33:55,280 --> 00:34:01,000
Speaker 1: and they found seventeen candidates. Seventeen candidates, and most of

708
00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:03,640
Speaker 1: them they were able to explain due to other astronomical things.

709
00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:05,760
Speaker 1: You know, it's a dead stars, it's this, or is that.

710
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: But there were four candidates. I looked at the paper

711
00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:09,920
Speaker 1: and they describe it in this way, and I have

712
00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:12,040
Speaker 1: to quote it directly because I've never seen this in

713
00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:14,239
Speaker 1: a scientific paper where they say that four of these

714
00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:19,360
Speaker 1: candidates have been named quote amusing but still questionable. Wow,

715
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:20,279
Speaker 1: which means like.

716
00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:25,120
Speaker 3: What people call me. I mean, I feel so connected

717
00:34:25,160 --> 00:34:27,280
Speaker 3: to the to the universe.

718
00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:29,440
Speaker 1: Now, yeah, I mean it tells you what scientists find funny,

719
00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:32,160
Speaker 1: but there is something hilarious about like finding things out

720
00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:34,160
Speaker 1: there and not really understanding them, and like what is

721
00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:36,440
Speaker 1: going on out there in space? And the thing I

722
00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:38,759
Speaker 1: love about looking at in space is that every time

723
00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:42,080
Speaker 1: you do it, you find something weird. It's you always surprised.

724
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:44,040
Speaker 1: There's always something weird out there.

725
00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,200
Speaker 3: What do you think they meant by amusing but still questionable?

726
00:34:47,680 --> 00:34:51,480
Speaker 1: I think they meant we can't rule out alien megastructure.

727
00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:54,160
Speaker 1: And that's what's amusing about it, right, Like it makes

728
00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:57,880
Speaker 1: you seriously consider that, you know, and if you're an astronomer,

729
00:34:58,040 --> 00:34:58,839
Speaker 1: we don't know what's appen.

730
00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,839
Speaker 3: It's amusing in the sense of like it makes you think, yeah,

731
00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:03,440
Speaker 3: it makes you muse about.

732
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,640
Speaker 1: It, or it makes you hope. You know. Astronomers always

733
00:35:06,640 --> 00:35:09,520
Speaker 1: have to keep in mind that they might that today

734
00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:12,680
Speaker 1: might be the day they discover alien civilizations. Right, it's

735
00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:15,480
Speaker 1: a low, it's low on the list, right, They got

736
00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:17,879
Speaker 1: to rule out a thousand other things first, But one

737
00:35:17,960 --> 00:35:21,440
Speaker 1: day I think we will discover alien civilizations, right and

738
00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:25,040
Speaker 1: somebody will it be today for somebody, It'll be right

739
00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,359
Speaker 1: now for somebody, And so you always got to keep

740
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:29,360
Speaker 1: that in mind, right.

741
00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:32,200
Speaker 3: Wow, All right, let's get into it, but let's take

742
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:33,120
Speaker 3: a quick break first.

743
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:39,720
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

744
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:42,960
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

745
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:47,040
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

746
00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:49,680
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

747
00:35:49,719 --> 00:35:54,040
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748
00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:56,640
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

749
00:35:56,680 --> 00:35:59,000
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

750
00:35:59,080 --> 00:36:03,279
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

751
00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:06,440
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

752
00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,960
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

753
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,800
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

754
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:16,560
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

755
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:20,520
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756
00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:22,640
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

757
00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:24,680
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

758
00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:27,439
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759
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,959
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760
00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:33,799
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761
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Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

762
00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:39,359
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763
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764
00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:44,480
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765
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766
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767
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768
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769
00:36:56,320 --> 00:36:59,160
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770
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771
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772
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773
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774
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775
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776
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777
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:25,560
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778
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779
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780
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781
00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:46,520
Speaker 3: Okay, So Dyson's fears are this idea that you can

782
00:37:46,560 --> 00:37:49,120
Speaker 3: surround the whole Sun with some kind of structure to

783
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,680
Speaker 3: capture all of its energy. And Dyson proposed this as

784
00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 3: a way to maybe detect alien civilizations.

785
00:37:56,960 --> 00:37:59,399
Speaker 1: That's right, And he said, let's look for let's look

786
00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:02,960
Speaker 1: for stars might be blocked by alien megastructures.

787
00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:05,719
Speaker 3: And so you're saying that we actually maybe found one

788
00:38:05,719 --> 00:38:06,360
Speaker 3: of these stars.

789
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:09,600
Speaker 1: Yes, a couple of years ago. They are astronomers that

790
00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:12,319
Speaker 1: were looking at stars and they saw this one and

791
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:15,279
Speaker 1: they were watching it, and the light from it did

792
00:38:15,280 --> 00:38:18,960
Speaker 1: this weird thing. It wasn't constant, right, most stars, the

793
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:20,560
Speaker 1: light from it is constant. I mean, you see a

794
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,040
Speaker 1: little bit of twinkling from the dust between us and them,

795
00:38:23,640 --> 00:38:26,719
Speaker 1: but mostly the light's pretty constant. And astronomers look at

796
00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:29,960
Speaker 1: these stars sometimes to see if they can spot planets

797
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,040
Speaker 1: in those solar systems. And the way they do it

798
00:38:32,080 --> 00:38:33,920
Speaker 1: is they look to see if the planet goes in

799
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:36,399
Speaker 1: front of the star, and if that happens, you see

800
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:38,719
Speaker 1: a little dip in how bright the star is because

801
00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:42,160
Speaker 1: it's basically a little mini eclipse. But that dip is like,

802
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,080
Speaker 1: you know, one percent maximum, Like if you were watching

803
00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:47,520
Speaker 1: our sun from really far away and Jupiter went in

804
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:49,920
Speaker 1: front of the Sun, the Sun's brightness would dip like

805
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,560
Speaker 1: one percent. So that's the kind of thing people are doing.

806
00:38:52,640 --> 00:38:55,200
Speaker 1: They're watching stars looking to see if they dip. And

807
00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:58,560
Speaker 1: then they found this star and they saw a dip,

808
00:38:58,680 --> 00:39:03,279
Speaker 1: not one percent, two percent, but like twenty percent, like

809
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:06,840
Speaker 1: a huge fraction of the star's brightness just went away.

810
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:09,239
Speaker 1: But then it came back, and then it went it

811
00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:11,840
Speaker 1: went again, and then it came back, and then like

812
00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:16,319
Speaker 1: how often it's not regular? Right, It's not like you know,

813
00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:19,080
Speaker 1: if a planet is orbiting a star and blocking it,

814
00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:20,960
Speaker 1: then it's regular. And you can use that to figure

815
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:23,440
Speaker 1: out like how quickly does the planet orbit the star? Right,

816
00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:25,799
Speaker 1: what is the period of it? And they watch it

817
00:39:26,440 --> 00:39:28,320
Speaker 1: for many periods and they figure these things out. You

818
00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:30,680
Speaker 1: can measure the mass the Planet's truly awesome. But there

819
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:33,160
Speaker 1: was no pattern here, right. There was like dips, and

820
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:35,000
Speaker 1: then days of would go by when it would be

821
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,640
Speaker 1: bright again, and then more dips would come, and then

822
00:39:37,680 --> 00:39:40,280
Speaker 1: it was like two years when there were no dips

823
00:39:40,320 --> 00:39:43,080
Speaker 1: and then another huge dip came and so people were like,

824
00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:45,239
Speaker 1: what is going on with the brightness of this star?

825
00:39:45,440 --> 00:39:49,160
Speaker 1: What is this? And so immediately that little voice in

826
00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:53,399
Speaker 1: everybody's head was like, could this be Aliens? Aliens? Could

827
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:56,920
Speaker 1: this be it? Could we be watching an alien megastructure

828
00:39:56,960 --> 00:39:57,560
Speaker 1: be constructed?

829
00:39:57,680 --> 00:39:59,960
Speaker 3: Really, that was the first thing that came to people's mind.

830
00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:04,480
Speaker 3: Of course it was of course, it was anything strange.

831
00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:08,800
Speaker 3: You're like aliens, that's right, You're like, where are my keys? Oh, Aliens?

832
00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:12,360
Speaker 1: I've never seen a car like that before? Aliens? What

833
00:40:12,480 --> 00:40:14,360
Speaker 1: is this fruit called? Aliens?

834
00:40:14,920 --> 00:40:18,160
Speaker 3: How did you do that magic trick? Card trick? Aliens?

835
00:40:18,239 --> 00:40:22,520
Speaker 1: Aliens? Exactly? How can one man eat so many bananas? Aliens?

836
00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:23,239
Speaker 3: Aliens?

837
00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:26,080
Speaker 1: Yes, it's always on our minds, right, And of course

838
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:27,719
Speaker 1: first thing they did is like, all right, let's kind

839
00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:29,879
Speaker 1: of try to come up with other explanations. What else

840
00:40:29,880 --> 00:40:32,359
Speaker 1: could explain this? And so they went through a long

841
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:34,880
Speaker 1: list of reasons to explain it. But it's really unusual.

842
00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:37,080
Speaker 1: We have not seen another star like this. It's not

843
00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:39,440
Speaker 1: like you see this all the time. And so you

844
00:40:39,560 --> 00:40:42,360
Speaker 1: have a bunch of ready explanations, right, People had to

845
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:44,799
Speaker 1: really stretch their minds to imagine how you could block

846
00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:47,160
Speaker 1: like twenty percent of the light of a star and

847
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:48,839
Speaker 1: not be an alien megastructure.

848
00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:50,600
Speaker 3: How do you know it was one star and not

849
00:40:50,719 --> 00:40:51,480
Speaker 3: like two stars.

850
00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:53,080
Speaker 1: Oh, I think they know this star pretty well. I

851
00:40:53,120 --> 00:40:54,799
Speaker 1: mean you could you can tell the difference between one

852
00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:57,160
Speaker 1: star and two stars. I mean two stars would orbit

853
00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:00,400
Speaker 1: each other. I think you could resolve them. But I

854
00:41:00,440 --> 00:41:01,520
Speaker 1: don't know it does it matter.

855
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:05,680
Speaker 3: I don't know they know. But what they said, hey,

856
00:41:05,719 --> 00:41:13,680
Speaker 3: maybe let's consider alternatives besides aliens.

857
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:17,279
Speaker 1: Then what they did is they looked. They did something

858
00:41:17,280 --> 00:41:20,800
Speaker 1: really interesting is they went back through historical measurements. They said,

859
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:22,560
Speaker 1: you know, people have been taking pictures of the night

860
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:25,760
Speaker 1: sky for decades and decades, and not all of its digital,

861
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,640
Speaker 1: and not all of it is as good as recent data.

862
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:30,160
Speaker 1: But we have pictures of lots of the night sky

863
00:41:30,239 --> 00:41:32,799
Speaker 1: going back like a century. So what they did is

864
00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:34,520
Speaker 1: they went back and they looked for pictures of this

865
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:37,160
Speaker 1: star over the last one hundred years. And what they

866
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:40,000
Speaker 1: found is that over the last hundred years, this star

867
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:42,200
Speaker 1: has been gradually fading.

868
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:44,759
Speaker 3: Like getting less bright, yeah, less.

869
00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:47,279
Speaker 1: Bright, Like it's twenty percent less bright than it was

870
00:41:47,280 --> 00:41:48,239
Speaker 1: one hundred years ago.

871
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:49,880
Speaker 3: But it's steadily.

872
00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:53,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, we don't have really constant data over the

873
00:41:53,480 --> 00:41:55,880
Speaker 1: last hundred years, right, we have like a snapshot and

874
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:58,680
Speaker 1: then a snapshot and a snapshot and the snapshot. Recently,

875
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,280
Speaker 1: because we've noticed the Star weird, people have been watching

876
00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:03,040
Speaker 1: the Star a lot more and so they've been seeing

877
00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:06,200
Speaker 1: a lot more of these dips and trying to understand them.

878
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:09,160
Speaker 1: But the dips can be very dramatic and they're not regular,

879
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:11,920
Speaker 1: and it's kind of hard to explain, all.

880
00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:14,680
Speaker 3: Right, So so you're thinking it could be aliens, It

881
00:42:14,719 --> 00:42:17,759
Speaker 3: could be aliens. How would aliens? What would aliens be doing,

882
00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:20,520
Speaker 3: like flipping the switch on and off kind of like

883
00:42:20,719 --> 00:42:21,360
Speaker 3: my kids do.

884
00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:24,640
Speaker 1: No, No, they would be building a Diceon sphere, right,

885
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:28,160
Speaker 1: Maybe why would go on and off? Maybe they're partially

886
00:42:28,680 --> 00:42:31,919
Speaker 1: maybe they're part way done with constructing their dison sphere, right,

887
00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:34,320
Speaker 1: And what we're seeing is this Dicen sphere like orbiting

888
00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:36,600
Speaker 1: the Sun and blocking it. Right, it's irregular.

889
00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:39,520
Speaker 3: So over the last hundred years they've been building it up.

890
00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:42,520
Speaker 3: And now you're saying it might be operational and it's

891
00:42:42,719 --> 00:42:45,040
Speaker 3: rotating and that causes these dips.

892
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And when the dison spheres between us and

893
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:51,799
Speaker 1: their star is when the is when the when the

894
00:42:51,880 --> 00:42:55,200
Speaker 1: light from that sun gets dimmer. It's hard to have.

895
00:42:55,280 --> 00:42:58,719
Speaker 1: It's hard to come up with other explanations for irregular

896
00:42:58,840 --> 00:43:01,520
Speaker 1: dips in the light. And so let's go through them. Though,

897
00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:05,680
Speaker 1: because it's in the end, people think it's probably not Aliens,

898
00:43:05,719 --> 00:43:08,439
Speaker 1: which is you know, the story of every scientific discovery ever.

899
00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:11,680
Speaker 1: But there's not really one convincing explanation.

900
00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:14,319
Speaker 3: Okay, so what are the possibilities here?

901
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:17,920
Speaker 1: The leading possibilities are that it's it's like a lot

902
00:43:17,960 --> 00:43:21,000
Speaker 1: of dust, like a huge cloud of dust. And but

903
00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:23,560
Speaker 1: it's not regular. It's not like our asteroid belt where

904
00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:25,560
Speaker 1: like the asteroids are sprinkled all the way around the Sun.

905
00:43:25,840 --> 00:43:28,640
Speaker 1: It's some like asymmetrical cloud of dust.

906
00:43:29,160 --> 00:43:32,760
Speaker 3: I mean like a patchy, like a patchy, clumpy.

907
00:43:32,719 --> 00:43:34,920
Speaker 1: Cloud of dust. Yeah, it's like spread up.

908
00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:37,239
Speaker 3: You know what you need in that case, then you

909
00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:40,080
Speaker 3: need a diceon vacuum cleaner sphere.

910
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:42,840
Speaker 1: Somebody clean up. It's a mess.

911
00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:49,480
Speaker 3: Got the best section maybe that if you use the

912
00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:52,600
Speaker 3: code dice in dot com slash to anyone orhe exactly.

913
00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:55,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like mega made from spaceballs. Somebody's cleaning up

914
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:59,040
Speaker 1: that system. Yeah, so like maybe like a huge patch

915
00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:00,960
Speaker 1: of dust. And what they did is they looked at

916
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,880
Speaker 1: the light from the star and they noticed that the

917
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,280
Speaker 1: light from the star is not dimmed equally across all wavelengths.

918
00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:07,480
Speaker 5: Right.

919
00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:10,239
Speaker 1: Remember, light has different wavelengths from the reddish to the

920
00:44:10,239 --> 00:44:12,480
Speaker 1: blueish and the invisible wavelengths as well.

921
00:44:13,840 --> 00:44:17,000
Speaker 3: It doesn't dip the same in all frequencies of light.

922
00:44:17,560 --> 00:44:21,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, one the basic idea that Dyson

923
00:44:21,080 --> 00:44:23,640
Speaker 1: had was let's look for light. Let's look for stars

924
00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:26,279
Speaker 1: that are basically only emitting in the infrared, because that's

925
00:44:26,320 --> 00:44:29,759
Speaker 1: what a huge megastructure would emit. But the direction of

926
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:32,080
Speaker 1: the spectrum which light is absorbed and which light is

927
00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:35,200
Speaker 1: coming out suggests that it's dust. It looks like the

928
00:44:35,320 --> 00:44:37,480
Speaker 1: kind of thing you would get if there was a

929
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:38,400
Speaker 1: big dust.

930
00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:44,000
Speaker 3: Cloud with maybe like pockets where the sun shines through. Yeah, exactly,

931
00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:45,080
Speaker 3: And that's what the dips are.

932
00:44:45,160 --> 00:44:47,240
Speaker 1: And so maybe what we're seeing is basically the profile

933
00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,040
Speaker 1: of this dust cloud. But that's not really a satisfying

934
00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,840
Speaker 1: explanation because like, where does this dust cloud come from?

935
00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:56,320
Speaker 1: You know, most stars don't have dust clouds around them

936
00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:59,360
Speaker 1: for several reasons, like especially old stars like young stars.

937
00:44:59,360 --> 00:45:02,360
Speaker 1: Who's like it's been formed, then it's being formed inside

938
00:45:02,360 --> 00:45:04,360
Speaker 1: a huge cloud of gas and dust. Then, yeah, you

939
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,279
Speaker 1: expect a lot of of gas and dust. So like

940
00:45:07,360 --> 00:45:08,080
Speaker 1: stellar nurser.

941
00:45:08,360 --> 00:45:10,560
Speaker 3: Wait, let me guess, Let me guess, Daniel, you think

942
00:45:10,560 --> 00:45:14,880
Speaker 3: it could be Aliens. I always gonna throw a redom

943
00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:17,520
Speaker 3: guess to what physicist might think it is Aliens.

944
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:21,000
Speaker 1: Well, you're both right and wrong, like one possibility is.

945
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:23,839
Speaker 1: So the point is you don't get dust around old

946
00:45:23,880 --> 00:45:28,160
Speaker 1: stars usually, right, because that dust gathers together and forms planets,

947
00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:31,520
Speaker 1: or it even just gets blown away by the solar radiation, right,

948
00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,799
Speaker 1: Like solar radiation pushes dust out of these systems. So

949
00:45:35,040 --> 00:45:38,320
Speaker 1: maybe a planet blew up, right, maybe it's Aliens and

950
00:45:38,360 --> 00:45:40,120
Speaker 1: they had a huge war and like one of them

951
00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:42,120
Speaker 1: blew up the other one's planet. And what we're looking

952
00:45:42,120 --> 00:45:46,799
Speaker 1: at is like planetary debris or something. What that would

953
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:50,520
Speaker 1: be super awesome. Right from this fully operational battle station.

954
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:54,479
Speaker 3: You're seeing the remnants of the death star.

955
00:45:54,880 --> 00:45:57,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, but before people get too excited about that one,

956
00:45:57,640 --> 00:46:00,000
Speaker 1: that one doesn't really hold together because in that case,

957
00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:02,600
Speaker 1: you would see it would be like warm, right, because

958
00:46:02,640 --> 00:46:05,520
Speaker 1: like a planet blows up, you got these big blobs

959
00:46:05,520 --> 00:46:08,520
Speaker 1: of glowing matter and it would glow in the infrared,

960
00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:11,560
Speaker 1: but we don't see that. So it's consistent with cold dust,

961
00:46:13,120 --> 00:46:15,040
Speaker 1: which is kind of hard to explain, Like, we don't

962
00:46:15,120 --> 00:46:17,840
Speaker 1: understand how you could get this weird, irregular blob of

963
00:46:17,960 --> 00:46:19,160
Speaker 1: cold dust around the star.

964
00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:21,279
Speaker 3: What if it was a planet destroyed by like a

965
00:46:21,320 --> 00:46:24,760
Speaker 3: cold freeze ray? You know, aliens.

966
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:29,719
Speaker 1: What is that superhero that that shoots freeze rays? Yeah?

967
00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:31,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, Iceman, the Iceman.

968
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:34,120
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. The Iceman came and froze their planet and

969
00:46:34,120 --> 00:46:35,600
Speaker 1: it shattered into a bunch of fruit.

970
00:46:35,880 --> 00:46:38,480
Speaker 3: Yes, I mean yeah, might as well offer that as

971
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:39,160
Speaker 3: an explanation.

972
00:46:39,360 --> 00:46:42,120
Speaker 1: I see. So you're scoffing on my explanasion of aliens,

973
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:46,600
Speaker 1: but instead as a more likely explanation, you're suggesting the

974
00:46:46,640 --> 00:46:49,320
Speaker 1: Iceman super hero came and throws the planet.

975
00:46:49,920 --> 00:46:53,200
Speaker 3: Yes, that's what I always go to first, superheroes.

976
00:46:53,360 --> 00:46:55,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. I guess the cartoonists would go to

977
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:57,560
Speaker 1: superheroes versus an explanation.

978
00:46:58,680 --> 00:47:00,120
Speaker 3: I'm just saying I think, I think I should you

979
00:47:00,120 --> 00:47:01,120
Speaker 3: get a physics degree?

980
00:47:01,200 --> 00:47:03,600
Speaker 1: You know, I have a stoupe on you from Daniel

981
00:47:03,640 --> 00:47:07,480
Speaker 1: and Jorge University. An honorary PhD in superhero physics.

982
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:11,240
Speaker 3: Oh man, that should be a great product for a store.

983
00:47:11,880 --> 00:47:14,080
Speaker 1: And you know how how much value I put in

984
00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:15,160
Speaker 1: honorary PhDs.

985
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:17,279
Speaker 3: Right, that's why you have three of them.

986
00:47:18,320 --> 00:47:21,840
Speaker 1: That's why I have exactly zero of them. And so

987
00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:25,160
Speaker 1: another explanation, another idea is that maybe it's just a

988
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:27,680
Speaker 1: really weird star. Maybe there's no dust there. Maybe the

989
00:47:27,719 --> 00:47:29,920
Speaker 1: star is just like doing something weird inside of it,

990
00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:34,240
Speaker 1: Like it's not glowing constantly, it's something we're going on inside.

991
00:47:34,320 --> 00:47:37,640
Speaker 1: It's like flickering, you know, it's not burning consistently, but

992
00:47:37,719 --> 00:47:40,400
Speaker 1: just something inside. It's like absorbing at the energy, or

993
00:47:40,760 --> 00:47:42,040
Speaker 1: it's sputtering a little bit.

994
00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:44,439
Speaker 3: It's an unstable star.

995
00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:48,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, some kind of weird process that gives variable light.

996
00:47:48,480 --> 00:47:51,560
Speaker 1: But the problem with all these explanations is that it's

997
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:53,400
Speaker 1: a big universe, and we've looked at a lot of

998
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:56,120
Speaker 1: stars and we've never seen anything like this before, and

999
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:59,480
Speaker 1: so any process you propose to explain this have to

1000
00:47:59,520 --> 00:48:02,640
Speaker 1: also explo why it's only happening to this star and

1001
00:48:02,719 --> 00:48:05,480
Speaker 1: not to any of the other zillions and gazillions of

1002
00:48:05,560 --> 00:48:08,640
Speaker 1: YadA and yadas of stars that we've seen, right, right,

1003
00:48:09,080 --> 00:48:11,440
Speaker 1: like if it's a cluster of comets or a planet

1004
00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:13,279
Speaker 1: that blew up like you would expect, if it's not

1005
00:48:13,640 --> 00:48:18,239
Speaker 1: totally impossible that it'd be happening dozens or hundreds or

1006
00:48:18,239 --> 00:48:21,239
Speaker 1: thousands or millions of times. We've seen other ones. So

1007
00:48:21,360 --> 00:48:23,760
Speaker 1: that's the real puzzle. That's what makes this star interesting

1008
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:26,359
Speaker 1: is that it really does seem unique. Right, So maybe

1009
00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:29,800
Speaker 1: we're seeing something really really unusual, right, that could happen,

1010
00:48:30,880 --> 00:48:32,719
Speaker 1: or maybe it's aliens.

1011
00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:34,640
Speaker 3: Right, because you're seeing we're seeing we can see like

1012
00:48:34,719 --> 00:48:37,279
Speaker 3: billions and trillions of stars, right, it's just one of

1013
00:48:37,280 --> 00:48:38,399
Speaker 3: them that's doing something weird.

1014
00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:42,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, our soul, our galaxy has you know, hundreds

1015
00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,319
Speaker 1: of billions of stars. That's a lot, and so we

1016
00:48:45,360 --> 00:48:47,080
Speaker 1: can't see all of them, of course, but yeah, we've

1017
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:49,640
Speaker 1: observed a lot of them and we've never seen anything

1018
00:48:49,719 --> 00:48:52,319
Speaker 1: like this. So it's pretty weird for one star to

1019
00:48:52,360 --> 00:48:54,200
Speaker 1: stand out in the galaxy. Wow.

1020
00:48:54,239 --> 00:48:57,439
Speaker 3: So it could be a giant alien Diyson sphere.

1021
00:48:57,640 --> 00:49:01,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, or could be the you know the layer for Iceman.

1022
00:49:01,880 --> 00:49:05,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, well you know ice alien.

1023
00:49:06,480 --> 00:49:07,040
Speaker 1: Exactly.

1024
00:49:07,560 --> 00:49:10,200
Speaker 3: Yeah. All right, so that answers the question what is

1025
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:13,680
Speaker 3: a Dyson sphere, and hopefully people out there found it

1026
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:16,040
Speaker 3: amusing but not questionable.

1027
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:19,560
Speaker 1: That's right. And maybe someday we will build a Dyson

1028
00:49:19,640 --> 00:49:22,960
Speaker 1: sphere and aliens far far away, we'll be having a

1029
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,200
Speaker 1: podcast talking about could we see if they had built

1030
00:49:26,239 --> 00:49:30,320
Speaker 1: a Dyson sphere around their son? You know, maybe humanity

1031
00:49:30,360 --> 00:49:33,560
Speaker 1: will be able to accomplish these great, enormous infrastructure projects

1032
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:36,000
Speaker 1: and work together and not destroy ourselves. It makes me

1033
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:38,319
Speaker 1: hopeful to think that one day we could We could

1034
00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:41,840
Speaker 1: build such a vast projects and have that much energy

1035
00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:42,719
Speaker 1: at our fingertips.

1036
00:49:43,040 --> 00:49:46,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, that would be cool, and it would spare Delaware

1037
00:49:46,040 --> 00:49:46,879
Speaker 3: like a refrigerator.

1038
00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:51,239
Speaker 1: So everybody in Delaware, no need to pack up your

1039
00:49:51,239 --> 00:49:53,439
Speaker 1: bags anytime soon. We're not taken over.

1040
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:56,080
Speaker 3: That's right. Rest easy, Delaware.

1041
00:49:57,680 --> 00:50:01,120
Speaker 1: Sleep well tonight another day when we didn't find aliens.

1042
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:03,000
Speaker 3: All right. Thanks for joining us. I hope you guys

1043
00:50:03,320 --> 00:50:05,000
Speaker 3: enjoyed that. We'll see you next time.

1044
00:50:05,160 --> 00:50:15,720
Speaker 1: Thanks for tuning in. If you still have a question

1045
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:19,239
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

1046
00:50:19,280 --> 00:50:21,400
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

1047
00:50:21,440 --> 00:50:25,200
Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's

1048
00:50:25,239 --> 00:50:30,120
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot Com.

1049
00:50:30,239 --> 00:50:33,040
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1050
00:50:33,120 --> 00:50:37,080
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1051
00:50:37,120 --> 00:50:41,760
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