1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:17,560 Speaker 1: I'm Sarah Dowdy and I'm Candice Kanner. And Candice and 4 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:21,720 Speaker 1: I are both really big fan of the TV show Lost, 5 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:24,599 Speaker 1: Love Lost. Sarah got me hooked over the summer. I 6 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:27,320 Speaker 1: broke my foot and couldn't move, so Little Jupiter the 7 00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 1: jack Wrestle and I sat around and watched almost the 8 00:00:30,520 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: entire series of Lost. She still has season six to watch, 9 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:36,599 Speaker 1: So for this episode, we're gonna have to be careful. 10 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:39,879 Speaker 1: I guess about what we reveal at the very end 11 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:41,800 Speaker 1: of Lost. I don't want to ruin anything for you 12 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:45,159 Speaker 1: in the podcast, I came back as a favorite to 13 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: my fabulous friend, Sarah said, on't blow lass. All right, 14 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:51,680 Speaker 1: So this is a pretty unusual episode. We're gonna be 15 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:56,040 Speaker 1: talking about characters and Lost who share the names of 16 00:00:56,120 --> 00:01:01,240 Speaker 1: famous philosophers, famous physicists, and all the fag connections between 17 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:04,360 Speaker 1: what these people believed and did in their lives and 18 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 1: what the characters Unlost do to hold up those points 19 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,560 Speaker 1: of view. We're kind of blown away after looking into 20 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:13,679 Speaker 1: some of these lives in more detail. How carefully the 21 00:01:13,720 --> 00:01:17,080 Speaker 1: writers must have researched all of this and planned for 22 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:19,679 Speaker 1: all of it. It's pretty amazing, it is. And to 23 00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: keep his light and fun for all of you, We're 24 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:24,320 Speaker 1: not going to go into a lot of heavy details. 25 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:26,559 Speaker 1: We're going to give you the gist of some different 26 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:31,200 Speaker 1: philosophies and then start a conversation with you about the characters. 27 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:34,520 Speaker 1: So if we cover your favorite philosopher in five minutes, 28 00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:38,160 Speaker 1: don't get too offended. No, just think it's it's lost. 29 00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:40,679 Speaker 1: Things are supposed to be the culture, y'all be fun 30 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,440 Speaker 1: and crazy. So the first one on our list is 31 00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:46,480 Speaker 1: John Locke. Of course, he is one of the major 32 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 1: characters on the show. He's the quote man of faith 33 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:53,400 Speaker 1: and he always thinks that everything happens for a reason, 34 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 1: and he's kind of this pitiful character but also inspiring sometimes. 35 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:01,800 Speaker 1: He never he never really comes into his own I 36 00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: guess he's always searching, right. Um. So, the real John Locke, 37 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:12,120 Speaker 1: which he's probably the most famous or most easily identifiable 38 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:15,240 Speaker 1: philosopher name from the show. The real John Locke is 39 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:19,680 Speaker 1: this anti authoritarian British philosopher and he's best known for 40 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:24,720 Speaker 1: theories about personal identity and for believing in religious tolerance. 41 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: And he was a father of political liberalism and modern 42 00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:33,440 Speaker 1: philosophical empiricism. And if you if you know his name, 43 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:36,880 Speaker 1: it's probably in connection with the Declaration of Independence or 44 00:02:36,919 --> 00:02:40,360 Speaker 1: the U s Constitution, or just helping kick off the 45 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:44,440 Speaker 1: Age of Enlightenment. Young John Locke had a fairly tumultuous childhood. 46 00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:47,400 Speaker 1: He came of age during the English Civil Wars, so 47 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:50,960 Speaker 1: he's immediately a little skeptical of the king's divine right 48 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: to rule. He's well educated, he studies some medical chemistry, 49 00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 1: and he writes his first major political work in sixteen sixty, 50 00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:04,960 Speaker 1: which is ironically the same year that the monarchy is restored, 51 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:07,679 Speaker 1: and it's called Two Tracks on Government. And not long 52 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,520 Speaker 1: after that he grows very close to this lord and 53 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:16,840 Speaker 1: benefactor interestingly named Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper. You might recognize 54 00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:20,880 Speaker 1: the name Anthony Cooper. It is Locke's father, his wayward 55 00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: father on the show Crushy Weltha Balcony Foss Steal your organ, father, um. 56 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: But this John Locke becomes the Lord's physician and helps, 57 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 1: you know it, just helps run his household, picks up 58 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: a lot of his ideas. They have this weird organ 59 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:42,840 Speaker 1: connection which again on the show strange organ donation. Um 60 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:47,120 Speaker 1: Locke devises the silver tube, and it inserts it into 61 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: the Lord's liver. This tumor and his liver. It helps 62 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: drain it away when it's getting inflamed. Sounds awful. I 63 00:03:53,880 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: don't think I would want the silver tube inserted into 64 00:03:56,960 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 1: my liver, but if you need one. His biggest philosophical 65 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:05,680 Speaker 1: piece is an essay concerning Human Understanding. It doesn't publish 66 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:10,680 Speaker 1: until six eighty nine, but it takes about his whole 67 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:13,760 Speaker 1: life to work on distilling these ideas he comes up 68 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:16,919 Speaker 1: with in his youth. UM it publishes when he's fifty 69 00:04:16,960 --> 00:04:19,480 Speaker 1: seven years old, and most of his major works published 70 00:04:19,480 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: after that. That's another connection we saw because John Locke 71 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:28,040 Speaker 1: unlost is he's a He's probably in his late fifties 72 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,440 Speaker 1: or so, and clearly this is the most exciting interesting 73 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:33,800 Speaker 1: time in his life. He worked at a box factory 74 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: before um. But John Locke the philosopher was really interested 75 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 1: in the idea that human reason could grant access to 76 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:45,200 Speaker 1: moral truth, and in sixteen sixty four Essays on the 77 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: Law of Nature, he wrote, since man has been made 78 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:51,360 Speaker 1: such as he is equipped with reason and his other 79 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:55,560 Speaker 1: faculties and destined for this mode of life. They're necessarily 80 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:59,880 Speaker 1: result from his inborn constitution, some definite duties for him 81 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: which cannot be other than they are. That sounds a 82 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: little familiar, a lot familiar. Now he has a purpose, 83 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:10,080 Speaker 1: he has a duty. Um. So John Locke comes back 84 00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:12,159 Speaker 1: to England. He's been in and out of the country 85 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 1: with his benefactor who keeps falling in and out of favor, 86 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:19,320 Speaker 1: comes back to England after the Glorious Revolution, actually on 87 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:22,400 Speaker 1: the same ship, within the same party as the future 88 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: Mary the Second, and um just sort of works a 89 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: little more on setting up this new government, helps write 90 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:33,680 Speaker 1: the English Bill of Rights, and then retires to a 91 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 1: friend's house and lives with her and her family until 92 00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:39,599 Speaker 1: his death. And just to give you one last picture 93 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 1: of John Locke's major, huge, broad philosophies encompassed into a 94 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:50,200 Speaker 1: short kernel of information. He argued that humans would be 95 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:53,600 Speaker 1: able to eke out the natural laws that make us 96 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:56,839 Speaker 1: understand right and wrong by ourselves. We should be able 97 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 1: to do that by ourselves, and therefore we shouldn't be 98 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 1: too much controlled by government or police. Even though he 99 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:07,960 Speaker 1: conceded that a few rules here and there certainly help 100 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: people do the right thing. But he thought that, you know, 101 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: we had the rights to our own bodies into the 102 00:06:13,839 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: labor that comes from our bodies, and because we're capable 103 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: of this thought, um, we should have a fair amount 104 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:23,479 Speaker 1: of power over ourselves. I think that again kind of 105 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:26,880 Speaker 1: an interesting connection. The philosopher certainly seems a lot more 106 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: confident in his ideas than the island man, but still 107 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:35,920 Speaker 1: some some connections about just how they see the world. Well. 108 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: Number two on our list, yes we have a list, 109 00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:43,280 Speaker 1: just like the others had their list is Jean Jacques Rousseau, 110 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:46,520 Speaker 1: and he was born in seventeen twelve, and he's often 111 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: grouped him with the Enlightenment thinkers, but some of his 112 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:52,160 Speaker 1: thoughts were a little bit more romantic, and I'll elaborate 113 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: on that in just a second. So what he proposed 114 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: was that as we become more invested in science and art, 115 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,720 Speaker 1: we become more bankrupt. But despite that belief, he went 116 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:05,560 Speaker 1: on to Paris in seventeen forty two to become a musician, 117 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:08,000 Speaker 1: and one of the works that he composed was an 118 00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:12,120 Speaker 1: opera titled The Village Soothsayer, which leads me to point out, 119 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:13,840 Speaker 1: in case you need to be hit over the head, 120 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:19,320 Speaker 1: that his uh lost mirrored person is Danielle Rousso, who 121 00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:23,520 Speaker 1: was a village soothsayer in her own right. So uh 122 00:07:23,680 --> 00:07:26,720 Speaker 1: Russo the philosopher had five children with his partner, but 123 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 1: he turned all of them over to the Paris orphanage, 124 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:33,880 Speaker 1: which is ironic considering that Danielle Rousso spent her entire 125 00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:36,480 Speaker 1: adult life on the island seeking out the one child 126 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:41,120 Speaker 1: that she had had. Alex So Rousseau suspected that a 127 00:07:41,120 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: lot of philosophers were actually self serving and they were 128 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: alienating people from nature. And I think that this point 129 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:51,000 Speaker 1: of view is really nicely summed up from the Stanford 130 00:07:51,080 --> 00:07:57,360 Speaker 1: Encyclopedia Philosophy. Rousseau essentially sought to preserve human freedom in 131 00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 1: a world where human beings are increased only dependent on 132 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:04,720 Speaker 1: one another for the satisfaction of their needs. And if 133 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: you need a visual to part with that, think about 134 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: the camp on the beach where all the lost, these 135 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: lived people are incredibly dependent on someone to fish for 136 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:15,600 Speaker 1: them or help them make a shelter. And so no 137 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,440 Speaker 1: one can be entirely self serving. But Danielle Rousso, by contrast, 138 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,200 Speaker 1: lives on her own, but she's not self serving. She 139 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: is self sufficient. Do you see the difference there, okay. 140 00:08:25,880 --> 00:08:28,680 Speaker 1: So Russo goes on to state that everyone needs to 141 00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:33,360 Speaker 1: have an identity independent from society's opinions of them. But 142 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 1: you may wonder, and an autonomous community, can everyone actually 143 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:40,080 Speaker 1: be equal? Or is it better to live alone? And 144 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: if you flash back to some of the power struggles 145 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:44,760 Speaker 1: that we saw in the Lost Camp, you may think 146 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:47,280 Speaker 1: Danielle really did have the right idea, striking out on 147 00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:50,439 Speaker 1: her own. So I mentioned that some of his ideas 148 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:53,000 Speaker 1: were more romantic in nature. So if you think about 149 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:56,439 Speaker 1: romantic poets like Blake or words Worth or Coleridge, who 150 00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:01,000 Speaker 1: marvel at mountains and seasons, native populations are essentially communing 151 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: better with nature, and that's what Rousseau thought that we 152 00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: should be doing. So Danielle Roussel, we say, living alone 153 00:09:10,040 --> 00:09:12,960 Speaker 1: and in nature, being totally self sufficient. What are some 154 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:16,800 Speaker 1: other similarities that she might have with Rousseau the philosopher. 155 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:20,480 Speaker 1: I thought it was interesting how she liked music and 156 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:23,640 Speaker 1: how delighted she was when Zaid repaired her music box. 157 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:26,880 Speaker 1: She never could quite bring herself to assimilate with the 158 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:29,719 Speaker 1: Losties at their camp, but she was definitely there when 159 00:09:29,720 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: they needed her helpful. She was very helpful. Uh. And 160 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:36,520 Speaker 1: if that's not enough of a connection between Danielle Roussel 161 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: and Russo the philosopher, I'll point out one more Rousseau 162 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: who she could be connected with, and that's en Ri Rousseau, 163 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,720 Speaker 1: the French painter, and he primarily painted jungle scenes, even 164 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,440 Speaker 1: though he never really left France to step foot in 165 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:52,839 Speaker 1: a jungle. I have a poster of his on my desk, 166 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:55,920 Speaker 1: the Tiger in the Jungle in the rain, and he 167 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: once said that he had no teacher other than nature, 168 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: and among his jungle scenes, he had two more that 169 00:10:02,559 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 1: stood out to me as being interesting and perhaps pointing 170 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 1: to Danielle Rousseau. And those titles are the Boat in 171 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 1: the Storm and Woman Walking in an Exotic Forest. And 172 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: you can google image those to see for yourself. So 173 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 1: it sounds like she's a combination of these two, I 174 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: would say, so pretty interesting. So the next guy on 175 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: our list, he is a Scottish philosopher that gives you 176 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:27,640 Speaker 1: a little hint. His name is David Hume and his 177 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:32,240 Speaker 1: character double is Desmond Hume, who is the constant. The 178 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:35,280 Speaker 1: rules don't apply to Desmond. He's one of my favorite 179 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:40,080 Speaker 1: characters and he's kind of our first outsider character. He's um, 180 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:42,800 Speaker 1: I don't know. He stands out compared to the other ones, 181 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:47,080 Speaker 1: considering he had this horrible isolated time where he's living 182 00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:51,080 Speaker 1: in the hatch by himself. Um, he's a little more 183 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:55,080 Speaker 1: adjusted than the crash survivors, I think. But the real 184 00:10:55,559 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: David Hume was born seventeen eleven. He's a Scottish flow suffer. 185 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: He's a historian. He's an economist, and he attempted to 186 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,440 Speaker 1: understand the mind and came to the conclusion that we 187 00:11:07,559 --> 00:11:12,719 Speaker 1: can only know what we experience, which I think I 188 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:15,320 Speaker 1: can see a little connection there. He was inspired by 189 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:19,760 Speaker 1: Isaac Newton and surprise, surprise, John Locke. He was born 190 00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:22,920 Speaker 1: in Edinburgh and the son of a small time ward. 191 00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:27,640 Speaker 1: He got into law but never really practice it, didn't 192 00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: really like it. Um His most famous works were written 193 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:34,840 Speaker 1: in his twenties, even though he later came back to 194 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: it revised it over and over again. But some of 195 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: his more popular works came in seventeen fifty one, where 196 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:45,760 Speaker 1: he started to revise some of his earlier writings, and 197 00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:49,720 Speaker 1: in this work, The Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, 198 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:54,560 Speaker 1: he suggested that the internal consciousness or ideas came from impressions, 199 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:58,760 Speaker 1: which were things that we actually experienced, so so your 200 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:02,600 Speaker 1: ideas come from or impressions. And he also developed a 201 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:07,280 Speaker 1: theory of causality, where one impression or idea would bread 202 00:12:07,320 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 1: another one. So if I dropped a book, Candice knows 203 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:14,839 Speaker 1: that it'll fall um it's it's just what you can 204 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:17,920 Speaker 1: assume will happen, because everything else in your life has 205 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:20,880 Speaker 1: told you that's what will happen. And it was this 206 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 1: causality that he believed was in itself belief if the 207 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,120 Speaker 1: ground was wet, it must have reigned earlier. And he 208 00:12:29,240 --> 00:12:32,000 Speaker 1: defined this belief as a vivid idea, so it was 209 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:35,439 Speaker 1: more than just a regular idea. It was a lively 210 00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,400 Speaker 1: idea or a vivid idea. It was something extraordinary. It 211 00:12:39,520 --> 00:12:42,199 Speaker 1: had a lot of faith behind it. In his middle age, 212 00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:45,560 Speaker 1: he got a job keeping the Advocates Library at Edinburgh 213 00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:48,520 Speaker 1: and he became a historian there, which is something he 214 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:51,680 Speaker 1: had always wanted to do. He wrote a history of England. 215 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:55,160 Speaker 1: It went through fifty editions. It was really influential at 216 00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:58,839 Speaker 1: the time, like very readable and about all sorts of 217 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,400 Speaker 1: people besides king, and comparably impartial to a lot of 218 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:05,560 Speaker 1: histories written at the time, and these make him famous. 219 00:13:05,559 --> 00:13:09,400 Speaker 1: The Catholic Church actually bands his all of his writings, 220 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:12,640 Speaker 1: which is a true measure of fame for an author. 221 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:16,480 Speaker 1: And in seventeen sixty three he goes to Paris and 222 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:20,400 Speaker 1: meets up with none other than Jean Jacques Rousseau, and 223 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 1: Rousseau doesn't treat him very well, so um Hume takes 224 00:13:25,559 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 1: him back to England Rousseau is being persecuted, you know, 225 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: offers him a place to stay. But Rousseau is a 226 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:37,120 Speaker 1: little paranoid, you know, like another Ussons, and starts suspecting 227 00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:41,440 Speaker 1: there's a plot against him. Flees back to Paris in 228 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:45,680 Speaker 1: the middle of the night and starts slandering Hume, saying 229 00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:49,120 Speaker 1: you know he was after me. Um Hume is forced 230 00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: to publish all of their correspondence together to clear his 231 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:56,560 Speaker 1: name to prove no, I didn't I wasn't planning on 232 00:13:56,600 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 1: doing anything evil to Rousseau. But he returned to Edinburgh 233 00:14:01,880 --> 00:14:04,720 Speaker 1: in seventeen six to nine and died there in seventeen 234 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: seventy six. And even though he's not that well known today, 235 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: he proved to be quite influential to later philosophers, including 236 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:16,600 Speaker 1: Emmanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and Jeremy Bentham, who's going 237 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:19,160 Speaker 1: to pop up a little later on our list. It's 238 00:14:19,160 --> 00:14:22,400 Speaker 1: another name you might recognize. But before we get to 239 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: Jeremy Bentham, let's talk about the Russian anarchists on our list, 240 00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:30,880 Speaker 1: and that is Mikhail Vakunen, who shares the exact same 241 00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: name with his last counterpart. Although I don't have a 242 00:14:34,680 --> 00:14:36,800 Speaker 1: whole whole lot to say about him, and not too 243 00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:39,480 Speaker 1: many similarities to draw from, but I figured having the 244 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:42,120 Speaker 1: exact same name, you all would be upset if I 245 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:44,920 Speaker 1: did not delve into it, so here goes. He was 246 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:47,880 Speaker 1: born in May eighteen fourteen, and one of his first 247 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:52,960 Speaker 1: accomplishments was translating Hagel into Russian. And a very famous 248 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:55,760 Speaker 1: line from his first essay that gives us a taste 249 00:14:56,160 --> 00:15:00,600 Speaker 1: of Bakunen's ideas is this the desire for destruct is 250 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: at the same time a creative desire to And he 251 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:08,080 Speaker 1: ended up being sentenced to death in eighteen forty nine 252 00:15:08,080 --> 00:15:11,600 Speaker 1: for revolutionary activity, but that sentence was commuted to life 253 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,280 Speaker 1: in prison. But he was very productive. This is where 254 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: he did some of his best writing. And here was 255 00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: the idea that Bakkunen had about government. The problem with 256 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: government was that it existed. He had a big problem 257 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:28,320 Speaker 1: with authority, and what he was promoting instead was something 258 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:32,480 Speaker 1: called instinctive socialism. What this means is that the people 259 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:36,200 Speaker 1: would revolt against the established society and after the revolution, 260 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: they will instinctively find a type of labor that appeals 261 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:43,960 Speaker 1: to their natural skills and then organize themselves according to 262 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:48,560 Speaker 1: their labor. However, uh, there needs to be some sort 263 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: of secret organization that can just oversee society, keep an 264 00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:56,000 Speaker 1: eye on things. But this can't be a typical state 265 00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:58,920 Speaker 1: run government. Has to be sort of a big brother, 266 00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: some sort of initial too, if you will, because a 267 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,840 Speaker 1: state run government would end up being too powerful and 268 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:07,560 Speaker 1: self serving. So what do we have to say about 269 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:11,880 Speaker 1: our our lost Mikhail. Basically, as you remember, he came 270 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,920 Speaker 1: to the island after responding to the newspaper ad would 271 00:16:14,920 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 1: you like to save the world? And perhaps he did, 272 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 1: or perhaps he just wanted to get away from one 273 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:23,040 Speaker 1: point he did. Yeah, he had hopes that he could reform, 274 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:26,880 Speaker 1: he could revolutionize, and yet he liked to live alone 275 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,480 Speaker 1: and work alone. So they installed him at the flame. 276 00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:32,000 Speaker 1: Took a bunch of c four in his basement. That's right, 277 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:35,960 Speaker 1: that's right, And not surprisingly, he defied death several times, 278 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:39,720 Speaker 1: perhaps the most defiant act being when he stepped inside 279 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:41,920 Speaker 1: the pylons and foamed at the mouth and blood from 280 00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: the ears. Good John the guy. All that was really dramatic, 281 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: but he was really good at taking orders to preserve 282 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: the island. He responded to that secret level of government. 283 00:16:51,480 --> 00:16:54,360 Speaker 1: He knew he had to listen while he was doing 284 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:58,240 Speaker 1: his job, and he finally died of his own accord 285 00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:01,200 Speaker 1: when he detonated the hand gar name in the looking glass. 286 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:06,480 Speaker 1: That's pretty interesting. So our next entry is actually just 287 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 1: kind of another famous dead man, Jeremy Bentham, and he's 288 00:17:11,359 --> 00:17:13,560 Speaker 1: he's not a real person at all. This is John 289 00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:18,359 Speaker 1: Locke's alias when he returns to the real world in 290 00:17:18,440 --> 00:17:21,760 Speaker 1: this attempt to get the Oceanic Six to return, and 291 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,000 Speaker 1: he starts off really confident, really brave. You know, he's 292 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:27,520 Speaker 1: gonna he's gonna get everybody to come back. He's going 293 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:30,119 Speaker 1: to rescue all the people stuck on the island. He 294 00:17:30,280 --> 00:17:32,840 Speaker 1: ends up with a new surround his neck, having this 295 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:37,400 Speaker 1: heart to heart with Benjamin Linus, and um, things are 296 00:17:37,560 --> 00:17:41,719 Speaker 1: are very good. That's a dark, dark scene and lost 297 00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 1: one of the darkest, I'd say, But the real guy 298 00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:48,720 Speaker 1: Jeremy Bentham. He's a moral philosopher, and he's best known 299 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:52,400 Speaker 1: for his ideas on utilitarianism, which was the belief that 300 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:57,240 Speaker 1: we should evaluate actions by how they create happiness. Um, 301 00:17:57,320 --> 00:18:00,800 Speaker 1: even if that was like the happiness of the greater good, 302 00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:03,840 Speaker 1: and you try to create happiness for as many people 303 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:07,000 Speaker 1: as possible, which I think can apply to our our 304 00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:10,560 Speaker 1: lost alias as well. Bentham was also a critic of 305 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:15,240 Speaker 1: law and a legal reformer as well. Um. He's influenced, 306 00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:19,399 Speaker 1: not too surprisingly by John Locke and David Hume. So 307 00:18:20,119 --> 00:18:22,919 Speaker 1: I feel like the writers must have had all of 308 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: these guys in the same philosophy class. They took her something. 309 00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:29,880 Speaker 1: But Jeremy Bentham was born in London. He came from 310 00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:32,520 Speaker 1: this family of attorneys, and he was really precocious. He 311 00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:36,199 Speaker 1: starts learning Latin at age four. He doesn't I know 312 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:40,640 Speaker 1: I did, um. But his first book is sometimes called 313 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,640 Speaker 1: the Beginning of philosophic Radicalism, and it catches the eye 314 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,679 Speaker 1: of a Lord Shelburne, who reads the essay and calls 315 00:18:48,680 --> 00:18:51,400 Speaker 1: on Bentham and makes him his friend and his patron, 316 00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:56,680 Speaker 1: and by five Bentham starts traveling, ultimately heading to Russia. 317 00:18:57,240 --> 00:19:01,160 Speaker 1: I don't know, maybe he could meet some anarchists there. 318 00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:04,600 Speaker 1: He had stressed to visit his brother and writes his 319 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: first essay and economics and starts to get into prison 320 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:12,080 Speaker 1: reform too. He's a man of many talents. Comes back 321 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:16,840 Speaker 1: to England hoping to get into politics. That doesn't work out. Instead, 322 00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:21,040 Speaker 1: he starts writing about legislation, writing about law, and publishes 323 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:25,320 Speaker 1: an Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, in 324 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 1: which he defines utility as quote that property in any 325 00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:33,280 Speaker 1: object whereby it tends to produce pleasure, good, or happiness, 326 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:36,480 Speaker 1: or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or 327 00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:40,679 Speaker 1: unhappiness to the party whose interest is concerned. And he 328 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:44,840 Speaker 1: assumed that men work to avoid pain to pursue pleasure 329 00:19:44,840 --> 00:19:48,879 Speaker 1: and happiness. And therefore legislation should cater to the quote 330 00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:53,560 Speaker 1: greatest happiness of the greatest number. Ak A, you six 331 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:55,560 Speaker 1: people should go back to the island and save all 332 00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:59,000 Speaker 1: those other people. Um. He became pretty famous at home 333 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,320 Speaker 1: and abroad. He was made a French citizen. Um. And 334 00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:05,560 Speaker 1: then this is honestly my favorite fact about this guy. 335 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:10,520 Speaker 1: It's just really weird. Okay. After he dies, he asks 336 00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 1: that his body be dissected in front of his friends, 337 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:19,320 Speaker 1: his head be momified, his skeleton mounted and then talked 338 00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:22,520 Speaker 1: with this new wax head, and then the whole thing 339 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: would be dressed in his old clothes and mounted and 340 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,280 Speaker 1: preserved in a glass case. And you can still see 341 00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: it at the University College in London. And I mean, clearly, 342 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:36,880 Speaker 1: I think this is why they picked a Bentham here. 343 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:41,959 Speaker 1: I definitely agree. The fancy body weird stuff, the fancy 344 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:45,640 Speaker 1: body weird. I like where you're going with that, al right. 345 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 1: Next on our list is C. S. Lewis, or Clive 346 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:55,160 Speaker 1: Staples Lewis, who is our lost mirror of Charlotte Staples. 347 00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:57,480 Speaker 1: Lewis a redhead like myself, so of course she's my 348 00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,000 Speaker 1: favorite character. So a little bit on C. S. Lewis. First, 349 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:05,080 Speaker 1: he's known primarily as a Christian apologist. He was a 350 00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:07,480 Speaker 1: Christian as a child, and then when he went to 351 00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: Oxford University he became an atheist, and then leader in 352 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:13,239 Speaker 1: his life would convert to Christianity. And this is all 353 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,160 Speaker 1: chronicled in the Pilgrim's Regress. If you want to read 354 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: his words for yourself, so when C. S. Lewis went 355 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: to Oxford, it was during a time of heated debate 356 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: between realists and idealists, and realism explained that the universe 357 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 1: is composed of unalterable, fixed truths that don't depend on 358 00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:35,840 Speaker 1: you believing in them or a god or absolute being 359 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,720 Speaker 1: to control them. And the idea here is that life 360 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,280 Speaker 1: can be meaningful without a god. Louis ultimately was a 361 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: joy seeker. This is how he describes himself. He thought 362 00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:47,960 Speaker 1: that realism would bring him the joy that he sought, 363 00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:51,680 Speaker 1: and when he searched for it, he trusted only empirical evidence, 364 00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:53,760 Speaker 1: things that he could see, things that he could touch, 365 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:59,040 Speaker 1: facts and figures. However, when his tutor W. T. Kirkpatrick died, 366 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:03,440 Speaker 1: he began to doubt that realism could actually bring him joy. 367 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:06,040 Speaker 1: And so this is when he starts turning to Theism 368 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:09,480 Speaker 1: and then eventually Christianity. And it's very hard to sum 369 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:14,080 Speaker 1: up a lifelong spiritual pilgrimage, but perhaps this phrase from 370 00:22:14,119 --> 00:22:17,480 Speaker 1: him will help. It is more important that heaven should 371 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:21,239 Speaker 1: exist than that any of us should reach it. So 372 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,359 Speaker 1: something joyful to strive for. And when you think about 373 00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:29,320 Speaker 1: Charlotte and lost Uh, some obvious similarities being that she 374 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:33,440 Speaker 1: was also Oxford educated, but she was striving for something 375 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:36,000 Speaker 1: her whole life, and that was the Island because after 376 00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:38,159 Speaker 1: she left it as a child, her mother denied that 377 00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:41,080 Speaker 1: it existed, and she was determined throughout her whole life 378 00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: to get back there, and this is why she became 379 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,240 Speaker 1: an anthropologist. And even though she was very serious, we 380 00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:49,360 Speaker 1: did see moments of joy from her. So think back 381 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:51,960 Speaker 1: to the moment in Tunisia when she discovers that polar 382 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:56,560 Speaker 1: bear skeleton and big Big grin ecstatic. So if we're 383 00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,879 Speaker 1: to look at Charlotte's life like C. S. Lewis is lying, 384 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,800 Speaker 1: we see that completion of the pilgrimage from the land 385 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:06,720 Speaker 1: of Joy to a world with plenty of doubt and 386 00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:09,920 Speaker 1: empirical facts, back to a place where she found much joy. 387 00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: But unfortunately for Charlotte to finally proclaimed that this place 388 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: was death, I don't know that it was too joyful. 389 00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: I kind of wonder if if they brought her, since 390 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,399 Speaker 1: she is a character from late in the series. I 391 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:23,760 Speaker 1: wonder if they brought her in after so many people 392 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:27,960 Speaker 1: Compare Loss to Narnia the Chronicles of Narnia, which is C. S. 393 00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:31,360 Speaker 1: Lewis's most famous work. Right, that's a very valid point. 394 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:33,760 Speaker 1: And I don't remember Narnia too well, but I do 395 00:23:33,960 --> 00:23:36,000 Speaker 1: think that one of the characters tried to affirm that 396 00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:38,440 Speaker 1: Narnia existed and was told by a parent that now, 397 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,719 Speaker 1: in fact, it was false. So those of you out 398 00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:44,320 Speaker 1: there who've read it can assure me of that. So 399 00:23:44,359 --> 00:23:47,479 Speaker 1: now we're going to move away from the philosophers a 400 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:50,680 Speaker 1: little bit and head into the realm of physics, although 401 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:52,840 Speaker 1: the character is still going to match up somebody who 402 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,480 Speaker 1: arrived with Charlotte, another fun character, Charlotte's love, Charlotte's true love, 403 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,240 Speaker 1: and that of course this Daniel Faraday, also known as Twitchy, 404 00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:06,639 Speaker 1: and he's the skinny tie wearing physicist, and he's a 405 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 1: very helpful introduction to the series because he can explain 406 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:13,360 Speaker 1: what on Earth is going on with all this time 407 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:18,000 Speaker 1: shifting and traveling, and he can explain when everything starts 408 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:21,880 Speaker 1: flashing and they hear the terrible noise and grab their 409 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:25,120 Speaker 1: ears that were unstuck in time and send John Lock 410 00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:29,440 Speaker 1: back as Jeremy Bentham to try to remedy. So Daniel 411 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:33,639 Speaker 1: Faraday is named after Michael Faraday, who was born in 412 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:38,560 Speaker 1: seventeen at and surprise, surprise. He's a physicist. He's best 413 00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:43,520 Speaker 1: known for his experiments and discoveries in electro magnetism, and 414 00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:46,600 Speaker 1: he was the first guy to produce electric current from 415 00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:52,320 Speaker 1: a magnetic field and invented the first electric motor and dynamo. Um. 416 00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:55,280 Speaker 1: He's a pretty well known chemist as well. He wrote 417 00:24:55,400 --> 00:25:00,159 Speaker 1: a book on chemistry. He discovered several organic compounds. But 418 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:04,520 Speaker 1: he has this great Cinderella scientist story, like Rag stir 419 00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:06,760 Speaker 1: Riches all the way. He was born the son of 420 00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:11,080 Speaker 1: a blacksmith and a very intelligent wife, and his father 421 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:13,000 Speaker 1: was six so he couldn't work very much and the 422 00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:17,479 Speaker 1: kids were often hungry. Um. But he starts working as 423 00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:20,359 Speaker 1: a paper boy and he takes the time to read 424 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,000 Speaker 1: the papers. He's also working at a book binder's shop, 425 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:26,880 Speaker 1: you know, just sort of running errands, but using every 426 00:25:26,920 --> 00:25:29,600 Speaker 1: spare moment he can to to read some of the 427 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:33,480 Speaker 1: stuff he's delivering. And eventually he got an apprenticeship with 428 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: a bookbinder, and he got really inspired by an article 429 00:25:37,560 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: on electricity that he read in the third edition of 430 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:44,680 Speaker 1: Encyclopedia Britannica. After that he started conducting his own experiments, 431 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 1: building his own We'll take pile and stuff, and his 432 00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:52,280 Speaker 1: life really changes when he's given a ticket to see 433 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: Sir Humphrey Davies speak of the Royal Institution in London, 434 00:25:56,280 --> 00:26:00,639 Speaker 1: and young Faraday is absolutely mesmerized by a speech. He 435 00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:04,040 Speaker 1: takes all these notes, and he must be a super 436 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:07,880 Speaker 1: fan because he binds his notes and sends them off 437 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,120 Speaker 1: to Davy and asks for a job. And there isn't 438 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:15,159 Speaker 1: one available immediately, but as soon as one comes up, 439 00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,879 Speaker 1: as soon as this other assistant inspired for brawling, Davy 440 00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:22,159 Speaker 1: thinks of this precocious boy and hires him on as 441 00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:25,160 Speaker 1: a lab assistant. And this is eight twelve. They worked 442 00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:30,440 Speaker 1: together for almost ten years and Faraday just learns everything 443 00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:32,800 Speaker 1: he can. You know, he's had a pretty light education 444 00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:36,359 Speaker 1: up until this point. But by the time he strikes 445 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,520 Speaker 1: out on his own in eighteen twenty, he's a master 446 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:43,280 Speaker 1: of chemistry and finds his fame as a chemist. Initially, 447 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,920 Speaker 1: he's called on by courts as this expert witness, which 448 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:50,520 Speaker 1: I kind of like the sound of. That said that 449 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:57,120 Speaker 1: a case would need and the physicist witness, Yeah, yeah, exactly. Um. 450 00:26:57,160 --> 00:27:00,240 Speaker 1: He starts producing compounds of carbon and chlorine, and he 451 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:04,760 Speaker 1: discovers benzene and then he starts getting into his first 452 00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:11,240 Speaker 1: love again, electrical experiments experimentation, and he creates the first 453 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:16,040 Speaker 1: electric motor in one and publishes a related work on that. 454 00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:19,600 Speaker 1: But the main idea about electricity that kept him going 455 00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:22,800 Speaker 1: was he just didn't think that electricity was a fluid, 456 00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: which a lot of people thought at the time. I 457 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:27,320 Speaker 1: can kind of see that if you look at lightning, 458 00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:30,080 Speaker 1: maybe you would think it was just something flowing down 459 00:27:30,119 --> 00:27:32,640 Speaker 1: from the sky. He didn't think it was a fluid though. 460 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:36,720 Speaker 1: He thought that instead it was this vibration or a force. 461 00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:41,800 Speaker 1: And he also thought that all electricities were probably the same, 462 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:44,080 Speaker 1: so that the lightning that came down from the sky, 463 00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:49,000 Speaker 1: the static on my purple fleece, they're ultimately the same thing. 464 00:27:49,560 --> 00:27:52,680 Speaker 1: And he set about trying to to prove that some way, 465 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:56,919 Speaker 1: and he discovered electromagnetic induction in eighteen thirty one, which 466 00:27:57,920 --> 00:28:01,200 Speaker 1: it meant that electricity could finally leave the realm of 467 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:08,200 Speaker 1: fun interesting but not very applicable experiments and becomes something 468 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:12,000 Speaker 1: possibly very useful for man because it's the principle behind 469 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:16,800 Speaker 1: the electric transformer and the electric general both understandably pretty 470 00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:20,600 Speaker 1: useful things. He helped coin words like electrode and cathode 471 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:24,880 Speaker 1: and ion, And in eighteen thirty two he started those 472 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:28,400 Speaker 1: experiments to prove that all electricities were the same, and 473 00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:33,640 Speaker 1: his findings ultimately drew him into a theory of electric chemistry. Um. 474 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,440 Speaker 1: He owes work. You can imagine it takes a toll 475 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:38,760 Speaker 1: on him, kind of like very day. You know, he's 476 00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:42,320 Speaker 1: a little worn down. Um. And in eighteen thirty nine 477 00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:45,560 Speaker 1: he has a nervous breakdown. It takes him years to 478 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,160 Speaker 1: recover from it, and then by eighteen fifty five his 479 00:28:49,280 --> 00:28:53,120 Speaker 1: mind is beginning to fail. Victoria offers him a house 480 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:57,640 Speaker 1: and knighthood just because he's been such a tremendous asset 481 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 1: to the country for so long. He will only accept 482 00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: the house. He turns down the knighthood. He just doesn't 483 00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:07,160 Speaker 1: ever want to have to devote himself to things outside 484 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:10,240 Speaker 1: of science. Any word on whether Victoria gave him a 485 00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:14,920 Speaker 1: leather bound journal. Oh, possibly with a with an inscription, 486 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:18,240 Speaker 1: and he could he could maybe write something about Desmond 487 00:29:18,320 --> 00:29:22,920 Speaker 1: Hume in it. Well, the very last famous person on 488 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:27,400 Speaker 1: our historical name dropping lost list is someone really wacky 489 00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:30,960 Speaker 1: and Um. As Sarah mentioned at the beginning of the podcast, 490 00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 1: I have not yet made it through season six, and 491 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:36,840 Speaker 1: as I understand, this person comes alive and really becomes 492 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:38,800 Speaker 1: unfolded like all the layers of an onion in this 493 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:40,800 Speaker 1: final season. So she's going to help me out a 494 00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,840 Speaker 1: little bit when we move from the historical reference to 495 00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:49,840 Speaker 1: character importance, the lost reference. Uh Richard Alpert, oh, the 496 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,880 Speaker 1: man with eyeliner A Sawyer called him. He is a 497 00:29:52,960 --> 00:29:57,520 Speaker 1: strange character and he is actually as someone who really 498 00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:00,360 Speaker 1: lived in history, played a very significant role in Still 499 00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,960 Speaker 1: Alive today. But you will not find Richard Albert if 500 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,880 Speaker 1: you go searching for him online. You will find Rom Doss, 501 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:12,280 Speaker 1: the guru Rom Doss, And I'll tell you why momentarily. So, 502 00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:16,120 Speaker 1: Richard Albert started out his career with a PhD from 503 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:20,239 Speaker 1: Stanford and went to work at Harvard University. And he 504 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: has one of the most famous co workers and all 505 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:27,000 Speaker 1: of US history, and that's Timothy Learry, who Richard Nixon 506 00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:31,440 Speaker 1: once called the most dangerous man in America. And Timothy 507 00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:34,280 Speaker 1: Leary and Richard Albert were a dangerous duo because they 508 00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:39,920 Speaker 1: were testing psychedelic substances on willing students and prisoners. They 509 00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:44,520 Speaker 1: would conduct sessions where people would trip and the record observations. 510 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:48,440 Speaker 1: This was the beginning of the counterculture movement, and Albert 511 00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:52,480 Speaker 1: really thought that psychedelic drugs would revolutionize that was his word, 512 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:57,120 Speaker 1: psychology and religion. Now he was forced to leave Harvard 513 00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,720 Speaker 1: with Leary, but they continued their experiment in a Boston 514 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,000 Speaker 1: neighborhood where Albert bought a home on Kenwood Avenue in 515 00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:06,600 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty two, and the neighbors tried to get it 516 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:09,680 Speaker 1: shut down, but Albert's father, George, was a lawyer and 517 00:31:09,720 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 1: appealed their complaint. Now this house existed long before it. 518 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,200 Speaker 1: Leary had his his mansion, his country home where he 519 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,040 Speaker 1: continued on with his experiments, so it was just focus 520 00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:21,880 Speaker 1: on the little neighborhood home. Leary is the one who 521 00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:26,160 Speaker 1: came up with the line turn on, tune in, dropout, 522 00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: and this was the idea behind the counterculture movement, that 523 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:33,400 Speaker 1: you could essentially change your life with these drugs. You 524 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:36,440 Speaker 1: didn't have to be the buttoned up nineteen fifties businessman 525 00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:39,960 Speaker 1: that your father was. And Don Latin, who wrote a 526 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:43,320 Speaker 1: book about the two men called the Harvard Psychedelic Club, 527 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:48,240 Speaker 1: describes Leary as the charmer of the experiments and Albert 528 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,920 Speaker 1: as the intense professorial type intense. Would you say that 529 00:31:53,040 --> 00:31:57,960 Speaker 1: lost Richard is intense? I think it's him now, Richard 530 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,520 Speaker 1: Albert became friends with an under graduate named Ronnie Winston 531 00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:05,760 Speaker 1: who had approached him with his friend Andy while about 532 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:09,000 Speaker 1: getting involved in these experiments. But because they were only eighteen, 533 00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:11,400 Speaker 1: they said, now that was not going to be okay 534 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:15,880 Speaker 1: with Harvard. Ronnie is the same Winston whose family is 535 00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:19,239 Speaker 1: the Harry Winston diamond family, so he had plenty of 536 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: money and had a lot in common with Albert that 537 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:25,719 Speaker 1: came from wealthy backgrounds, with a lot of class and prestige, 538 00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:30,920 Speaker 1: and they formed a very intimate but not sexual relationship. Meanwhile, 539 00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:34,360 Speaker 1: Ronnie's friend Andy, who had also appealed to Albert but 540 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:36,880 Speaker 1: had been turned down and didn't get into this inner 541 00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:41,160 Speaker 1: circle of friendship. Uh. He became the now famous Dr 542 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:44,760 Speaker 1: Andrew Wile, who is the face of integrative medicine, and 543 00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,160 Speaker 1: you've probably seen his vitamins or his picture by the 544 00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:50,840 Speaker 1: Origins counter in your favorite department store. He was not 545 00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 1: pleased at being shut out of the circle, and he 546 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:58,040 Speaker 1: eventually exposed the professor's practices and the Harvard Crimson newspaper, 547 00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:00,200 Speaker 1: which was one of the factors that led to are 548 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:03,600 Speaker 1: being dismissed from the faculty. So all of that background 549 00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:05,640 Speaker 1: at school leads us to the fact that in nineteen 550 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:10,920 Speaker 1: sixty seven, after the house on Kenwood Avenue he left. 551 00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:14,440 Speaker 1: He went to India to study yoga and meditation, and 552 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:18,320 Speaker 1: while he was there, Albert became Guru Ramdass, which means 553 00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:22,400 Speaker 1: servant of God. And when he returned to the United States, 554 00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:25,200 Speaker 1: he began a foundation to help prison inmates find their 555 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,040 Speaker 1: spiritual moorings, and he became associated with a Dying Project 556 00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:32,719 Speaker 1: which aids terminally ill people and their caretakers as they 557 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:37,880 Speaker 1: consciously accept that they're dying. And a stroke in seven, 558 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:40,920 Speaker 1: which was a year after Timothy Leary died, left him 559 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:44,000 Speaker 1: partially paralyzed. But if you go to Ramdass's website you 560 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,280 Speaker 1: can see that he still has online materials and videos 561 00:33:47,320 --> 00:33:50,680 Speaker 1: and waits for you to learn more about him. As 562 00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:54,360 Speaker 1: for our friend Richard Albert Unlost, I think we can 563 00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:59,200 Speaker 1: definitely give him the title of spiritual intermediary. Definitely. I mean, 564 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:02,760 Speaker 1: he's a he's helpful guy. He he acts as the 565 00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:07,160 Speaker 1: intermediary between Jacob, which is I mean, without giving away 566 00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:10,440 Speaker 1: too much to Candice who has not seen season six again. 567 00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:13,600 Speaker 1: You know, he he accepts that role. He wants it 568 00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:17,799 Speaker 1: because he feels that Jacob's hands off approach is not 569 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:21,520 Speaker 1: really working. But um, ultimately he's kind of frustrated by 570 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,080 Speaker 1: how little he knows, which I think is interesting that 571 00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:30,040 Speaker 1: this Richard Albert leaves. He goes to India to study 572 00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:33,520 Speaker 1: yoga and meditation, looking for something else, you know, something 573 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:36,799 Speaker 1: to help explain what he's been doing and what his 574 00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:39,880 Speaker 1: life is about. So you could say that Lost Richard 575 00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:44,560 Speaker 1: also leads a countercultural movement of sorts by changing the 576 00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,080 Speaker 1: way that the island has been lead and conducted and 577 00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:53,160 Speaker 1: ushering a new Richard era in very interesting. Uh. Something 578 00:34:53,239 --> 00:34:56,840 Speaker 1: else about Lost Richard is that even though he perhaps 579 00:34:56,880 --> 00:35:00,200 Speaker 1: stands for a greater good that is sometimes terrified ing 580 00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:04,239 Speaker 1: and inexplicable, he's pretty non violent. He seems to be 581 00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:08,640 Speaker 1: um inclusive of others. When young Ben approaches him and 582 00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:10,520 Speaker 1: says that he wants to join the others, he he 583 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:12,520 Speaker 1: agrees to take him in, but he's going to have 584 00:35:12,560 --> 00:35:15,799 Speaker 1: to be patient, He's going to have to become in light. 585 00:35:15,880 --> 00:35:19,120 Speaker 1: He's a patient man. He's for man for most of 586 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:23,520 Speaker 1: the show, and then he's not anymore. And that is 587 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:26,040 Speaker 1: as much as I know about Richard, and I'm sure 588 00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:28,200 Speaker 1: that some of you listening are itching to list off 589 00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:31,919 Speaker 1: more comparison, So I would advise you to send your 590 00:35:31,960 --> 00:35:34,839 Speaker 1: thoughts and ideas to Sarah via email, and as soon 591 00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:36,839 Speaker 1: as I catch up with season six, I will have 592 00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:39,759 Speaker 1: to join that conversation. And again, we know that there 593 00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:43,680 Speaker 1: are plenty more famous people in history who share names 594 00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:46,440 Speaker 1: with people un lost, So perhaps you can send us 595 00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:50,600 Speaker 1: your favorite characters and the historical counterparts and draw some 596 00:35:50,719 --> 00:35:55,160 Speaker 1: conclusions and similarities or even striking dissimilarities of your own. Yeah, 597 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,839 Speaker 1: you can email us at History podcast at how stuff 598 00:35:57,880 --> 00:36:00,440 Speaker 1: works dot com. Also, if you want to read a 599 00:36:00,440 --> 00:36:02,840 Speaker 1: little more about loss, you know, if you're sort of 600 00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:05,560 Speaker 1: starting to miss it, it's about the time of year 601 00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:08,680 Speaker 1: when you start getting geared up for the next season. 602 00:36:08,719 --> 00:36:10,399 Speaker 1: I think I'm starting to miss it a little bit. 603 00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:13,520 Speaker 1: But if you want to read some on it, you 604 00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:16,759 Speaker 1: can go to the website and search for the Dharma Initiative. 605 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:19,880 Speaker 1: Tracy Wilson wrote an article a few years ago, pretty 606 00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:22,880 Speaker 1: interesting stuff. You can find it on our web page. 607 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:29,640 Speaker 1: It's www dot how stuff works dot com. For more 608 00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:31,960 Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics because it how 609 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,799 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com The how stuff Works dot com. 610 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:38,359 Speaker 1: My phone app is coming soon. Get access to our 611 00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:41,960 Speaker 1: content in a new way. Articles, videos, and more all 612 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,920 Speaker 1: on the go. Check out the latest podcasts and blog 613 00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:47,600 Speaker 1: post and see what we're saying on Facebook and Twitter. 614 00:36:48,000 --> 00:37:00,759 Speaker 1: Coming soon to iTunes. I want about a