1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, A production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio, Hello and Happy Friday. I'm Holly Frye and 3 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:18,639 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson. He paused. Then I was like, 4 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: is it my time? I don't know how to do 5 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:25,480 Speaker 1: my talkies. Some days we talked about Fitzhugh Ludlow. This week. 6 00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:29,040 Speaker 1: I have so much compassion for him, and at the 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:32,080 Speaker 1: same time, I also have a funny thing that's kind 8 00:00:32,080 --> 00:00:36,040 Speaker 1: of my initial thoughts on him were less kind than 9 00:00:36,080 --> 00:00:40,440 Speaker 1: they became during the research. Okay, because part of it 10 00:00:40,520 --> 00:00:45,360 Speaker 1: is that his writing of his first book about his 11 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:49,680 Speaker 1: use of hashish kind of struck me the way like 12 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,480 Speaker 1: a trust fund baby will do something for the first 13 00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 1: time and think they invented it and like they're the 14 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: only person that's ever experiences. But then reading it, when 15 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: I actually started reading more of it, and I was like, Oh, 16 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:06,840 Speaker 1: he's really being very frank about the ups and downs 17 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:12,600 Speaker 1: of using mind altering substances and being very honest and 18 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:16,040 Speaker 1: not as a brilliant as I had initially anticipated. I 19 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:18,480 Speaker 1: really came to respect a lot of his work. And 20 00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: then the fact that while he was dealing with his 21 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,959 Speaker 1: own problems and his own difficulties of trying to get 22 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: over his opium addiction, that he was trying to advocate 23 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:31,600 Speaker 1: and help as many other people, even though he probably 24 00:01:31,640 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: knew he was not long for this earth. I just 25 00:01:34,760 --> 00:01:38,120 Speaker 1: kind of now have a soft spot for him. Yeah, 26 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: there's a weird thing I did not include. It gets 27 00:01:41,760 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: referenced in some of his obituaries, and it's because several 28 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 1: of them mentioned that his last public appearance was as 29 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: a witness in a weird trial. And I was trying 30 00:01:57,880 --> 00:02:02,440 Speaker 1: to figure this whole thing out out because it seems 31 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: like there was a mister McFarland who was in some 32 00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:12,720 Speaker 1: trouble for various fraudulent activities, and then at some point 33 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: fitz Hugh Ludlow had basically ghost written a thing for 34 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,280 Speaker 1: him and allowed him to say he had written it, 35 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 1: and he sold that piece, okay, And so that was 36 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:27,880 Speaker 1: the only connection of the two of them. But once 37 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: fitz Hugh Ludlow set in court, No, I actually wrote 38 00:02:32,400 --> 00:02:36,560 Speaker 1: that it shifted how some of the other evidence was 39 00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:39,160 Speaker 1: perceived because that had been used of a thing of 40 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:41,560 Speaker 1: like this man who can write like this and do this, 41 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,320 Speaker 1: and it's like, no, he actually can't relate. That fits 42 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 1: Hugh Ludlow with which was just weird. We mentioned briefly 43 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:56,680 Speaker 1: in the episode that his father Henry, after losing his 44 00:02:56,720 --> 00:03:00,520 Speaker 1: first daughter, Maria, he loved his kids, but he in 45 00:03:00,639 --> 00:03:04,880 Speaker 1: his private writings, noted that he could never love a 46 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:07,600 Speaker 1: child the way that he had loved Maria, Like nothing 47 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:10,440 Speaker 1: could ever fill that vacancy in his heart that he 48 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: felt that he had after Maria died. Until and this 49 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:22,960 Speaker 1: makes this whole marriage thing super weird. When fitz Hugh 50 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 1: met Rosalie, Henry's writing was like, Rosalie is the thing 51 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:30,639 Speaker 1: that will fix my sorrow over Mary. I love her 52 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:34,200 Speaker 1: so much. She's the daughter that I lost, and it's 53 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:39,240 Speaker 1: really really odd. Yikes. So then for that person who 54 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: your father adores more than you to be the person 55 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:47,920 Speaker 1: that also cheats on you and leaves with your friend, Listen, 56 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:49,840 Speaker 1: there was a lot going on in this young man's 57 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:54,120 Speaker 1: life that was not as him. Yeah, super messy, not great. 58 00:03:54,240 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: I also saw a thing and I couldn't ever figure 59 00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: out where this came from or connect the dots to 60 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:07,720 Speaker 1: what they were talking about. There was an exhibit done 61 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: at Union College about Fitzhugh Ludlow, because that's his alma mater. 62 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:18,479 Speaker 1: And in one of like the plaques about him, it 63 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:24,080 Speaker 1: suggested that his sister Helen was gay, and that he 64 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:27,480 Speaker 1: knew even if other people did not, and that he 65 00:04:27,839 --> 00:04:30,640 Speaker 1: had written a short story that was like a thinly 66 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:34,680 Speaker 1: veiled way of talking about her, and that he loved 67 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:37,120 Speaker 1: her and you know, wanted her to be happy. But 68 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:39,159 Speaker 1: I could never figure out which one of his short 69 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: stories it was, And I will confess to you I 70 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:44,440 Speaker 1: did not read all of his short stories to find it, 71 00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:48,240 Speaker 1: because fitz Hugh Ludlow had a busy pen like he 72 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:52,560 Speaker 1: was a writer's writer. He never stopped producing, So I'm 73 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:56,119 Speaker 1: not sure which that was. If that's true, I would 74 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:58,160 Speaker 1: love to do some more research or find it in 75 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:00,880 Speaker 1: some way. But it's an interesting thing because it's one 76 00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:05,159 Speaker 1: more way in which he seemed really progressive about a 77 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:11,200 Speaker 1: lot of things that modern society took a lot longer 78 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:14,320 Speaker 1: to catch up to. You like the way he talks 79 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:21,240 Speaker 1: about treatment for addiction is so different than anything else. 80 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:25,400 Speaker 1: And there's also he's sometimes credited with like kind of 81 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:29,200 Speaker 1: inventing the concept of a halfway house in the way 82 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: he describes his treatment center ideal of like being a 83 00:05:32,480 --> 00:05:34,839 Speaker 1: place where people can live and kind of like be 84 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:37,840 Speaker 1: living their lives, but also have the support that they 85 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: need even after they've gotten over the initial difficulty of 86 00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:47,920 Speaker 1: recovery from addiction. Yeah, like the acute withdrawal symptom phase. Yeah. 87 00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 1: And it's interesting because I didn't go into all of it. 88 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: We read so much of his writing and there was 89 00:05:53,120 --> 00:05:54,880 Speaker 1: so much that I had to strike because it was 90 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:58,280 Speaker 1: getting along. But he had this idea about it that 91 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:01,400 Speaker 1: you should do a period of aute withdrawal and then 92 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:04,680 Speaker 1: get the person kind of back on at a lower 93 00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:09,000 Speaker 1: dose and progress the step down from there, because he 94 00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:11,359 Speaker 1: felt like, if you just do the acute withdrawal and 95 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,800 Speaker 1: then leave them hanging, people are more likely to have 96 00:06:13,839 --> 00:06:17,919 Speaker 1: a serious relapse. Whereas I don't know the science behind this. 97 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: I'm not an expert in this space. I don't know 98 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:23,680 Speaker 1: if that's supported by any other actual like medical or 99 00:06:23,720 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: scientific studies. But this was just from his own experience. 100 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: That's how he felt, and that if you could then 101 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 1: reintroduce it in a very controlled way and step down 102 00:06:32,279 --> 00:06:35,520 Speaker 1: from there, by the time you get to the lowest dosages, 103 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:39,640 Speaker 1: people will naturally just stop taking it, almost without thinking, 104 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:42,960 Speaker 1: because it's not impacting them in any kind of positive 105 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:46,479 Speaker 1: way anymore, and you're offering up these other activities and 106 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: things to engage them in a way that they just won't. 107 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 1: They will have broken their reliance on it, both emotionally 108 00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:55,640 Speaker 1: and physically at that point, which is a very interesting idea. 109 00:06:55,839 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: So yeah, I kind of I kind of love him. Yeah, 110 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:02,720 Speaker 1: there's another uns substantiate. Again, it might be in his writings, 111 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:05,200 Speaker 1: but I did not get to read the entirety of 112 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:09,480 Speaker 1: his work. When he was doing his cross country travel 113 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:14,800 Speaker 1: with Beerstadt, he talks about how hard it was to 114 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:17,880 Speaker 1: sleep because in a lot of cases they were in 115 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 1: like a stage coach with other people and you were 116 00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:23,080 Speaker 1: expected to sleep sitting up, which he could not do. 117 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:28,080 Speaker 1: And I'm like, brother, I feel you. So I read 118 00:07:28,120 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: this in one biography, but it wasn't sourced and I 119 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:33,520 Speaker 1: wasn't sure where it came from, so I didn't want 120 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 1: to include it in the episode. But there is a 121 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: piece of writing that suggests that he borrowed like ten 122 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: yards of rope and then he tied it around the 123 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:49,920 Speaker 1: top of the coach in a way that he could 124 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:53,480 Speaker 1: wiggle under the rope, Like one loop of it was 125 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:55,640 Speaker 1: at his feet, one was up at his shoulders, and 126 00:07:55,680 --> 00:07:57,840 Speaker 1: he would stick his coat behind his head and he 127 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:01,920 Speaker 1: would ride on top of the stage coach as a 128 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: bed so that he could get some real sleep because 129 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 1: he could sitting up. I don't know if that's true, 130 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: but I am kind of charmed by it. Yeah, as 131 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 1: a person who really struggles to Like I used to 132 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: take overnight trains from Atlanta to Washington, d C. And 133 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:21,880 Speaker 1: back when we were owned by Discovery, And I also 134 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:27,240 Speaker 1: had a phobia of getting on airplane and attempting to sit, 135 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: like attempting to get any sleep like that was incredibly hard. 136 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:35,120 Speaker 1: And I would say a modern Amtrak train is way 137 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: more comfortable than a stage coach. Yeah, and like those 138 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:42,679 Speaker 1: seats have more leg room and recline more than airplane seats. 139 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,800 Speaker 1: Anytime I'm on a red eye flight now, probably not 140 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:51,880 Speaker 1: sleeping much there either, And if I could rig up 141 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:57,960 Speaker 1: some kind of something to suspend my legs from right, yeah, Yeah, 142 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,360 Speaker 1: I'm the same I am international flight if it's an 143 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:04,480 Speaker 1: overnight or like going from here to Europe is usually 144 00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:08,680 Speaker 1: an overnighter. Uh huh, I'm not sleeping period, end of 145 00:09:08,800 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: I don't even try anymore. Yeah, because I can't sleep 146 00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 1: sitting up. I'm gonna walk up and down the aisles. 147 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: Even if I have a very nice seat, I can't sleep. Yeah, 148 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:20,400 Speaker 1: I think well meaning people might send links to some 149 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:22,960 Speaker 1: of the various things that are supposed to loop over 150 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:26,920 Speaker 1: the tray table or whatever, and please do not for 151 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:29,959 Speaker 1: many reasons, one of them being I am too tall 152 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:33,000 Speaker 1: for any of those devices. I just find them all 153 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:37,480 Speaker 1: very claustrophobic. Yeah, like a lot of things that are 154 00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:41,199 Speaker 1: made to kind of give your foot a place to 155 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:46,200 Speaker 1: to rest or hang on a plane do not. They 156 00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:48,440 Speaker 1: do not do that for people who are as tall 157 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: as me. Yeah, they well, and they don't work for 158 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: people as short as me because it can't always reach 159 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:58,320 Speaker 1: them anyway. Yeah, there's no But I do sort of 160 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:00,120 Speaker 1: love this idea that he's like, I'm going to to 161 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:03,320 Speaker 1: solve this problem. I have gone days without sleep. My 162 00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:05,839 Speaker 1: body will not allow me to sleep sitting up in 163 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:09,439 Speaker 1: a stagecoach. So can I just tie myself to the roof? 164 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:12,559 Speaker 1: And it seemed to work for him, if indeed that's correct. 165 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: Like I said, I didn't find the source, but he 166 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:18,280 Speaker 1: wrote so prolifically that I did not read all of 167 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:21,720 Speaker 1: his accounts. Sure so sure, but I'd like to I 168 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:24,600 Speaker 1: really do like the way he writes. It is very florid, 169 00:10:24,679 --> 00:10:28,400 Speaker 1: but his turns of phrase are quite fun, and aside 170 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:32,480 Speaker 1: from the gross surprise racism, I just like his writing style. 171 00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: I think that was most of what I had on 172 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:43,560 Speaker 1: Fitzhugh Ludlow, really surprisingly progressive advocate in the realm of 173 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:48,280 Speaker 1: addiction and treatment, and I just think, like, I'm sure 174 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 1: there are others, but I don't remember ever having read 175 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:58,800 Speaker 1: another account of withdrawal that is so frank outside of 176 00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:02,280 Speaker 1: a medical text that will literally tell you the horrible 177 00:11:02,320 --> 00:11:05,239 Speaker 1: things your body is going to do. So I appreciate 178 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,760 Speaker 1: his openness. I wish he had stayed around longer, because 179 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:11,360 Speaker 1: maybe he could have continued to advocate and we would 180 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:15,960 Speaker 1: have gotten farther ahead in the you know, destigmatization of 181 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:19,400 Speaker 1: these issues and maybe actually gotten more people help sooner. So, 182 00:11:20,440 --> 00:11:22,880 Speaker 1: fitz Hugh Ludlow, I hope, wherever you are, you see 183 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 1: that we're trying. We talked about Paracelsus and the doctrine 184 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:38,480 Speaker 1: of signatures this week. Uh huh. That man loved Mercury. Yeah, 185 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:40,560 Speaker 1: I loved it for everything. I've had him on my 186 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:42,960 Speaker 1: list for an episode for a really long time, and 187 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: I think at one point, I also had the Doctrine 188 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:47,240 Speaker 1: of Signatures on my list, and I was like, I 189 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:49,839 Speaker 1: don't really feel like there's enough here to have a 190 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:52,400 Speaker 1: whole episode. There would have been enough for a whole 191 00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,959 Speaker 1: episode if it had focused on if I had combined 192 00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: the two, which is exactly what happened. You did. Yes, Yeah, 193 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 1: I find the whole thing really fascinating and also horrifying 194 00:12:04,679 --> 00:12:08,800 Speaker 1: and also fascinating. Yeah, but I made myself laugh, or 195 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: the Internet made me laugh with my he really loved 196 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:16,080 Speaker 1: mercury thing. First of all, I think that's probably he 197 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,320 Speaker 1: probably just poured mercury on that dude's leg. Yeah, And 198 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:20,880 Speaker 1: I don't know if it really healed it or not, 199 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:22,960 Speaker 1: or maybe his body just healed on its own and 200 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,200 Speaker 1: he took credit. But you know how, if you're on 201 00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:32,200 Speaker 1: like in many many search setups will work this way. 202 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: But if you're on like an Internet archive full text 203 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:42,000 Speaker 1: book page and you search for a word, you'll get 204 00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:45,360 Speaker 1: little yellow bars at the side of the scroll bar 205 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:48,480 Speaker 1: that show where it shows up in the document. If 206 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: you go into almost any of his books and search mercury, 207 00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:56,120 Speaker 1: it's almost a solid line everywhere. He's just like mercury mercury. 208 00:12:56,160 --> 00:13:00,240 Speaker 1: I heart mercury, like he loves it so much. Yeah, man, 209 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:07,640 Speaker 1: that's poison. Yeah, yo, you're killing people your mention of poison. 210 00:13:07,679 --> 00:13:11,200 Speaker 1: Though it brings up a quote from him, and of 211 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: course all of these are translated. But I really like 212 00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:16,400 Speaker 1: this because it may not be the first, but it's 213 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:20,600 Speaker 1: the earliest instance I have stumbled across of this now 214 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:25,400 Speaker 1: pretty famously used idea. Right, we always hear the dose 215 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:30,760 Speaker 1: makes the poison, and he wrote, quote, what is there 216 00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,200 Speaker 1: that is not a poison? All things are poison and 217 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:37,840 Speaker 1: nothing is without poison solely the dose determines that a 218 00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:41,200 Speaker 1: thing is not poison. It was like he kind of understood. 219 00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:44,160 Speaker 1: Maybe he thinks he's using mercury judiciously all the time. 220 00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:50,280 Speaker 1: I think I've seen the like the dose determines the poison, 221 00:13:50,440 --> 00:13:53,440 Speaker 1: like attributed to him as the originator of it. I 222 00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:56,439 Speaker 1: don't know if that's actually the case or not. It's true, 223 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:59,480 Speaker 1: It's really it's so hard to say for sure that 224 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:05,760 Speaker 1: any particular person originated first. Yeah, and sometimes we will 225 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:08,840 Speaker 1: have said for a long time that so and so 226 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: coined such and such, and then you know, somebody digs 227 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 1: up something from fifteen years previously and goes, oh, here's 228 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:22,480 Speaker 1: the same thing though, Oh, Paracelsus. Yeah, you were gonna, 229 00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,720 Speaker 1: I think, share your stories of the doctrine of signatures 230 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:31,520 Speaker 1: being invoked in your professional work. Yeah, so the preside. Yeah, 231 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:35,400 Speaker 1: I so, many many years ago I had I'd had 232 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: a couple of writing jobs that were really unsatisfying. They 233 00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:44,560 Speaker 1: all involved basically business to business writing work, and there 234 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:46,960 Speaker 1: were a lot of things that I found it. I 235 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:51,160 Speaker 1: found difficult and uninteresting, and I said I should learn 236 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:54,200 Speaker 1: to do something else. But I did not have the 237 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:56,680 Speaker 1: money or the time to go back to college and 238 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: start over. And I could get a massage therapy certification 239 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,800 Speaker 1: in six months and still work part time during that 240 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 1: six months. Yeah, so that's what I did. And at 241 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:11,560 Speaker 1: that time, North Carolina was just at the beginning of 242 00:15:11,680 --> 00:15:14,840 Speaker 1: licensing massage therapists. A lot of states were like, this 243 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:16,800 Speaker 1: was sort of at the beginning of the movement to 244 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: license and regulate massage. I went to this massage school 245 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: and one of the classes that we had to take 246 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:28,800 Speaker 1: was an erbal medicine part of the curriculum. My personal 247 00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 1: feeling is that this does not actually belong in massage therapy. 248 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:36,560 Speaker 1: That rbal medicine is not in a massage therapist's scope 249 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:41,320 Speaker 1: of practice. And we had this herbal medicine instructor who 250 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 1: brought various things into the classroom and was passing them around, 251 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:50,280 Speaker 1: and like she would, she was passing around one of 252 00:15:50,320 --> 00:15:52,120 Speaker 1: them and she was like, yes, I'm not even gonna 253 00:15:52,120 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: say what it is, because I, like you said in 254 00:15:53,760 --> 00:15:57,760 Speaker 1: the episode, I don't want to like have some scraping 255 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: coy episode turn this into advice for people. But it 256 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 1: was a It was a route that she was passing 257 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:07,320 Speaker 1: around and talking about how good it was as a 258 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: quote immune tonic, which is not really a thing, and 259 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:15,040 Speaker 1: she was like, feel how sturdy this is? How strong 260 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: it makes me? Think of how you know, strengthening your 261 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: body and strengthening your immune system. Remember the doctrine of signatures. 262 00:16:24,760 --> 00:16:26,600 Speaker 1: I don't think I would have been able to stop 263 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:32,600 Speaker 1: laughing that. Honestly. The two biggest frustrations that I had 264 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 1: working as a massage therapist. One was that the places 265 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:38,240 Speaker 1: that I was able to get a job were mostly 266 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: day spas and resort spas, and I was working every 267 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:44,880 Speaker 1: weekend and in the case of the resorts, every holiday, 268 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:51,360 Speaker 1: and that was hard. But then also my professional colleagues 269 00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:55,960 Speaker 1: would say nonsense, and it I was like, that's that's 270 00:16:56,080 --> 00:17:01,280 Speaker 1: not a real thing. The microwave is not the molecules 271 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:06,120 Speaker 1: of your food backward. It's just not it's not how 272 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:09,439 Speaker 1: it works. That's the real thing. Somebody said to me 273 00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:14,560 Speaker 1: one time. So you are reminding me of a wackadoo thing, 274 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:18,560 Speaker 1: a coworker said to me once. But we'll go finishers. Yeah. Yeah, 275 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:23,200 Speaker 1: so yeah, just this whole, this whole herbal medicine class, 276 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 1: like it came up repeatedly and sometimes I was like, yes, 277 00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:29,679 Speaker 1: that root kind of does look like a man, but 278 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:33,080 Speaker 1: it also looks like a nerve, and it also looks 279 00:17:33,160 --> 00:17:37,359 Speaker 1: like a tree, and it also looks like, uh, I 280 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 1: don't know the branches of your lung anatomy like this, Yeah, 281 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: this could look like so many different things. And yeah, 282 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:51,720 Speaker 1: we do know for sure that there are various herbs 283 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:58,119 Speaker 1: that do have some kind of medicinal use. Also, like 284 00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:03,400 Speaker 1: there are whole indigenous traditions involving food and medicine and 285 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 1: you know, botany and the environment that are not really 286 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:10,919 Speaker 1: what we were talking about in this episode. Like we 287 00:18:10,920 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 1: were talking about like a very European medical tradition and 288 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:17,440 Speaker 1: one of the things that I found frustrating is that 289 00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:21,520 Speaker 1: sometimes the folks who are sort of operating in this 290 00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:27,240 Speaker 1: space today will kind of latch on to indigenous traditions 291 00:18:27,359 --> 00:18:29,280 Speaker 1: or traditions from other parts of the world that they 292 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:31,280 Speaker 1: that they're not part of and that they don't have 293 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:33,400 Speaker 1: a connection to, and the can kind of use it 294 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:38,919 Speaker 1: to back up what's basically a remnant of sixteenth and 295 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:47,480 Speaker 1: seventeenth century European medical medical in quotation marks nonsense. Yeah. Yeah, 296 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:49,879 Speaker 1: it's one of those things too, where like there are, 297 00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:54,399 Speaker 1: like you said, indigenous oral traditions, but you can't cherry 298 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:58,320 Speaker 1: pick them out of context to justify kind of operating 299 00:18:58,359 --> 00:19:04,040 Speaker 1: on vibes. Yeah, it comes to sidey. Yeah, vibes is 300 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:06,680 Speaker 1: really what I think of a lot with the doctrine 301 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:10,679 Speaker 1: of signatures. Yes, it's very much vibes. You made me 302 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,919 Speaker 1: laugh thinking about a colleague who once was marveling at 303 00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 1: the way salt would help with icy sidewalks. Uh huh, 304 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:22,679 Speaker 1: And she just said so earnestly and so sweetly. She 305 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:26,120 Speaker 1: was a lovely human. I just don't understand it. It's 306 00:19:26,119 --> 00:19:29,240 Speaker 1: the molecules. And I have used the phrase it's the 307 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: molecules so many times so many times throughout my life 308 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:46,320 Speaker 1: since then, it's the molecules. My massage therapist education also 309 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,280 Speaker 1: included a unit on nutrition. Nutrition is also not within 310 00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:54,160 Speaker 1: the scope of practice of a massage therapist, and our 311 00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:58,640 Speaker 1: nutrition teacher told us that if your nutrition was perfect, 312 00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:02,520 Speaker 1: that you would never become ill in your life. You 313 00:20:02,560 --> 00:20:05,600 Speaker 1: just wouldn't. You would have perfect nutrition, and you would 314 00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: never have any kind of illness, and you would never 315 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:11,280 Speaker 1: get any kind of chronic illness, you would never develop cancer, 316 00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:14,960 Speaker 1: and then one day you just stopped being a gay. Yes, 317 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:18,359 Speaker 1: a lot of the things that she talked about, like 318 00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 1: this was just a very time consuming, labor intensive approach 319 00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:27,760 Speaker 1: to food that she was kind of advocating in the classroom. 320 00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:32,480 Speaker 1: And one of my classmates offhandedly said, oh, so does 321 00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: your husband help you with all of this cooking, and 322 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 1: she said no, he had a massive stroke, and we 323 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:44,399 Speaker 1: all just yeah, yeah, we all just sort of stared, stunned, 324 00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 1: and nobody wanted to say, so, were you not feeding 325 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 1: him correctly? But that like that, I don't know, that's 326 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:56,760 Speaker 1: just the kind of stuff that came up. The parts 327 00:20:56,760 --> 00:20:59,639 Speaker 1: of my massage therapy education that were about anatomy and 328 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: physicology and kinesiology and massaging people. Those were great, Yeah, 329 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:07,399 Speaker 1: And then there were other parts where I was like, 330 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:10,000 Speaker 1: I'm not sure why we need to learn us to 331 00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 1: get licensed, and also some of this is not real. Yeah. 332 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,879 Speaker 1: I have definitely heard many people invoke that idea of 333 00:21:18,920 --> 00:21:21,480 Speaker 1: like sometimes the old ways are best, and I'm like, 334 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: please go to a doctor. Like, I'm not gonna say 335 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:29,880 Speaker 1: nothing ever was discovered that was helpful, but also please 336 00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: go to a doctor. Well, and especially now that we're 337 00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:34,840 Speaker 1: living in the era of RFK Junior being the Secretary 338 00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:39,480 Speaker 1: of Healton, Yeah, services like, yeah, yes, go to a doctor. 339 00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:44,000 Speaker 1: There was a passage that I found in the writings 340 00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:47,640 Speaker 1: of Paracelsus that I actually quite liked. I don't necessarily 341 00:21:47,680 --> 00:21:51,040 Speaker 1: agree with exactly what he is saying, but it has 342 00:21:51,080 --> 00:21:56,080 Speaker 1: a lovely concept to it. I read it, and it's 343 00:21:56,119 --> 00:22:00,720 Speaker 1: about sleep, because as we know, I have a fraught 344 00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,080 Speaker 1: relationship with sleep, but I like this one. Natural sleep 345 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,560 Speaker 1: is the rest of the body, which recuperates as wasted energies. 346 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,719 Speaker 1: Now the day pertains to bodies, night to spirits. Bodies 347 00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:14,240 Speaker 1: work in the day spirits at night. The sleep of 348 00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,639 Speaker 1: the body is the waking time of the spirit. For 349 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:21,639 Speaker 1: the two cannot operate together, being contraries and mutually incompatible things. 350 00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:25,200 Speaker 1: Whatsoever is done by the body during sleep is really 351 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:28,400 Speaker 1: performed by the spirit. Okay. I don't think that there 352 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 1: are two parts of me that cannot exist at the 353 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,840 Speaker 1: same time. But I do like the idea that sleep 354 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:36,879 Speaker 1: is restorative, that you will wake up with your body 355 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:40,399 Speaker 1: having done things that seem almost miraculous. That's all. I 356 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: don't really think that a spirit takes over and massage 357 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:50,600 Speaker 1: is my body. Ah'd be great. That's probably why I 358 00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:54,560 Speaker 1: can't sleep. The spirit keeps waking me up. I'm like, stop, stop. 359 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: The spirit is a large cat sometimes. Yeah. I had 360 00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:01,840 Speaker 1: a bad night of sleep that night, and I like, 361 00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: I just I was. I kept waking up, and I 362 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: was having trouble settling back down. And then one of 363 00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,639 Speaker 1: the cats came over and they normally curl up next 364 00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:12,520 Speaker 1: to me and it's very cute and comforting. But what 365 00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:15,000 Speaker 1: she decided to do in that moment was to get 366 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: on the side of my body and make her pause 367 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:22,920 Speaker 1: into just little pokers that poked me in the ribs 368 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:27,520 Speaker 1: in the sixty phone, and I was like, why you 369 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,600 Speaker 1: could be here and I would be comfortable, But now 370 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:35,480 Speaker 1: you're here and you're disrupting the spirit of my sleep. Yeah, 371 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:37,320 Speaker 1: I don't mind when the cats walk all over me, 372 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:41,360 Speaker 1: because I'm probably awake anyway. Yeah. Yeah, I've just never 373 00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:45,560 Speaker 1: had a all of the like practice good sleep hygiene 374 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:49,000 Speaker 1: stuff doesn't really help me very much. I wake up 375 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:54,560 Speaker 1: sixteen times a night usually, and not just like random stirrings, 376 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: but like I'm awake for a while. And I will 377 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: say it's genetic. Throughout my family, a lot of people 378 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: with the same sleep weirdness. It's fine, I'm fine. I've 379 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:11,680 Speaker 1: operated this way since a childhood. I remember there being 380 00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:15,720 Speaker 1: almost an argument with my kindergarten teacher because I said 381 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:18,000 Speaker 1: something about being able to stay up as late as 382 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:22,359 Speaker 1: I wanted, and my parents having to explain, like, we 383 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:26,800 Speaker 1: all kind of have some sleep problems, and she can 384 00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:28,880 Speaker 1: go to bed, but if she's awake, she can read 385 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:31,560 Speaker 1: a book, because it's torture to sit there and lie 386 00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:37,159 Speaker 1: awake with nothing. It was just a thing, you know. 387 00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:39,159 Speaker 1: They were worried that I lived in some sort of 388 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:43,480 Speaker 1: wild stable where I was just running free and doing 389 00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:45,760 Speaker 1: whatever a five year old wanted to do. But in fact, 390 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:52,560 Speaker 1: my parents knew we all had sleep disorders, probably also 391 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,399 Speaker 1: easily cultivated. I don't know. I've tried all the sleep tricks. 392 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,960 Speaker 1: They don't work for me. They may work great for 393 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:00,480 Speaker 1: other people. I'm not going on vibe. So I've seen 394 00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:03,760 Speaker 1: doctors about it. Yeah. Yeah, I'm sort of imagining the 395 00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:06,439 Speaker 1: well meaning emails that we may get advising you to 396 00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: see a doctor about your sleep. Yeah. No, I it's 397 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:12,840 Speaker 1: the thing. It's already happened. Yeah. It's also weird to 398 00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:15,320 Speaker 1: me though, because the flip is that it doesn't bother 399 00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:17,560 Speaker 1: me at all to be awakened in the night, Like 400 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:21,120 Speaker 1: I don't Yeah, I don't care if somebody. If I'm 401 00:25:21,119 --> 00:25:23,720 Speaker 1: sharing a hotel room with somebody that's not my beloved 402 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:26,160 Speaker 1: and they're snoring and it wakes me up, I'm like, cool, 403 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:29,080 Speaker 1: they're snoring, that's fine. Yeah. If i'm you know, if 404 00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:31,560 Speaker 1: an animal is on me, if the phone ring, none 405 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:35,480 Speaker 1: of that bothers me. Yeah. My beloved is not the same. 406 00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: He likes to sleep. Yeah, it's it can be a 407 00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:43,280 Speaker 1: little challenging, especially when you do have cats that are rude. 408 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,600 Speaker 1: For a number of years, stretching back a while, I 409 00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:50,760 Speaker 1: have generally woken up sometime in the two or three 410 00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:53,600 Speaker 1: o'clock in the morning range, and then I'm awake for 411 00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:56,399 Speaker 1: a bit, yeah, and then I go back to sleep. 412 00:25:56,720 --> 00:26:00,720 Speaker 1: And just accepting that that's how it works for me 413 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: made that a lot better, because when I was like 414 00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: stressing out about the fact that I was awake, that 415 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,159 Speaker 1: did not help at all. And similarly, I've also it's 416 00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:14,280 Speaker 1: a thing that I've discussed with my doctor, all of that, 417 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,320 Speaker 1: but just sort of being like, all right, it's it's 418 00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:19,359 Speaker 1: three point thirty, I'm awake. I'm probably going to be 419 00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,560 Speaker 1: awake for at least an hour, and if I'm just 420 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:26,280 Speaker 1: chill about it, probably I'm going to go back to sleep. 421 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: That was about the case this past weekend, in part 422 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:30,600 Speaker 1: because I took a very long hike for the first 423 00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,160 Speaker 1: time in a very long time, and my whole body hurt. Yeah, 424 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:37,639 Speaker 1: and then a cat was putting her paws into like 425 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:42,920 Speaker 1: the most uncomfortable parts of me possible. Yeah, kitties. Yeah. 426 00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:46,520 Speaker 1: If I my two thirty ish wake up is my 427 00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:49,760 Speaker 1: longest one, and I sometimes will just get out of 428 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:51,600 Speaker 1: bed and go sit in the living room and like 429 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:55,400 Speaker 1: mess around on my phone till my brain goes you're 430 00:26:55,440 --> 00:26:57,160 Speaker 1: sleepy again, and then I'll go back to bed because 431 00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,280 Speaker 1: if I just sit in bed, I will make Brian's 432 00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:02,520 Speaker 1: night horrible. Yeah, Or in some cases, the bad cat 433 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:04,879 Speaker 1: is so bad that we are invited to move to 434 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:08,399 Speaker 1: the guest room by my mom because she is the 435 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:13,040 Speaker 1: cat that is very bonded to me. Right, and the 436 00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:14,960 Speaker 1: two of us will have a slumber party every night, 437 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:17,840 Speaker 1: chatting and meowing. But it's very funny in any case. 438 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:20,399 Speaker 1: If this is your weekend coming up, I hope you 439 00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:23,480 Speaker 1: get great sleep if you can. If you can't, I 440 00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:26,080 Speaker 1: hope you have figured out a system that works best 441 00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:28,720 Speaker 1: for you so that you do your spirit is doing 442 00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:31,919 Speaker 1: the things it needs to do to recover. If you 443 00:27:32,359 --> 00:27:34,280 Speaker 1: do not have a weekend coming up, I still hope 444 00:27:34,320 --> 00:27:36,520 Speaker 1: you get great sleep. I hope everyone is kind to 445 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:38,920 Speaker 1: each other. I hope you have fun things. I hope 446 00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:42,520 Speaker 1: you eat the most delicious things and that you feel 447 00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:45,320 Speaker 1: restored in whatever way makes the most sense to you. 448 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:48,040 Speaker 1: We will be right back here tomorrow with a classic 449 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:56,280 Speaker 1: episode and then on Monday with something brand new. Stuff 450 00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:59,040 Speaker 1: you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 451 00:27:59,359 --> 00:28:02,840 Speaker 1: For more pod casts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 452 00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:06,159 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows,