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Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC

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Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

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Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

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Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

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Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

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Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

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Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

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Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

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Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

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Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

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Speaker 1: to learn more.

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Speaker 2: Turned friends and families walking, riding on passing the roads

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Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who

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Speaker 2: need them to.

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Speaker 1: Get home safely.

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Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

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Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, if you are the dictator of a country,

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Speaker 3: what would do in terms of science?

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Speaker 1: Ooh? In terms of science, I think I'd like to explore, like,

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Speaker 1: what is the biggest cookie that's possible to bake and

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Speaker 1: still be tasty?

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Speaker 3: Hmmm, that's something physicists wonder about.

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Speaker 1: I wonder about that because you know, a cookie is

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Speaker 1: a complicated thing. It has to be crispy, it has

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Speaker 1: to be soft in the inside. You make it too big,

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Speaker 1: then it's all just going to be gooey. How do

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Speaker 1: you get the heat dispersed? It's a hard physics problem.

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Speaker 3: So you think you need all the resources of a

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Speaker 3: country to figure out the answer to this question.

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Speaker 1: Hey, if you're going to do something, do it ten

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Speaker 1: billion dollars big, Right, That's the way I rolled.

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Speaker 3: The ten billion dollar cookie.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 3: You would be your science project, your dreams shigence project.

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Speaker 1: How about you? Would you aim higher?

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Speaker 3: I would probably just make sure everyone understands science, you know,

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Speaker 3: throw all that money into educating people about science.

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Speaker 1: You should find like an awesome podcast about it.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, oh man, you know, and maybe like get two

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Speaker 3: people on it, and.

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Speaker 1: Two really good looking people. We eat a lot of cookies,

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Speaker 1: but stay trim anyway.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and then just give them the ten billion dollars.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure they'll be responsible with it.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, sure, totally not spending on cookies or anything like that.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's right.

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Speaker 3: Hi. I'm Joorge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of

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Speaker 3: PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist by day and

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Speaker 1: a podcaster by I don't know afternoon, and I'm a

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Speaker 1: big fan of cookies and science.

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Speaker 3: And welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we look around and wonder what is weird,

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Speaker 1: what is amazing, what is crazy about this universe, and

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Speaker 1: then we talk about it in a way that we

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Speaker 1: hope you will understand.

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Speaker 3: And we're also the authors of the book We Have

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Speaker 3: No Idea, a Guide to the Unknown Universe. So if

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Speaker 3: you would like to hear more from us or learn

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Speaker 3: more about all these great and amazing questions about the universe.

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Speaker 3: Go check it out.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And we also love to hear from you

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Speaker 1: about your questions about the universe. At the end of

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Speaker 1: every episode we tell people please write in if you

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Speaker 1: have something you'd like to hear us talk about. If

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Speaker 1: you have a question you can't quite figure out the

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Speaker 1: answer to just using Google, send it to us. We'll

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Speaker 1: break it down for you.

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Speaker 3: And a lot of people write us, right Daniel. We

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Speaker 3: get a couple of a dozen a day. Right.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah. We got a lot of nice emails, and

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Speaker 1: some of them are just appreciation, people saying, hey, thanks

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Speaker 1: for the show. We're enjoying it, which is wonderful to read.

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Speaker 1: And then people send us their crackpot theories of the universe,

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Speaker 1: like hey, I figured out dark matter, and you know

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Speaker 1: quantum gravity, and you know why airline food tastes so bad?

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Speaker 1: All with my one theory?

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Speaker 3: Uh Daniel, actually that one was for me. What do

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Speaker 3: you mean it's a crackbok? They didn't you read it?

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Speaker 1: I read all the theories that people send us. Sometimes

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Speaker 1: I read them carefully. Sometimes I skimmed through them, I'll admit,

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Speaker 1: but I do love reading them, and I love getting

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Speaker 1: people's emails, and mostly I love the emails where people

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Speaker 1: ask questions, where people say, here's something I don't understand,

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Speaker 1: something I'd love to figure out. Could you please explain

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Speaker 1: something to me.

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Speaker 3: Have you ever gotten a question that you had never

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Speaker 3: thought about before?

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Speaker 1: Oh? For sure. Yeah. Lots of questions people ask I

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Speaker 1: had never heard before, never even thought about, like how

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Speaker 1: to answer that question before? Those are my favorite ones.

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Speaker 3: And so Danniel will answer your emails. But every once

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Speaker 3: in a while we have an episode where we answer

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Speaker 3: your questions on the podcast, and today is one of

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Speaker 3: those episodes.

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Speaker 1: Can I tell you about one of the questions that

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Speaker 1: we got that totally blew my mind? Oh?

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Speaker 3: Please?

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Speaker 1: Somebody wrote in and said, what if the sun is

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Speaker 1: actually a giant banana wrapped in hydrogen gas? Think about it?

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Speaker 3: Think about it?

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Speaker 1: So I did that. I thought about it. You know, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's a fascinating idea. I'd never thought of that idea before.

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Speaker 1: I've never answered that question before. I don't know how

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Speaker 1: to answer that question, so I thought, maybe you're the

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Speaker 1: banana expert.

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Speaker 3: What would be preventing the sun from being a banana

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Speaker 3: wrapped in hydrogen? What would be preventing it exploding hydrogen?

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Speaker 1: Well, I guess it'd be like a roasted banana, right,

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Speaker 1: because it's pretty hot there. So if you like, you know,

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Speaker 1: banana's flambay, then maybe they'd be good. But I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure how you would assemble all those hydrogen atoms and

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Speaker 1: fuse them in the right way they get potassium and

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Speaker 1: all that stuff to make it into a banana. Right,

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Speaker 1: So I think that was not a sincere question. Is

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Speaker 1: maybe actually a joke aimed at you?

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Speaker 3: Oh, but technically is it possible, like you know, just

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Speaker 3: out of random you know, fluctuations, somehow a banana forms

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Speaker 3: for an instant in time, So it could be true.

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Speaker 1: Yes, And if you believe in the multiverse, then there

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Speaker 1: is some universe in which the Sun spontaneously forms a

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Speaker 1: giant space banana in its core for you know, for

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Speaker 1: an instant.

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Speaker 3: Yes, yeah, there you go, There you go, And that's

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Speaker 3: the universe I want to live in.

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Speaker 1: We live. This is an aspirational podcast, folks. We talk

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Speaker 1: about the universe we live in and the universe we

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Speaker 1: wish we lived.

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Speaker 3: That's right, and the answer is always in the multiverse,

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Speaker 3: anything is possible, So technically you can be optimistic about

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Speaker 3: anything that's right, even space bananas.

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Speaker 1: It's right. I feel good people because it's all possible.

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Speaker 3: It's all possible. Yeah. And so today on the podcast,

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Speaker 3: we'll be tackling listener questions.

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Speaker 1: Some of them are questions that I get a lot,

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Speaker 1: and I thought people might be interested to hear the answer.

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Speaker 1: Maybe other people have these questions. Some of them are

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Speaker 1: questions I'd never heard before and had to do a

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Speaker 1: bit of research, so mix it up a little bit.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so today we have some pretty exciting questions.

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Speaker 3: We have a question about a giant space gun. We

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Speaker 3: have questions about photons, and we have questions about why

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Speaker 3: isn't everything exploding?

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Speaker 1: Or is it? Or is it?

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Speaker 3: So we'll get into that today.

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Speaker 1: So buckle up, folks, it's going to be a crazy

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Speaker 1: ride today.

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Speaker 3: So today's first question comes to us from Paul, and

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Speaker 3: Paul had a question about how is there a better

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Speaker 3: way to get to space? So here is Paul's question.

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Speaker 1: Hi, Daniel and Jorge.

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Speaker 4: When I was a kid, I remember reading in an

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Speaker 4: old Guinness Book of World Record about a gun in

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Speaker 4: Barbados that can fire sixteen inch shell weighing about three

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Speaker 4: hundred and thirty pounds to an altitude of two hundred

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Speaker 4: and fifteen thousand feet. Now that's less than half of

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Speaker 4: the lowest orbital altitude, but that was fifty seven years ago.

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Speaker 4: So can a gun put an object into orbit? And

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Speaker 4: if so, why aren't we doing it? It has to

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Speaker 4: be cheaper than rockets.

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Speaker 1: Thanks all right, thank you Paul for that awesome question.

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Speaker 1: This has the distinction to be you're the only person

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Speaker 1: to ever write in asking that question.

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Speaker 3: Really, it's it's not a burning question in the public's.

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Speaker 1: Mind, apparently not. Not everybody's thinking about what they could

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Speaker 1: launch into space using a really big gun. But I

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Speaker 1: love the end of his question when he says, if

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Speaker 1: we can do it, why aren't we doing it all

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Speaker 1: the time? I mean, if this is within our grasp, man,

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Speaker 1: I would be like shooting banana pies in the space

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Speaker 1: all the time.

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Speaker 3: I think. I think it's interesting because the corollary to

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Speaker 3: his question was what he was sort of really asking,

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Speaker 3: was isn't this cheaper than rockets? Because really, it seems

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Speaker 3: anything should be cheaper than rockets.

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Speaker 1: It's true rockets are not cheap, right, and so a

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Speaker 1: lot of people spend a lot of time thinking about

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Speaker 1: other ways to get stuff into space because rockets cost

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Speaker 1: millions and millions of dollars.

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Speaker 3: Right, yeah, So the question really is like, can you

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Speaker 3: build a giant space gun, and that's how you put

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Speaker 3: things into orbit. You just shoot them out as super

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Speaker 3: fast and up, I guess vertically up is how you

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Speaker 3: would do it, or maybe not, and then that would

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Speaker 3: just go off into space. It wouldn't stop. We would

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Speaker 3: go into space and get into orbit. That's the question, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 3: that's the question. And let's unpack it a little bit

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Speaker 3: because there's a couple of problems with this idea. First

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Speaker 3: is just getting it up high enough, right, Like can

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Speaker 3: you shoot something from the ground and make it all

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Speaker 3: the way into space?

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Speaker 1: Right? M And if you just want to leave the Earth,

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Speaker 1: it's a whole separate question of could you shoot something

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Speaker 1: from the ground and get it into orbit. But let's

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Speaker 1: just say you want to escape the Earth, you're on

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Speaker 1: a mission, you want to flow down into space, and

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Speaker 1: you just want to leave Earth's gravity, right.

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Speaker 3: Meaning shoot something with a gun and not have it

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Speaker 3: fall back down exactly.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. So the question is then how fast does it

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Speaker 1: have to go? Right? That's called the escape velocity of

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Speaker 1: the Earth. And the escape velocity of the Earth is

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Speaker 1: really high, like if you're going to leave the surface

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Speaker 1: and not get any more pushes. Right, Remember a rocket

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Speaker 1: gets continuous pushes. It brings the push the pusher with

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Speaker 1: it as it's going up in the air, keeps getting

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Speaker 1: more and.

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Speaker 3: More pushes, keeps accelerating.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so you're going to get all that push in

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Speaker 1: the very beginning. So you have to have your maximum

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Speaker 1: speed is immediately after you leave the gun because you're

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Speaker 1: gonna lose it pretty quickly. So then the question is

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Speaker 1: how fast you have to be going to leave Earth's orbit?

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Speaker 3: Okay, so like what's your the initial velocity you need

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Speaker 3: to have in order to keep going into space and

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Speaker 3: not fall back down.

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Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. And on the surface of the Earth,

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Speaker 1: the escape velocity you'd need is about eleven kilometers per second.

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Speaker 3: So in one second you'd have to be going you

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Speaker 3: have to cover eleven kilometers.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And you know, for scale, that's like thirty

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Speaker 1: three times the speed of sound, so you know, like

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Speaker 1: jets can go like mock one, mock two, mock three,

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Speaker 1: this is mock thirty three.

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Speaker 3: Wow, how much is that in miles per hour?

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Speaker 1: In miles per hour, I think that's like twenty five

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Speaker 1: thousand miles per hour.

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Speaker 3: Wow, So that's a pretty car goes up that h

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Speaker 3: I think. I don't think my prius is enough digits.

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Speaker 3: I think in its digital readA.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't think the digits is the problem with

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Speaker 1: your prius. But that's exactly the problem, Like number one,

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Speaker 1: is how do you get something going that fast? Right?

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Speaker 1: Like shooting stuff from a rifle doesn't get anywhere near

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Speaker 1: that speed. Like rifles, they can shoot a bullet fast

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Speaker 1: in the speed of sound, but not thirty three times

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Speaker 1: a speed of sound. Oh, I see, So you need

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Speaker 1: like a really big gun. You need a lot more

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Speaker 1: explosive to get it up that speed. I see.

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Speaker 3: So even if you take a rifle and point it

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Speaker 3: up and you shoot, the bullet would eventually come back.

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Speaker 1: Then do not do that, Yes, do not point a

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Speaker 1: rifle straight up, because that bullet will come right back

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Speaker 1: down at you or the guy standing next to you.

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Speaker 1: This happens every year at New Year's Eve. People fire

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Speaker 1: guns into the air and you think, like, where do

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Speaker 1: you think those bullets are going. They're not going into space,

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Speaker 1: not into space, not into space. Then they're coming back

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Speaker 1: down and maybe you're hurting somebody. So do not fire

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Speaker 1: bullets into the air. They will not go into space.

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Speaker 1: And the other problem is, say you did manage to

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Speaker 1: shoot a gun or you know, you had some payload

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Speaker 1: and you shot it at this incredible speed, so it

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Speaker 1: had enough energy. Well, it's not easy to go through

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere at that speed. What happens when you go

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Speaker 1: through the atmosphear at high speeds is friction from the

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Speaker 1: air air resistance, so you heat up, just like you

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Speaker 1: know how space ships when they land, they have to

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Speaker 1: come through the atmosphere and you know there's all that

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Speaker 1: fire and burning and stuff. That's because the friction with

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Speaker 1: the air. So this way you'd have so much speed,

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Speaker 1: you'd have friction on the way up.

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Speaker 3: Oh So it's kind of like the re entry problem,

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Speaker 3: but in.

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Speaker 1: Reverse exactly exactly, it's the re entry problem on the

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Speaker 1: way out. So if you build like a three hundred

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Speaker 1: million dollars satellite and then want to launch it into

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Speaker 1: space when you don't want it going twenty five thousand

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Speaker 1: miles per hour through the air because it'll melt.

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Speaker 3: What if you put shielding on it, you know, like

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Speaker 3: they do with the Shuttle and the Landers.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but the Shuttle doesn't re enter the atmosphere twenty

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Speaker 1: five thousand miles per hour, and that's on purpose, right,

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Speaker 1: It slows down a lot, and it does it very gradually. Wow,

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Speaker 1: So you'd need a lot of shielding, and then this

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Speaker 1: thing would get heavy, and then it gets more expensive,

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Speaker 1: and you're going to get this thing plus it's shielding

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Speaker 1: up to twenty five thousand miles per hour. It's not easy.

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Speaker 3: It's hard to imagine that cold air can burn you

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Speaker 3: to a crisp, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, imagine it's sandpaper, right, Imagine somebody's gonna you're

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Speaker 1: gonna do it. You're you have one of those bananas

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Speaker 1: slipping slides in your backyard, except instead of slippery plastic,

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Speaker 1: somebody puts sandpaper. Right, that's what we would be like, Yeah.

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Speaker 3: That is a horrific scenario, Daniel, and trying to raise

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Speaker 3: it from my mind.

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Speaker 1: There, right, Well, that is why we don't do this.

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Speaker 1: I mean there's other problems too, right, but that's those

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Speaker 1: are reasons number one and two.

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Speaker 3: Reason number three, this is why we don't go on

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Speaker 3: slip and slides of twenty five thousand miles per hour.

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Speaker 1: You're saying, it's everything feels like sandpaper. At twenty five

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Speaker 1: thousand miles per hour.

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Speaker 3: That's the point, Okay, So it's really hard to do

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Speaker 3: just to just to accelerate any kind of mass or

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Speaker 3: object up to twenty five thousand miles per hour and

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Speaker 3: also would burn up with air. So what are some

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Speaker 3: of the other problems.

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Speaker 1: The other problem is getting into orbit. I mean, what

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Speaker 1: we talked about just now is getting it out of

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Speaker 1: Earth's atmosphere and out of Earth's gravitational pull. That's actually

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Speaker 1: harder than getting something in or orbit because you have

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Speaker 1: to go higher. Right, So you might think, well, what

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Speaker 1: if we just wanted to go to like low Earth orbit,

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Speaker 1: we didn't want to actually leave Earth, and you think, well,

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Speaker 1: that might be easier. That's true, but you can't actually

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Speaker 1: shoot something from the ground into orbit.

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Speaker 3: You cannot.

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Speaker 1: You cannot because remember you're shooting it, you give it

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Speaker 1: one push, right, You can't land in a stable orbit

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Speaker 1: has a fixed trajectory, and that trajectory includes intercepting the ground,

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Speaker 1: so eventually it will reintercept the ground. The way to

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Speaker 1: get into orbit is you fly up into there and

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Speaker 1: then you adjust your speed so you have the right

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Speaker 1: speed and direction to be in orbit. But there's no

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Speaker 1: way to get there from the ground without additional pushes

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Speaker 1: once you're up in the atmosphere.

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Speaker 3: Oh, but you're saying you need minor adjustments once you

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Speaker 3: get up there, or you need like a lot of adjustment.

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Speaker 1: No, it could be fairly minor adjustments. So, like one

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Speaker 1: scenario is you have stuff on the ground and you

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Speaker 1: shoot it up to fairly low Earth orbit or just

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Speaker 1: below using your massive space gun that you build because

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Speaker 1: you're a dictator, and then you have something catch it,

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Speaker 1: something in low Earth or but like catch it and

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Speaker 1: then readjust it and shoot it out into orbit. So

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Speaker 1: that kind of system might work. But you can't just

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Speaker 1: shoot something into orbit from the ground because no trajectory

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Speaker 1: that starts from the ground will lead to a stable orbit.

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Speaker 3: Like, even if you're a superman, you could not put

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Speaker 3: a football in orbit, no matter how hard you try.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's right. And football, and even Superman, if

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Speaker 1: he threw a football twenty five thousand miles per hour,

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Speaker 1: it would melt right, like unless it's a super football

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Speaker 1: from his original planet or something.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, kryptonite football, that's right. But well then he couldn't

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Speaker 3: hold it, yeah exactly, But that's just a detail.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, The thing is, and and Paul mentioned this in

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Speaker 1: his question, is that people have tried this, right, People

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Speaker 1: have worked on this problem. People have shot stuff pretty

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Speaker 1: far up, so you know, people are not daunted by

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Speaker 1: the fact that this seems impossible slash in practice.

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Speaker 3: Wait wait, didn't they do the math?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, but these our dictators were talking about

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Speaker 1: and so sometimes you know, they're not bothered by math.

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Speaker 1: You know, the rules don't apply to them. These are

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Speaker 1: autocrats we're talking about. Math is just fake news.

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Speaker 3: All right. So that's a pretty amazing thing to learn,

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Speaker 3: is that people have tried this, and both people who

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Speaker 3: have tried it are sort of pretty notorious.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is not a community of folks you want

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Speaker 1: to go to conferences with. Because the first person to

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Speaker 1: really do this significantly was Hitler. And Hitler had this

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Speaker 1: cannon called the V three cannon, and he could launch

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Speaker 1: projectiles ninety kilometers away. Again, the Germans were also working

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Speaker 1: in rocket technology, but this is just launching it from

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Speaker 1: the ground with no more pushes.

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Speaker 3: Well, I was wondering when our discussions would eventually devolve

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Speaker 3: into talking about Hitler, and.

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Speaker 1: Everything on the internet gets compared to Hitler eventually, right,

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Speaker 1: there's a.

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Speaker 3: Rule eventually, why not physics?

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Speaker 1: Here we are.

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Speaker 3: So he tried it. He tried to build a giant

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Speaker 3: cannon that would launch things into space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And I don't think his goal was to get

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Speaker 1: into space. I think his goal be able to like

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Speaker 1: launch shells to France from Germany. Right. They wanted like

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Speaker 1: really long distance bombardment. I think that was their goal.

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Speaker 1: I don't think they cared that much about shooting stuff

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Speaker 1: into space.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, just like, what's the biggest missile you

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Speaker 3: can build?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly. But it inspired another guy, a guy named

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Speaker 1: Gerald Bull, and he convinced some combination of American and

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Speaker 1: Canadian governments to give him a bunch of money for

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Speaker 1: something called Project Harp, which is basically, build a huge

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Speaker 1: gun and see if you can launch stuff into space.

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Speaker 1: And he didn't do a terrible job.

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Speaker 3: Really. He came up with a pretty good name, Project Cart,

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Speaker 3: Project Cart. Project that's built a giant gun, and Chason

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Speaker 3: thinks into.

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Speaker 1: Space, project crazy dictators fund this, Yeah exactly.

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Speaker 3: So how far did he get?

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Speaker 1: Well, his record still stands today. He shot a four

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Speaker 1: hundred pound object one hundred and ten miles above the

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Speaker 1: Earth's surface, so that counts like he got something into space.

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Speaker 1: Now it came back down. It didn't escape the earth, right,

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Speaker 1: he shout it up and it came back down. But

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Speaker 1: that's the record today for in terms of launching something

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Speaker 1: from the ground and not giving it any more pushes.

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Speaker 1: It's one hundred and ten miles.

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Speaker 3: How did he do it? What did this gun look like?

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Speaker 1: It just looks like a really big gun. I mean,

404
00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:15,160
Speaker 1: it's just like a really big tube. I mean, there's

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Speaker 1: not a whole lot of cleverness here right right, It's

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Speaker 1: just a big tube but a big explosive in it,

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Speaker 1: you know. And the question is can you get enough

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Speaker 1: money to build a bigger and bigger gun? And you know,

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Speaker 1: some of these things don't scale that easily. In the

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Speaker 1: strength of the cylinder, etc. You have to take into account.

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Speaker 1: But basically it's just spend more money, make it bigger.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of like particle physics, right, spend more money,

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Speaker 1: make a bigger accelerator.

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Speaker 3: I guess the idea is that you sort of make

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Speaker 3: it like a rocket, but instead of having the propellant

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Speaker 3: and the fuel on the rocket on the missile, you

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Speaker 3: just keep it on the ground exactly. You know what

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Speaker 3: I mean, like, that's what a giant gun solves, is

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Speaker 3: the idea that you don't need to bring the fuel

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Speaker 3: with you, you just exploit it all here on Earth

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Speaker 3: and then that sends you into space.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The problem with a rocket is you're not

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Speaker 1: just lifting your payload, you're lifting the fuel. You need

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Speaker 1: to lift the fuel, You need to lift the fuel,

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Speaker 1: et cetera, et cetera, So it gets by the time

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Speaker 1: you're actually launching your like ninety percent fuel. So this

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Speaker 1: solves that problem by basically blowing up all the fuel

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Speaker 1: at once on the ground and seeing how far it goes, right,

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Speaker 1: But it doesn't really solve the problem. I think a

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Speaker 1: more clever idea is like laser supported rockets, like shoot

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Speaker 1: the energy at it using beams basically, so you don't

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Speaker 1: have to transport the fuel. You can send it up

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Speaker 1: from the ground as it goes.

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Speaker 3: Wow, and shoot it with lasers which would absorb the

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Speaker 3: lay and they would absorb the laser and redirect it

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Speaker 3: to their propulsion.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. I mean, if I was a dictator and

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Speaker 1: I was funding crazy science projects getting stuff in the space,

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Speaker 1: I would definitely put some money in laser propulsion.

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Speaker 3: You're like I'm not going to be one of those

441
00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:46,960
Speaker 3: crazy dictators that want to build a giant gun. I'm

442
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,160
Speaker 3: just going to be a dictator that makes giant lasers.

443
00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. But the story doesn't end there. This guy,

444
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,480
Speaker 1: Gerald Bull, he ran out of money from the US

445
00:19:54,480 --> 00:19:57,240
Speaker 1: and Canada and didn't finish his gun. But then he

446
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,240
Speaker 1: sold the idea. He sold the idea to set I'm

447
00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:04,560
Speaker 1: Hussein right to what Yes, inspired by Hitler and then

448
00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:06,880
Speaker 1: employed by Saddam Hussein, and he said, look, I'm gonna

449
00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:09,639
Speaker 1: build you the biggest gun ever. And I guess that

450
00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:11,359
Speaker 1: sales pitch worked. You know, he must have had a

451
00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:16,440
Speaker 1: killer PowerPoint slide deck, and he was building the mother

452
00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:17,440
Speaker 1: of all guns.

453
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:23,640
Speaker 3: He had three words, biggest gun ever, like.

454
00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:27,600
Speaker 1: I wanted, I don't know, yeah, And so he was

455
00:20:27,640 --> 00:20:30,080
Speaker 1: in the middle middle of building the biggest gun ever,

456
00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:32,880
Speaker 1: like I think Saddam called it the mother of all guns.

457
00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:35,520
Speaker 1: And you know, Saddam probably had the same idea that

458
00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:38,760
Speaker 1: the Hitler had, like launch shells to Israel or launch

459
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,119
Speaker 1: shells to anywhere in the Middle East or something nefarious.

460
00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:46,240
Speaker 1: But Bull was actually assassinated by we don't know who

461
00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:48,760
Speaker 1: while he was working on the project. So it didn't

462
00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,119
Speaker 1: end very well for the scientist. Wow.

463
00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:54,359
Speaker 3: Yeah, and that's a movie or a comic book right there.

464
00:20:55,320 --> 00:20:57,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Ben Affleck is probably writing the screenplay as

465
00:20:57,960 --> 00:20:58,359
Speaker 1: we speak.

466
00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:04,240
Speaker 3: He's the YA agent assassinating the big Gun.

467
00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:06,720
Speaker 1: So Jerald Bill got a bunch of money from a rock,

468
00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:09,119
Speaker 1: but he never matched his original high score that he

469
00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:11,920
Speaker 1: did on his own using Project harp. So that stands today.

470
00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:15,119
Speaker 1: So one hundred and ten miles is the record. I

471
00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:17,080
Speaker 1: don't think it's a practical way to launch things because

472
00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:18,520
Speaker 1: remember the kind of things we want to launch in

473
00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:22,919
Speaker 1: a space are usually delicate, right, telecommunication satellites or people,

474
00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:25,520
Speaker 1: and you got to be pretty careful. So the rocket

475
00:21:25,520 --> 00:21:28,520
Speaker 1: approach is much more gentle because you never achieve as

476
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:29,240
Speaker 1: high a speed.

477
00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:33,320
Speaker 3: Interesting, So putting your delicate object on top of like

478
00:21:33,560 --> 00:21:37,520
Speaker 3: tons and tons of explosives not recommended. That's the safest

479
00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,200
Speaker 3: way to do it in a rocket.

480
00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:42,560
Speaker 1: Yes, that is the safest way to do it. Yeah,

481
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,480
Speaker 1: gradually blow up all those explosives, right, don't blow it

482
00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:46,920
Speaker 1: up all at once on the ground.

483
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:48,680
Speaker 3: All right. So that's the answer for Paul. Can you

484
00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:52,359
Speaker 3: shoot stuff into space unit using a gun? That's the question.

485
00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:55,320
Speaker 3: The answer is technically.

486
00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:56,960
Speaker 1: Yes, but it's not a great idea.

487
00:21:57,119 --> 00:21:59,639
Speaker 3: It's really hard, not a good idea. And also you

488
00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:03,080
Speaker 3: can't put it into orbit. You need something else, that's right, Yeah,

489
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:04,200
Speaker 3: you need another stage.

490
00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:06,240
Speaker 1: I mean to catch it and redirect it or something

491
00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:08,040
Speaker 1: once you get up into orbit. Yeah.

492
00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:10,120
Speaker 3: And also for Paul, stop trying to make this gun

493
00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:15,760
Speaker 3: because they're going to assassinate you. Little pro tip there

494
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:16,800
Speaker 3: from your podcast.

495
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:22,480
Speaker 1: Yeah. Also, funding from dictators doesn't always end out well.

496
00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:24,320
Speaker 3: All right, thank you, Paul. And so we have two

497
00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:29,080
Speaker 3: more questions about particle collisions and about dark energy. But

498
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:31,240
Speaker 3: first let's take a quick break.

499
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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, so today we are answering reader or

549
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:21,760
Speaker 3: more more like listener questions questions that our listeners out

550
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:24,720
Speaker 3: there send us. And so we answered one about building

551
00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:27,760
Speaker 3: a giant space gun. And so our second question comes

552
00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:32,760
Speaker 3: from Jacob, and Jacob has a question about your job, right, Daniel.

553
00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:36,359
Speaker 6: That's right, yeah, Hey, Daniel and Jorge, I was just

554
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,639
Speaker 6: wondering how you guys isolate and manipulate the particle or

555
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,720
Speaker 6: particles that you use for the large Hadron collider.

556
00:25:43,359 --> 00:25:43,719
Speaker 3: Thanks.

557
00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:47,600
Speaker 1: That's a great question, right, He's asking us, like, how

558
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,560
Speaker 1: do you get one particle into the collider and slam

559
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:52,679
Speaker 1: it into into the other particles? And how do you

560
00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:54,080
Speaker 1: control them and manipulate them.

561
00:25:54,119 --> 00:25:57,560
Speaker 3: It's a great question, yeah, because you know, we know

562
00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:01,600
Speaker 3: that in a particle collider you're smashing particles together, and

563
00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:03,399
Speaker 3: so I guess, I guess the question is how do

564
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,760
Speaker 3: you how could you possibly get two of these particles

565
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:09,359
Speaker 3: to hit each other right on the head. That seems

566
00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:10,800
Speaker 3: like an impossible problem.

567
00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:13,160
Speaker 1: It is an impossible problem. And that's why we don't

568
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:15,400
Speaker 1: do that, because that's basically impossible.

569
00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:20,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, yeah, you don't. You don't. You don't

570
00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:22,720
Speaker 3: aim one particle to hit another particle.

571
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:25,280
Speaker 1: No, that would be really hard. It's like, imagine you're

572
00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:28,280
Speaker 1: like throwing a water balloon from La and somebody else

573
00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:30,520
Speaker 1: to throwing a water balloon from New York, and you

574
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:33,400
Speaker 1: have to have them like meet somewhere over Kansas. Right,

575
00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:35,960
Speaker 1: that's basically impossible. So that's level.

576
00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:38,280
Speaker 3: But wait, wait, what if you use a space gun?

577
00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:42,720
Speaker 1: Totally will work. Absolutely, a water balloon will survive twenty

578
00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:44,480
Speaker 1: five thousand miles per hour, no.

579
00:26:44,359 --> 00:26:48,760
Speaker 3: Problem, a space a potato gun or water balloon gun.

580
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:52,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, now, the it's a good question. That's impossible. And

581
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 1: so it's also very hard to just isolate individual particles.

582
00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:57,160
Speaker 1: I mean, there's a whole field of physics that works

583
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,840
Speaker 1: on that atomic molecular optics and stuff like that where

584
00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:02,679
Speaker 1: the trap individual particles. But that's really hard to do.

585
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,920
Speaker 1: And so what we do instead is we don't send

586
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:10,879
Speaker 1: individual particles flying against individual particles. We send a little

587
00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,879
Speaker 1: gas of particles, like a bunch of particles against a

588
00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:14,880
Speaker 1: bunch of particles coming.

589
00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:17,679
Speaker 3: The other direction is that the official physics name bunch

590
00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:18,879
Speaker 3: of a bunch.

591
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:21,760
Speaker 1: We actually use the word bunch, and the reasons really

592
00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:23,919
Speaker 1: we use yeah, exactly bunches. You can look it up

593
00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:28,199
Speaker 1: at the LEDC and The reasons for that are is

594
00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,119
Speaker 1: that even if the particles do hit each other, the

595
00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:33,880
Speaker 1: chances of a collision are not great. Like mostly they

596
00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:35,879
Speaker 1: just you know, gently brush off each other. So what

597
00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:38,560
Speaker 1: you want actually is a bunch of collisions happening at

598
00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:40,920
Speaker 1: the same time, so that you have a higher chance

599
00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:43,800
Speaker 1: of seeing something interesting. Plus it's just hard to get took.

600
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,720
Speaker 3: It, so even if you so, even if you could

601
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:51,919
Speaker 3: align one particle and aimit directly add another particle, they

602
00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:53,600
Speaker 3: might not collide at all.

603
00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, I mean, what do we really mean by

604
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:59,000
Speaker 1: a collision? A collision is an interaction. We think of

605
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,560
Speaker 1: collision as the edges of two things hitting each other, right,

606
00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:05,800
Speaker 1: because we're used to macroscopic objects. But in that case,

607
00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,600
Speaker 1: you know, the zoom in microscopically and think about what's

608
00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:11,800
Speaker 1: happening when the two edges touch. What happens really is

609
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,880
Speaker 1: that the particles in one push away from the particles

610
00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:17,520
Speaker 1: in the other. That's an interaction that's like a force.

611
00:28:18,119 --> 00:28:20,159
Speaker 1: So now strip that all away, and you have just

612
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,320
Speaker 1: two particles pushing against each other. Right, if they're going

613
00:28:23,359 --> 00:28:26,720
Speaker 1: really really fast, unless they hit immediately right on each other,

614
00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,760
Speaker 1: then they'll just whizz right by each other, and even still,

615
00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:33,679
Speaker 1: even if they go, they go right on top of

616
00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:36,160
Speaker 1: each other. It's quantum mechanical, and so sometimes just nothing

617
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,280
Speaker 1: happens most of the time, very little happens most of

618
00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:41,200
Speaker 1: the time. The thing that happens is boring is that

619
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 1: the two particles just like slightly deflect. So what we

620
00:28:44,120 --> 00:28:46,320
Speaker 1: want to see is the rare stuff at times when

621
00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:49,800
Speaker 1: two particles smash together make something weird and crazy nobody's

622
00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:52,120
Speaker 1: ever seen before. So make that happen. We have to

623
00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:53,680
Speaker 1: send a bunch of particles in at once.

624
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,960
Speaker 3: But what's the difference between them interacting and not interacting?

625
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,160
Speaker 3: Do you know what I mean? Like, how do they decide?

626
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:01,840
Speaker 3: Or yeah, is it just that they're more head on

627
00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:05,720
Speaker 3: than others or that they have no other option but

628
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:07,239
Speaker 3: to smush together or what?

629
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:09,480
Speaker 1: There's a real quant mechanical mystery there, because you know,

630
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,440
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics tells us that you can repeat the same experiment.

631
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,640
Speaker 1: You can like shoot two particles exactly the same angle

632
00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:18,120
Speaker 1: at each other the same way and get two different outcomes.

633
00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:21,400
Speaker 1: So you're asking, like what determines whether they interact or

634
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:23,680
Speaker 1: they don't, or that the interaction is a boring one

635
00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:27,560
Speaker 1: or an interesting one. It's random, like there's somewhere in

636
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,239
Speaker 1: the universe a die gets rolled. Every time these two

637
00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,360
Speaker 1: particles collide. That determines like are they going to bounce

638
00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:35,200
Speaker 1: off each other gently? Are they going to create a

639
00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:37,800
Speaker 1: Higgs boson? Are they going to create something else these

640
00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:40,000
Speaker 1: folks have never seen and blow their minds, or are

641
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:40,880
Speaker 1: they just going to miss?

642
00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:43,360
Speaker 3: And so the strategy you guys use is to just

643
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:45,840
Speaker 3: go for the numbers. You just throw a whole bunch

644
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:48,880
Speaker 3: of particles. You don't try to hit individual particles together.

645
00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:51,239
Speaker 3: You just throw a whole bunch of them together, and

646
00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:53,920
Speaker 3: you hope that you get some of them hitting each other.

647
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:56,080
Speaker 1: Exactly. It's like you're looking for your first job, and

648
00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,080
Speaker 1: so you send out like thousands of resonates, right, you know,

649
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,080
Speaker 1: just email one and then wait a week. Right, you

650
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:04,240
Speaker 1: send out a lot of resumes and in our.

651
00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:06,640
Speaker 3: Case, sounds like my faculty source when I was for a.

652
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:11,160
Speaker 1: Professor, exactly right. You go for the numbers, and so

653
00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:14,840
Speaker 1: in this case, we have ten to the eleven protons

654
00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:19,200
Speaker 1: in every bunch. That's one hundred billion protons in a

655
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:20,160
Speaker 1: little bunch.

656
00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:22,920
Speaker 3: And they're all in a really small space.

657
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,680
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly, and we focus them using magnets. So

658
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:27,080
Speaker 1: the other part of his question was like how do

659
00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:29,040
Speaker 1: you control them? How do you maintain them? Basically, we

660
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:31,280
Speaker 1: use magnets because you can't like you can't like have

661
00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:33,800
Speaker 1: a little ziplock bag with just ten to the eleven

662
00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:36,520
Speaker 1: protons in it, you know, you carry it around, So

663
00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:39,760
Speaker 1: we have a magnetic bottle. Essentially, we use magnets to

664
00:30:39,840 --> 00:30:43,720
Speaker 1: keep these things moving in a circle. Right. Magnets bend

665
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,480
Speaker 1: the path of a charge particle, so we focus it

666
00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:49,440
Speaker 1: using magnets and we get it down to two and

667
00:30:49,440 --> 00:30:52,880
Speaker 1: a half micrometers. Right, So we want we want as

668
00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:55,960
Speaker 1: many protons as possible and as small as an area

669
00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:59,280
Speaker 1: as possible because it's the greatest density, the greatest possibility

670
00:30:59,320 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 1: is something exciting is going to happen. Wow. So and

671
00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:04,160
Speaker 1: you might think, well, that's a lot of particles, right,

672
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: it is, but it's also a small number, right, Like

673
00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:09,640
Speaker 1: you know a mole, which is you know the atomic

674
00:31:09,760 --> 00:31:13,280
Speaker 1: unit has you is Avagadre's numbers like ten to the

675
00:31:13,320 --> 00:31:18,000
Speaker 1: twenty three particles, right, And a really really good vacuum

676
00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:21,920
Speaker 1: has ten to the twelve particles in it per cubic meter,

677
00:31:22,040 --> 00:31:24,479
Speaker 1: So ten to the eleven particles is a lot if

678
00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:27,080
Speaker 1: you just count them. But it's also it's very diffuse, rights,

679
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:29,840
Speaker 1: It's not like this is a very dense thing. This

680
00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:32,760
Speaker 1: this bunch of protons. Wow.

681
00:31:33,240 --> 00:31:35,360
Speaker 3: And you don't just send one bunch at a time.

682
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:37,600
Speaker 3: You send a whole bunch of bunches at each other.

683
00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:40,360
Speaker 1: That's right. It's organized like a Swiss clock, which makes

684
00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:42,960
Speaker 1: sense because it's a huge circle in Switzerland.

685
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:43,600
Speaker 3: Geneva.

686
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:47,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we have more than two thousand bunches in

687
00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:49,880
Speaker 1: the accelerator at all times, and you know, the thing

688
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,320
Speaker 1: is like tens of kilometers around, and so they're all synchronized.

689
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:58,360
Speaker 1: And so every twenty five nanoseconds, one bunch hits another bunch,

690
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,200
Speaker 1: and then twenty five nanoseconds or another bunch is coming

691
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:03,320
Speaker 1: down the line and they collide. And so it's just

692
00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:06,840
Speaker 1: like all day, all night, every twenty five nanoseconds we

693
00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:09,720
Speaker 1: collide one bunch of protons against another bunch of protons.

694
00:32:09,920 --> 00:32:13,040
Speaker 3: It's like a ferris wheel, but instead of each pod,

695
00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:17,720
Speaker 3: you have twenty eight hundred bunches just going around and around.

696
00:32:17,840 --> 00:32:19,840
Speaker 1: Yeah. First World makes it sound like it's all fun

697
00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:21,920
Speaker 1: and enjoy but these guys are slamming into each other.

698
00:32:22,840 --> 00:32:25,000
Speaker 1: It's like an assembly line, you know, they're just coming

699
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,080
Speaker 1: down the line and getting smushed into each other. And

700
00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:30,560
Speaker 1: also you can reuse the bunches, like the bunches passed

701
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:33,520
Speaker 1: through each other, some tiny fraction that may be interact,

702
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,480
Speaker 1: but most of them are untouched, so you can send

703
00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:37,120
Speaker 1: them through again.

704
00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:39,479
Speaker 3: So they go through each other and then they just

705
00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:42,720
Speaker 3: come back around again. Yeah exactly, you don't discard them. Yeah,

706
00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:45,680
Speaker 3: so it's called a fill. We fill the accelerator. We

707
00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:47,320
Speaker 3: put all these bunches and we get them going. We

708
00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:50,240
Speaker 3: slam into each other, and then you know, eventually you

709
00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:52,920
Speaker 3: lose some of them because you can't have perfect containment,

710
00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:56,880
Speaker 3: and so the effective number of collisions you're getting starts

711
00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:58,880
Speaker 3: to drop. So then you empty it and you refill

712
00:32:58,880 --> 00:32:59,640
Speaker 3: it start again.

713
00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:00,400
Speaker 6: Hmm.

714
00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:03,400
Speaker 3: All right, well, so that answer is Jacob's question. The

715
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:06,959
Speaker 3: he has how do we control how do you control

716
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,120
Speaker 3: the particles in the collider and how do you get

717
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:12,440
Speaker 3: like single particles who hit each other? And the answer

718
00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:14,120
Speaker 3: is using a bunch of bunches.

719
00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:16,480
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. So we don't throw one water balloon at

720
00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:20,360
Speaker 1: another water balloon. We throw like one hundred billion water

721
00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:23,920
Speaker 1: balloons at one hundred billion water balloons, and then we

722
00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,280
Speaker 1: it's so much fun. We just get to watch what happens.

723
00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:28,920
Speaker 1: We like, you know, create explosions and watch them all

724
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:30,880
Speaker 1: day long. Best job in the world.

725
00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:33,840
Speaker 3: Okay, here's here. Here's a question. Then for me, what

726
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:39,600
Speaker 3: if you aimed this collider into space, would you get

727
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:41,880
Speaker 3: the protons up into space into.

728
00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:45,160
Speaker 1: Well, protons are definitely moving fast enough to escape Earth's velocity,

729
00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:49,120
Speaker 1: but the atmosphere would stop them because they would slam

730
00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:52,440
Speaker 1: into other particles and they would, you know, very quickly,

731
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:55,080
Speaker 1: So one proton would hit another proton, and then those

732
00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:58,080
Speaker 1: two protons would share the original proton's energy. You have

733
00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:00,640
Speaker 1: two particles at half the energy, and then you have

734
00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:02,840
Speaker 1: four particles that a quarter the energy, and eventually you'd

735
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,320
Speaker 1: have a trillion particles that a trillionth the energy.

736
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:07,520
Speaker 3: But some of them might make it out into space, right.

737
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:09,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, some of them might bleed out over the edge

738
00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:11,960
Speaker 1: of the atmosphere, but you wouldn't have like you know,

739
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,560
Speaker 1: you're imagining like Superman rocketing from the surface of the

740
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:17,759
Speaker 1: Earth triumphantly arm raised, Right, that's not what would happen.

741
00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:20,200
Speaker 1: You just gently heat the atmosphere.

742
00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:23,759
Speaker 3: Basically, hmmm, yeah, but some of them might leak out

743
00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:24,240
Speaker 3: into space.

744
00:34:24,360 --> 00:34:26,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Some of them might leak out in space,

745
00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:27,319
Speaker 1: but not into Earth's orbit.

746
00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:30,000
Speaker 3: Okay, got it, got it all right, Jacob, Hope, that

747
00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:33,200
Speaker 3: answered your question. And so well, we have one more

748
00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:36,920
Speaker 3: question about the exploding universe. But before we get to it,

749
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,000
Speaker 3: let's take a quick break.

750
00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:44,479
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

751
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,759
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

752
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,759
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

753
00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:54,480
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US dairy

754
00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:58,799
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

755
00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:01,960
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twin. That's why they're working hard every

756
00:35:02,040 --> 00:35:05,120
Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

757
00:35:05,160 --> 00:35:08,680
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example,

758
00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:11,840
Speaker 1: most dairy farms reuse water up to four times the

759
00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:15,120
Speaker 1: same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

760
00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:18,960
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

761
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,960
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

762
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,400
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

763
00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:27,680
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

764
00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:29,600
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

765
00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:32,319
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

766
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:36,160
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

767
00:35:36,160 --> 00:35:38,839
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

768
00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:41,439
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

769
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:46,000
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

770
00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:48,439
Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

771
00:35:48,440 --> 00:35:50,640
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

772
00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:54,200
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go Safely California

773
00:35:54,239 --> 00:35:56,480
Speaker 2: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

774
00:35:56,520 --> 00:35:59,200
Speaker 7: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend

775
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,520
Speaker 7: to be the people who seek out partners with skills

776
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,239
Speaker 7: or knowledge that they don't have, and that's what Lenovo's

777
00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:08,040
Speaker 7: free online membership program Lenovo Pro can do for small businesses.

778
00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:10,879
Speaker 7: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help.

779
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,359
Speaker 7: So you can add Lenovo's team to yours and then

780
00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:15,920
Speaker 7: lean on them for all your tech questions. For free.

781
00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:18,920
Speaker 7: Visit Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo pro to sign up

782
00:36:18,920 --> 00:36:24,319
Speaker 7: for free. That's Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo pro leo Leanovo.

783
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:36,719
Speaker 3: All right, today we're answering listener questions questions from you,

784
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,240
Speaker 3: the listeners of this podcast, and so our third question

785
00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:43,600
Speaker 3: of the day for this episode comes to us from

786
00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:45,000
Speaker 3: someone in Dallas.

787
00:36:45,360 --> 00:36:48,120
Speaker 8: Hi, Daniel and Jorge. This is Tom from Dallas. I

788
00:36:48,120 --> 00:36:50,600
Speaker 8: love the show and always leads me to more questions.

789
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:52,960
Speaker 8: And one thing that I've been really grappling with is

790
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:57,520
Speaker 8: the expansion of the universe. Right, So, if the entire

791
00:36:57,640 --> 00:37:01,359
Speaker 8: universe is expanding fa than the speed of light because

792
00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:04,640
Speaker 8: of dark energy, and it's not expanding from a central point,

793
00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:08,440
Speaker 8: but rather from all points in space time simultaneously, then

794
00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:11,799
Speaker 8: wouldn't everything just kind of be exploding around us? How

795
00:37:11,840 --> 00:37:15,840
Speaker 8: do I even exist? If I'm imploding at faster than

796
00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:19,600
Speaker 8: the speed of light? I don't feel like I'm imploding Anyways, Guys,

797
00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:22,879
Speaker 8: I really appreciate you taking my question, and I really

798
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:24,600
Speaker 8: enjoy the show. Thanks for everything you do.

799
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, I love that question. I love that he had

800
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:29,759
Speaker 1: his mind blown. You know that he's thinking about this

801
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:33,319
Speaker 1: cosmic sized questions he wants to understand, and that's my

802
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:35,200
Speaker 1: favorite thing. Is when you can get you can give

803
00:37:35,239 --> 00:37:37,399
Speaker 1: people a piece of information that they didn't know about

804
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:40,200
Speaker 1: the universe, and then they try to fit it into

805
00:37:40,239 --> 00:37:43,040
Speaker 1: their brain. They're like, Okay, if that's crazy thing you

806
00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:46,080
Speaker 1: just said is true, then why doesn't this happen? Why

807
00:37:46,120 --> 00:37:49,120
Speaker 1: doesn't that happen? Then that's physics, right, that's like, how

808
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:51,680
Speaker 1: do I reconcile this thing with all the things I know?

809
00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:54,680
Speaker 1: And so I love seeing people do that. They're basically

810
00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:55,400
Speaker 1: being physicists.

811
00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:57,239
Speaker 3: Yeah. I feel like we're doing our job if it

812
00:37:57,280 --> 00:38:00,280
Speaker 3: makes people think and have their own questions.

813
00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:02,960
Speaker 1: That's right, not if we're making people worried that they're exploding.

814
00:38:03,239 --> 00:38:05,840
Speaker 1: But you know, it's a good question.

815
00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:09,800
Speaker 3: To ask, are Daniel they are Their minds are exploding,

816
00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:15,200
Speaker 3: that's right, their mental consciousness, their connection to the universe.

817
00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:18,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly, And it's a great question. And I

818
00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:22,040
Speaker 1: think the question comes from hearing that dark energy is

819
00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:24,359
Speaker 1: expanding the universe, right, stretching it out.

820
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:27,080
Speaker 3: Yeah, because we had an episode where the title of

821
00:38:27,080 --> 00:38:30,480
Speaker 3: the podcast episode was is the Universe exploding? And we

822
00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:33,000
Speaker 3: said at the end that, yes, the universe is exploding.

823
00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,239
Speaker 1: That's right, the universe is exploding. And I think a

824
00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:38,239
Speaker 1: lot of people are tempted to think about that like

825
00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:40,759
Speaker 1: an explosion which has a center. Right, you blow up

826
00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:43,160
Speaker 1: a bomb, things fly out from the center, and so

827
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:46,120
Speaker 1: you imagine, oh, the expansion is happening from the center,

828
00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:49,440
Speaker 1: things are getting pushed out. But we made the point

829
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:52,040
Speaker 1: in that episode, which is true, that that's not the

830
00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:54,800
Speaker 1: way it's happening. That dark energy expands all of space,

831
00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:58,040
Speaker 1: So every point in space is being affected by dark energy.

832
00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:01,919
Speaker 1: New space is being created all the time, everywhere.

833
00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:05,120
Speaker 3: Right, It's like the dark energy is not just acting

834
00:39:05,560 --> 00:39:08,560
Speaker 3: in the center of the universe or at the end.

835
00:39:08,719 --> 00:39:11,000
Speaker 3: It's like all the way through there's just a little

836
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,520
Speaker 3: bit of dark energy that's pushing everything apart.

837
00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:16,680
Speaker 1: That's right. And it also it sounds really violent because

838
00:39:16,680 --> 00:39:20,160
Speaker 1: we say that dark energy is almost three fourths of

839
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:22,640
Speaker 1: the energy of the universe is dark energy, So it

840
00:39:22,680 --> 00:39:25,480
Speaker 1: sounds like, wow, this must be a really powerful force.

841
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:29,400
Speaker 1: It's pushing galaxies apart, and galaxies have hundreds of billions

842
00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:32,400
Speaker 1: of stars, so what could possibly have the energy to

843
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:34,839
Speaker 1: push those apart? And if that's applying to me too,

844
00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:37,279
Speaker 1: If you could push galaxies apart, why isn't it just

845
00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:39,719
Speaker 1: just shred me? Like tissue paper, right, I think that's

846
00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:40,640
Speaker 1: the essence of the question.

847
00:39:41,080 --> 00:39:44,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, And in particular, he said that if we are

848
00:39:44,320 --> 00:39:47,640
Speaker 3: if the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light,

849
00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:50,239
Speaker 3: how is it that we don't feel it right now?

850
00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:50,560
Speaker 1: Like?

851
00:39:50,680 --> 00:39:55,279
Speaker 3: Why why isn't my hand moving away from my other

852
00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:57,400
Speaker 3: hand at the speed of light? If the whole universe

853
00:39:57,440 --> 00:39:59,200
Speaker 3: is expanding faster than the speed of light.

854
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:03,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, it's crazy. Well, the answer. The thing to

855
00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:06,480
Speaker 1: understand to grapple with this question is that dark energy

856
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:08,960
Speaker 1: is the most powerful thing in the universe in that

857
00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:12,360
Speaker 1: it has the biggest slice of the energy budget. But

858
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:15,880
Speaker 1: remember that dark energy is everywhere, right, Most of the

859
00:40:15,920 --> 00:40:18,080
Speaker 1: stuff in the universe is not everywhere, Like the matter

860
00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:21,040
Speaker 1: in the universe is clumped up into stars and galaxies,

861
00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:24,680
Speaker 1: and it's in most of space doesn't have matter in it, right.

862
00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:27,880
Speaker 1: Dark energy doesn't work like that. Dark energy is uniform.

863
00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:31,480
Speaker 1: It's spread equally everywhere, So it doesn't have to be

864
00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:34,560
Speaker 1: very powerful to add up to a really, really really

865
00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:38,080
Speaker 1: big number because most of the places where there's nothing,

866
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:39,160
Speaker 1: there's dark energy.

867
00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:41,560
Speaker 3: Do we know that for sure that dark energy is

868
00:40:41,719 --> 00:40:44,759
Speaker 3: evenly spread out, it's not at all clumped together? Or

869
00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,520
Speaker 3: in imperceptible clumps.

870
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:50,080
Speaker 1: That's right. We know very little about dark energy, but

871
00:40:50,239 --> 00:40:52,440
Speaker 1: that's the model that fits the data that dark energy

872
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:55,440
Speaker 1: is expanding the universe everywhere, and we don't know what

873
00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:57,920
Speaker 1: dark energy is. Right, it's really just a description of

874
00:40:57,960 --> 00:41:00,880
Speaker 1: the fact that the universe is expanding. But it's consistent

875
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:03,840
Speaker 1: with something which is a property of space, meaning that

876
00:41:03,880 --> 00:41:06,600
Speaker 1: it's uniform. It's everywhere. I mean, whether you're in the

877
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,080
Speaker 1: middle of a star or you know, in the middle

878
00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:11,279
Speaker 1: of one of our listeners, or in the middle of

879
00:41:11,280 --> 00:41:16,080
Speaker 1: one of these huge voids in the supercluster sheets and bubbles. Right,

880
00:41:16,120 --> 00:41:16,880
Speaker 1: it's everywhere.

881
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:20,439
Speaker 3: It's like a it's like an even glow that the universe.

882
00:41:20,120 --> 00:41:23,719
Speaker 1: Has exactly and because it's everywhere, it's not really very

883
00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:28,040
Speaker 1: strong anywhere. Okay, so, yes, it's creating new space between

884
00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,000
Speaker 1: our galaxy and other galaxies, but there's a lot of

885
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:33,000
Speaker 1: space there, so it adds up, right, it can have

886
00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:37,279
Speaker 1: a big effect. But between like your hand and your

887
00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:40,040
Speaker 1: other hand, there's not a lot of space. So it

888
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:43,680
Speaker 1: is creating new space there, but it's very weak compared

889
00:41:43,719 --> 00:41:47,400
Speaker 1: to the other forces at play, namely the chemical bonds

890
00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:50,319
Speaker 1: holding your body together. Right, the reason that you don't

891
00:41:50,360 --> 00:41:52,600
Speaker 1: fall apart is that the stuff in your body is

892
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:54,680
Speaker 1: holding onto the other stuff in your body, and those

893
00:41:54,719 --> 00:41:57,120
Speaker 1: bonds are more powerful than dark energy.

894
00:41:57,560 --> 00:41:59,640
Speaker 3: Right. But you know, I think Tom was maybe wondering

895
00:41:59,719 --> 00:42:02,640
Speaker 3: how it can be that the univer is expanding faster

896
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:05,200
Speaker 3: than the speed of light, but yet you don't feel

897
00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:05,640
Speaker 3: it here.

898
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:08,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, well you don't feel it here because it's a

899
00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 1: very small effect here, right, Like, it's creating a very

900
00:42:12,680 --> 00:42:15,399
Speaker 1: small amount of space per space, and that adds up

901
00:42:15,719 --> 00:42:20,000
Speaker 1: to making things, to creating space faster than light can travel. Right, Like,

902
00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:24,000
Speaker 1: imagine all the space between here and another galaxy. So

903
00:42:24,320 --> 00:42:27,400
Speaker 1: every piece of that space increases by one percent, and

904
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,919
Speaker 1: then another one percent, and another one percent, and it's

905
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:33,879
Speaker 1: increasing at a rate that it's faster than light can

906
00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:36,879
Speaker 1: go through it. Remember, nothing can go faster than light

907
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:39,880
Speaker 1: through space, but there's no limit to how fast you

908
00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:42,640
Speaker 1: can create space. So all those little bits of space

909
00:42:42,640 --> 00:42:45,839
Speaker 1: between us and that other galaxy are working hard enough

910
00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:48,399
Speaker 1: to create more space than light can fly through.

911
00:42:48,680 --> 00:42:50,759
Speaker 3: I was thinking maybe a good analogy was that, you know,

912
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:54,000
Speaker 3: if you grab a rubber band or a strip of

913
00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:57,640
Speaker 3: rubber ban and you stretch it, you know, the ends

914
00:42:57,680 --> 00:43:00,960
Speaker 3: of the rubber ban can be moving fast relative to

915
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:03,800
Speaker 3: each other, but if you're somewhere in the rubber band,

916
00:43:03,840 --> 00:43:07,560
Speaker 3: you wouldn't feel the stretch that violently.

917
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:10,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think that works, except you know, we don't

918
00:43:10,239 --> 00:43:12,920
Speaker 1: know if the universe has an edge, right, right, But

919
00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:15,680
Speaker 1: if you just pick two points, right, like two galaxies,

920
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: you can think of them as the edges of the

921
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:21,200
Speaker 1: rubber band, and all the space between them is like

922
00:43:21,280 --> 00:43:24,480
Speaker 1: the rubber bandy part of the rubber band, then yeah,

923
00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:26,719
Speaker 1: I think that works, right, because the distance between the

924
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:30,440
Speaker 1: two galaxies is the sum of all the increasing distances

925
00:43:31,560 --> 00:43:34,879
Speaker 1: and the little bits of space in between, right, yeah. Yeah,

926
00:43:34,880 --> 00:43:37,440
Speaker 1: So dark energy is there, it's out there, it's everywhere

927
00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:39,480
Speaker 1: in the universe. It's also inside you. And the reason

928
00:43:39,520 --> 00:43:41,880
Speaker 1: it like isn't ripping you away from the Earth is that,

929
00:43:41,960 --> 00:43:44,879
Speaker 1: like the force of gravity is strong enough to keep

930
00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:46,600
Speaker 1: you on Earth. The force of gravity, even though it's

931
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:50,359
Speaker 1: so weak, is stronger than dark energy is right here, right.

932
00:43:50,480 --> 00:43:53,400
Speaker 1: Dark energy, you remember, is very weak on a local scale,

933
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:55,719
Speaker 1: but only only great when it adds up over huge

934
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:56,560
Speaker 1: pieces of space.

935
00:43:57,800 --> 00:43:59,759
Speaker 3: So you're like you're in one point of the rubber band,

936
00:43:59,840 --> 00:44:02,600
Speaker 3: and the ground the ravan is stretching a little bit,

937
00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:06,640
Speaker 3: but you're keeping yourself together stronger than the rubberban is

938
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:09,120
Speaker 3: stretching you at that little point in the.

939
00:44:09,080 --> 00:44:12,279
Speaker 1: Rubberband exactly right. Like if you're you know, you're it's

940
00:44:12,320 --> 00:44:14,959
Speaker 1: a windy day and somebody's getting blown, but they can

941
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:17,000
Speaker 1: grab onto something, right. You can grab onto a pole

942
00:44:17,120 --> 00:44:18,880
Speaker 1: or to your friend or something. You can overcome the

943
00:44:18,920 --> 00:44:21,200
Speaker 1: power of the wind just by holding on right. It's

944
00:44:21,239 --> 00:44:24,360
Speaker 1: the same thing. Dark energy is just like wind, expanding

945
00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:26,480
Speaker 1: everything in space, but it's it's a bit of a

946
00:44:26,520 --> 00:44:28,960
Speaker 1: gentle breeze, and so it doesn't take that much of

947
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:31,400
Speaker 1: a force to overcome it. And that's why, for example,

948
00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:33,560
Speaker 1: our galaxy is not getting torn apart. Right, the space

949
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:37,480
Speaker 1: between galaxies is increasing. Why isn't our galaxy getting shredded?

950
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:40,160
Speaker 1: The reason is gravity. There's enough gravity in our galaxy

951
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:44,360
Speaker 1: to hold itself together to battle dark energy. Now, we

952
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:46,480
Speaker 1: don't know how long that's gonna that's going to be

953
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:50,120
Speaker 1: the case because dark energy turned on like five billion

954
00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:53,520
Speaker 1: years ago and started expanding the universe. We don't know why.

955
00:44:53,760 --> 00:44:55,919
Speaker 1: We don't know how long it's going to keep going.

956
00:44:55,920 --> 00:44:58,759
Speaker 1: We don't know if it's going to increase the intensity

957
00:44:58,800 --> 00:45:00,880
Speaker 1: of the expansion or stop up and turn around. We

958
00:45:00,920 --> 00:45:04,840
Speaker 1: don't really know, so we'll forever be weaker than you know,

959
00:45:04,960 --> 00:45:07,200
Speaker 1: local gravity and local chemical bonds, and we don't know.

960
00:45:07,239 --> 00:45:09,080
Speaker 1: It could be in the future it's much more powerful

961
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:11,399
Speaker 1: and it shreds everything, right, or it could turn off

962
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:12,799
Speaker 1: and get bored and go do something else.

963
00:45:13,040 --> 00:45:17,319
Speaker 3: Looking forward to that. All right, So Tom asks, why

964
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:21,520
Speaker 3: isn't dark energy exploding everything, even the things around us?

965
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:26,400
Speaker 3: And the answer is that it is. It is exploding everything, Tom.

966
00:45:26,320 --> 00:45:29,560
Speaker 1: That's right, even you, Tom Boom. We just literally blew

967
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:30,400
Speaker 1: your mind.

968
00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:33,880
Speaker 3: But we used the word exploding and the word faster

969
00:45:33,960 --> 00:45:37,279
Speaker 3: than this speed of light kind of on a universe scale, right, Like,

970
00:45:37,360 --> 00:45:40,359
Speaker 3: on a universe scale, it's sort of exploding. And the

971
00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:43,120
Speaker 3: ends of the universe, if there are ends, or two

972
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:45,680
Speaker 3: extreme ends of the universe, are maybe moving faster than

973
00:45:45,680 --> 00:45:48,279
Speaker 3: the speed of light relative to each other, but on

974
00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:53,000
Speaker 3: like a local, little tiny, hey my house scale, it's

975
00:45:53,080 --> 00:45:54,880
Speaker 3: not such an incredible effect.

976
00:45:55,080 --> 00:45:57,560
Speaker 1: Right, Well, those ends are not moving faster than the

977
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:00,480
Speaker 1: speed of light relative to each other, but space is

978
00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:03,920
Speaker 1: being created between them faster than light can move through it,

979
00:46:04,120 --> 00:46:06,920
Speaker 1: which is a slightly technical difference in the way you

980
00:46:06,920 --> 00:46:07,160
Speaker 1: say it.

981
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:15,680
Speaker 3: Yeah, but yeah, exactly, yeah, okay, all right, cool. So

982
00:46:15,680 --> 00:46:19,280
Speaker 3: those are three awesome questions, mostly from the Southern United States.

983
00:46:19,719 --> 00:46:22,759
Speaker 1: That's right, randomly selected, but this time they mostly ended

984
00:46:22,840 --> 00:46:24,560
Speaker 1: up from the Southern US. But we get questions from

985
00:46:24,560 --> 00:46:26,759
Speaker 1: all over the world. So if you're a listener from

986
00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:30,000
Speaker 1: a far flung place, please send us your questions. Or

987
00:46:30,080 --> 00:46:32,040
Speaker 1: if you just have a burning question about something in

988
00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:34,160
Speaker 1: the universe and you'd like us to explain it, please

989
00:46:34,160 --> 00:46:37,080
Speaker 1: write it in. I love getting your emails. Yeah, so

990
00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:40,560
Speaker 1: please send them into questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

991
00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:42,680
Speaker 3: Well, thanks for listening. We hope you guys enjoyed that.

992
00:46:42,920 --> 00:46:43,759
Speaker 1: Tune in next time.

993
00:46:44,040 --> 00:46:46,239
Speaker 3: And if you're a dictator of a country with a

994
00:46:46,320 --> 00:46:51,920
Speaker 3: billion dollar signs budget, consider investing it in a podcast.

995
00:46:52,920 --> 00:46:55,640
Speaker 1: Or a giant space gun using rubber bands to fly

996
00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:57,160
Speaker 1: protons into outer space.

997
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:01,440
Speaker 3: There you go, give this man some money that I

998
00:47:01,440 --> 00:47:03,239
Speaker 3: will agree with. See you next time.

999
00:47:11,120 --> 00:47:13,440
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

1000
00:47:13,480 --> 00:47:16,680
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

1001
00:47:16,719 --> 00:47:19,160
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

1002
00:47:19,200 --> 00:47:22,920
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word or

1003
00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:27,760
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

1004
00:47:27,760 --> 00:47:30,480
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

1005
00:47:30,520 --> 00:47:35,120
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

1006
00:47:35,160 --> 00:47:39,239
Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

1007
00:47:39,280 --> 00:47:51,040
Speaker 1: your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of cheese

1008
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Speaker 1: into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact.

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Speaker 1: Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

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Speaker 1: Go safely.

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Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans.

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