1 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:05,400 Speaker 1: Hey, before we get started on the episode today, we 2 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:08,560 Speaker 1: have a live show coming up real soon. We sure do. 3 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:11,560 Speaker 1: It's very very soon, in fact, next week, so if 4 00:00:11,600 --> 00:00:15,120 Speaker 1: you are in the Indianapolis area or surrounding, you might 5 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: want to get on it. Yeah. So we will be 6 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:24,200 Speaker 1: at the Eugene and Maryland Click Indiana History Center in Indianapolis. 7 00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:27,720 Speaker 1: We are going to be talking about Jean Stratton Porter, 8 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:32,920 Speaker 1: who I am just getting the ball rolling on actually 9 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: writing this episode and I'm so excited about it. That 10 00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 1: is Friday, July nineteenth, seven thirty to eight thirty p m. 11 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:45,760 Speaker 1: Indiana History Center. You can get tickets at Indiana History 12 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:50,000 Speaker 1: dot org. We are very excited to be back at 13 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: the Indiana History Center. So we hope we see you 14 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:55,720 Speaker 1: all there, all your smiling faces, to have a fun 15 00:00:55,840 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: night of history. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, 16 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 17 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:16,240 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. This is 18 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:20,360 Speaker 1: part two of our regular installment of Unearthed, where we 19 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:24,720 Speaker 1: talk about things that have been literally or figuratively unearthed 20 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:29,120 Speaker 1: over the past few months. In part two of our 21 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: July twenty twenty four installment. We're going to talk about 22 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:39,399 Speaker 1: some animals, some shipwrecks, and some medicine stuff. As we 23 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:41,679 Speaker 1: often do, We're gonna start with some things that I 24 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:44,400 Speaker 1: thought were cool or interesting, but they don't really fit 25 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:48,000 Speaker 1: easily into a category. And I've always been calling that 26 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:51,120 Speaker 1: potpourri because I used to watch a lot of Jeopardy. 27 00:01:53,160 --> 00:01:58,000 Speaker 1: So starting once again with the pop poury. Archaeologists working 28 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 1: in collaboration with the Aboriginal can unities on the island 29 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:04,400 Speaker 1: of Jiguru on the Great Barrier Reef have found shards 30 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 1: of pottery that date back to two thousand and three 31 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, centuries before the arrival of Europeans in 32 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:15,560 Speaker 1: the area. Prior to this point, archaeologists had widely concluded 33 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 1: that Aboriginal peoples in Australia did not make pottery before 34 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: the arrival of Europeans. Other pieces of pottery had been 35 00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: found on the island in two thousand and nine and 36 00:02:25,639 --> 00:02:28,640 Speaker 1: twenty twelve, but at that time it was clear only 37 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: that they were made from local materials, not when they 38 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:36,800 Speaker 1: were made. So this collaborative effort between archaeologists and the 39 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:40,760 Speaker 1: indigenous community led to the excavation of a three foot 40 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: by three foot midden and in layers between sixteen and 41 00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: thirty two inches below the surface, archaeologists found eighty two 42 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:54,359 Speaker 1: fragments of pottery. Although these pieces are really small, they 43 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: very clearly came from shaped vessels that had some decorative 44 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: elements like pigments and incized lines on them, and they 45 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:06,240 Speaker 1: dated back to between one thy eight hundred and fifteen 46 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: years old and two THY nine hundred and fifty years old, 47 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:16,120 Speaker 1: making them the oldest conclusively dated pieces of pottery in Australia, 48 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:20,760 Speaker 1: and they were made from locally sourced clay, definitely clay 49 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:26,400 Speaker 1: from somewhere in northeastern Australia, possibly from this island itself. 50 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:30,560 Speaker 1: This time period overlaps with when the Lupita people were 51 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,720 Speaker 1: known to be making pottery in Papua New Guinea. The 52 00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: Lapita people are also known to have influenced pottery traditions 53 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 1: among much of this part of the Pacific, so the 54 00:03:40,280 --> 00:03:44,440 Speaker 1: paper's authors have concluded that there was an exchange of culture, knowledge, 55 00:03:44,440 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: and pottery making between the Aboriginal people of Jiguru and 56 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: the Lapita people. Aboriginal people today have also described Jaguru 57 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: as a sacred place and a place for trading, and 58 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:00,720 Speaker 1: this research also suggests that Australia was connected to maritime 59 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:04,480 Speaker 1: trading network thousands of years ago. Yeah, this has been 60 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: described as kind of rewriting, but we know about Aboriginal 61 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 1: history away from one in which nobody is making pottery 62 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:15,640 Speaker 1: to one in which Aboriginal people were part of this 63 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:18,279 Speaker 1: shared community in this part of the world with a 64 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:22,400 Speaker 1: lot of knowledge exchange. The paper on this was published 65 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:26,159 Speaker 1: in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews, and its conclusion points 66 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:30,960 Speaker 1: out that these findings quote challenge racist and colonialist stereotypes 67 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:36,560 Speaker 1: of Aboriginal communities as lacking complexity and innovation, and contribute 68 00:04:36,560 --> 00:04:40,560 Speaker 1: to a robust and nuanced understanding of the deep knowledges 69 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:46,680 Speaker 1: and complex technologies of Indigenous Australians. Moving on. According to 70 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:50,560 Speaker 1: research published in the journal Plus one in April, people 71 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:53,920 Speaker 1: in northwestern Saudi Arabia made their home in a large 72 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,839 Speaker 1: lava tube for about seven thousand years, with people using 73 00:04:57,839 --> 00:05:01,200 Speaker 1: the tube in phases from the Neolith period to the 74 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,680 Speaker 1: Bronze Age, that's from about ten thousand years ago to 75 00:05:04,839 --> 00:05:08,839 Speaker 1: about thirty five hundred years ago. There's rock art in 76 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:13,480 Speaker 1: this lava tube depicting cattle, sheep, goats and dogs, along 77 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,320 Speaker 1: with animal remains, suggesting that the people who used this 78 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:21,560 Speaker 1: shelter were pastoralists. This tube is situated along a pastoral 79 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 1: route connecting oases, and according to isotopic analysis, the animals 80 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: primarily grazed on the local vegetation rather than being fed 81 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 1: some kind of fodder. So this is the earliest known 82 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:38,200 Speaker 1: evidence of people living in a lava tube in Arabia, 83 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 1: and the paper's authors have noted that these kinds of 84 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:44,680 Speaker 1: tubes are really plentiful, but they haven't really been the 85 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:48,600 Speaker 1: subject of much archaeological study yet, so this is an 86 00:05:48,600 --> 00:05:52,679 Speaker 1: opportunity for a lot more discoveries next. In a find 87 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:55,799 Speaker 1: that got a lot of attention in April, a dentist 88 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,800 Speaker 1: visiting their parents' home in Europe spotted what looks like 89 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:02,719 Speaker 1: part of a jawbone still containing some teeth in the 90 00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:06,360 Speaker 1: travertine tile used for the floor in a recent remodel. 91 00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:10,039 Speaker 1: There's not really much to add to this besides that 92 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,480 Speaker 1: it's interesting. The dentists declined to give their real name 93 00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:16,560 Speaker 1: or much detail on their parents for the sake of 94 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:20,120 Speaker 1: protecting everyone's privacy, but they did say in a Reddit 95 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:23,760 Speaker 1: comment that the tile was quarried in Turkya. Yeah, this 96 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:25,880 Speaker 1: is one of those things that I included because I 97 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:28,119 Speaker 1: think people might be like, why didn't you talk about 98 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:33,000 Speaker 1: that tile. Travertine tile is made from sedimentary limestone, and 99 00:06:33,040 --> 00:06:36,760 Speaker 1: it typically forms near hot springs. The quarry where this 100 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:40,599 Speaker 1: tile probably came from contains stones that's roughly a million 101 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:44,279 Speaker 1: years old. There's a range there, but that's kind of 102 00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: in the middle. It's really not uncommon for this kind 103 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: of tile to contain some kind of fossils. But you know, 104 00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,320 Speaker 1: definitely a little surprising to look at it and see 105 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,920 Speaker 1: what is clearly the arc of a homited job boon. 106 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:03,160 Speaker 1: Hey dead, someone's teeth are in your floor. It's a 107 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:07,279 Speaker 1: little bit weird. Researchers in Greece have confirmed that a 108 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 1: thirty five hundred year old suit of Mycenaean armor would 109 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:14,160 Speaker 1: have held up in combat. They did this by recruiting 110 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: thirteen volunteers from the Marines of the Hellenic Armed Forces, 111 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: dressing them in replica versions of the armor and Bronze 112 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:25,720 Speaker 1: Age weapons, and having them go through a simulated Bronze 113 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:31,080 Speaker 1: Age combat for eleven hours. Sources for developing this combat 114 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: protocol included archaeological evidence as well as Homer's iliad. They 115 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:39,520 Speaker 1: also developed a software model called the Late Bronze Age 116 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:42,400 Speaker 1: Warrior Model to test whether the armour would have been 117 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: usable in different environmental conditions, and they placed it in 118 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,920 Speaker 1: an online data repository so it would be freely available 119 00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:56,440 Speaker 1: for others to use. I always love an eleven hour 120 00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: historical larp, well, which I mean in the best way, 121 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: not in any kind of yeah, when we try to 122 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:05,240 Speaker 1: figure out whether something would have worked in the past 123 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:10,200 Speaker 1: by trying to get modern people to do it. Moving on, 124 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,560 Speaker 1: During the colonial era in Massachusetts and other parts of 125 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 1: North America, enslaved and free black people selected a leader 126 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: to do things like settle disputes among themselves and act 127 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: as a representative to the white government and other leaders. 128 00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 1: Different communities used different titles for the person in this role, 129 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: including things like a governor and king. Enslaved people did 130 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:38,000 Speaker 1: not have the right to vote in official government elections, 131 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:41,360 Speaker 1: so this was often something that happened through discussion or 132 00:08:41,360 --> 00:08:44,800 Speaker 1: consensus on a festival day or a holiday in which 133 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:47,520 Speaker 1: enslaved people were allowed a day off from work, or 134 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: sometimes on the same day that white people were voting 135 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:54,480 Speaker 1: in their elections. The first time this is recorded as 136 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 1: happening in Massachusetts was in seventeen forty one, and in 137 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:02,319 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two Massa choose its lawmakers designated the third 138 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: Saturday in July as Negro election Day in recognition of 139 00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: this tradition and its history. So, with that context in mind, 140 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:15,400 Speaker 1: archaeologists working in Lynn, Massachusetts, which is on the coast 141 00:09:15,440 --> 00:09:19,520 Speaker 1: northeast of Boston, believe they found the home of one 142 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: such person, known as King Pompey. Pompey is believed to 143 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: have been born in West Africa before being trafficked to 144 00:09:26,840 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 1: North America, where he was enslaved by Daniel Mansfield. The 145 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:34,800 Speaker 1: second Pompy, was freed sometime in the seventeen fifties, bought 146 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:37,320 Speaker 1: two acres of property on the Saugus River and built 147 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: a home there, and he hosted an annual holiday sort 148 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,520 Speaker 1: of gathering for enslaved and free black people who lived 149 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: in Lynn and neighboring towns. Archaeologists used in eighteen twenty 150 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: nine map and property records, along with modern data like 151 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:56,199 Speaker 1: light oar surveys, to search for the site of Pompey's homestead. 152 00:09:57,080 --> 00:09:59,880 Speaker 1: The site is on private property, but it is possible 153 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:02,840 Speaker 1: to sign or a display about the homestead can be 154 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:06,000 Speaker 1: put up at Lynn Town Hall or at Saugus Ironworks 155 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:10,320 Speaker 1: National Historic Site in the neighboring town of Saugus. And 156 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: our last bit of miscellaneous potpourri finds it seems like 157 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:18,440 Speaker 1: every time, or at least a lot of time that 158 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: I do unearthed, there's some kind of news coverage that 159 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,439 Speaker 1: gets on my nerves, and this time that news coverage 160 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:28,880 Speaker 1: is about Rapanui, also called Easter Island. Research published in 161 00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:33,040 Speaker 1: the journal Science Advances used things like satellite and near 162 00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:38,600 Speaker 1: infrared imaging to identify areas where lithic mulching or rock 163 00:10:38,679 --> 00:10:42,960 Speaker 1: gardening was used on the island before the arrival of Europeans. 164 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:47,559 Speaker 1: Lithic mulching is a method of subsistence farming that can 165 00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 1: increase the nutrients that are available in the soil and 166 00:10:50,679 --> 00:10:55,200 Speaker 1: also help it retain moisture. That's really important somewhere like Rapanui, 167 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: where the soil is volcanic and heavily weathered. This work 168 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:03,559 Speaker 1: was carried out with the permission of the Mauhenua indigenous 169 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:09,320 Speaker 1: community on Rapanui with a collaborator from the island. According 170 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: to this data, the total area used for rock gardening 171 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:15,120 Speaker 1: was only a fifth of what even the most conservative 172 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: studies had previously estimated. The team then used this data 173 00:11:19,640 --> 00:11:22,480 Speaker 1: to project how many people the island could support with 174 00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:26,840 Speaker 1: this much gardening space, estimating that number at about three thousand. 175 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:30,240 Speaker 1: This means that when Europeans arrived on the island for 176 00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:33,200 Speaker 1: the first time in the eighteenth century, they would have 177 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:37,440 Speaker 1: been seeing it at its population peak, not after an 178 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:42,240 Speaker 1: ecological collapse had caused its population to drop precipitously. So 179 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:46,040 Speaker 1: where this gets annoying is that a lot of the 180 00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 1: news coverage of this research presented it as newly and 181 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:55,840 Speaker 1: even uniquely upending the popular story that the inhabitants of 182 00:11:55,920 --> 00:11:59,960 Speaker 1: Rapanui had committed a so called eco side by deforested 183 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: the island in order to create and move the massive 184 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: statues that it's most famous for today. So I saw 185 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:11,160 Speaker 1: a lot of headlines that said things like Easter Island 186 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:15,120 Speaker 1: did not collapse from over use of resources. After all, 187 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:20,960 Speaker 1: study suggests this is really not a new idea. Though 188 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: this paper adds to a growing and very well established 189 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:30,719 Speaker 1: body of evidence contradicting the whole eco side narrative. This 190 00:12:30,760 --> 00:12:33,080 Speaker 1: is a body of evidence that has been growing for 191 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:36,680 Speaker 1: more than two decades. One of the people who popularized 192 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:40,920 Speaker 1: the eco side idea was Jared Diamond in the book Collapse, 193 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:45,600 Speaker 1: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Terry Hunt and 194 00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:48,640 Speaker 1: Carl Lippo, who are two of the authors cited on 195 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:53,400 Speaker 1: this new paper, contributed a chapter to the book questioning Collapse, 196 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:58,080 Speaker 1: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire. That 197 00:12:58,160 --> 00:13:00,160 Speaker 1: book came out in two thousand and nine as a 198 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:05,760 Speaker 1: direct response to Diamond's book. Their chapter was called Ecological 199 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:10,760 Speaker 1: Catastrophe and Collapse the Myth of Ecoside on Rapanui Easter Island. 200 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:15,520 Speaker 1: So that book, responding to the book Collapse, came out 201 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 1: fifteen years ago. You can even see this whole progression 202 00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:24,599 Speaker 1: on our podcast in the archive in two episodes that 203 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:26,320 Speaker 1: are so old that Holly and I were not even 204 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:28,720 Speaker 1: on them. One is a two thousand and eight episode 205 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:31,240 Speaker 1: that cites Diamond's work, and then there's a follow up 206 00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 1: in twenty twelve with that update citing the new work 207 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: at that point by Hunt and Lippo. So I understand 208 00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: that the purpose of headlines is to get people to 209 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:46,240 Speaker 1: click the article, but a lot of people don't, and 210 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:50,440 Speaker 1: it really feels like continuing to reframe this as a 211 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: brand new, first ever questioned idea means we're just never 212 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:57,360 Speaker 1: going to get away from this outdated thought that there 213 00:13:57,440 --> 00:14:03,680 Speaker 1: was an ecoside collapse involved. It's like the part of 214 00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:06,520 Speaker 1: me that gets sort of chagrined is like, we're kind 215 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:09,680 Speaker 1: of just continuing to badmount the people of Revenui for 216 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: something they didn't do. Yeah, in the interest of clicks. Yes, 217 00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:16,600 Speaker 1: this is one of many cases where it's like, I 218 00:14:16,679 --> 00:14:21,160 Speaker 1: understand that this is new information to some people. Things 219 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:25,440 Speaker 1: are always new information to some people. But I get 220 00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:31,160 Speaker 1: frustrated when when I see the same thing repeated by 221 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:34,160 Speaker 1: folks who have been writing in this space for a 222 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 1: really long time, right and should already have the experience 223 00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:41,440 Speaker 1: to be more nuanced with what they are writing about. 224 00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: Let's take a break to let me cool off from 225 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:46,680 Speaker 1: that whole diatribe I just had, and then we will 226 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:59,480 Speaker 1: talk about some animals. Now, we are going to have 227 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 1: a f if you find relating to animals. We are 228 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,840 Speaker 1: going to start with a fine that involves Tasmanian devils, 229 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:13,320 Speaker 1: the Putukinti Kurama and Pinakura Aboriginal Corporation or PKKP has 230 00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:18,000 Speaker 1: been working to excavate sites in Jucken Gorge in Western 231 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: Australia after Rio Tinto mining company destroyed rock shelters there 232 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:29,240 Speaker 1: with blasting back in twenty twenty. These sites were known 233 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:33,040 Speaker 1: to have a very deep cultural significance and history dating 234 00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: back at least forty six thousand years, so their destruction 235 00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:41,120 Speaker 1: by the mining company sparked a huge outcry and a 236 00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:45,320 Speaker 1: lot of conversations in Australia about the mining industry and 237 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:48,640 Speaker 1: how it should interact with the Aboriginal communities who were 238 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: the traditional owners of the land being mined. The work 239 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,280 Speaker 1: that has been going on at this site recently is 240 00:15:56,400 --> 00:16:02,120 Speaker 1: part of an agreement that PKKP reached with after this blasting. 241 00:16:03,080 --> 00:16:07,040 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working at the site have found a Tasmanian devil tooth, 242 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: one believed to be connected to trading that took place 243 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: at the site, since Tasmanian devils are not known to 244 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:16,240 Speaker 1: have ever lived in the area. This site is in 245 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:20,120 Speaker 1: the northwestern part of Western Australia and the nearest Tasmanian 246 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:23,880 Speaker 1: devils lived far to the southwest about three thousand years ago. 247 00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,040 Speaker 1: Other finds at the site include braided human hair and 248 00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:31,960 Speaker 1: shell beads. Genetic testing of a similar braid found in 249 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,960 Speaker 1: twenty fourteen suggested a genetic link with the Aboriginal people 250 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:41,200 Speaker 1: living there today. Next, archaeologists in Mexico were excavating what 251 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:44,640 Speaker 1: they thought was a wall until they found a trio 252 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:48,120 Speaker 1: of lids which would have been used as part of 253 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:53,239 Speaker 1: Maya beekeeping practices. These lids were used to plug holes 254 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:57,800 Speaker 1: in hollow logs that served as homes for sacred stingless bees, 255 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:01,440 Speaker 1: So these logs kind of replicated the hollow tree trunks 256 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:05,080 Speaker 1: that bees would typically nest in. The lids were made 257 00:17:05,119 --> 00:17:08,160 Speaker 1: from limestone, and one of them's in pretty good condition, 258 00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: but the other two are very worn. They date back 259 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 1: before the Spanish conquest of Mexico, so sometime between nine 260 00:17:15,880 --> 00:17:19,720 Speaker 1: fifty and the early fifteen hundreds. This is a fine 261 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:21,960 Speaker 1: that could have also gone in the update section in 262 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:25,480 Speaker 1: part one, we also have an episode on the history 263 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:28,359 Speaker 1: of beekeeping that came out in May of twenty twenty. 264 00:17:29,080 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: We're going to run that as a Saturday Classic. It 265 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:36,320 Speaker 1: talks a bit about indigenous beekeeping in Mesoamerica. This discovery 266 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: was also found during work ahead of the project known 267 00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:43,480 Speaker 1: as the Maya Train that has come up on previous 268 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:48,399 Speaker 1: installments of unearthed Archaeologists in France have been excavating a 269 00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:51,359 Speaker 1: site that dates back to the medieval period, sometime in 270 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,480 Speaker 1: the fifth or sixth centuries, but they've also found a 271 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:57,240 Speaker 1: series of pits that are much older, dating all the 272 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 1: way back to between one hundred BCE and one hundred CE. 273 00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:04,400 Speaker 1: Only two of the nine pits they've found have been 274 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: excavated so far, and they've been found to contain horse bones. 275 00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:12,800 Speaker 1: These horses seem to have been buried carefully, with one 276 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:16,040 Speaker 1: of the pits containing the bodies of ten horses arranged 277 00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 1: in two rows and two layers. Including the pits that 278 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,240 Speaker 1: haven't been excavated yet, it's likely that the site contains 279 00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:27,400 Speaker 1: the skeletons of at least twenty eight horses. We don't 280 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:30,680 Speaker 1: really know what happened to these horses, but the two 281 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:34,200 Speaker 1: prevailing theories are that they were either sacrificed for some 282 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,800 Speaker 1: kind of religious reason, or they were killed in battle 283 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:41,400 Speaker 1: in the Gallic Wars in which Julius Caesar conquered this 284 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: area in what's now France. The burial sites have some 285 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:49,960 Speaker 1: similarities to some other animal graves in areas where these 286 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,879 Speaker 1: battles took place, but the researchers have really stressed that 287 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 1: all of these possible explanations are just speculation at this point. 288 00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:01,960 Speaker 1: And lastly, we have a thing that's sort of animal adjacent. 289 00:19:02,640 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: Researchers are looking to log books kept by nineteenth century 290 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,760 Speaker 1: whalers as another source of information about climate change. There 291 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 1: are more than four thousand of these books still in existence, 292 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:16,719 Speaker 1: kept by whalers operating out of New England, and they 293 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:21,920 Speaker 1: record basic information about things like wind and rain. While 294 00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,480 Speaker 1: this research is still in its early stages, it's possible 295 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:29,159 Speaker 1: that it can help confirm things like modeling techniques and 296 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:32,960 Speaker 1: digital analysis that are used to suggest what the weather 297 00:19:33,160 --> 00:19:36,960 Speaker 1: was like in the past. Sometimes whaling ships also traveled 298 00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:40,960 Speaker 1: into parts of the ocean where merchant and military vessels 299 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:45,200 Speaker 1: really didn't, so these can provide some information about parts 300 00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: of the planet where the historical data has not been 301 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:52,879 Speaker 1: as robust. At the same time, though, the captains of 302 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:56,520 Speaker 1: many whaling ships were keeping notes every day about the weather, 303 00:19:56,600 --> 00:20:00,320 Speaker 1: but those notes typically were not all that exact. Most 304 00:20:00,359 --> 00:20:03,159 Speaker 1: of the time, there weren't instruments on board to measure 305 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,400 Speaker 1: things very precisely, so these log books kind of add 306 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:10,840 Speaker 1: to an existing body of information that also includes things 307 00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:14,080 Speaker 1: like tree rings and ice core studies and written records 308 00:20:14,119 --> 00:20:16,840 Speaker 1: from other sources to kind of make a more complete 309 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,159 Speaker 1: view of what the climate was like in the past 310 00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 1: and how it is changing. Speaking of ships, let's talk 311 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:28,119 Speaker 1: about some shipwrecks. The grim Shunden has made three different 312 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:32,440 Speaker 1: appearances on onearthed before today. This was a Danish warship 313 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:35,000 Speaker 1: that sank in fourteen ninety five, and there have been 314 00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 1: numerous dives to study it over the last decade. The 315 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,320 Speaker 1: most recent dives to the wreck have involved extensive photographic 316 00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:46,359 Speaker 1: documentation and mapping, as well as documenting the contents of 317 00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:49,760 Speaker 1: a chest containing equipment that was used to make ammunition. 318 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:54,280 Speaker 1: Divers first spotted that chest in twenty nineteen, but its 319 00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:58,920 Speaker 1: contents were not closely examined until this spring. The chest 320 00:20:59,119 --> 00:21:02,640 Speaker 1: and its content have been through a lot of deterioration. 321 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:06,119 Speaker 1: There's a lot of corrosion, but it is clear that 322 00:21:06,160 --> 00:21:09,800 Speaker 1: there are lead plates, molds, and cans that might have 323 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: contained gunpowder. In spite of the deterioration, this chest has 324 00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:18,119 Speaker 1: been described as an important discovery for learning more about 325 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:22,920 Speaker 1: medieval military technology. Researchers are also conserving items that were 326 00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: brought up from the wreck on previous dives, including cleaning 327 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:32,000 Speaker 1: and restoring fragments of mail shirts. Researchers have been studying 328 00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 1: cargo that washed ashore on Bellino Beach in Portugal during 329 00:21:35,760 --> 00:21:38,800 Speaker 1: a series of storms in the twenty teens, and this 330 00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:42,480 Speaker 1: cargo included hundreds of objects made from pewter and brass, 331 00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: including lots and lots of plates, as well as some 332 00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: cutlery and tankards. There were objects made from other materials 333 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:52,760 Speaker 1: as well, including a few iron swords and axe heads, 334 00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 1: stone cannonballs, a few fragments of pottery, and some wooden 335 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: pieces that are likely from the ship itself. Research published 336 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:05,040 Speaker 1: back in twenty fourteen had suggested that these objects might 337 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:08,399 Speaker 1: have come from the NASA Sonora d Rosa, which was 338 00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:11,639 Speaker 1: a merchant ship sailing from the Canary Islands that sank 339 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:16,760 Speaker 1: in fifteen seventy seven. This new research does not conclusively 340 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:20,480 Speaker 1: rule out that possibility, but it does suggest that this 341 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:22,800 Speaker 1: might have been a ship that was built on the 342 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:27,400 Speaker 1: Iberian Peninsula but sailed on this voyage from somewhere much 343 00:22:27,520 --> 00:22:31,679 Speaker 1: farther north than the Canary Islands. They based that conclusion 344 00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:34,840 Speaker 1: based on the specifics of all the cargo on board. 345 00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: Because the plates were very similar to one another with 346 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:42,480 Speaker 1: similar artists' markings, it seems likely that they were all 347 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:46,280 Speaker 1: made in the same place and then loaded together onto 348 00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:51,120 Speaker 1: the ship as one shipment. On a somewhat similar note, 349 00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: archaeologists are working with large collections of ceramic items in 350 00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:59,359 Speaker 1: Australia and Indonesia to try to identify the source of 351 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,679 Speaker 1: so called orphaned objects from shipwrecks. These are objects that 352 00:23:03,720 --> 00:23:05,960 Speaker 1: have been brought up from REX sites and sold on 353 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,159 Speaker 1: the private market, meaning there's no information a lot of 354 00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:11,879 Speaker 1: the time about exactly what wreck they came from or 355 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:16,480 Speaker 1: where that wreck even was. This currently has involved examining 356 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:20,960 Speaker 1: every object to try to piece together not only its origin, 357 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:23,679 Speaker 1: but also how it came to be removed from the 358 00:23:23,720 --> 00:23:27,320 Speaker 1: ocean floor and sold in the first place. Sometimes this 359 00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:31,679 Speaker 1: happens through individual divers who remove objects from REX, but 360 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: it can also be the result of things like commercial 361 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:39,200 Speaker 1: salvage operations. So the idea is to try to identify 362 00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:43,680 Speaker 1: the individual items, but also to build a richer understanding 363 00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:47,240 Speaker 1: of the history and cultural heritage associated with all of 364 00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:50,919 Speaker 1: these different shipwrecks, particularly ones that are associated with the 365 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,640 Speaker 1: maritime silk road. This is a work in progress at 366 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,399 Speaker 1: this point, and there are also some ethical questions for 367 00:23:57,480 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: researchers to wrestle with reason that there hasn't been a 368 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:03,960 Speaker 1: lot of widespread study of these kinds of orphaned objects 369 00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:07,720 Speaker 1: before now. It's concerns that focusing on them could wind 370 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:11,040 Speaker 1: up legitimizing the removal of objects from wrecks that should 371 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: be protected. Next, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society has 372 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:20,920 Speaker 1: announced the discovery of the wreck of the steamship Adela Shores, 373 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:25,240 Speaker 1: which disappeared in May of nineteen oh nine. At the time, 374 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:29,160 Speaker 1: Lake Superior was icy, so the Adela Shores was following 375 00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:33,840 Speaker 1: behind a larger vessel called the Daniel J. Morrel. Not 376 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:37,560 Speaker 1: long after the ships rounded a peninsula called Whitefish Point, 377 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:41,560 Speaker 1: the Adela Shores disappeared from the Daniel J. Morreles view. 378 00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:44,760 Speaker 1: It really was not clear what happened at the time, 379 00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:48,200 Speaker 1: but the ship was presumed to have sunk, with its 380 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:52,680 Speaker 1: fourteen crew believed to be lost. In twenty twenty one, 381 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,159 Speaker 1: a wreck was spotted about forty miles northwest of Whitefish 382 00:24:56,240 --> 00:25:00,320 Speaker 1: Point using side scanning sonar. A follow up up with 383 00:25:00,359 --> 00:25:03,560 Speaker 1: a remote operated vehicle showed a vessel that matched the 384 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:07,760 Speaker 1: size and design of the Adella Shores. The Historical Society 385 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,840 Speaker 1: made the announcement of the discovery on May first, which 386 00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:13,560 Speaker 1: was the one hundred and fifteenth anniversary of its sinking. 387 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:16,600 Speaker 1: Although their press release on the find says one hundred 388 00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:19,560 Speaker 1: and twelve years, that one hundred and twelve would line 389 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:22,000 Speaker 1: up with twenty twenty one, the year it was identified, 390 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:24,600 Speaker 1: rather than twenty twenty four, the year it was announced. 391 00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,399 Speaker 1: That adds an odd note to a quote in the 392 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:31,240 Speaker 1: release explaining that three years passed between the identification and 393 00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:35,840 Speaker 1: the announcement because a lot of research goes into each release. Yeah. 394 00:25:35,880 --> 00:25:38,080 Speaker 1: I was like, then, why is the one twelve there 395 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,399 Speaker 1: in the headline? Some poor copy editor was like, I 396 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:43,800 Speaker 1: think this is right. I don't want to be a 397 00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:46,600 Speaker 1: conspiracy theorist, but part of me is like, one hundred 398 00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:51,359 Speaker 1: and fifteen is a nice round number. Next, the Lost 399 00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:54,120 Speaker 1: fifty two project has come up a couple of times 400 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,960 Speaker 1: on Unearthed. That's the effort to find the fifty two 401 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:02,240 Speaker 1: US submarines that were lost during World War II. The 402 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,439 Speaker 1: US Navy awarded the project's founder, Tim Taylor, its Navy 403 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:11,200 Speaker 1: Distinguished Public Service Award for this effort in twenty twenty one. 404 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,359 Speaker 1: In May, the US Navy announced the discovery of another 405 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:18,240 Speaker 1: of these submarines, the USS Harder. The Harder had been 406 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:21,120 Speaker 1: hunting Japanese warships in the Pacific when it was hit 407 00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:23,920 Speaker 1: by a depth charge in August of nineteen forty four. 408 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,560 Speaker 1: Another submarine in the area searched for the Harder without success, 409 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:32,359 Speaker 1: and it was presumed lost. On January second, nineteen forty five, 410 00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:36,199 Speaker 1: the Lost fifty two project spotted the Harder off the 411 00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,679 Speaker 1: coast of Luzon in the Philippines at a depth of 412 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:42,159 Speaker 1: about three thousand meters and reported its findings to the 413 00:26:42,280 --> 00:26:46,960 Speaker 1: US Naval History and Heritage Command, which confirmed those findings. 414 00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:50,040 Speaker 1: This is the seventh wreck found by the Lost fifty 415 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:53,920 Speaker 1: two project. And lastly, in twenty twenty two, we did 416 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:59,080 Speaker 1: a two parter on Ernest Shackleton's expeditions to Antarctica after 417 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:03,600 Speaker 1: the wreck of his show Endurance was discovered there. In June, 418 00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:08,240 Speaker 1: researchers announced the discovery of another wreck associated with Shackleton, 419 00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:11,280 Speaker 1: and that's the quest. So, as we mentioned at the 420 00:27:11,359 --> 00:27:14,480 Speaker 1: end of that two parter, Shackleton tried to mount another 421 00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:20,439 Speaker 1: voyage to Antarctica after the failed endurance expedition. It's failed 422 00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:22,159 Speaker 1: in that they did not get to their goal, but 423 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:25,840 Speaker 1: there was a whole dramatic rescue story involved that could 424 00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:30,439 Speaker 1: also be described as successful. They arrived on South Georgia 425 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:34,960 Speaker 1: Island aboard the Quest for this next attempted voyage on 426 00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:38,000 Speaker 1: January fourth of nineteen twenty two, and then the next day, 427 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:40,560 Speaker 1: Shackleton died of a heart attack at the age of 428 00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:44,159 Speaker 1: forty seven. He died in his bunk aboard the Quest. 429 00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:47,520 Speaker 1: We did not say what happened to the Quest, though 430 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,080 Speaker 1: it remained in service until being wrecked in sea ice 431 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,199 Speaker 1: off the northeastern coast of Canada on May fifth, nineteen 432 00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:57,840 Speaker 1: sixty two. Although the Quest sank, all of the crew 433 00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:02,360 Speaker 1: aboard were rescued. The team spotted the wreckage using sonar 434 00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: after searching for five days aboard the research vessel Leeway Odyssey. 435 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:10,640 Speaker 1: Now we'll take another sponsor break before we close out 436 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:24,960 Speaker 1: this Unearthed with some medical stuff. We are finishing up 437 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:30,480 Speaker 1: this installment of Unearthed with some medical fines. First, archaeologists 438 00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:34,160 Speaker 1: in Poland have found a prosthetic device called a Paldal 439 00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:38,600 Speaker 1: observator dating back to the eighteenth century. The prosthesis was 440 00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:42,040 Speaker 1: found during archaeological work at the crypt in the church 441 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:45,400 Speaker 1: of Saint Francis of Assisi in Crackout. That work took 442 00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:48,520 Speaker 1: place in twenty seventeen and twenty eighteen, but the find 443 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 1: was not announced until now. The person who used this 444 00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:56,040 Speaker 1: prosthesis had a cleft palate, meaning the roof of their 445 00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:01,040 Speaker 1: mouth didn't close completely during gestation. Today, a cleft palates 446 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:04,479 Speaker 1: are often closed surgically, but some people also use an 447 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: observator over the roof of their mouth for various reasons. 448 00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,239 Speaker 1: This prosthesis is the oldest known of its kind. It's 449 00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:15,680 Speaker 1: about one point two inches or three point one centimeters long, 450 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:18,520 Speaker 1: made of a metallic plate covered in a woolen pad. 451 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,520 Speaker 1: There are also traces of yellow and green on the 452 00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:25,720 Speaker 1: pad that may have come from copper and gold, which 453 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:31,400 Speaker 1: might have been included for antimicrobial purposes. Next, archaeologists working 454 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:35,280 Speaker 1: at the necropolis at Abyseir, Egypt, say they have found 455 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:41,680 Speaker 1: evidence that scribes in ancient Egypt experienced work related injuries. 456 00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,200 Speaker 1: This came from the study of the remains of sixty 457 00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:49,320 Speaker 1: nine adult men who died between twenty seven hundred and 458 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:53,520 Speaker 1: twenty one Pint eighty BCE. Thirty of those were known 459 00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:57,760 Speaker 1: to be scribes. The scribes had a higher incidence of 460 00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:01,440 Speaker 1: damage to their hips, jaws, and thumbs, and a lot 461 00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:05,920 Speaker 1: of them showed signs of osteoarthritis, particularly in the joints 462 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:09,440 Speaker 1: on their right side and their neck. A lot of 463 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:12,200 Speaker 1: them had damage to their knees and legs that would 464 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,480 Speaker 1: be consistent with spending a lot of time sitting cross 465 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:19,440 Speaker 1: legged or squatting on one leg, which are positions that 466 00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:23,640 Speaker 1: scribes are often depicted in in ancient artwork, and that 467 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:28,280 Speaker 1: jaw damage might be attributed to chewing on their writing tools. 468 00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:33,440 Speaker 1: It is possible that this research could help archaeologists identify 469 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,480 Speaker 1: people as scribes when we don't already know that that 470 00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: is what they did for a living. Research published in 471 00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:45,640 Speaker 1: the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology in March describes the discovery 472 00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: of a calcified gallbladder in bones exhumed at the Mississippi 473 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:54,280 Speaker 1: State Lunatic Asylum. This condition is also called a porcelain 474 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:57,360 Speaker 1: gallbladder because it causes the gallbladder to take on a 475 00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:01,920 Speaker 1: color similar to white porcelain. At first, researchers were not 476 00:31:02,040 --> 00:31:04,680 Speaker 1: sure what this was. That seemed like it might be 477 00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:08,120 Speaker 1: a calcified cyst or a gallstone, but both of those 478 00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,920 Speaker 1: things would have been really too small to answer the question. 479 00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:17,360 Speaker 1: A surgeon who had seen calcified gallbladders in living patients 480 00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:21,640 Speaker 1: ultimately made the identification. This discovery came as part of 481 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:25,280 Speaker 1: the Asylum Hill project, which started after human remains were 482 00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:28,560 Speaker 1: discovered ahead of construction at what is now the University 483 00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:32,840 Speaker 1: of Mississippi Medical Center. As many as seven thousand people 484 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:36,239 Speaker 1: were buried at Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum, which was in 485 00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:40,080 Speaker 1: operation from eighteen fifty five to nineteen thirty five, and 486 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:43,240 Speaker 1: this project seeks to oversee any development done in this 487 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:46,120 Speaker 1: area and make sure that those who were buried there 488 00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 1: are respectfully memorialized. I feel like this site has come 489 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:54,880 Speaker 1: up on Unearthed before, but I did not go to 490 00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 1: the old outlines to check. Next, we have a few 491 00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:03,800 Speaker 1: finds that are related to infectious diseases. According to research 492 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:08,640 Speaker 1: published in the journal Current Biology, English red squirrels acted 493 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:11,320 Speaker 1: as a host for leprosy, which is also known as 494 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:16,320 Speaker 1: Hanson's disease during the medieval period. This research was focused 495 00:32:16,320 --> 00:32:19,280 Speaker 1: on the city of Winchester, which was connected to the 496 00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:23,280 Speaker 1: fur trade and also home to a Leprosarium, or a 497 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:28,240 Speaker 1: hospital for people with leprosy during the medieval period. Researchers 498 00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 1: found a strain of the bacterium that causes this disease 499 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:37,160 Speaker 1: in squirrels from Winchester that were closely related to some 500 00:32:37,280 --> 00:32:40,280 Speaker 1: of the strains that were also circulating in people there. 501 00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:44,480 Speaker 1: So this research suggests that the disease was moving between 502 00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:49,400 Speaker 1: humans and red squirrels in Winchester during the medieval period. 503 00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,080 Speaker 1: This is the earliest identification of an animal host for leprosy. 504 00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:58,880 Speaker 1: So far, we have talked about the Black Death on 505 00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:03,040 Speaker 1: a number of installments on Earth, including various research about 506 00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:05,960 Speaker 1: which animals may have harbored the fleas believed to have 507 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:10,760 Speaker 1: transmitted the disease to humans. A laboratory study published in 508 00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:16,040 Speaker 1: the journal Plos Biology suggests another vector, human body lace. 509 00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:20,080 Speaker 1: This research builds on an earlier study that suggested that 510 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:23,840 Speaker 1: plague's transmission rates during the Black Death likely would have 511 00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:27,880 Speaker 1: involved fleas, but probably would have also involved a parasite 512 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:32,800 Speaker 1: that circulated among humans, rather than primarily from animals to humans. 513 00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:37,040 Speaker 1: Body lice, which are different from head lice, are already 514 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:41,960 Speaker 1: associated with the spread of some other diseases, including endemic typhus. 515 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,000 Speaker 1: If you're really sensitive about blood, maybe skip ahead for 516 00:33:47,120 --> 00:33:52,600 Speaker 1: the next fifteen or thirty seconds. This study involved contaminating 517 00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: blood with your cenniapestis bacteria, which is what causes plague, 518 00:33:56,480 --> 00:33:59,080 Speaker 1: and then feeding that to lice through a membrane that 519 00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:04,200 Speaker 1: mimicked humans. Then the lice were fed uninfected blood through 520 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:09,600 Speaker 1: another clean membrane. Afterward, the science detected the bacteria in 521 00:34:09,719 --> 00:34:13,640 Speaker 1: the previously uninfected blood, as well as in the mouths, 522 00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:17,319 Speaker 1: digestive tracts, and feces of the lice. I personally think 523 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:22,000 Speaker 1: this whole experiment sounds really cool. I understand it might 524 00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:26,760 Speaker 1: be too much for other folks. All of this happened 525 00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:30,880 Speaker 1: in a lab, not in actual living people, so we 526 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:34,160 Speaker 1: don't know for sure if the same thing would happen 527 00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:38,040 Speaker 1: out in the world. I too think it is cool. 528 00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: Although can you imagine describing that job to someone at 529 00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: like a cocktail part? Yeah, what do you do? Uh 530 00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:47,239 Speaker 1: uh oh, I'm trying to get into the detail on that. 531 00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:50,279 Speaker 1: There's probably a blanket answer, like, oh, I work in 532 00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:55,800 Speaker 1: a laboratory the end. According to research published in the 533 00:34:55,880 --> 00:35:00,000 Speaker 1: journal Viruses, researchers have found fragments of three different types 534 00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:04,839 Speaker 1: viruses in fifty thousand year old Neanderthal bones. These are 535 00:35:04,920 --> 00:35:09,480 Speaker 1: viruses that cause diseases in modern humans, adenavirus, which usually 536 00:35:09,520 --> 00:35:14,200 Speaker 1: causes colds, herpes virus, and human papilloma virus or HPV. 537 00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:18,560 Speaker 1: If these findings are confirmed, this would be the oldest 538 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:22,799 Speaker 1: discovery of viruses that cause diseases in humans. Something we 539 00:35:22,920 --> 00:35:27,000 Speaker 1: don't really know is whether these viruses would have caused 540 00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:30,919 Speaker 1: diseases in the Neanderthals that had contracted them, like would 541 00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:34,000 Speaker 1: they have had symptoms would it have caused health effects 542 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:38,400 Speaker 1: for them if they did become sick, though, it suggests 543 00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:43,000 Speaker 1: that the disease, including diseases that could also infect Homo sapiens, 544 00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:46,600 Speaker 1: could have been one of the reasons for Neanderthals eventually 545 00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:50,920 Speaker 1: dying out. And lastly, according to a study published in 546 00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:55,200 Speaker 1: the journal Frontiers in Medicine, doctors in ancient Egypt may 547 00:35:55,239 --> 00:35:59,160 Speaker 1: have tried to surgically treat a person's brain tumor. This 548 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,520 Speaker 1: came from research on the skull believed to be of 549 00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,000 Speaker 1: a man between the ages of thirty and thirty five, 550 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:07,600 Speaker 1: dating back to between twenty six eighty seven and twenty 551 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:12,000 Speaker 1: three forty five BCE. This skull was already known to 552 00:36:12,040 --> 00:36:16,719 Speaker 1: show evidence of cancerous lesions, but using microscope and computerized 553 00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,440 Speaker 1: tomography scans, researchers also found cut marks made by a 554 00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:25,239 Speaker 1: sharp tool on areas next to these lesions. It's not 555 00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:28,880 Speaker 1: completely clear whether these cuts were made during the person's 556 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,920 Speaker 1: lifetime and an effort to treat or ressect the tumor, 557 00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:35,560 Speaker 1: or whether it was as part of an autopsy. Either way, 558 00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,960 Speaker 1: though these cuts were made about one thousand years before 559 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:43,680 Speaker 1: the earliest known written descriptions of cancer that's in the 560 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:48,160 Speaker 1: medical text known as the Ebers Papyrus, seems like regardless 561 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,600 Speaker 1: of what was happening, people were at least trying to 562 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:54,440 Speaker 1: study this and figure out what was going on. Researchers 563 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: also examined a second skull from someone who died roughly 564 00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:01,520 Speaker 1: two thousand years later between sixty three and three forty 565 00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:05,160 Speaker 1: three BCE. This one is believed to have belonged to 566 00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:07,719 Speaker 1: a woman who died after the age of fifty and 567 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:10,319 Speaker 1: who also showed evidence of a tumor that led to 568 00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:14,440 Speaker 1: bone destruction. Beyond that, the person's skull showed evidence of 569 00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:18,120 Speaker 1: two traumatic injuries, one of which seems to have happened 570 00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:22,440 Speaker 1: at close range with a sharp weapon. This skull suggested 571 00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:24,960 Speaker 1: that the person had gone through some kind of treatment 572 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,120 Speaker 1: for their physical trauma that allowed them to survive a 573 00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:33,360 Speaker 1: serious skull injury. Yeah, definitely seems like some kind of 574 00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:41,040 Speaker 1: attempts at surgical treatments for this astonishingly long ago. So 575 00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:45,000 Speaker 1: that's unearthed. Do you have some more listener mail? I 576 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:48,080 Speaker 1: do have some more listener mail. This is from Genessa, 577 00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:53,440 Speaker 1: and Janessa wrote after our episode on Maria Erosa and 578 00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:57,600 Speaker 1: Banana Ketchup, and Janessa wrote, Hello, Tracy and Holly, I 579 00:37:57,719 --> 00:38:00,560 Speaker 1: just listened to your podcast on Maria y and I 580 00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,640 Speaker 1: was surprised to hear about her part in helping the 581 00:38:03,680 --> 00:38:08,000 Speaker 1: prisoners of the Santomas interment camp. My grandfather was just 582 00:38:08,080 --> 00:38:10,719 Speaker 1: a boy when he and his family were imprisoned there. 583 00:38:10,920 --> 00:38:12,879 Speaker 1: Here's a link to a page my great aunt put 584 00:38:12,920 --> 00:38:16,200 Speaker 1: together about our family and the prison camp. I had 585 00:38:16,239 --> 00:38:18,839 Speaker 1: never heard of her, or Banana Ketchup for that matter, 586 00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:21,600 Speaker 1: and I'm so touched by her bravery that might have 587 00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:25,160 Speaker 1: helped my family members survive. I will definitely be buying 588 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:27,520 Speaker 1: the children's book about her so my daughter can learn 589 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:31,080 Speaker 1: about this incredible woman in history. For pet Tax, we 590 00:38:31,160 --> 00:38:33,799 Speaker 1: have our three beautiful black and white kittens. In back 591 00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:37,120 Speaker 1: is Rocky, middle as Molly, in front as Francis, plus 592 00:38:37,239 --> 00:38:41,320 Speaker 1: our tortoise, Totoro. I love all of this so much. 593 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:44,279 Speaker 1: Thank you for all your hard work making this such 594 00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:50,520 Speaker 1: a fantastic podcast, Genessa. Let's open some animal. Oh my goodness, 595 00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:55,480 Speaker 1: this tortoise. I am not sure what type of plant 596 00:38:56,040 --> 00:39:00,080 Speaker 1: food object. It looks like maybe a little piece of 597 00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:03,319 Speaker 1: squash is what the color of maybe lemon? I'm not 598 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:07,920 Speaker 1: actually sure, but this tortoise is taking a big old 599 00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:13,399 Speaker 1: bite of whatever it is. I'm very into that. Let's 600 00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:17,319 Speaker 1: look at these three kittens, oh, three cats. They're all 601 00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:20,839 Speaker 1: curled together in one bed. My two cats who are 602 00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:25,200 Speaker 1: siblings from the same litter. They used to curl up 603 00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:26,840 Speaker 1: together in the same bed all the time, and they 604 00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:28,799 Speaker 1: don't really do that much anymore. And I don't know 605 00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:31,880 Speaker 1: if I just need to get a bigger bed or 606 00:39:31,880 --> 00:39:35,880 Speaker 1: if they're tired of each other's faces. We had a 607 00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:38,080 Speaker 1: thing because you know, we had two sets of brothers 608 00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,160 Speaker 1: for a long time, like two sets of litter mats, 609 00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:44,640 Speaker 1: and they also stopped sleeping with their littermates, and they 610 00:39:44,680 --> 00:39:46,920 Speaker 1: kind of switched it up, and one Siamese went with 611 00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:49,440 Speaker 1: one great cat in each bed. Yeah, And I think 612 00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:53,640 Speaker 1: cats just do their they just shift their sleeping arrangements periodically. 613 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,920 Speaker 1: I do have to put them in a different room 614 00:39:57,040 --> 00:40:03,000 Speaker 1: when I am recording podcasts because Onyx, after literal years 615 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:08,000 Speaker 1: of having no problem with this, Onyx learned that she 616 00:40:08,080 --> 00:40:11,360 Speaker 1: could stretch up as far as possible and bang on 617 00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:16,400 Speaker 1: the doorknob with her paw while yelling, and so it 618 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:21,360 Speaker 1: became necessary to put her somewhere else during podcast recording. 619 00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,680 Speaker 1: And often her sister goes with her, and occasionally I 620 00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:26,000 Speaker 1: will open the door to that room and they are 621 00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:31,040 Speaker 1: curled together in one little ball of cat, which is 622 00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:33,600 Speaker 1: always very sweet. So thank you so much, Danessa for 623 00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:38,120 Speaker 1: this email. Thank you for sending this link. We've talked 624 00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:40,920 Speaker 1: before about like how touching it can be to hear 625 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:43,440 Speaker 1: from folks who have a personal connection to something that 626 00:40:43,480 --> 00:40:46,520 Speaker 1: we have talked about on the show. If you would 627 00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:49,520 Speaker 1: like to send us a note, we're at History Podcasts 628 00:40:49,640 --> 00:40:53,520 Speaker 1: at iHeartRadio dot com and you can subscribe to the 629 00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:57,080 Speaker 1: podcast on the iHeartRadio app or wherever else you'd like 630 00:40:57,120 --> 00:41:04,960 Speaker 1: to get your podcasts. Stuff You Missed in History Class 631 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:09,040 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 632 00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:12,760 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 633 00:41:12,840 --> 00:41:13,800 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.