WEBVTT - How did 168 conquistadors take down the Inca empire? 0:00:00.200 --> 0:00:05.640 Brought to you by the all new Toyota Corolla. Welcome 0:00:05.680 --> 0:00:15.200 to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works dot com. Hey, 0:00:15.200 --> 0:00:18.560 and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, There's Charles W. 0:00:18.720 --> 0:00:23.239 Chuck Bryant. Jerry's here of course, and uh, this is 0:00:23.239 --> 0:00:27.600 stuff you should know. Welcome friends. Yeah, oh, before we 0:00:27.600 --> 0:00:30.159 get started, I want to do a little plug. We 0:00:30.200 --> 0:00:34.240 want to do a little plug for COD, the Cooperative 0:00:34.280 --> 0:00:37.760 for Education, our friends in Guatemala. Of course. Yeah, if 0:00:37.800 --> 0:00:41.320 you by way of Cincinnati, right, um, you, if you 0:00:41.320 --> 0:00:42.919 haven't heard him, you want to go listen to our 0:00:42.960 --> 0:00:46.479 Guatemala Adventure Parts one and two. Jerry gives a big 0:00:46.520 --> 0:00:50.520 speech and the second one is very dramatic and moving. Um. 0:00:50.560 --> 0:00:54.240 And basically, co ED is a group that is dedicated 0:00:54.280 --> 0:00:59.680 to ending poverty in Guatemala by basically funding them. And 0:00:59.720 --> 0:01:03.600 there's schooling through education, yes, through a textbook and then 0:01:03.600 --> 0:01:09.119 computer program where your donations go to uh buy textbooks 0:01:09.160 --> 0:01:12.280 that are rented by the families, and that rental money 0:01:12.319 --> 0:01:16.120 goes into escrow accounts and then when the textbooks wear out, 0:01:16.440 --> 0:01:21.119 they can buy new ones in perpetuity. That's exactly right. 0:01:21.160 --> 0:01:23.720 And I think the textbook rentals something like two dollars 0:01:23.760 --> 0:01:26.120 a year. Uh. They did a lot of surveys to 0:01:26.160 --> 0:01:29.639 find out what the average family in these uh living 0:01:29.959 --> 0:01:33.000 in the conditions that they live in, can afford. And 0:01:33.160 --> 0:01:35.040 uh they've got it down pretty much to the science. 0:01:36.000 --> 0:01:40.720 They have another thing, chuckers UM that's their Scholarship and 0:01:40.760 --> 0:01:44.520 Youth Development program and it takes it a several steps 0:01:44.520 --> 0:01:47.800 further where certain kids who are showing a lot of 0:01:47.800 --> 0:01:52.040 potential UM, they get their tuition paid for. There's programs, 0:01:52.600 --> 0:01:56.919 additional programs that are all paid for through this scholarship program. 0:01:56.960 --> 0:02:00.320 And so co ED has developed this program. They're reaching 0:02:00.320 --> 0:02:02.520 out to Steve you should know listeners who have apparently 0:02:02.520 --> 0:02:05.000 shown up and forced to help co ED. Ever since 0:02:05.040 --> 0:02:08.400 the Guatemalan Adventure episodes. Yeah, they've had people go on 0:02:08.440 --> 0:02:14.359 tours with Jerry even and uh, yeah, it's really neat 0:02:14.440 --> 0:02:17.799 like it's been just a great friendship over the past 0:02:17.800 --> 0:02:20.480 few years. It has been UM. So you can go 0:02:21.120 --> 0:02:27.600 to UM www dot Cooperative for Education dot org, slash 0:02:27.639 --> 0:02:32.800 help Kids and become a scholarship sponsor UM And there's 0:02:32.840 --> 0:02:39.799 two levels of sponsorship. There is the diploma sponsor right, Yeah, 0:02:39.880 --> 0:02:42.840 seventy bucks a month yeah, and then the honorable sponsor 0:02:44.560 --> 0:02:47.320 bucks a month, but very valuable and that is taking 0:02:47.440 --> 0:02:51.119 kids literally as directly as you can without physically going 0:02:51.160 --> 0:02:55.160 down there and picking them up, but lifting a kid 0:02:55.280 --> 0:02:59.320 out of you know, like abject poverty and giving them 0:02:59.360 --> 0:03:03.320 the chance for a real quality education. Yeah. I mean 0:03:03.360 --> 0:03:06.200 we've seen him an action, and your money's going to 0:03:06.320 --> 0:03:08.320 like a great place. I agree to use it. Well. 0:03:08.720 --> 0:03:12.000 Uh and we mentioned this before and another episode and um, 0:03:12.000 --> 0:03:15.799 as a result, some stuffies should know listeners became scholarship 0:03:16.160 --> 0:03:19.840 um donors. That's right, who are well we've pledged to 0:03:19.919 --> 0:03:23.960 like read these names. Yeah, anybody who who goes on 0:03:24.080 --> 0:03:27.359 and becomes a scholarship sponsor with co ED and agrees 0:03:27.440 --> 0:03:30.919 to U let us say their name if you want. Um, 0:03:31.040 --> 0:03:33.360 we are reading your names out and thank you on 0:03:33.440 --> 0:03:36.400 the podcast. So here's the first batch. That's right, Thank 0:03:36.440 --> 0:03:39.800 you Andy Ho. That is A and d I E 0:03:40.440 --> 0:03:45.839 why um. Thank you to Bendick Buck sauce nice. Thank 0:03:45.880 --> 0:03:50.400 you to Aaron Nice or niece I don't know, and 0:03:50.560 --> 0:03:56.480 I E s niece nice. Let's say both we did. 0:03:57.160 --> 0:03:59.560 Thank you to Ian Murray for having a normal name. 0:04:01.240 --> 0:04:04.280 Thank you to Jordan Wicker. Uh you want to read 0:04:04.280 --> 0:04:07.960 the last three thanks to Katie Apple or a pel 0:04:08.200 --> 0:04:14.600 pel uh, thanks to Kelly Andrews, and thanks to Zoya Erdevig. 0:04:15.160 --> 0:04:16.920 That's right, And it sounds like we have people from 0:04:16.920 --> 0:04:19.720 all over the world helping and chipping in, judging from 0:04:19.720 --> 0:04:21.960 these names, so that's really great. Yeah. And the name 0:04:22.000 --> 0:04:25.320 that you'll probably recognize because he's all over social our 0:04:25.360 --> 0:04:29.680 social stuff, Caleb Weeks. Caleb Weeks super volunteered and uh 0:04:29.760 --> 0:04:33.520 he is a programmer and he basically helped take the 0:04:33.680 --> 0:04:37.760 co ED website into the one century by leaps and bounds, 0:04:38.320 --> 0:04:41.400 um be by volunteering as a programmer. Yeah, you can 0:04:41.400 --> 0:04:43.279 always get in touch with them if you don't have 0:04:43.320 --> 0:04:45.960 any dough but you've got some other skill like they'll 0:04:45.960 --> 0:04:48.080 take help in all kinds of ways, pro web program 0:04:48.200 --> 0:04:51.680 gramming and video work. And Jerry's done some videography work 0:04:51.720 --> 0:04:53.480 for him. I've done some voiceover stuff for him. It's 0:04:53.480 --> 0:04:57.920 just it's a it's a real live charitable organization, agreed. Yeah, um, 0:04:58.000 --> 0:05:02.480 so go help him. That's www. Dot Cooperative for Education 0:05:02.560 --> 0:05:05.560 dot org slash help Kids and check it out. See 0:05:05.560 --> 0:05:09.839 what you think. Okay, all right, Yeah, that was a 0:05:09.839 --> 0:05:11.520 good one though. We We like to talk about coed 0:05:11.560 --> 0:05:14.200 every now and then because there's good folks. So now 0:05:14.200 --> 0:05:17.720 we can talk about sort of a related ish topic. 0:05:17.839 --> 0:05:20.159 I guess it is. You know, it's down there. I 0:05:20.200 --> 0:05:24.120 recognized a couple of these words. Yeah, well we'll get 0:05:24.120 --> 0:05:25.440 to it, but there was one of them is actually 0:05:25.440 --> 0:05:29.240 a town in Guatemala. I think which one? Catch catch 0:05:29.279 --> 0:05:33.720 a cow? Yeah, that sounds familiar. That's a language. It's 0:05:33.720 --> 0:05:37.599 a language, seriousays, but I remember when I was in 0:05:37.600 --> 0:05:42.320 Guatemala hearing that. Right. Yeah, so we're talking inca. Yeah, pretty, 0:05:42.560 --> 0:05:45.479 This is a Josh Clark jam. It was. This was 0:05:45.560 --> 0:05:48.359 back when I was like storry eyed over anything that 0:05:48.440 --> 0:05:52.000 had anything to do with Man. You wrote a series 0:05:52.040 --> 0:05:55.360 of Charles Man related articles, and if for those of 0:05:55.400 --> 0:05:58.000 you don't know, that is Josh's favorite book. We've talked 0:05:58.040 --> 0:06:01.040 about it um a lot on the show, and I'm 0:06:01.080 --> 0:06:02.640 still gonna read it one day. I just need to 0:06:02.839 --> 0:06:05.640 do it. It's great. You know, you will not be disappointed. 0:06:05.680 --> 0:06:07.120 I feel like if I read it now, they'd be like, oh, 0:06:07.160 --> 0:06:08.960 I know that part. I know that part. You I'm 0:06:09.000 --> 0:06:11.080 sure you will. You'll you'll recognize a lot of it. 0:06:11.120 --> 0:06:13.400 But it's so much more fleshed out you got your 0:06:13.440 --> 0:06:18.920 stank all over. That book isn't bad either of the 0:06:19.200 --> 0:06:24.240 sequel mann here, it's a it's mannished Manish. You can 0:06:24.440 --> 0:06:27.240 definitely tell Man wrote it for sure. So we're talking 0:06:27.240 --> 0:06:31.560 about the Inca people who um, they had a habit, 0:06:32.240 --> 0:06:35.520 not a habit, they had a practice they called I 0:06:35.680 --> 0:06:38.880 can't quit. They had a practice in their culture of 0:06:39.120 --> 0:06:44.120 child sacrifice, which sounds horrific and based in our modern 0:06:44.160 --> 0:06:47.000 day culture. It is. But we've long pointed out the 0:06:47.000 --> 0:06:50.640 tenets of cultural relativism. I would like to say that 0:06:50.760 --> 0:06:55.400 I officially renounced cultural relativism on the whole. Oh really, Yeah, 0:06:55.520 --> 0:07:00.360 I have since changed my viewpoint. I think there are 0:07:00.000 --> 0:07:04.839 absolutes that are universal or should be, and that a 0:07:04.920 --> 0:07:10.920 culture can be judged as barbaric per for certain practices. Yeah, 0:07:11.000 --> 0:07:13.480 cultural relative is, and I know we've explained it before, 0:07:13.480 --> 0:07:16.000 but that's basically you can't look back at some old 0:07:16.080 --> 0:07:18.640 culture that did these things and judge it by today's 0:07:18.840 --> 0:07:23.800 standards and say, you know, but it's a foundation of anthropology. 0:07:23.800 --> 0:07:27.240 You couldn't have about cultural relatives of this. Oh yeah, 0:07:27.280 --> 0:07:30.680 I mean, like as an absolute, like there's you there 0:07:30.760 --> 0:07:34.880 was nothing that you could do that was out of 0:07:34.920 --> 0:07:38.160 bounds as a culture because you could only judge the 0:07:38.200 --> 0:07:42.040 culture by its own standards. Therefore everything is self justified, right. 0:07:42.120 --> 0:07:43.880 I still believe that to a certain degree. But I 0:07:43.920 --> 0:07:47.520 think in certain cases maybe I could say because people 0:07:47.520 --> 0:07:51.000 can make the argument for a lot of things being 0:07:51.400 --> 0:07:54.040 oh no, that's just the culture of things. Right now, 0:07:54.080 --> 0:07:58.640 I'm exactly where you are. I would say, of things 0:07:59.000 --> 0:08:01.720 are bound by culture for a relativism, But I do 0:08:01.800 --> 0:08:04.640 think there are a handful of things, and I don't 0:08:04.640 --> 0:08:06.760 even know if I have them fully explored yet, but 0:08:06.960 --> 0:08:08.680 I think there's a handful of things that are just 0:08:09.320 --> 0:08:11.440 you just shouldn't do, and if you do it, then 0:08:11.720 --> 0:08:15.360 you're there's You're not as great as the cultures that 0:08:15.480 --> 0:08:17.480 don't do that. Yeah, Because you know what, we had 0:08:17.480 --> 0:08:20.360 a we had a fantic issue with us on the 0:08:20.400 --> 0:08:24.480 Facebook law when we I posted about the posthumous pardoning 0:08:24.640 --> 0:08:28.920 of Alan Turing, the codebreaker and inventor of the touring 0:08:28.920 --> 0:08:33.280 test scientists in England that was homosexual and chemically castrated, 0:08:33.679 --> 0:08:37.600 and they England recently um pardoned him posthumously and it 0:08:37.640 --> 0:08:39.120 was pretty cool, and I posted about it, and this 0:08:39.160 --> 0:08:40.719 one guy was like, well, you know back then they 0:08:41.520 --> 0:08:42.840 that they were doing the best they can. They were 0:08:42.840 --> 0:08:45.480 trying to help him out, but you know, because they 0:08:45.480 --> 0:08:48.400 thought being gay was a disease. And I was like, listen, man, 0:08:48.400 --> 0:08:50.280 you can't just sweep it under the rug by saying 0:08:50.600 --> 0:08:52.559 this is just how things were. So I think that's 0:08:52.559 --> 0:08:55.080 sort of an instance where I don't believe in it. Yeah, 0:08:55.160 --> 0:08:57.040 even though it wasn't an ancient thing. It was like 0:08:57.160 --> 0:09:00.160 the nineties, but it gets you know, it was a 0:09:00.200 --> 0:09:03.079 different time in a different culture. So I guess I'm 0:09:03.080 --> 0:09:05.360 with you. Then, Yeah, cool, there's a long winding way 0:09:05.360 --> 0:09:08.720 of saying that. Cool. I liked the long winded way. 0:09:09.080 --> 0:09:10.960 So we're on the same page. So how do you 0:09:10.960 --> 0:09:14.760 feel about child sacrifice and the Incan culture? Um, The 0:09:14.840 --> 0:09:18.839 weird thing is, I don't in this particular instance. I 0:09:19.240 --> 0:09:21.880 do think it's bound by cultural relativist I think so too, 0:09:21.920 --> 0:09:24.480 because it was so long ago. It was also so 0:09:25.240 --> 0:09:32.560 extremely well thought out. It was venerated, it wasn't um brutal. Right, Well, 0:09:32.600 --> 0:09:35.199 I mean it depends, so let's let's talk about this. Well, 0:09:35.240 --> 0:09:37.480 how about this. It doesn't matter what I think of it. 0:09:38.240 --> 0:09:40.360 I think we'll leave it to each listener to decide 0:09:40.400 --> 0:09:43.520 what they think of inc and child sacrifice. First of all, 0:09:43.840 --> 0:09:49.840 incan child sacrifice was used very uncommonly in cases of 0:09:49.880 --> 0:09:55.440 really dire circumstances where they really had irked the gods 0:09:55.720 --> 0:09:59.079 and needed to appease them, or in a very special 0:09:59.160 --> 0:10:04.000 symbolic Asian for the most part them the it was 0:10:04.040 --> 0:10:08.000 guinea pigs that were offered as blood sacrificed by the Yeah, 0:10:08.320 --> 0:10:12.720 so children and then sometimes women were very infrequently sacrificed, 0:10:12.920 --> 0:10:16.480 but of course never the men. Well yeah, um, when 0:10:16.520 --> 0:10:20.520 they were however, uh, they there was an elaborate ritual 0:10:20.559 --> 0:10:23.840 and process that was followed, and the kids were basically 0:10:23.880 --> 0:10:28.000 like demigods for being offered up by their parents. Yeah, 0:10:28.080 --> 0:10:31.439 you point out, it's not that they didn't um like 0:10:31.720 --> 0:10:34.000 they had any animosity towards kids at all. They were 0:10:34.000 --> 0:10:37.320 actually revered and that's why it was such like the 0:10:37.400 --> 0:10:40.760 ultimate sacrifice because kids were so revered. Right, Well, it's 0:10:40.920 --> 0:10:43.360 kind of like we value our children. We're gonna kill 0:10:43.400 --> 0:10:46.040 one of them. That's how much we want to appease you. 0:10:46.880 --> 0:10:50.040 That's how much we need these potato crops to survive. 0:10:50.160 --> 0:10:54.040 That's right. So, um, there was a big ceremony. They 0:10:54.040 --> 0:10:57.000 built a chamber, they gave the kid a little corn 0:10:57.559 --> 0:11:01.360 alcohol the you know, soothe them, I guess, yeah, and 0:11:01.520 --> 0:11:06.280 stave off fear. Um. You said that they knocked him 0:11:06.280 --> 0:11:08.920 on the head with a cushioned blow to knock them out, Yeah, 0:11:08.920 --> 0:11:11.000 which I imagine was probably done while they were like 0:11:11.040 --> 0:11:15.880 not really paying attention. Um. But the point is they 0:11:16.120 --> 0:11:18.240 wanted to prevent suffering as much as possible, so at 0:11:18.320 --> 0:11:20.880 least they would be unconscious. But they think they died 0:11:20.960 --> 0:11:25.839 of exposure basically, So it's not like they drove a 0:11:25.880 --> 0:11:27.760 stake through the heart or anything like that. I just 0:11:27.800 --> 0:11:29.320 kind of leave them at the top of the highest 0:11:29.320 --> 0:11:31.800 point and they they went out of their way to 0:11:32.000 --> 0:11:35.319 to make sure the children didn't feel any fear or 0:11:35.360 --> 0:11:39.600 as little fear as possible. UM. And I think for 0:11:39.640 --> 0:11:42.720 those reasons, because it was infrequent, because they tried to 0:11:42.720 --> 0:11:46.880 make the child comfortable and not fearful, because it was 0:11:47.000 --> 0:11:51.000 a relatively painless death. UM. I think that it kind 0:11:51.000 --> 0:11:54.800 of I don't know, it falls within cultural relativism for me. 0:11:55.559 --> 0:11:58.560 The thing that UM, I do take an issue with 0:11:58.720 --> 0:12:00.920 was that the parents who offered up their kid was 0:12:00.960 --> 0:12:04.240 in the kid's decision. Well, of course not. They immediately 0:12:04.280 --> 0:12:06.760 gained higher status in the society. So I think that 0:12:06.920 --> 0:12:09.120 that great honor, you know, it was, but it was 0:12:09.120 --> 0:12:13.199 a way to gain status, Uh you know what I mean. Um, 0:12:13.280 --> 0:12:16.000 so I think that it was in that respect. You 0:12:16.040 --> 0:12:18.880 can really kind of cast a shadow upon it too. 0:12:19.240 --> 0:12:22.120 And that and the fact that children died to get 0:12:22.160 --> 0:12:24.719 potato crops to grow. Yeah, it wasn't a cute thing. 0:12:24.760 --> 0:12:27.200 It's not like Tom hankson Met Ryan jumping in the 0:12:27.280 --> 0:12:29.240 volcano to a piece of the will Pony was a 0:12:29.360 --> 0:12:33.679 great movie. So they must have thought that things were 0:12:33.679 --> 0:12:38.760 working because the Incas were like a super successful people. Yeah, 0:12:38.960 --> 0:12:43.199 very quickly to like a million, a million people. That's 0:12:43.200 --> 0:12:45.080 a lot of people back then in the span of 0:12:45.120 --> 0:12:47.880 how many years, just a couple of centuries. Yeah, a 0:12:47.920 --> 0:12:49.679 couple hundred years. A million people back then. That's what 0:12:49.679 --> 0:12:52.240 you're doing pretty well. And they're spreading far and wide right. 0:12:52.240 --> 0:12:54.679 And it wasn't like a couple of Inca. The initial 0:12:54.720 --> 0:12:59.040 Inca got together and just had a million offspring. The 0:12:59.160 --> 0:13:02.600 Inca how much, came out of nowhere as a civilization 0:13:02.840 --> 0:13:07.719 and just dominated everybody else who is living as loose tribes, 0:13:08.040 --> 0:13:11.720 unconnected tribes in the Andes at the time. Yeah, they were. 0:13:11.760 --> 0:13:18.800 They were smart. They were technological technologically wow, technologically advanced 0:13:18.880 --> 0:13:22.400 they were, um they they So the Andes are very 0:13:22.400 --> 0:13:28.559 inhospitable place there. It's an arid climate and it's really 0:13:28.640 --> 0:13:30.800 high up. Yeah, I mean just surviving there is is 0:13:30.840 --> 0:13:33.640 something else much less thriving. Yeah, and getting crops to 0:13:33.679 --> 0:13:37.959 grow well. INCA figured out irrigation techniques. They figured out 0:13:38.040 --> 0:13:43.559 terraced farming, and we have the potato peanuts queen wa 0:13:43.840 --> 0:13:48.600 quenwa um types of squash, peppers and beans all thank 0:13:49.040 --> 0:13:53.559 we have other incaive things who well, thank the INCA. 0:13:53.760 --> 0:13:55.800 Thank you INCA, or at the very least think the 0:13:55.880 --> 0:13:59.839 people of the Andes that the INCA eventually came to subjugate. Okay, 0:14:00.840 --> 0:14:04.400 that doesn't seem as heart felt and um, but they 0:14:04.760 --> 0:14:09.040 but the INCA technology was very advanced. Yeh, super advanced. Um. 0:14:09.200 --> 0:14:13.280 They had a very uh strictly rigidly defined class system, 0:14:13.880 --> 0:14:18.120 starting at the top of course with the royals, and 0:14:18.200 --> 0:14:20.480 then on the way down all the way down to 0:14:20.720 --> 0:14:22.840 you know, the workers and the laborers and the commoners 0:14:22.920 --> 0:14:25.600 and the military right and the INCA royal line was 0:14:25.760 --> 0:14:32.640 perpetuated incestuously. A INCA ruler would marry his blood sister 0:14:32.880 --> 0:14:36.000 full blood sister, and then they would have offspring, and 0:14:36.080 --> 0:14:38.640 those offspring would be the INCA. So you can imagine 0:14:38.680 --> 0:14:41.920 there was some yeah, strange INCA that emerged over time. 0:14:42.400 --> 0:14:46.320 What's staggering is that there were Inca that were incredibly 0:14:46.680 --> 0:14:52.920 smart and yes, and who built this civilization UM through 0:14:52.960 --> 0:14:56.560 an incestuous line because it really was protected like that UM. 0:14:57.320 --> 0:15:02.280 And then the INCA ruler would all so have dozens 0:15:02.320 --> 0:15:05.240 of other wives that he wasn't related to, and then 0:15:05.320 --> 0:15:09.600 from those offspring would be the the second tier of society, 0:15:09.720 --> 0:15:15.080 the highest UM rulers, bureaucrats, advisors. I bet there were 0:15:15.120 --> 0:15:17.360 some ancestrous kids too that you don't hear about as 0:15:17.440 --> 0:15:20.920 much either that we're just sort of, you know, hidden away. 0:15:21.840 --> 0:15:23.920 I'm sure you know what I'm saying. Isn't that bizarre though, 0:15:24.000 --> 0:15:27.400 I mean, I know, if you're basing your your like 0:15:27.560 --> 0:15:30.320 royal family on incests, you're you're already at a at 0:15:30.360 --> 0:15:34.080 a you know, negative, I would think, But the Inca 0:15:34.080 --> 0:15:36.680 are far from the only only group to come up 0:15:36.760 --> 0:15:41.800 with this idea of protecting the royal bloodline by only 0:15:42.640 --> 0:15:48.720 um producing offspring with that pure blood man. Crazy world Um, 0:15:49.000 --> 0:15:52.520 so they were big time expansionists. They like to spread 0:15:52.560 --> 0:15:55.240 out to the suburbs and the exerbs, and uh it 0:15:55.760 --> 0:15:57.440 ended up being a problem which we'll get to. But 0:15:57.520 --> 0:16:01.880 they were spread far and wide geographically, which can be 0:16:02.040 --> 0:16:06.480 trouble eventually, as we'll see. Um. Sometimes they were crushing 0:16:06.520 --> 0:16:10.440 people with their military forces. Sometimes they were tempting people 0:16:10.560 --> 0:16:14.600 with like, hey, look we have roads, we have we 0:16:14.720 --> 0:16:17.680 have technology, we have farming systems in the irrigation that 0:16:17.760 --> 0:16:21.000 you're gonna like thrive with. Right they the nobles of 0:16:21.320 --> 0:16:24.400 these the ones that they kind of colluded with, those 0:16:24.480 --> 0:16:28.840 groups would become part of that second tier aristocracy as well. 0:16:29.080 --> 0:16:32.520 So there was it was either might persuading him with 0:16:32.560 --> 0:16:35.560 technology like you said, or saying, hey, you've got a 0:16:35.600 --> 0:16:38.800 pretty nice spot over here if you come bring your 0:16:38.840 --> 0:16:42.120 people under inca rule. So this also it sounds great 0:16:42.160 --> 0:16:44.640 when you're getting all these different tribes, these hundreds of 0:16:44.680 --> 0:16:49.480 tribes together under one more powerful group. But again, just 0:16:49.600 --> 0:16:53.000 like spreading out far and wide, that would also eventually 0:16:53.160 --> 0:16:55.880 be one little knock against them in their eventual downfall, 0:16:56.320 --> 0:16:59.120 because when you've got people that were gathered together like that, 0:16:59.280 --> 0:17:02.360 they're still all the ly fractured in a way, right, right, 0:17:02.480 --> 0:17:05.840 But the Inca took great pains to get around this, 0:17:06.080 --> 0:17:09.200 and these the tactic that Stalin would later use. You 0:17:09.359 --> 0:17:13.080 take people from the conquered lands and move some of 0:17:13.160 --> 0:17:17.159 them over here, and then you do the exact opposite 0:17:17.240 --> 0:17:20.399 with some people from the other conquered land. And what 0:17:20.520 --> 0:17:23.720 you do is you rule through dilution, cultural dilution. So 0:17:23.800 --> 0:17:27.320 you're mixing up the tribes. Basically, you're breaking up families, 0:17:27.359 --> 0:17:30.440 you're breaking up villages, you're breaking up tribes, that makes sense, 0:17:30.680 --> 0:17:34.240 shuffling them all together and um giving them all a 0:17:34.320 --> 0:17:38.320 common language and a common ruler, and through that you're 0:17:38.440 --> 0:17:41.320 forcing a new cultural identity on them. That's what the 0:17:41.359 --> 0:17:44.840 Inca did. That's how they were able to, I guess, 0:17:44.960 --> 0:17:47.720 gain a population in a territory as big as they 0:17:47.760 --> 0:17:51.280 did in just a couple of centuries, like miles. That 0:17:51.880 --> 0:17:56.000 was like, yeah, from Ecuador to Chile. That's crazy. There's 0:17:56.040 --> 0:17:59.720 three and fifty thousand square mile territory after just a 0:17:59.760 --> 0:18:02.000 couple a hundred years of putting it together. Yeah, but 0:18:02.160 --> 0:18:04.680 again you're setting yourself up for problems. Back then, you know, 0:18:04.800 --> 0:18:08.040 they didn't have telegraphs, they had runners, They did, and 0:18:08.760 --> 0:18:12.639 eventually the runners are even like at two hundred and 0:18:12.680 --> 0:18:15.280 fifty miles a day. Okay, So I need to correct myself. 0:18:15.320 --> 0:18:17.280 And that's not right, is it? I already I didn't 0:18:17.280 --> 0:18:21.320 think it was. I already emailed Tracy Wilson of Stuffy, 0:18:21.359 --> 0:18:25.239 Misson History class, who handles um changes to articles, uh, 0:18:25.320 --> 0:18:27.680 and said, I need to change this. It says in 0:18:27.760 --> 0:18:31.240 the article are originally said that these runners, highly trained 0:18:31.320 --> 0:18:35.639 runners that would deliver communications throughout the kingdom of the Inca, 0:18:36.359 --> 0:18:40.040 could cover two hundred fifty miles in a day. It 0:18:40.200 --> 0:18:43.120 is wrong. That's four hundred kilometers in a day. Um, 0:18:44.080 --> 0:18:47.600 it's absolutely wrong. Uh. Instead they would use a relay 0:18:47.680 --> 0:18:51.040 system of runners that could cover two hundred and fifty 0:18:51.080 --> 0:18:55.640 miles in a day. Oh well you didn't. Um. Well, 0:18:56.440 --> 0:18:59.119 it made it sound like each runner cover two hundred 0:18:59.160 --> 0:19:01.680 fifty miles And I like, I see what you mean. Wait, 0:19:01.800 --> 0:19:05.200 that doesn't sound right. So I specified a relay. Using 0:19:05.240 --> 0:19:08.159 a relay system, I kind of assumed that nobody can 0:19:08.240 --> 0:19:10.040 run that much of the day, right, Well, I'm kind 0:19:10.080 --> 0:19:14.040 of dumb except Forrest Gump. Um. So my point was, though, 0:19:14.760 --> 0:19:18.159 even with those runners covering that distance, when you were 0:19:18.240 --> 0:19:21.240 that spread out, it's eventually going to lead to fracturing 0:19:21.280 --> 0:19:24.560 in some problems and communication and just a breakdown of 0:19:24.640 --> 0:19:27.720 the society. Right. Um, and also took I don't know 0:19:27.760 --> 0:19:29.399 if you mentioned or not. They didn't have the wheel. 0:19:31.000 --> 0:19:35.159 They had one of the most highly advanced civilizations um 0:19:36.280 --> 0:19:39.400 to ever pop up in the Americas, and they didn't 0:19:39.440 --> 0:19:41.119 have the wheel. That's crazy. And it's not like the 0:19:41.119 --> 0:19:43.800 wheel wasn't in existence. They were just an isolated group 0:19:43.960 --> 0:19:47.520 like that. We're talking around the thirteenth century to the 0:19:47.640 --> 0:19:51.960 sixteenth century. The Incas were around, and um the height 0:19:52.040 --> 0:19:55.000 of their power was in the mid thirteenth century under 0:19:55.240 --> 0:19:59.120 a ruler named Pacha Kuti, who is a great name, 0:20:00.040 --> 0:20:03.119 and Pachacuti was the one for whom Machupicchi was built 0:20:03.160 --> 0:20:07.720 as a royal estate. Yeah, I didn't know that. But 0:20:07.880 --> 0:20:09.640 since the I mean, the government was a really big 0:20:09.720 --> 0:20:11.960 factor because of the way the class system was built 0:20:12.000 --> 0:20:16.119 and so rigid. It was a people that was that 0:20:16.240 --> 0:20:20.159 were largely dependent on the government because they had the 0:20:20.240 --> 0:20:25.280 smarts and people liked, you know, having bountiful crops and 0:20:25.840 --> 0:20:27.840 and gold. Well they probably don't have much gold. Well, 0:20:27.880 --> 0:20:29.720 there's definite trade. They had plenty of goal. Well no, 0:20:29.880 --> 0:20:31.679 not the commoners, you know, well, no, no, but there 0:20:31.760 --> 0:20:33.439 was a definite trade off. It was like you were 0:20:33.560 --> 0:20:36.520 under Inca rule now, but you also have as many 0:20:36.560 --> 0:20:40.440 potatoes as you need. Um, you've got great roads. Your 0:20:40.600 --> 0:20:46.000 family is gonna not die young. Probably liquor evidently, yeah, exactly. Um. 0:20:46.480 --> 0:20:49.520 And yes, there was a very strong bureaucracy. So India 0:20:49.680 --> 0:20:53.919 modern day India is a very bureaucratic state. And there's 0:20:53.920 --> 0:20:58.320 apparently sixteen hundred and sixty two government workers for every 0:20:58.440 --> 0:21:01.600 hundred thousand people in India. You, wow, that's a lot. 0:21:02.760 --> 0:21:07.280 In under Inca rule, there were um, thirteen hundred and 0:21:07.480 --> 0:21:11.720 thirty one government officials for every ten thousand people. Wow, 0:21:12.359 --> 0:21:16.400 that's an a staggering bureaucracy. But that's how they ran 0:21:16.520 --> 0:21:22.640 this thing so well, this huge um system was run 0:21:23.000 --> 0:21:26.480 through bureaucrats. That's right up to a point of course. 0:21:26.560 --> 0:21:28.640 We all know it's you know, bad things are coming 0:21:28.680 --> 0:21:31.719 our way because at the top of the podcast are 0:21:31.800 --> 0:21:35.040 coming their way. Uh. And in the fifteenth century, Uh, 0:21:35.240 --> 0:21:39.320 they had a big boom in expansion and basically it 0:21:39.400 --> 0:21:42.760 became just a little too unwieldy and chaotic. They were 0:21:42.800 --> 0:21:45.280 spread too far and wide. You know, when you whenever 0:21:45.359 --> 0:21:48.560 you're that far apart and have that many different tribes 0:21:48.640 --> 0:21:51.800 that make up your people, you're gonna have insurgencies and 0:21:51.920 --> 0:21:55.760 rebels that they quashed pretty you know, did a pretty 0:21:55.760 --> 0:21:58.400 good job of quashing those for many years. But um, 0:21:59.119 --> 0:22:01.159 it was just too big again to spread out and 0:22:01.560 --> 0:22:04.280 to to maintain basically at that time period. Well, I 0:22:04.320 --> 0:22:09.360 guess probably the real crippling blow came in five when 0:22:09.840 --> 0:22:14.480 Huenia Kopac Huenia Kupak, he was the Inca ruler. He 0:22:14.560 --> 0:22:19.360 was a very strong ruler. Um he died, but unfortunately, 0:22:19.800 --> 0:22:22.400 within just a few days of him, his successor died. 0:22:23.320 --> 0:22:25.879 So okay, I was gonna say, why didn't he name 0:22:25.920 --> 0:22:29.520 a successor? He did, and that also emailed Tracy about 0:22:30.960 --> 0:22:33.679 but yeah he um he named a successor and they 0:22:33.720 --> 0:22:36.439 both died within a couple of days of one another. Um, 0:22:36.560 --> 0:22:40.000 which left the power vacuum and there were two sons 0:22:40.160 --> 0:22:43.000 that moved to fill it and a seven year civil 0:22:43.080 --> 0:22:48.040 war ensued that really fractured Incan society. Yeah, that was 0:22:48.320 --> 0:22:52.639 at the Hualpa and Uscar, Yeah, which I think is 0:22:52.680 --> 0:22:56.040 Incan for Oscar, I think so too. It's like George 0:22:56.040 --> 0:22:59.600 and Oscar Bluth's right. Uh, and there was a seven 0:22:59.680 --> 0:23:02.359 years civil war. The civil war of any type is gonna, 0:23:02.640 --> 0:23:06.000 you know, fracture society. Seven year ones real bad, especially 0:23:06.040 --> 0:23:11.080 when there's nobody in control during the time. Um the 0:23:12.480 --> 0:23:16.520 I guess who Scar ultimately lost. He was executed by 0:23:16.600 --> 0:23:20.680 his brother, Alto Walpa um in fifteen thirty two. But 0:23:20.800 --> 0:23:24.399 the damage was done. After all, to Alpa consolidated power. 0:23:24.640 --> 0:23:27.920 Incan society was on very shaky ground already. Yeah, the 0:23:27.960 --> 0:23:31.359 cracks were showing. And uh, right about that time, a 0:23:31.840 --> 0:23:38.840 Spanish conqueror named Francisco Pizzato arrived. And um, he didn't 0:23:38.880 --> 0:23:40.240 have a lot of dudes with him. He had less 0:23:40.240 --> 0:23:43.200 than two hundred men. And we will tell you the 0:23:43.240 --> 0:23:45.719 story of just how those hundred and sixty eight men, 0:23:45.800 --> 0:23:50.240 says Charles Mann took over this vast empire. And reason 0:23:50.359 --> 0:23:52.600 number one is what we just said. He got there 0:23:52.600 --> 0:23:55.360 at the right time. They were weekend, they were fractured, 0:23:55.800 --> 0:23:59.000 the cracks were showing. Civil war had broken out, so 0:23:59.119 --> 0:24:00.680 it was a good time to go in and do 0:24:00.800 --> 0:24:03.600