1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:05,640 Speaker 1: Brought to you by the all new Toyota Corolla. Welcome 2 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:15,200 Speaker 1: to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works dot com. Hey, 3 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, There's Charles W. 4 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant. Jerry's here of course, and uh, this is 5 00:00:23,239 --> 00:00:27,600 Speaker 1: stuff you should know. Welcome friends. Yeah, oh, before we 6 00:00:27,600 --> 00:00:30,159 Speaker 1: get started, I want to do a little plug. We 7 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:34,240 Speaker 1: want to do a little plug for COD, the Cooperative 8 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: for Education, our friends in Guatemala. Of course. Yeah, if 9 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,320 Speaker 1: you by way of Cincinnati, right, um, you, if you 10 00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:42,919 Speaker 1: haven't heard him, you want to go listen to our 11 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:46,479 Speaker 1: Guatemala Adventure Parts one and two. Jerry gives a big 12 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:50,520 Speaker 1: speech and the second one is very dramatic and moving. Um. 13 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: And basically, co ED is a group that is dedicated 14 00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: to ending poverty in Guatemala by basically funding them. And 15 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:03,600 Speaker 1: there's schooling through education, yes, through a textbook and then 16 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:09,119 Speaker 1: computer program where your donations go to uh buy textbooks 17 00:01:09,160 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 1: that are rented by the families, and that rental money 18 00:01:12,319 --> 00:01:16,120 Speaker 1: goes into escrow accounts and then when the textbooks wear out, 19 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:21,119 Speaker 1: they can buy new ones in perpetuity. That's exactly right. 20 00:01:21,160 --> 00:01:23,720 Speaker 1: And I think the textbook rentals something like two dollars 21 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:26,120 Speaker 1: a year. Uh. They did a lot of surveys to 22 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:29,639 Speaker 1: find out what the average family in these uh living 23 00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: in the conditions that they live in, can afford. And 24 00:01:33,160 --> 00:01:35,040 Speaker 1: uh they've got it down pretty much to the science. 25 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: They have another thing, chuckers UM that's their Scholarship and 26 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:44,520 Speaker 1: Youth Development program and it takes it a several steps 27 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:47,800 Speaker 1: further where certain kids who are showing a lot of 28 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 1: potential UM, they get their tuition paid for. There's programs, 29 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:56,919 Speaker 1: additional programs that are all paid for through this scholarship program. 30 00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:00,320 Speaker 1: And so co ED has developed this program. They're reaching 31 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 1: out to Steve you should know listeners who have apparently 32 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:05,000 Speaker 1: shown up and forced to help co ED. Ever since 33 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:08,400 Speaker 1: the Guatemalan Adventure episodes. Yeah, they've had people go on 34 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:14,359 Speaker 1: tours with Jerry even and uh, yeah, it's really neat 35 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,799 Speaker 1: like it's been just a great friendship over the past 36 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: few years. It has been UM. So you can go 37 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:27,600 Speaker 1: to UM www dot Cooperative for Education dot org, slash 38 00:02:27,639 --> 00:02:32,800 Speaker 1: help Kids and become a scholarship sponsor UM And there's 39 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:39,799 Speaker 1: two levels of sponsorship. There is the diploma sponsor right, Yeah, 40 00:02:39,880 --> 00:02:42,840 Speaker 1: seventy bucks a month yeah, and then the honorable sponsor 41 00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: bucks a month, but very valuable and that is taking 42 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:51,119 Speaker 1: kids literally as directly as you can without physically going 43 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:55,160 Speaker 1: down there and picking them up, but lifting a kid 44 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: out of you know, like abject poverty and giving them 45 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: the chance for a real quality education. Yeah. I mean 46 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 1: we've seen him an action, and your money's going to 47 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:08,320 Speaker 1: like a great place. I agree to use it. Well. 48 00:03:08,720 --> 00:03:12,000 Speaker 1: Uh and we mentioned this before and another episode and um, 49 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:15,799 Speaker 1: as a result, some stuffies should know listeners became scholarship 50 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:19,840 Speaker 1: um donors. That's right, who are well we've pledged to 51 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:23,960 Speaker 1: like read these names. Yeah, anybody who who goes on 52 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: and becomes a scholarship sponsor with co ED and agrees 53 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:30,919 Speaker 1: to U let us say their name if you want. Um, 54 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:33,360 Speaker 1: we are reading your names out and thank you on 55 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 1: the podcast. So here's the first batch. That's right, Thank 56 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:39,800 Speaker 1: you Andy Ho. That is A and d I E 57 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:45,839 Speaker 1: why um. Thank you to Bendick Buck sauce nice. Thank 58 00:03:45,880 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: you to Aaron Nice or niece I don't know, and 59 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: I E s niece nice. Let's say both we did. 60 00:03:57,160 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: Thank you to Ian Murray for having a normal name. 61 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: Thank you to Jordan Wicker. Uh you want to read 62 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: the last three thanks to Katie Apple or a pel 63 00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 1: pel uh, thanks to Kelly Andrews, and thanks to Zoya Erdevig. 64 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:16,920 Speaker 1: That's right, And it sounds like we have people from 65 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:19,720 Speaker 1: all over the world helping and chipping in, judging from 66 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:21,960 Speaker 1: these names, so that's really great. Yeah. And the name 67 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: that you'll probably recognize because he's all over social our 68 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:29,680 Speaker 1: social stuff, Caleb Weeks. Caleb Weeks super volunteered and uh 69 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:33,520 Speaker 1: he is a programmer and he basically helped take the 70 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 1: co ED website into the one century by leaps and bounds, 71 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:41,400 Speaker 1: um be by volunteering as a programmer. Yeah, you can 72 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:43,279 Speaker 1: always get in touch with them if you don't have 73 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:45,960 Speaker 1: any dough but you've got some other skill like they'll 74 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,080 Speaker 1: take help in all kinds of ways, pro web program 75 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,680 Speaker 1: gramming and video work. And Jerry's done some videography work 76 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:53,480 Speaker 1: for him. I've done some voiceover stuff for him. It's 77 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:57,920 Speaker 1: just it's a it's a real live charitable organization, agreed. Yeah, um, 78 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:02,480 Speaker 1: so go help him. That's www. Dot Cooperative for Education 79 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: dot org slash help Kids and check it out. See 80 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:09,839 Speaker 1: what you think. Okay, all right, Yeah, that was a 81 00:05:09,839 --> 00:05:11,520 Speaker 1: good one though. We We like to talk about coed 82 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: every now and then because there's good folks. So now 83 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:17,720 Speaker 1: we can talk about sort of a related ish topic. 84 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:20,159 Speaker 1: I guess it is. You know, it's down there. I 85 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:24,120 Speaker 1: recognized a couple of these words. Yeah, well we'll get 86 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: to it, but there was one of them is actually 87 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 1: a town in Guatemala. I think which one? Catch catch 88 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:33,720 Speaker 1: a cow? Yeah, that sounds familiar. That's a language. It's 89 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: a language, seriousays, but I remember when I was in 90 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 1: Guatemala hearing that. Right. Yeah, so we're talking inca. Yeah, pretty, 91 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:45,479 Speaker 1: This is a Josh Clark jam. It was. This was 92 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:48,359 Speaker 1: back when I was like storry eyed over anything that 93 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:52,000 Speaker 1: had anything to do with Man. You wrote a series 94 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,360 Speaker 1: of Charles Man related articles, and if for those of 95 00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:58,000 Speaker 1: you don't know, that is Josh's favorite book. We've talked 96 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:01,040 Speaker 1: about it um a lot on the show, and I'm 97 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:02,640 Speaker 1: still gonna read it one day. I just need to 98 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:05,640 Speaker 1: do it. It's great. You know, you will not be disappointed. 99 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:07,120 Speaker 1: I feel like if I read it now, they'd be like, oh, 100 00:06:07,160 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 1: I know that part. I know that part. You I'm 101 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,080 Speaker 1: sure you will. You'll you'll recognize a lot of it. 102 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: But it's so much more fleshed out you got your 103 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,920 Speaker 1: stank all over. That book isn't bad either of the 104 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:24,240 Speaker 1: sequel mann here, it's a it's mannished Manish. You can 105 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:27,240 Speaker 1: definitely tell Man wrote it for sure. So we're talking 106 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 1: about the Inca people who um, they had a habit, 107 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:35,520 Speaker 1: not a habit, they had a practice they called I 108 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: can't quit. They had a practice in their culture of 109 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: child sacrifice, which sounds horrific and based in our modern 110 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: day culture. It is. But we've long pointed out the 111 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,640 Speaker 1: tenets of cultural relativism. I would like to say that 112 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: I officially renounced cultural relativism on the whole. Oh really, Yeah, 113 00:06:55,520 --> 00:07:00,360 Speaker 1: I have since changed my viewpoint. I think there are 114 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 1: absolutes that are universal or should be, and that a 115 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: culture can be judged as barbaric per for certain practices. Yeah, 116 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,480 Speaker 1: cultural relative is, and I know we've explained it before, 117 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 1: but that's basically you can't look back at some old 118 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:18,640 Speaker 1: culture that did these things and judge it by today's 119 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:23,800 Speaker 1: standards and say, you know, but it's a foundation of anthropology. 120 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:27,240 Speaker 1: You couldn't have about cultural relatives of this. Oh yeah, 121 00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:30,680 Speaker 1: I mean, like as an absolute, like there's you there 122 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:34,880 Speaker 1: was nothing that you could do that was out of 123 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:38,160 Speaker 1: bounds as a culture because you could only judge the 124 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: culture by its own standards. Therefore everything is self justified, right. 125 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: I still believe that to a certain degree. But I 126 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:47,520 Speaker 1: think in certain cases maybe I could say because people 127 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:51,000 Speaker 1: can make the argument for a lot of things being 128 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 1: oh no, that's just the culture of things. Right now, 129 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:58,640 Speaker 1: I'm exactly where you are. I would say, of things 130 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:01,720 Speaker 1: are bound by culture for a relativism, But I do 131 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:04,640 Speaker 1: think there are a handful of things, and I don't 132 00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 1: even know if I have them fully explored yet, but 133 00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:08,680 Speaker 1: I think there's a handful of things that are just 134 00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 1: you just shouldn't do, and if you do it, then 135 00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: you're there's You're not as great as the cultures that 136 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,480 Speaker 1: don't do that. Yeah, Because you know what, we had 137 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:20,360 Speaker 1: a we had a fantic issue with us on the 138 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: Facebook law when we I posted about the posthumous pardoning 139 00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:28,920 Speaker 1: of Alan Turing, the codebreaker and inventor of the touring 140 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:33,280 Speaker 1: test scientists in England that was homosexual and chemically castrated, 141 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:37,600 Speaker 1: and they England recently um pardoned him posthumously and it 142 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:39,120 Speaker 1: was pretty cool, and I posted about it, and this 143 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:40,719 Speaker 1: one guy was like, well, you know back then they 144 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:42,840 Speaker 1: that they were doing the best they can. They were 145 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: trying to help him out, but you know, because they 146 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:48,400 Speaker 1: thought being gay was a disease. And I was like, listen, man, 147 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 1: you can't just sweep it under the rug by saying 148 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:52,559 Speaker 1: this is just how things were. So I think that's 149 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:55,080 Speaker 1: sort of an instance where I don't believe in it. Yeah, 150 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 1: even though it wasn't an ancient thing. It was like 151 00:08:57,160 --> 00:09:00,160 Speaker 1: the nineties, but it gets you know, it was a 152 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:03,079 Speaker 1: different time in a different culture. So I guess I'm 153 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:05,360 Speaker 1: with you. Then, Yeah, cool, there's a long winding way 154 00:09:05,360 --> 00:09:08,720 Speaker 1: of saying that. Cool. I liked the long winded way. 155 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: So we're on the same page. So how do you 156 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:14,760 Speaker 1: feel about child sacrifice and the Incan culture? Um, The 157 00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:18,839 Speaker 1: weird thing is, I don't in this particular instance. I 158 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:21,880 Speaker 1: do think it's bound by cultural relativist I think so too, 159 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:24,480 Speaker 1: because it was so long ago. It was also so 160 00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:32,560 Speaker 1: extremely well thought out. It was venerated, it wasn't um brutal. Right, Well, 161 00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:35,199 Speaker 1: I mean it depends, so let's let's talk about this. Well, 162 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:37,480 Speaker 1: how about this. It doesn't matter what I think of it. 163 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:40,360 Speaker 1: I think we'll leave it to each listener to decide 164 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,520 Speaker 1: what they think of inc and child sacrifice. First of all, 165 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:49,840 Speaker 1: incan child sacrifice was used very uncommonly in cases of 166 00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:55,440 Speaker 1: really dire circumstances where they really had irked the gods 167 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:59,079 Speaker 1: and needed to appease them, or in a very special 168 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:04,000 Speaker 1: symbolic Asian for the most part them the it was 169 00:10:04,040 --> 00:10:08,000 Speaker 1: guinea pigs that were offered as blood sacrificed by the Yeah, 170 00:10:08,320 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: so children and then sometimes women were very infrequently sacrificed, 171 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: but of course never the men. Well yeah, um, when 172 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:20,520 Speaker 1: they were however, uh, they there was an elaborate ritual 173 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:23,840 Speaker 1: and process that was followed, and the kids were basically 174 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 1: like demigods for being offered up by their parents. Yeah, 175 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:31,439 Speaker 1: you point out, it's not that they didn't um like 176 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: they had any animosity towards kids at all. They were 177 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: actually revered and that's why it was such like the 178 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:40,760 Speaker 1: ultimate sacrifice because kids were so revered. Right, Well, it's 179 00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:43,360 Speaker 1: kind of like we value our children. We're gonna kill 180 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: one of them. That's how much we want to appease you. 181 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:50,040 Speaker 1: That's how much we need these potato crops to survive. 182 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: That's right. So, um, there was a big ceremony. They 183 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: built a chamber, they gave the kid a little corn 184 00:10:57,559 --> 00:11:01,360 Speaker 1: alcohol the you know, soothe them, I guess, yeah, and 185 00:11:01,520 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: stave off fear. Um. You said that they knocked him 186 00:11:06,280 --> 00:11:08,920 Speaker 1: on the head with a cushioned blow to knock them out, Yeah, 187 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: which I imagine was probably done while they were like 188 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:15,880 Speaker 1: not really paying attention. Um. But the point is they 189 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:18,240 Speaker 1: wanted to prevent suffering as much as possible, so at 190 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:20,880 Speaker 1: least they would be unconscious. But they think they died 191 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:25,839 Speaker 1: of exposure basically, So it's not like they drove a 192 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: stake through the heart or anything like that. I just 193 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: kind of leave them at the top of the highest 194 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: point and they they went out of their way to 195 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:35,319 Speaker 1: to make sure the children didn't feel any fear or 196 00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:39,600 Speaker 1: as little fear as possible. UM. And I think for 197 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:42,720 Speaker 1: those reasons, because it was infrequent, because they tried to 198 00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: make the child comfortable and not fearful, because it was 199 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:51,000 Speaker 1: a relatively painless death. UM. I think that it kind 200 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:54,800 Speaker 1: of I don't know, it falls within cultural relativism for me. 201 00:11:55,559 --> 00:11:58,560 Speaker 1: The thing that UM, I do take an issue with 202 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:00,920 Speaker 1: was that the parents who offered up their kid was 203 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: in the kid's decision. Well, of course not. They immediately 204 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:06,760 Speaker 1: gained higher status in the society. So I think that 205 00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:09,120 Speaker 1: that great honor, you know, it was, but it was 206 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:13,199 Speaker 1: a way to gain status, Uh you know what I mean. Um, 207 00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: so I think that it was in that respect. You 208 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:18,880 Speaker 1: can really kind of cast a shadow upon it too. 209 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: And that and the fact that children died to get 210 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:24,719 Speaker 1: potato crops to grow. Yeah, it wasn't a cute thing. 211 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:27,200 Speaker 1: It's not like Tom hankson Met Ryan jumping in the 212 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:29,240 Speaker 1: volcano to a piece of the will Pony was a 213 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:33,679 Speaker 1: great movie. So they must have thought that things were 214 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:38,760 Speaker 1: working because the Incas were like a super successful people. Yeah, 215 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:43,199 Speaker 1: very quickly to like a million, a million people. That's 216 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,080 Speaker 1: a lot of people back then in the span of 217 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:47,880 Speaker 1: how many years, just a couple of centuries. Yeah, a 218 00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:49,679 Speaker 1: couple hundred years. A million people back then. That's what 219 00:12:49,679 --> 00:12:52,240 Speaker 1: you're doing pretty well. And they're spreading far and wide right. 220 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:54,679 Speaker 1: And it wasn't like a couple of Inca. The initial 221 00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:59,040 Speaker 1: Inca got together and just had a million offspring. The 222 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,600 Speaker 1: Inca how much, came out of nowhere as a civilization 223 00:13:02,840 --> 00:13:07,719 Speaker 1: and just dominated everybody else who is living as loose tribes, 224 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:11,720 Speaker 1: unconnected tribes in the Andes at the time. Yeah, they were. 225 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:18,800 Speaker 1: They were smart. They were technological technologically wow, technologically advanced 226 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: they were, um they they So the Andes are very 227 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:28,559 Speaker 1: inhospitable place there. It's an arid climate and it's really 228 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:30,800 Speaker 1: high up. Yeah, I mean just surviving there is is 229 00:13:30,840 --> 00:13:33,640 Speaker 1: something else much less thriving. Yeah, and getting crops to 230 00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:37,959 Speaker 1: grow well. INCA figured out irrigation techniques. They figured out 231 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:43,559 Speaker 1: terraced farming, and we have the potato peanuts queen wa 232 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:48,600 Speaker 1: quenwa um types of squash, peppers and beans all thank 233 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:53,559 Speaker 1: we have other incaive things who well, thank the INCA. 234 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 1: Thank you INCA, or at the very least think the 235 00:13:55,880 --> 00:13:59,839 Speaker 1: people of the Andes that the INCA eventually came to subjugate. Okay, 236 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:04,400 Speaker 1: that doesn't seem as heart felt and um, but they 237 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:09,040 Speaker 1: but the INCA technology was very advanced. Yeh, super advanced. Um. 238 00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:13,280 Speaker 1: They had a very uh strictly rigidly defined class system, 239 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:18,120 Speaker 1: starting at the top of course with the royals, and 240 00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 1: then on the way down all the way down to 241 00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:22,840 Speaker 1: you know, the workers and the laborers and the commoners 242 00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 1: and the military right and the INCA royal line was 243 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:32,640 Speaker 1: perpetuated incestuously. A INCA ruler would marry his blood sister 244 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 1: full blood sister, and then they would have offspring, and 245 00:14:36,080 --> 00:14:38,640 Speaker 1: those offspring would be the INCA. So you can imagine 246 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:41,920 Speaker 1: there was some yeah, strange INCA that emerged over time. 247 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:46,320 Speaker 1: What's staggering is that there were Inca that were incredibly 248 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:52,920 Speaker 1: smart and yes, and who built this civilization UM through 249 00:14:52,960 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: an incestuous line because it really was protected like that UM. 250 00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:02,280 Speaker 1: And then the INCA ruler would all so have dozens 251 00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:05,240 Speaker 1: of other wives that he wasn't related to, and then 252 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:09,600 Speaker 1: from those offspring would be the the second tier of society, 253 00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:15,080 Speaker 1: the highest UM rulers, bureaucrats, advisors. I bet there were 254 00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,360 Speaker 1: some ancestrous kids too that you don't hear about as 255 00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: much either that we're just sort of, you know, hidden away. 256 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:23,920 Speaker 1: I'm sure you know what I'm saying. Isn't that bizarre though, 257 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,400 Speaker 1: I mean, I know, if you're basing your your like 258 00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: royal family on incests, you're you're already at a at 259 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:34,080 Speaker 1: a you know, negative, I would think, But the Inca 260 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:36,680 Speaker 1: are far from the only only group to come up 261 00:15:36,760 --> 00:15:41,800 Speaker 1: with this idea of protecting the royal bloodline by only 262 00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:48,720 Speaker 1: um producing offspring with that pure blood man. Crazy world Um, 263 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,520 Speaker 1: so they were big time expansionists. They like to spread 264 00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:55,240 Speaker 1: out to the suburbs and the exerbs, and uh it 265 00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: ended up being a problem which we'll get to. But 266 00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:01,880 Speaker 1: they were spread far and wide geographically, which can be 267 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: trouble eventually, as we'll see. Um. Sometimes they were crushing 268 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:10,440 Speaker 1: people with their military forces. Sometimes they were tempting people 269 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:14,600 Speaker 1: with like, hey, look we have roads, we have we 270 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 1: have technology, we have farming systems in the irrigation that 271 00:16:17,760 --> 00:16:21,000 Speaker 1: you're gonna like thrive with. Right they the nobles of 272 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:24,400 Speaker 1: these the ones that they kind of colluded with, those 273 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:28,840 Speaker 1: groups would become part of that second tier aristocracy as well. 274 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:32,520 Speaker 1: So there was it was either might persuading him with 275 00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:35,560 Speaker 1: technology like you said, or saying, hey, you've got a 276 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:38,800 Speaker 1: pretty nice spot over here if you come bring your 277 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:42,120 Speaker 1: people under inca rule. So this also it sounds great 278 00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:44,640 Speaker 1: when you're getting all these different tribes, these hundreds of 279 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:49,480 Speaker 1: tribes together under one more powerful group. But again, just 280 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:53,000 Speaker 1: like spreading out far and wide, that would also eventually 281 00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:55,880 Speaker 1: be one little knock against them in their eventual downfall, 282 00:16:56,320 --> 00:16:59,120 Speaker 1: because when you've got people that were gathered together like that, 283 00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 1: they're still all the ly fractured in a way, right, right, 284 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,840 Speaker 1: But the Inca took great pains to get around this, 285 00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:09,200 Speaker 1: and these the tactic that Stalin would later use. You 286 00:17:09,359 --> 00:17:13,080 Speaker 1: take people from the conquered lands and move some of 287 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:17,159 Speaker 1: them over here, and then you do the exact opposite 288 00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:20,399 Speaker 1: with some people from the other conquered land. And what 289 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:23,720 Speaker 1: you do is you rule through dilution, cultural dilution. So 290 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,320 Speaker 1: you're mixing up the tribes. Basically, you're breaking up families, 291 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:30,440 Speaker 1: you're breaking up villages, you're breaking up tribes, that makes sense, 292 00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:34,240 Speaker 1: shuffling them all together and um giving them all a 293 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: common language and a common ruler, and through that you're 294 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: forcing a new cultural identity on them. That's what the 295 00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:44,840 Speaker 1: Inca did. That's how they were able to, I guess, 296 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:47,720 Speaker 1: gain a population in a territory as big as they 297 00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 1: did in just a couple of centuries, like miles. That 298 00:17:51,880 --> 00:17:56,000 Speaker 1: was like, yeah, from Ecuador to Chile. That's crazy. There's 299 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 1: three and fifty thousand square mile territory after just a 300 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:02,000 Speaker 1: couple a hundred years of putting it together. Yeah, but 301 00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:04,680 Speaker 1: again you're setting yourself up for problems. Back then, you know, 302 00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,040 Speaker 1: they didn't have telegraphs, they had runners, They did, and 303 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:12,639 Speaker 1: eventually the runners are even like at two hundred and 304 00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:15,280 Speaker 1: fifty miles a day. Okay, So I need to correct myself. 305 00:18:15,320 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: And that's not right, is it? I already I didn't 306 00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:21,320 Speaker 1: think it was. I already emailed Tracy Wilson of Stuffy, 307 00:18:21,359 --> 00:18:25,239 Speaker 1: Misson History class, who handles um changes to articles, uh, 308 00:18:25,320 --> 00:18:27,680 Speaker 1: and said, I need to change this. It says in 309 00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: the article are originally said that these runners, highly trained 310 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:35,639 Speaker 1: runners that would deliver communications throughout the kingdom of the Inca, 311 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:40,040 Speaker 1: could cover two hundred fifty miles in a day. It 312 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,120 Speaker 1: is wrong. That's four hundred kilometers in a day. Um, 313 00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 1: it's absolutely wrong. Uh. Instead they would use a relay 314 00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:51,040 Speaker 1: system of runners that could cover two hundred and fifty 315 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:55,640 Speaker 1: miles in a day. Oh well you didn't. Um. Well, 316 00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:59,119 Speaker 1: it made it sound like each runner cover two hundred 317 00:18:59,160 --> 00:19:01,680 Speaker 1: fifty miles And I like, I see what you mean. Wait, 318 00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:05,200 Speaker 1: that doesn't sound right. So I specified a relay. Using 319 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:08,159 Speaker 1: a relay system, I kind of assumed that nobody can 320 00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:10,040 Speaker 1: run that much of the day, right, Well, I'm kind 321 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: of dumb except Forrest Gump. Um. So my point was, though, 322 00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:18,159 Speaker 1: even with those runners covering that distance, when you were 323 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:21,240 Speaker 1: that spread out, it's eventually going to lead to fracturing 324 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:24,560 Speaker 1: in some problems and communication and just a breakdown of 325 00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:27,720 Speaker 1: the society. Right. Um, and also took I don't know 326 00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:29,399 Speaker 1: if you mentioned or not. They didn't have the wheel. 327 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:35,159 Speaker 1: They had one of the most highly advanced civilizations um 328 00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:39,400 Speaker 1: to ever pop up in the Americas, and they didn't 329 00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:41,119 Speaker 1: have the wheel. That's crazy. And it's not like the 330 00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:43,800 Speaker 1: wheel wasn't in existence. They were just an isolated group 331 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: like that. We're talking around the thirteenth century to the 332 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:51,960 Speaker 1: sixteenth century. The Incas were around, and um the height 333 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: of their power was in the mid thirteenth century under 334 00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:59,120 Speaker 1: a ruler named Pacha Kuti, who is a great name, 335 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:03,119 Speaker 1: and Pachacuti was the one for whom Machupicchi was built 336 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:07,720 Speaker 1: as a royal estate. Yeah, I didn't know that. But 337 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:09,640 Speaker 1: since the I mean, the government was a really big 338 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:11,960 Speaker 1: factor because of the way the class system was built 339 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:16,119 Speaker 1: and so rigid. It was a people that was that 340 00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:20,159 Speaker 1: were largely dependent on the government because they had the 341 00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:25,280 Speaker 1: smarts and people liked, you know, having bountiful crops and 342 00:20:25,840 --> 00:20:27,840 Speaker 1: and gold. Well they probably don't have much gold. Well, 343 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:29,720 Speaker 1: there's definite trade. They had plenty of goal. Well no, 344 00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:31,679 Speaker 1: not the commoners, you know, well, no, no, but there 345 00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:33,439 Speaker 1: was a definite trade off. It was like you were 346 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:36,520 Speaker 1: under Inca rule now, but you also have as many 347 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:40,440 Speaker 1: potatoes as you need. Um, you've got great roads. Your 348 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:46,000 Speaker 1: family is gonna not die young. Probably liquor evidently, yeah, exactly. Um. 349 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 1: And yes, there was a very strong bureaucracy. So India 350 00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:53,919 Speaker 1: modern day India is a very bureaucratic state. And there's 351 00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:58,320 Speaker 1: apparently sixteen hundred and sixty two government workers for every 352 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:01,600 Speaker 1: hundred thousand people in India. You, wow, that's a lot. 353 00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:07,280 Speaker 1: In under Inca rule, there were um, thirteen hundred and 354 00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 1: thirty one government officials for every ten thousand people. Wow, 355 00:21:12,359 --> 00:21:16,400 Speaker 1: that's an a staggering bureaucracy. But that's how they ran 356 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:22,640 Speaker 1: this thing so well, this huge um system was run 357 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,480 Speaker 1: through bureaucrats. That's right up to a point of course. 358 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:28,640 Speaker 1: We all know it's you know, bad things are coming 359 00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:31,719 Speaker 1: our way because at the top of the podcast are 360 00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:35,040 Speaker 1: coming their way. Uh. And in the fifteenth century, Uh, 361 00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:39,320 Speaker 1: they had a big boom in expansion and basically it 362 00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:42,760 Speaker 1: became just a little too unwieldy and chaotic. They were 363 00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 1: spread too far and wide. You know, when you whenever 364 00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 1: you're that far apart and have that many different tribes 365 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,800 Speaker 1: that make up your people, you're gonna have insurgencies and 366 00:21:51,920 --> 00:21:55,760 Speaker 1: rebels that they quashed pretty you know, did a pretty 367 00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:58,400 Speaker 1: good job of quashing those for many years. But um, 368 00:21:59,119 --> 00:22:01,159 Speaker 1: it was just too big again to spread out and 369 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:04,280 Speaker 1: to to maintain basically at that time period. Well, I 370 00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:09,360 Speaker 1: guess probably the real crippling blow came in five when 371 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:14,480 Speaker 1: Huenia Kopac Huenia Kupak, he was the Inca ruler. He 372 00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:19,360 Speaker 1: was a very strong ruler. Um he died, but unfortunately, 373 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: within just a few days of him, his successor died. 374 00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:25,879 Speaker 1: So okay, I was gonna say, why didn't he name 375 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:29,520 Speaker 1: a successor? He did, and that also emailed Tracy about 376 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,679 Speaker 1: but yeah he um he named a successor and they 377 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:36,439 Speaker 1: both died within a couple of days of one another. Um, 378 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:40,000 Speaker 1: which left the power vacuum and there were two sons 379 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:43,000 Speaker 1: that moved to fill it and a seven year civil 380 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:48,040 Speaker 1: war ensued that really fractured Incan society. Yeah, that was 381 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:52,639 Speaker 1: at the Hualpa and Uscar, Yeah, which I think is 382 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:56,040 Speaker 1: Incan for Oscar, I think so too. It's like George 383 00:22:56,040 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: and Oscar Bluth's right. Uh, and there was a seven 384 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,359 Speaker 1: years civil war. The civil war of any type is gonna, 385 00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:06,000 Speaker 1: you know, fracture society. Seven year ones real bad, especially 386 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: when there's nobody in control during the time. Um the 387 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:16,520 Speaker 1: I guess who Scar ultimately lost. He was executed by 388 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:20,680 Speaker 1: his brother, Alto Walpa um in fifteen thirty two. But 389 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,399 Speaker 1: the damage was done. After all, to Alpa consolidated power. 390 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:27,920 Speaker 1: Incan society was on very shaky ground already. Yeah, the 391 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: cracks were showing. And uh, right about that time, a 392 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:38,840 Speaker 1: Spanish conqueror named Francisco Pizzato arrived. And um, he didn't 393 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:40,240 Speaker 1: have a lot of dudes with him. He had less 394 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:43,200 Speaker 1: than two hundred men. And we will tell you the 395 00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:45,719 Speaker 1: story of just how those hundred and sixty eight men, 396 00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:50,240 Speaker 1: says Charles Mann took over this vast empire. And reason 397 00:23:50,359 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 1: number one is what we just said. He got there 398 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,360 Speaker 1: at the right time. They were weekend, they were fractured, 399 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,000 Speaker 1: the cracks were showing. Civil war had broken out, so 400 00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:00,680 Speaker 1: it was a good time to go in and do 401 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:03,600 Speaker 1: a little conquering, right, And he followed in the footsteps 402 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: of Cortes Hernan Cortes who I have to say it, right, 403 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:14,560 Speaker 1: who conquered the Mesoamerican Aztec civilization? The Triple Alliance? Right? Yeah? 404 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:18,880 Speaker 1: He he went to South America from Cuba um as 405 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: as you know, under the Spanish flag. And even though 406 00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:27,000 Speaker 1: Diego Valesquez was the governor of Cuba, he was he 407 00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:29,560 Speaker 1: didn't uh, he didn't want him going down there. But 408 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:32,560 Speaker 1: he did such a good job. Cortes did and came 409 00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:36,040 Speaker 1: back with a lot of gold, and King Charles the 410 00:24:36,119 --> 00:24:39,359 Speaker 1: Five said, you know what, you conquered the Aztecs. You 411 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:42,119 Speaker 1: brought me a bunch of wealth. You were actually okay 412 00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:44,880 Speaker 1: in my book. And Pizzato saw this and was like, hey, 413 00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:47,760 Speaker 1: I want to get my hands on some wealth. I 414 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:50,760 Speaker 1: feel like I'm a conqueror. Yeah, I'm a conquistador. So 415 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:54,640 Speaker 1: Pizzato was a European and um, because he was European, 416 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:57,840 Speaker 1: he had a very helpful tool. And this is the 417 00:24:57,960 --> 00:24:59,840 Speaker 1: number two thing to help them top of the incase. 418 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,600 Speaker 1: It's called a gun. Yeah, that was a big one, 419 00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:06,840 Speaker 1: a very big one. Um, the boomstick. Yeah. Because on 420 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:12,080 Speaker 1: top of the very obvious um killing power, the gun 421 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: provided big advantage, it was also it provided a huge 422 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:19,199 Speaker 1: psychological advantage. Too, because the Inca, like the Aztecs, had 423 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,399 Speaker 1: never seen anything like that before, and we're very, very 424 00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:25,439 Speaker 1: scared of it. That's right. Um, so they're messed up 425 00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:28,720 Speaker 1: in the head, right, So you've got you've got superior firepower. 426 00:25:29,359 --> 00:25:34,480 Speaker 1: You have the tactic of divide and conquer that Cortes used, 427 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: bizarre used as well. He identified groups that were um 428 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:40,359 Speaker 1: under inc and rule, but we're maybe the most rebellious, 429 00:25:40,840 --> 00:25:43,040 Speaker 1: the ones who were most opposed to ink and rule, 430 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:47,560 Speaker 1: identified them and colluded with them to turn them against 431 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: the inc and power structure, the central core of it. Yeah. Uh. 432 00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:54,440 Speaker 1: The other thing that helped him to when he arrived, 433 00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:57,880 Speaker 1: When Pizzato arrived, they thought that he was the creator 434 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:02,080 Speaker 1: god vera trocha, and they thought the same thing about Cortess. Actually, 435 00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:06,440 Speaker 1: I thought he was quits a call, which Jerry says 436 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,399 Speaker 1: it's a language, but it was a similar thing. They 437 00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:12,359 Speaker 1: thought these guys were returning gods or creator gods, so 438 00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:16,320 Speaker 1: immediately they kind of revered them and trusted them and 439 00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:18,880 Speaker 1: gave them, you know, they had confidence in them, which 440 00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:23,240 Speaker 1: was a big mistake. Um, Jerry is talking about catch 441 00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:27,360 Speaker 1: a call. That's the language, right, that's a mind language. Yeah, 442 00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:29,120 Speaker 1: but I think it's spelled the same. No, I don't 443 00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:33,359 Speaker 1: think so, yeah, okay, sorry about that. Yeah. So when 444 00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,560 Speaker 1: Potato gets there, he's got this trust. They think he's 445 00:26:35,560 --> 00:26:37,440 Speaker 1: a returning god. And what does he do with it? 446 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:41,320 Speaker 1: While he captures their ruler. Yeah, he captured Altu Alpa, 447 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:45,040 Speaker 1: who had just just executed his brother in consolidated power, 448 00:26:45,119 --> 00:26:48,639 Speaker 1: and all of a sudden, Pizarro shows up, like, I 449 00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:53,199 Speaker 1: fight for seven years, finally captured my brother. Execute him. 450 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:56,520 Speaker 1: I'm the Inca now, right, and Pizzarre shows up with 451 00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,640 Speaker 1: his boomsticks. That's right, So I think he's a god. 452 00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,080 Speaker 1: I'll go see what he has to say. And oh, 453 00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:04,280 Speaker 1: he's holding me ransom. He's asking for a room full 454 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,000 Speaker 1: of gold. No problem, I'll give it to him and 455 00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 1: he'll let me go. But he doesn't. Pizarro hangs on 456 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:14,879 Speaker 1: to Alta Alpa and ultimately Um finds that he's not 457 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:18,879 Speaker 1: able to command the Inca through Alto Walpa. He was 458 00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:20,760 Speaker 1: sort of a puppet for a little while, right, so 459 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,840 Speaker 1: he executes him. Pizarro has him strangled and then beheaded. Yep, 460 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:27,639 Speaker 1: that'll do it. It will. So you still need an 461 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: Inca ruler if you're gonna rule the Inca because again 462 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: Pizzarre only has about a hundred and sixty eight guys 463 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,679 Speaker 1: with him. Um, So he sets up another guy, another 464 00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:40,919 Speaker 1: Inca UM who's strictly a puppet ruler. Yeah, Manko ku 465 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:44,320 Speaker 1: Back the second, Yes, and him the throne. He was 466 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,520 Speaker 1: a son of Juanna ku Back right, of course, So 467 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:51,359 Speaker 1: uh Manco rules for a little bit. But he also 468 00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:56,760 Speaker 1: he notices some cracks in the Spanish power structure. Um, 469 00:27:57,040 --> 00:28:00,399 Speaker 1: some new Spaniards have arrived. They're not the original hundred 470 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:03,480 Speaker 1: and sixty eight conquistadors. These are some new guys, maybe 471 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:05,720 Speaker 1: some carpet baggage you could call them, and they're not 472 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,720 Speaker 1: entirely happy with Bizarro and his rule. So Manko notices 473 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:13,280 Speaker 1: a fracture among the Spaniards, works to his advantage, and 474 00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:18,800 Speaker 1: eventually escapes uh Lima, which is the new capital city 475 00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 1: of the Inca Kingdom under Spanish rule, and goes off 476 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:25,440 Speaker 1: and found his own city, which is successful for a 477 00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:28,480 Speaker 1: little while. So how how many years is this? Okay? 478 00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:31,840 Speaker 1: So it's a slow takeover, it wasn't you know? They 479 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:33,440 Speaker 1: didn't get off the ship with a hundred and sixty 480 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:35,760 Speaker 1: eight guys and oh no, no, they did no, no, 481 00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:39,640 Speaker 1: but in like assumed control of the Yeah, I'm sorry, 482 00:28:39,640 --> 00:28:44,200 Speaker 1: I misspoke with with within a year, so fifteen thirty 483 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:47,520 Speaker 1: two they land. By fifteen thirty six they've already killed 484 00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:53,920 Speaker 1: Alta waalpa uh installed Manko the second as the puppet ruler. 485 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,360 Speaker 1: So they were essentially in power at that point, oh totally. 486 00:28:56,920 --> 00:29:01,320 Speaker 1: And then by fifteen thirty six Manco flees and found 487 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:05,520 Speaker 1: a rival Incin state. Now that Incan state survived for 488 00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:09,480 Speaker 1: thirty six years, and by fift seventy two the Spanish 489 00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:13,000 Speaker 1: were very tired of all of the assaults and the 490 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:16,120 Speaker 1: sieges on Lima. Sure there were insurgencies going on, and 491 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:17,880 Speaker 1: they said, you know what, We're just gonna get rid 492 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: of this rival um Inca state Vilcabamba um headed by 493 00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:27,560 Speaker 1: Manko for a little while until um until the end. 494 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:33,600 Speaker 1: The last Inco was named tupac Amaru. Seriously, and the 495 00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:37,680 Speaker 1: Inco when they stormed uh or the Spaniards when they 496 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:43,400 Speaker 1: stormed Vilcabamba, they captured tupac Amaru and beheaded him and 497 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: effectively with that stroke ended Inca civilization forever. And they said, no, 498 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:54,320 Speaker 1: he's just a hologram. We got the wrong guy, right, Yeah, Uh, okay, 499 00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:56,480 Speaker 1: So it was a bit of a I get it 500 00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,480 Speaker 1: now that it was six years that makes sense. That 501 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:03,040 Speaker 1: was all. I really just condensed things into a very 502 00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:06,360 Speaker 1: brief sketch and it needed more flushing out. Maybe I'll 503 00:30:06,360 --> 00:30:09,320 Speaker 1: go back and flush it out. If not, if I, 504 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:14,360 Speaker 1: if I don't, you should go um read the account 505 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: actually is a really great brief account of the downfall 506 00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:23,800 Speaker 1: of the Inca from the Microsoft in Carta Encyclopedia. They 507 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:26,120 Speaker 1: had something good in there. Yeah, that's what you sent me. Yeah, 508 00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:30,000 Speaker 1: that's good stuff. So they also got a little bit 509 00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:32,880 Speaker 1: and more help because even with all these things going on, 510 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:37,840 Speaker 1: it's still less than two hundred men, you know, like 511 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:40,080 Speaker 1: even with the cracks and even with the collusion, and 512 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,160 Speaker 1: even with the guns and everything going on, it's still 513 00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:46,000 Speaker 1: less than two hundred dudes. And it was a population 514 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,640 Speaker 1: of a million. So they needed a little bit of 515 00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 1: help from Europe's old friends. Smallpox. Yeah, this is what 516 00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:56,760 Speaker 1: really led to the set the stage for the Inca 517 00:30:57,240 --> 00:30:59,520 Speaker 1: downfall at the hands of a hundred and sixty eight 518 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:02,160 Speaker 1: coun kiss. They did not know about smallpox, They had 519 00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:07,080 Speaker 1: no immunities against smallpox, they didn't live around livestock like 520 00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:11,080 Speaker 1: the Spaniards did. They had alpacas and guinea pigs, but 521 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:14,600 Speaker 1: apparently they never carried smallpox. It's an old world disease 522 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:17,400 Speaker 1: that was introduced to the New World and it ravaged it. 523 00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:20,400 Speaker 1: That's right. That's what they believe killed Huaina Kupac and 524 00:31:20,680 --> 00:31:23,440 Speaker 1: his name successor, which left the power vacuum in the 525 00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:27,800 Speaker 1: Civil War. Um. They think it killed a lot of 526 00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:30,960 Speaker 1: incomes who may have otherwise revolted against the Spaniards and 527 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,760 Speaker 1: fought them, and they inadvertently brought smallpox with them. Yeah right. 528 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:38,400 Speaker 1: It wasn't like early chemical warfare or anything like that. No, 529 00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,800 Speaker 1: they had no idea about the existence of smallpox until 530 00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:45,280 Speaker 1: they saw what was going on and became aware of 531 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:48,720 Speaker 1: smallpox and that the native populations had no defenses against it. 532 00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:53,560 Speaker 1: Then maybe in the late eighteenth early nineteenth century Europeans 533 00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:56,440 Speaker 1: started using it as biological war We covered that in 534 00:31:56,520 --> 00:32:00,200 Speaker 1: something I remember tainted Blankets to the Native America ends 535 00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: and things like that. Cheez, yeah, because I mean once 536 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:08,280 Speaker 1: it got introduced, it just ravaged the America's just ravaged it. 537 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:10,520 Speaker 1: You can't even say decimated because we'll get too many 538 00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 1: emails from misusing it. But apparently somewhere between ninety and 539 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:20,040 Speaker 1: nine of the indigenous populations of America, which by some 540 00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:23,959 Speaker 1: estimates was that a hundred million by the fourteen nineties, 541 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:28,000 Speaker 1: a fifth of the world population. Nine of that was 542 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:31,360 Speaker 1: wiped out within a hundred and thirty years of Columbus's 543 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:34,680 Speaker 1: arrival in the Indies. And that is how a hundred 544 00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:38,040 Speaker 1: and sixty eight men can take over such a bass population. 545 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:42,200 Speaker 1: As Paul Harvey would say, that's the end of the story, 546 00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:47,960 Speaker 1: or is it. Yeah? Okay, man, you're like, no, no, no, 547 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:50,800 Speaker 1: I got one more thing. No I don't Paul Harvey 548 00:32:50,840 --> 00:32:55,040 Speaker 1: comes in and punches you into nice. Um. For those 549 00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:58,480 Speaker 1: of you that don't know Paul Harvey. For those of 550 00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:02,959 Speaker 1: you who are un your age sixty, yeah probably Now 551 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:05,719 Speaker 1: look him up. I'm not even gonna tell you who 552 00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:09,680 Speaker 1: is this Paul Harvey. Yeah, look him up. Okay. And 553 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:11,480 Speaker 1: in the meantime, while you're looking things up, look up 554 00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 1: the h this article I wrote. Hopefully it'll be updated 555 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:16,920 Speaker 1: by the time this episode comes out. Um, just type 556 00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:20,280 Speaker 1: in conquistadors c O N Q U I S T 557 00:33:20,520 --> 00:33:23,640 Speaker 1: A D O R S in the search bar at 558 00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:26,000 Speaker 1: how stuff worst dot com and it will bring it up. 559 00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:28,320 Speaker 1: Since I said search, part's time for a message break, 560 00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:37,560 Speaker 1: and now it's time for a listener mail. Yeah, and 561 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:41,960 Speaker 1: I gotta say I really love our jingle. Yeah, it's good. 562 00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:45,360 Speaker 1: It was a great gift. It's Creed all right. So 563 00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:48,680 Speaker 1: this is uh from a former quartermaster UM in the 564 00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:54,200 Speaker 1: Coastguard who sort of bridge the gap between sextants and GPS, 565 00:33:55,360 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 1: so he was rounded, you know, he saw both worlds. 566 00:33:57,960 --> 00:34:00,600 Speaker 1: It's very interesting. Yeah, that's quite a transition, al right, guys, 567 00:34:00,720 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 1: great podcast. I was a quartermaster in the U. S. 568 00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,080 Speaker 1: Coast Guard and worked with charts and navigation. My last 569 00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:08,359 Speaker 1: duty station was aboard the buoy tender US Coast Guard 570 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:14,279 Speaker 1: Cutter sund and Deluth, Minnesota. Our area of responsibility was 571 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:18,080 Speaker 1: Lake Superior, and I feel fortunate to have participated in 572 00:34:18,160 --> 00:34:22,120 Speaker 1: the transition from positioning buoys using sextance to using TPS. 573 00:34:22,640 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 1: GPS was new at the time, and because there was 574 00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:27,800 Speaker 1: a built in error to the signal, had to be 575 00:34:27,880 --> 00:34:31,759 Speaker 1: removed by a differential military system. A few civilian applications 576 00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,880 Speaker 1: were using it at the time. The GPS unit that 577 00:34:34,960 --> 00:34:38,400 Speaker 1: we had only provided a lad tude latitude and longitude, 578 00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:40,880 Speaker 1: which we then plotted on a chart to get our position. 579 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:45,280 Speaker 1: Because our charts were using old datum um, they were inaccurate, 580 00:34:45,360 --> 00:34:48,120 Speaker 1: and in some instances the GPS coordinates had us driving 581 00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:52,600 Speaker 1: the ship over land um. Although GPS was quicker and 582 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,560 Speaker 1: in most cases more accurate than sex Stance, we didn't 583 00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:57,480 Speaker 1: fully trust it yet, so we had to plot out 584 00:34:57,480 --> 00:35:00,960 Speaker 1: the position of each buoy with sex Stance and the 585 00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:04,319 Speaker 1: GPS to compare the two. After a couple of more 586 00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,160 Speaker 1: years comparing the two, and after the charts were updated 587 00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,880 Speaker 1: with a more accurate datum, we eventually switched to all 588 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:13,640 Speaker 1: GPS position. Do you remember that pavement album what is it? 589 00:35:13,760 --> 00:35:17,799 Speaker 1: Westing By? Must getting sextant yet? B sides? Great? One? 590 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,880 Speaker 1: Is it? Yeah? Look at it? And every time we 591 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,560 Speaker 1: hear the word sex and I think about it. When 592 00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:27,240 Speaker 1: navigating in the Great Lakes, we use radar and bearings 593 00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,680 Speaker 1: to fixed objects on land to charter position and use 594 00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:34,960 Speaker 1: GPS coordinates alongside the traditional methods of navigation as a check. 595 00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,800 Speaker 1: GPS became very valuable to navigating and software improved to 596 00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:43,040 Speaker 1: plot the position on an electronic chart. Even back then 597 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:44,800 Speaker 1: I could see all the writing on the wall. The 598 00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:49,040 Speaker 1: new the Coastguard would probably replace Quartermasters with GPS units 599 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:52,160 Speaker 1: in the future. In two thousand three, the Coastguard stopped 600 00:35:52,239 --> 00:35:56,920 Speaker 1: training quartermasters and soon after the existing quartermasters were offered 601 00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:00,600 Speaker 1: different positions within the Coastguard and they smashed all sexidence. 602 00:36:02,719 --> 00:36:04,400 Speaker 1: Now we can all go out there and say that 603 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 1: we learned today what a quartermaster does or did they 604 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,759 Speaker 1: didn't smash the sexdence. By the way, um, navigating by 605 00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:13,880 Speaker 1: means of sextant, radar and visual bearings is becoming a 606 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,480 Speaker 1: dying arc. But I'm proud to have been proficient in 607 00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,960 Speaker 1: navigation and feel fortunate to have experienced of transition from 608 00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:22,680 Speaker 1: old to new, old school to new fair winds and 609 00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:26,959 Speaker 1: following sees Jared Park's former quartermasters second class US Coast Guard. 610 00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:31,440 Speaker 1: By the way, I should mention you've got a lot 611 00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:36,320 Speaker 1: of flak for not knowing what orienteering was orienting for 612 00:36:36,719 --> 00:36:42,239 Speaker 1: maps podcast. Yeah, and and I posted the brown map 613 00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:45,000 Speaker 1: to I don't want to use I need that because 614 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,080 Speaker 1: everybody on Twitter's ask him and like, yeah, please do 615 00:36:48,239 --> 00:36:51,040 Speaker 1: it right now. Yeah, thank you. I will tweet that directly. 616 00:36:51,320 --> 00:36:53,640 Speaker 1: So thanks to Jared for that at email. Yeah, thanks Jared. 617 00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:57,640 Speaker 1: Body to make yourself obsolete, Uh, if you have made 618 00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:01,000 Speaker 1: yourself obsolete in some way, um or have contributed to 619 00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:09,719 Speaker 1: the obsolation of uh, anything that's pretty interesting stuff create obsoletion, right, sure, yeah, 620 00:37:09,719 --> 00:37:13,319 Speaker 1: I think it's right orienting. UH we want to hear 621 00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:15,520 Speaker 1: about it. You can send us a tweet to uh 622 00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:18,400 Speaker 1: s y s K podcast that's on Twitter handle. You 623 00:37:18,480 --> 00:37:21,680 Speaker 1: can join us on Facebook dot com. That's Facebook dot com, 624 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:25,319 Speaker 1: slash Stuff you Should Know, You can send us an 625 00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:28,400 Speaker 1: email the Stuff podcast at Discovery dot com, and you 626 00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:30,800 Speaker 1: can join us at our home on the web Stuff 627 00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:39,080 Speaker 1: you Should Know dot com for more on this and 628 00:37:39,160 --> 00:37:41,920 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Is it how Stuff Works dot Com. 629 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:52,280 Speaker 1: Brought to you by the all new Toyota Corolla