1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:17,759 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. We mentioned 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:20,119 Speaker 1: this in a listener Male segment not long ago, but 5 00:00:20,239 --> 00:00:22,640 Speaker 1: we did finally take that trip to Italy that we 6 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: originally planned all the way back in and then had 7 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:30,240 Speaker 1: to postpone repeatedly because of the COVID nineteen pandemic. So 8 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: the trip was to Rome and parts of Tuscany, and 9 00:00:33,159 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 1: then I stayed a few extra days to go to Venice, 10 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: and of course through all of that saw all kinds 11 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:43,920 Speaker 1: of things that could become podcast episodes. One of them 12 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:47,320 Speaker 1: was in the Doges Palace in Venice, which was both 13 00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:50,720 Speaker 1: the Doges residents and the seat of the Venetian government 14 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 1: until the fall of the Venetian Republic in seventeen. So 15 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:57,440 Speaker 1: in that palace, the chamber of the Great Council is 16 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:01,000 Speaker 1: the largest chamber. It's built to a comminate a council 17 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: that sometimes had more than two thousand members, and it's 18 00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:07,000 Speaker 1: just a truly striking room. A lot of the rooms 19 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:09,080 Speaker 1: in the palace are apart from its size, which is 20 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: very large. The walls and the ceiling are adorned with 21 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:17,800 Speaker 1: artwork depicting scenes from Venetian history and allegorical representations of 22 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:21,160 Speaker 1: the republic. And then all around the room, in a 23 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:25,920 Speaker 1: row just below the ceiling our portraits of seventies six doges. 24 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:28,959 Speaker 1: Each of them has a banner noting what his major 25 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:35,280 Speaker 1: accomplishments were, except for one, the fifty five Doge of Venice, 26 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 1: is instead represented by a black banner that says, in Latin, 27 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:44,920 Speaker 1: here is the place of Marino Faliero, decapitated for his crimes. 28 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 1: So the audio tour that we were listening to said 29 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: he had been executed for treason, So of course I 30 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:54,880 Speaker 1: had to find out what's that story there. And we're 31 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: gonna start with just a bit of background about the 32 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,880 Speaker 1: Republic of Venice and how the office of doe evolved. 33 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,720 Speaker 1: Although people had settled already on various islands in the 34 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 1: northwestern Adriatic Sea, what we know as Venice today started 35 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:12,880 Speaker 1: to coalesce around the end of the seventh century. Early on, 36 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:15,280 Speaker 1: the ruler of Venice was known by the Latin title 37 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: Dukes that's d u x, which eventually morphed into doge, 38 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: which was used in Venice and some other parts of 39 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:25,760 Speaker 1: what's now Italy. Yeah, and in Italian that final e 40 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:28,240 Speaker 1: is pronounced a little bit more, but in English we 41 00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: say it doze. Sometimes does is translated as duke. That 42 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,400 Speaker 1: also traces back to that same Latin origin. But in 43 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:39,960 Speaker 1: most places duke is a hereditary title, and although there 44 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:43,080 Speaker 1: were some attempts early on to make the office of 45 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:46,400 Speaker 1: doze a hereditary one, in the end in Venice it 46 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:52,280 Speaker 1: explicitly was not. Historically, dukes have also been sovereign rulers 47 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,400 Speaker 1: of duchies, which was also a different set up from 48 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: the role of doge. The first doj of Venice is 49 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:03,200 Speaker 1: generally recognized as Paolo Luccio, anafesto, who was elected in 50 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 1: the year six nineties seven. But at that point Venice 51 00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:09,120 Speaker 1: was not a sovereign nation. It was part of the 52 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: Eastern Roman Empire under the command of the exarch of Ravenna. 53 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:17,040 Speaker 1: Under the Eastern Roman Empire, the office of doze started 54 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:21,240 Speaker 1: out primarily as a military role. Even as the role 55 00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:25,840 Speaker 1: of doze expanded out beyond something involving mostly military stuff, 56 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:29,080 Speaker 1: there was still some power wrangling going on between Venice 57 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:32,280 Speaker 1: and the Byzantine Empire. So, for example, in the eighth 58 00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: century Emperor Leo the Third banned the use of religious 59 00:03:36,880 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: icons and ordered their destruction. This policy of iconoclasm was 60 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 1: deeply controversial, and it was reviled by many of the 61 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: Venetian clergy. So the clergy elected their own doge, or 62 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:54,080 Speaker 1: so a patdo Sometimes he's described as the first true 63 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: doge of Venice because he was the first one to 64 00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:01,440 Speaker 1: be elected without the Byzantine Empire's involvement. But Leo did 65 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: not recognize Venice as independent. After this election, he offered 66 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: the dose the Byzantine title of Hippatos, which he accepted, 67 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:13,480 Speaker 1: so that made him at least nominally part of the 68 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 1: imperial courts, not just does on his own off by himself. 69 00:04:20,080 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: These sorts of power struggles continued until the late ninth century, 70 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:28,360 Speaker 1: when Venice established itself as an independent republic governed by 71 00:04:28,400 --> 00:04:32,680 Speaker 1: a popularly elected doge, although its relationship with the Byzantine 72 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:36,920 Speaker 1: Empire was often fraught. From there, Venice quickly grew into 73 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:40,800 Speaker 1: a major maritime power. In many ways, it had to 74 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:44,640 Speaker 1: be almost every basic necessity had to be brought in 75 00:04:44,839 --> 00:04:49,320 Speaker 1: from elsewhere. Venice used its maritime power to conquer additional 76 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:53,440 Speaker 1: territory and as leverage when negotiating trading agreements with other 77 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:57,559 Speaker 1: nations and empires. By the eleventh century, Venice had become 78 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:01,280 Speaker 1: a major trading center, moving huge amounts of things like 79 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: luxury goods, spices, wood, and precious metals. Although at some 80 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:11,160 Speaker 1: points slavery and slave trading were banned under Venetian law, 81 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:15,760 Speaker 1: Venice also participated in slave trafficking and there were enslaved 82 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:21,560 Speaker 1: workers within the Venetian Republic. During this approximate period, the 83 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:25,400 Speaker 1: office of Doge had become incredibly powerful, but in the 84 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 1: late twelfth century, the Venetian government started formally trying to 85 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:34,159 Speaker 1: limit that power. The process of electing a new doge 86 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 1: shifted from a popular vote to a nomination process that 87 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 1: was carried out only among the ducal counselors. The government 88 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:46,160 Speaker 1: also started delegating the doges decision making power to other 89 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:49,600 Speaker 1: government bodies. So there was the Great Council, which had 90 00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:53,920 Speaker 1: sometimes as many as two thousand members. The doge effectively 91 00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:57,200 Speaker 1: reported to the Minor Council, which was made up of 92 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:00,320 Speaker 1: six ducal counselors. They kind of oversaw all of his asians. 93 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: Then there was the Council of forty or Quarantina, which 94 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: acted as a supreme court. In addition to limiting the 95 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:11,599 Speaker 1: DOJ's power, these changes also put more power into the 96 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:15,400 Speaker 1: hands of the Venetian nobility. By this point, Venice was 97 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:19,960 Speaker 1: extremely wealthy, powerful, and renowned for its shipbuilding, both for 98 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 1: the quality of the ships themselves and the speed at 99 00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:25,880 Speaker 1: which they could be built. In the twelfth century, Venice 100 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:28,719 Speaker 1: built a fleet for the Fourth Crusade, which is of 101 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: course its own entire story, but briefly. Pope Innocent the 102 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:35,920 Speaker 1: Third called for this crusade to try to bring Jerusalem 103 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:40,080 Speaker 1: under Christian control. French and German forces were supposed to 104 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:42,800 Speaker 1: meet in Venice, bringing the money with them to pay 105 00:06:42,839 --> 00:06:46,799 Speaker 1: for the fleet, but many departed from their own ports instead. 106 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:51,799 Speaker 1: Doge Enrico Dandolo persuaded the Crusaders to settle this debt 107 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:54,960 Speaker 1: by attacking the Catholic city of Zara, which had been 108 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:58,040 Speaker 1: part of the Republic before rebelling in eleven eighties six. 109 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:01,560 Speaker 1: The Fourth Crusade then went on to capture the city 110 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,920 Speaker 1: of Constantinople, and Thomas Morrissini of Venice became the first 111 00:07:06,279 --> 00:07:12,160 Speaker 1: Latin patriarch of Constantinople. Although this really expanded Venice's power 112 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: and wealth, and influence. Venice itself was becoming increasingly divided. 113 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:21,119 Speaker 1: Political power had become really concentrated into a small group 114 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:23,720 Speaker 1: of noble families, and most of those families had a 115 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 1: long history in Venice. But Venice had also become home 116 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,880 Speaker 1: to an increasingly wealthy class of merchants and artisans, and 117 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:34,720 Speaker 1: many of them were newcomers to the area. They were 118 00:07:34,760 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: pushing for their own representation and involvement in the government. 119 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: This class became known as the Popolo, and the Venetian 120 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,320 Speaker 1: government work to try to curtail their influence. So they 121 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: did things like kept the trade guilds divided from one 122 00:07:48,640 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: another so that the more wealthy trades people couldn't easily 123 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: come together and push for change. And as the popolo 124 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: tried to find a way into the Venetian government, the 125 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:02,200 Speaker 1: nobility locked down its power membership, and the Major Council 126 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: eventually became hereditary by law limiting members to men from 127 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: fewer than two hundred families. Just to be clear here, 128 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,480 Speaker 1: even though popolo means people, this was still a pretty 129 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: specific and limited group of Venetian people who were trying 130 00:08:17,960 --> 00:08:20,520 Speaker 1: to get a place in the government. This was about 131 00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:24,800 Speaker 1: skilled trades people and artisans and merchants and other people 132 00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: who had amassed some wealth, so they were not really 133 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: including poor people or laborers or enslaved people. In all 134 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:35,760 Speaker 1: of this. Meanwhile, the office of doge was becoming less 135 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: and less powerful. Enrico Dandolo had been the first to 136 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,920 Speaker 1: swear a promission a dugalle, or oath of office that 137 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:47,840 Speaker 1: formally and publicly outlined his power. A committee revised that 138 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:52,800 Speaker 1: oath for each incoming doge, sometimes tailoring it in response 139 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:56,520 Speaker 1: to actions taken by the previous doge. In the face 140 00:08:56,520 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: of all this, the early fourteenth century saw a way 141 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:05,200 Speaker 1: of popular uprisings and conspiracies in Venice, as people tried 142 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:07,880 Speaker 1: to get the Major Council to open up new members 143 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:09,920 Speaker 1: and generally just tried to have a bigger voice in 144 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: the government. This included an attempt to overthrow the doge 145 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:18,400 Speaker 1: in thirteen ten. After that, the Venetian government established the 146 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,880 Speaker 1: Council of Ten, which was an elected body, again elected 147 00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:25,280 Speaker 1: within that group of nobility, whose duties included things like 148 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:30,400 Speaker 1: maintaining a secret police and investigating suspected conspiracies and treason. 149 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:34,000 Speaker 1: To add to all of that, Venice was at war 150 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:37,160 Speaker 1: with Genoa, part of a series of wars that stretched 151 00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:41,280 Speaker 1: from twelve fifty six to one. In the first half 152 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:44,560 Speaker 1: of the fourteenth century, Venice also faced a series of 153 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:48,200 Speaker 1: earthquakes and the Black Death, which killed as much as 154 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:52,200 Speaker 1: a third of the Venetian population. All of this that 155 00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: we've been talking about was going on just before Marino 156 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 1: Faliero's election as doge. We'll get to that after a 157 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:12,440 Speaker 1: quick sponsor break. Marino Falierro was born in Venice, and 158 00:10:12,559 --> 00:10:15,920 Speaker 1: various sources give his birth year as twelve seventy four, 159 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: twelve seventy nine, and twelve eighty five. You'll also see 160 00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:23,800 Speaker 1: his name spelled in a few different ways today. When 161 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:25,560 Speaker 1: I was doing the research for this, I saw it 162 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 1: most often as Marino Falierro, but in Venetian dialect it 163 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:33,760 Speaker 1: was Marine falier The Latin inscription that we mentioned up 164 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:38,600 Speaker 1: at the top of the show used the name Malini Faletri. However, 165 00:10:38,640 --> 00:10:41,080 Speaker 1: the name is spelled though. This was a prominent family. 166 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,480 Speaker 1: They had a long history in Venice, including other doges 167 00:10:45,559 --> 00:10:49,680 Speaker 1: in the family. Vitale Falierro was the thirty second dose 168 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: from ten eight four to ten ninety five, and then, 169 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,440 Speaker 1: as we said, this office was not hereditary but different 170 00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: people in the same family could be elected, and Vitalis 171 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:02,160 Speaker 1: son Or de la Phoe was elected to be the 172 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:05,079 Speaker 1: thirty fourth Doze and was in office from eleven o 173 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:10,240 Speaker 1: two to eleven seventeen. Marino Falierro married twice, first to 174 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: Thomasina Contarini and then after her death, to a Lucia Gradenigo. 175 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 1: Although we do not have much information about either of them, 176 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:22,080 Speaker 1: they were both from prestigious families. Aluccio was much younger 177 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:24,920 Speaker 1: than Marino when they married, but she was still probably 178 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:28,800 Speaker 1: in her forties. Some fictionalized depictions of all of this 179 00:11:29,280 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: depict Alucia as extremely young, pretty, and unfaithful, but there's 180 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,040 Speaker 1: really not much to back that up in the historical record. 181 00:11:37,960 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: Marino Falierro had a mostly distinguished career before being elected Doge, 182 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:46,800 Speaker 1: including commanding Venice's fleet in the Black Sea. In addition 183 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:49,000 Speaker 1: to that, he was elected to the Council of ten 184 00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:53,199 Speaker 1: at various points. Starting in thirteen fifteen, he served as 185 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:57,560 Speaker 1: provincial governor of both Chiogi and Treviso. Chiog is in 186 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:00,360 Speaker 1: the south of Venice on the Adriatic Sea, and Viso 187 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:03,200 Speaker 1: is north of Venice and a little bit farther inland. 188 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: He was also named counts of Valdemarino in the Marches 189 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:11,320 Speaker 1: of Treviso, and in thirteen fifty three he was knighted 190 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:15,720 Speaker 1: by Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Fourth in Vienna. In 191 00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:19,439 Speaker 1: addition to all of that, Falieto served as a diplomat. 192 00:12:19,960 --> 00:12:23,200 Speaker 1: For much of the fourteenth century, the papacy was headquartered 193 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:26,480 Speaker 1: in Avignon rather than in Rome, and Salietto traveled to 194 00:12:26,559 --> 00:12:30,080 Speaker 1: Avignon at various points to negotiate with the Pope on 195 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: behalf of Venice. On one diplomatic mission, he negotiated for 196 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:36,600 Speaker 1: Venice to be allowed to trade with Muslim ports in 197 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:40,679 Speaker 1: Egypt and Syria, something the Pope agreed to, providing that 198 00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:45,720 Speaker 1: Venice's exports did not include iron ship timbers or enslaved people. 199 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: When Salietto was elected Doge, he was again in Avignon, 200 00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:53,920 Speaker 1: petitioning for the Pope to intervene in Venice's ongoing war 201 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:58,079 Speaker 1: with Genoa. It seems like Falierro was pretty well respected 202 00:12:58,080 --> 00:13:01,120 Speaker 1: in all of these roles, but he was also reported 203 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 1: to have a quick and sometimes even violent temper. This 204 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:09,120 Speaker 1: included slapping a bishop who was late bringing the sacrament 205 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,920 Speaker 1: to an official event Marine Sanudo, the younger, who lived 206 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:16,240 Speaker 1: about two centuries after Falierro and wrote a book called 207 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,640 Speaker 1: The Lives of the Doges, said that he read about 208 00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:22,440 Speaker 1: this in an earlier chronicle. He described it this way, 209 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:26,200 Speaker 1: quote Marino Falierro was so very proud and wrathful that 210 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:30,040 Speaker 1: he buffeted the bishop and almost struck him to the ground. 211 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:34,200 Speaker 1: As we said earlier, when Falietro was elected Doge, he 212 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:37,520 Speaker 1: was in Avignon petitioning for the pope to intervene in 213 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 1: Venice's war with Genoa. Venice had won a series of 214 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:44,280 Speaker 1: critical battles, leading Genoa to sign a treaty with Milan 215 00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:48,400 Speaker 1: for its own protection. The Archbishop of Milan sent poet 216 00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: and intellectual Francesco Petrarca, better known as Petrarch, to negotiate 217 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:57,360 Speaker 1: a piece with Venice. Petrarch was friends with the current Doge, 218 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: Andrea Dandolo, but since it looked like Venice was winning 219 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:04,800 Speaker 1: the war, Dondolo refused to negotiate. Does did not work 220 00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:08,720 Speaker 1: out well for Dondolo. Naval forces from Genoa and Milan 221 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:13,360 Speaker 1: made their way into the Adriatic Sea, attacking Venetian ports 222 00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:17,320 Speaker 1: and getting perilously close to Venice. Proper was at that 223 00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:20,600 Speaker 1: point that the Doge became personally involved in the fighting 224 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,440 Speaker 1: and he contracted an illness and died. The Great Council 225 00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:27,320 Speaker 1: seems to have thought Falietro was the perfect choice for 226 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 1: Dondolo's successor. That was thanks to his experience as both 227 00:14:30,840 --> 00:14:34,560 Speaker 1: a diplomat and as a naval commander. The election of 228 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: Doge was carried out among forty one men, and thirty 229 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: five of them voted for Faleiro on September eleventh, fifty four. 230 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:46,120 Speaker 1: After that election, the Great Council sent a delegation of 231 00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:50,280 Speaker 1: twelve men to Avignan to inform Falero of his election 232 00:14:50,640 --> 00:14:53,160 Speaker 1: and to make sure he had safe passage back to Venice, 233 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,480 Speaker 1: because again, this war was still going on. Valiero got 234 00:14:56,520 --> 00:15:00,160 Speaker 1: back to Venice in October, and there's some superstitions around 235 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: his arrival. Normally, an official barge would formally dock alongside 236 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:08,960 Speaker 1: the Docious Palace, but a thick fog surrounded the city 237 00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,479 Speaker 1: that day and it made that tradition unsafe, so Falierro 238 00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:15,440 Speaker 1: had to be roaded to shore aboard a smaller tinder, 239 00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:19,840 Speaker 1: and that tinder missed the normal docking place and wound 240 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: up at a spot just to the west of the 241 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:25,760 Speaker 1: palace called the Molo. There are two pillars at this spot, 242 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:29,000 Speaker 1: marking the entrance to the Piazzetta, or the little plaza 243 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,960 Speaker 1: adjacent to the larger plaza of St. Mark. Those still 244 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:36,120 Speaker 1: stand today, one topped with the winged lion of Saint Mark, 245 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:39,080 Speaker 1: and the other was St. Theodore standing on a crocodile. 246 00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:43,560 Speaker 1: Executions were sometimes carried out between those two pillars, so 247 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:46,120 Speaker 1: a lot of people thought it was bad luck to 248 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 1: walk between them, but Salieto did that again. In the 249 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:54,400 Speaker 1: words of Marine Snudo the younger quote Messer Marino Faliero, 250 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:56,640 Speaker 1: the Duke was about to land in this city on 251 00:15:56,680 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: the fifth day of October four a thick as came 252 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: on and darkened the air, and he was enforced to 253 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: land on the place of St. Mark, between the two columns, 254 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:08,800 Speaker 1: on the spot where evil doers are put to death, 255 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:12,080 Speaker 1: and all thought that this was the worst of tokens. 256 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:17,000 Speaker 1: Falietto's predecessor had been popular as doge, at least until 257 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:19,360 Speaker 1: the war shifted in the weeks just before his death. 258 00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:23,880 Speaker 1: This is impressive considering that his time as doge included 259 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: a devastating earthquake and the Black Death. In spite of 260 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:31,960 Speaker 1: all the restrictions on his office, Andrea Dondolo had managed 261 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,960 Speaker 1: to reform the Venetian legal code and to write a 262 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 1: history of Venice. Falieto may have hoped for a legacy 263 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:41,960 Speaker 1: that was equally impressive, but the revised oath of office 264 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 1: he was given didn't leave him much autonomy at all. 265 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: He couldn't even receive returning diplomats without counselors and members 266 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,920 Speaker 1: of the Karantina there to observe. In early November of 267 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:58,080 Speaker 1: thirteen fifty four, Venice was defeated at the Battle of Sepenzia, 268 00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:01,280 Speaker 1: also called the Battle of Porto long. This was a 269 00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:05,480 Speaker 1: catastrophic and humiliating loss, with Venice losing at least thirty 270 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:09,240 Speaker 1: ships and five thousand men being killed or taken prisoner. 271 00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:12,920 Speaker 1: Although the shipyards of Venice could build new ships at 272 00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:16,160 Speaker 1: just an astounding rate, this wasn't a loss that could 273 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,840 Speaker 1: easily be recovered from Valierro had no choice but to 274 00:17:19,840 --> 00:17:23,640 Speaker 1: sign a peace treaty with Genoa a few months later. This, 275 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,880 Speaker 1: of course, led to a lot of bitterness. The animosity 276 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:30,640 Speaker 1: between Venice and Genoa was deep, and it had been 277 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:34,640 Speaker 1: going on for decades plus. The defeat at Sapienza had 278 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:38,920 Speaker 1: followed some serious tactical errors on Venice's part, so people 279 00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:42,879 Speaker 1: started to question Falieriro's decision making and that of the 280 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:46,720 Speaker 1: nobles who had been in command during the battle. Valierro 281 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,360 Speaker 1: seems to have tried to mediate between the established leadership 282 00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:55,520 Speaker 1: of the nobility and the increasingly discontented popolo. He commissioned 283 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,320 Speaker 1: new ships, and he put them under the command of 284 00:17:58,359 --> 00:18:02,040 Speaker 1: some commoners who had disting wish themselves at sea. While 285 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,679 Speaker 1: this made some of the popolo happy, the nobility, of 286 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:08,160 Speaker 1: course saw it as a threat. There were also ongoing 287 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,240 Speaker 1: disputes between the older members of the Council of forty 288 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:13,960 Speaker 1: and the younger ones, who the older members saw as 289 00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:18,359 Speaker 1: rude and brazen. All of this seems to have fed 290 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: into a conspiracy, and we're going to get into that 291 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:33,879 Speaker 1: after we pause for a sponsor break. All of those 292 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 1: tensions between the nobility and the popolo seemed to have 293 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:41,119 Speaker 1: come to a head in early The festival of Carnival 294 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:44,920 Speaker 1: just before Lent, included things like bullfighting and mask balls. 295 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:47,960 Speaker 1: It's not clear whether it was actually called Carnival yet, 296 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,119 Speaker 1: but it was what evolved into that celebration. So during 297 00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:54,639 Speaker 1: a banquet that the Doge hosted at the palace, a 298 00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:59,720 Speaker 1: young noble named Michael A Staino behaved indiscreetly with a woman. 299 00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:03,720 Speaker 1: In some accounts, this woman was Falierro's wife, but most 300 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: likely it was really with a young woman who was 301 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:09,600 Speaker 1: one of the Dogares's attendants. It's possible that it was 302 00:19:09,680 --> 00:19:13,120 Speaker 1: Christina Falierro, who was the wife of the Doges's nephew. 303 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,320 Speaker 1: That nephew was also named Marino Falierro, so if that's 304 00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:20,640 Speaker 1: the case, it would explain some of this confusion. Whatever 305 00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:24,600 Speaker 1: Stano did, the Doge found it offensive enough that he 306 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:28,960 Speaker 1: had him removed from the palace. Of course, Stano was 307 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 1: also insulted, and after everyone had left, he got back 308 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:36,040 Speaker 1: into the palace and scrawled some graffiti on the dog's 309 00:19:36,119 --> 00:19:39,920 Speaker 1: chair in the council room. Exactly what he wrote it 310 00:19:40,119 --> 00:19:42,520 Speaker 1: doesn't show up in accounts until much later, but it 311 00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:46,760 Speaker 1: is usually noted as something like Marin falier the husband 312 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:49,919 Speaker 1: of the fair wife. Others kiss her, but he keeps 313 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:55,680 Speaker 1: her so. Falierro, having found this, ordered the Arsenalatti to investigate. 314 00:19:56,359 --> 00:19:59,720 Speaker 1: These were workers from Venice's shipyard and Arsenal, who also 315 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:03,239 Speaker 1: that as the dog's personal bodyguard and They determined that 316 00:20:03,320 --> 00:20:06,760 Speaker 1: Steano had written this graffiti, and he was brought before 317 00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:10,639 Speaker 1: the Council of forty to stand trial. The council felt 318 00:20:10,680 --> 00:20:13,320 Speaker 1: like he was young and in love, and they were 319 00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:16,160 Speaker 1: lenient with him since all of this was also happening 320 00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:19,679 Speaker 1: during Carnival. He was to be quote kept in close 321 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,600 Speaker 1: confinement or imprisoned for two months, and then afterward he 322 00:20:23,640 --> 00:20:27,680 Speaker 1: would be banished from Venice for a year. Valiero, though, 323 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:31,080 Speaker 1: did not think this was nearly enough. He wanted Stano 324 00:20:31,240 --> 00:20:35,280 Speaker 1: to be hanged or banished for life for writing some 325 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:40,879 Speaker 1: graffiti right, writing some graffiti and possibly taking some liberties. 326 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:47,240 Speaker 1: Yet meanwhile, these tensions between young nobles and old in 327 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:50,879 Speaker 1: between commoners and nobility were playing out in other parts 328 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:55,360 Speaker 1: of Venice as well. A commoner named Bertucci Isarello had 329 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:58,320 Speaker 1: been placed in command of a Venetian ship, and he 330 00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 1: got into a dispute with Giovanna Dondolo, paymaster of the 331 00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:04,960 Speaker 1: Venetian Navy and a member of the same family that 332 00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:08,360 Speaker 1: had produced the previous doge, as well as three others, 333 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:13,960 Speaker 1: and during this dispute, Dondolo reportedly slapped Isarello in the face, 334 00:21:14,920 --> 00:21:18,040 Speaker 1: and another man named Gisello who was a foreman at 335 00:21:18,080 --> 00:21:21,719 Speaker 1: the Arsenal, had also been slapped by Great Council member 336 00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:24,720 Speaker 1: Marco Barbaro, who had been wearing a ring that cut 337 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:29,040 Speaker 1: Gisello's face. Gisello went to the Doze to complain about 338 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:32,360 Speaker 1: both incidents, a lot of slapping going on and the 339 00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:36,159 Speaker 1: general perception that nobles had become very eager to slap 340 00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:40,280 Speaker 1: commoners around. So the Doze brought in another commoner who 341 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 1: was a stonemason or maybe a sculptor, named Philippo Calendario, 342 00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:47,880 Speaker 1: who was working on renovations at the palace, And then, 343 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:51,720 Speaker 1: together with some other commoners and some of the arsenal Atti, 344 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:56,640 Speaker 1: and possibly Falierra's nephew, they started planning a q. Calindario 345 00:21:56,760 --> 00:22:00,560 Speaker 1: and his accomplices would recruit twenty men each. Those men 346 00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:04,919 Speaker 1: would recruit another forty, and on April fifty five, they 347 00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:08,879 Speaker 1: would start spreading rumors that Genoa was about to attack Venice, 348 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:13,560 Speaker 1: directly hoping to cause a panic. In response to those rumors, 349 00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:17,240 Speaker 1: Balieiro would summon the Great Council. Once the Great Council 350 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:21,119 Speaker 1: had convened, the Arsenalotti would seal the exits to the 351 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:24,200 Speaker 1: Council chamber, and they and those eight hundred recruited men 352 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:27,399 Speaker 1: would kill as many of the nobles as they could 353 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,920 Speaker 1: Marin Sinnuto's account of what was to happen was slightly different. 354 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:35,880 Speaker 1: In his version, these eight hundred men would go make 355 00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:40,440 Speaker 1: trouble all around Venice, attacking people and causing enough mayhem 356 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: that the dose would ring the bells of St. Mark 357 00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:46,600 Speaker 1: That would summon the nobility to the main square, where 358 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:48,960 Speaker 1: they would then be surrounded by the eight hundred men 359 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:53,040 Speaker 1: and cut down where they stood. After all this planned 360 00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:56,320 Speaker 1: bloodshed was over, Falierro would appear on the balcony of 361 00:22:56,359 --> 00:22:59,040 Speaker 1: the palace to speak to the people and say that 362 00:22:59,119 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: all of this islends had been carried out in defense 363 00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:04,919 Speaker 1: of his own life. He would call for calm and 364 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,600 Speaker 1: asked the Popolo to recognize him as Prince of Venice. 365 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:12,440 Speaker 1: This whole plan would red Venice of its nobility. It 366 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:15,679 Speaker 1: would install Faliero as sovereign, and then he would not 367 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:17,800 Speaker 1: have to follow all those rules and deal with all 368 00:23:17,840 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 1: that oversight that had been put in place to restrict 369 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,439 Speaker 1: the power of the doge. This plot was uncovered just 370 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:27,800 Speaker 1: before it was supposed to be carried out. A furrier 371 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,520 Speaker 1: named Beltraumo Berga Mosco visited the home of one of 372 00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:35,800 Speaker 1: his wealthier customers, a man named Nicola Leoni. Burga Mosco 373 00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:40,040 Speaker 1: suggested Leoni should stay home the next day, and at 374 00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: that Leone became suspicious, and when he pressed Burga Mosco 375 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:47,920 Speaker 1: for details, Burga Mosco told him the whole plan, including 376 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: naming names. Leone detained Burgamosco at his home, but since 377 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,720 Speaker 1: Burga Mosco had not said anything about the Doge being involved, 378 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:01,159 Speaker 1: Leonie's next step was to go warn him. So when 379 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:04,080 Speaker 1: Leoni talked to the Doge, Falierro seemed to just brush 380 00:24:04,119 --> 00:24:07,960 Speaker 1: this whole thing off. He already knew about it, probably 381 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,919 Speaker 1: didn't want him to let Leoni knew he knew, So 382 00:24:11,119 --> 00:24:13,560 Speaker 1: Leoni went to the Council of Ten, which again was 383 00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:18,200 Speaker 1: responsible for investigating things like treason. The Council of Ten 384 00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:22,400 Speaker 1: already suspected the disaffected members of the arsenal Ati might 385 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:25,359 Speaker 1: be plotting against the nobility, so the council sent some 386 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:29,399 Speaker 1: men back to Leoni's home to question Burga Moscow further, 387 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:32,399 Speaker 1: and then they started arresting the people that had already 388 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:38,479 Speaker 1: been implicated, including Bertucci Izarello and Philippo Callendario. The Council 389 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:42,159 Speaker 1: of ten also summoned about seven thousand loyal men to 390 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,600 Speaker 1: the Piazzetta and stationed cavalry officers all around the city. 391 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:50,040 Speaker 1: Issarello and Callendario both confessed to the plot and were 392 00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: sentenced to hang, and they both implicated the doge. The 393 00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:57,640 Speaker 1: Doge was arrested and jailed at the prison in the palace. 394 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,880 Speaker 1: In addition to Issarello and Landario, at least nine other 395 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:06,200 Speaker 1: co conspirators were identified and hanged, and these hangings were 396 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:10,760 Speaker 1: public from the beams of the palace. When questioned, Marino 397 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,679 Speaker 1: Faliero confessed to his role in this planned coup, and 398 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:19,359 Speaker 1: he was sentenced to a ritual execution, and that execution happened. 399 00:25:19,359 --> 00:25:21,760 Speaker 1: He was taken to the top of the same staircase 400 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,520 Speaker 1: where he had given his oath of office. He was 401 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:28,400 Speaker 1: formally stripped of all of his insignias and the corner ducale, 402 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:31,479 Speaker 1: or the horn like hat that was traditionally worn by 403 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:34,600 Speaker 1: the doge. Then he was beheaded with a sword, with 404 00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:37,520 Speaker 1: his head and his body both thrown down the stairs. 405 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,439 Speaker 1: That was handled before nobility. But then the palace doors 406 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:43,880 Speaker 1: were opened so the common people could come and look 407 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:47,920 Speaker 1: at the remains Although there were other Doges who were 408 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,399 Speaker 1: deposed or imprisoned or charged with some kind of wrongdoing, 409 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,120 Speaker 1: Falieriro was the only one to be executed for treason. 410 00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:59,119 Speaker 1: Here is how Marin Sonuto the Younger described it quote 411 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:02,760 Speaker 1: on Fry Day, the sixteenth day of April, judgment was 412 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,199 Speaker 1: also given in the aforesaid Council of Ten, that my 413 00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:09,840 Speaker 1: Lord Marino Falierro, the Duke, should have his head cut off, 414 00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: and that the execution should be done on the landing 415 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,719 Speaker 1: place of the stone staircase, where the dukes take their 416 00:26:15,760 --> 00:26:19,720 Speaker 1: oath when they first entered the palace on the following day, 417 00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:22,960 Speaker 1: the seventeenth of April, the doors of the palace being shut. 418 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: The Duke had his head cut off about the hour 419 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:29,040 Speaker 1: of noon, and the cap of a state was taken 420 00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:32,560 Speaker 1: from the Duke's head before he came downstairs. When the 421 00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,040 Speaker 1: execution was over, it is said that one of the 422 00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:38,120 Speaker 1: Council of Ten went to the columns of the palace 423 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:40,760 Speaker 1: over against the place of Saint Mark, and that he 424 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:43,960 Speaker 1: showed the bloody sword unto the people, crying out with 425 00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:47,960 Speaker 1: a loud voice. The terrible doom hath fallen upon the trader, 426 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:51,240 Speaker 1: and the doors were opened, and the people all rushed 427 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:53,680 Speaker 1: in to see the corpse of the duke who had 428 00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:58,240 Speaker 1: been beheaded. Petrarch visited Venice not long after all this, 429 00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:00,880 Speaker 1: and wrote his own account of what happened as well. 430 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:04,840 Speaker 1: Quote the most famous place to which his forerunners had 431 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:09,080 Speaker 1: often brought home in triumphal procession, the gladdyst Honors. He 432 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,760 Speaker 1: dragged in servile fashion by a concourse of people, and 433 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,919 Speaker 1: stripped of the insignia of a doge, fell down a 434 00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:18,879 Speaker 1: headless corpse, and stained with his blood. The doors of 435 00:27:18,880 --> 00:27:21,520 Speaker 1: the church, the entrance of his palace, and the marble 436 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:26,240 Speaker 1: stairs often made glorious by solemn beats or the spoils 437 00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:31,440 Speaker 1: of enemies. We can only speculate why Falieriro decided to 438 00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:34,159 Speaker 1: carry out this coup, and then why he confessed to it. 439 00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: Petrarch summed it up this way quote, as regards the 440 00:27:38,160 --> 00:27:42,440 Speaker 1: unhappy man, I am both compassionate and indignant, honored as 441 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,880 Speaker 1: he was. I know not what he could have desired 442 00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:48,199 Speaker 1: at the end of a long life. His misfortune is 443 00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:51,199 Speaker 1: aggravated by the fact that, according to the tradition of 444 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,119 Speaker 1: public judgment, he will be held to have been not 445 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:57,800 Speaker 1: only miserable, but mad and to have, for so many 446 00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: years obtained by vain acts and undeserved reputation for wisdom. 447 00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 1: Those who are for a time doges I would warn 448 00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,439 Speaker 1: to study the mirror set before their eyes, that they 449 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:12,720 Speaker 1: may see in it that they are leaders, not lords nate, 450 00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:17,600 Speaker 1: not even leaders, but honored servants of the state. Historians 451 00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:21,840 Speaker 1: and commentators have put forth several interpretations of what Faliro did, 452 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:26,040 Speaker 1: like maybe Falierro was manipulating the popelo to try to 453 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:28,960 Speaker 1: become the supreme ruler of Venice, to put himself in 454 00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:32,680 Speaker 1: charge without all those rules, or maybe the popolo had 455 00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:36,800 Speaker 1: manipulated him to try to improve their station in Venetian politics. 456 00:28:37,359 --> 00:28:40,360 Speaker 1: Faliero was at least seventy when all this happened, and 457 00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:42,920 Speaker 1: a few commentators have kind of written the whole thing 458 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,840 Speaker 1: off as a sign of age related dementia or some 459 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:50,120 Speaker 1: other mental instability, or suggested that it was really a 460 00:28:50,280 --> 00:28:54,280 Speaker 1: warped way to try to get revenge against the council 461 00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:58,640 Speaker 1: for their lenient treatment of Michael A stain No. Stain No, 462 00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: by the way, was self elected dose in fourteen hundred, 463 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:07,760 Speaker 1: so that worked out. Uh. There's also speculation about what 464 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:12,360 Speaker 1: drove the nobility's response to this coup. The Doges, questioning 465 00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,960 Speaker 1: and execution were carried out extremely quickly. So there's been 466 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:19,080 Speaker 1: some suggestion that the nobility we're using all of this 467 00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,480 Speaker 1: as a pretense to solidify their own power and keep 468 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:26,400 Speaker 1: the Doges power in check. In addition to being executed, 469 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:31,480 Speaker 1: Faliero was subject to domnadio memorial or condemnation of memory. 470 00:29:32,160 --> 00:29:34,960 Speaker 1: In thirteen sixty six, the Council of Ten decreed that 471 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:38,479 Speaker 1: Faliero's portrait in the Palace would be painted over with 472 00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:43,000 Speaker 1: azurite paint with the inscription quote hic s locus marini 473 00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: filetri decapitati pro criminibus so the black banner and the 474 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:50,600 Speaker 1: inscription that are there in the Great Council Chamber today 475 00:29:50,760 --> 00:29:52,960 Speaker 1: among the paintings of all the Doges. Those were actually 476 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: put there a lot later, because the chamber was almost 477 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:59,000 Speaker 1: completely destroyed by fire in fifteen seventy seven. The role 478 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,400 Speaker 1: of doge continued to evolve in Venice after all of this. 479 00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:06,200 Speaker 1: In general, the outside world often perceived the doge as 480 00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:09,280 Speaker 1: the most powerful person of a country that was so 481 00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:12,920 Speaker 1: powerful and influential that its currency, the dook it was 482 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:17,280 Speaker 1: widely used in international trade. But although the Doge was 483 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:21,080 Speaker 1: the highest ranking official in the Venetian government. The office's 484 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:23,960 Speaker 1: power was really limited until the end of the republic. 485 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:28,000 Speaker 1: Venice's power and influence started to wane in the fifteenth century, 486 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:32,480 Speaker 1: and various European powers united in opposition to Venice as 487 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,840 Speaker 1: the League of Cambra in fifteen o eight. The Republic 488 00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:38,680 Speaker 1: of Venice fell in seventeen ninety seven, which is a 489 00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:44,200 Speaker 1: whole other story involving Napoleon Bonaparte, but part of Napoleon's 490 00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:48,040 Speaker 1: rationale was that he wanted to destroy the Venetian oligarchy 491 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:52,480 Speaker 1: and democratize its government. After the fall of the republic, 492 00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:56,120 Speaker 1: the Venetian archives became more accessible to people from other 493 00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:59,160 Speaker 1: parts of Europe, and the story of this coup in 494 00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:02,680 Speaker 1: Faliero's by heading became a source of fascination for various 495 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:06,480 Speaker 1: writers and artists. It is a dramatic story on its own, 496 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:11,040 Speaker 1: but it also played into perceptions of Venice as stealthy, conniving, 497 00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:14,720 Speaker 1: and licentious, with a secretive government that kept its population 498 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:19,520 Speaker 1: under tight surveillance. That is pretty contrary to Venice's myths 499 00:31:19,560 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: about itself as La Satnissima or the most serene, a 500 00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:26,720 Speaker 1: place that was blessed by St. Mark and home to 501 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: a unique republic that lasted more than a thousand years. Yeah, 502 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,040 Speaker 1: as a absolute outsider to all of this, it's so 503 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: interesting to me how like the perception of Venice and 504 00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:41,000 Speaker 1: other parts of Europe historically is so different from like 505 00:31:41,160 --> 00:31:47,000 Speaker 1: Venice's mythologizing of itself. Uh, they are almost opposite. So 506 00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:49,720 Speaker 1: in terms of all of this writing and artwork, in 507 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:53,080 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty one, George Gordon Lord Byron wrote a play 508 00:31:53,120 --> 00:31:57,440 Speaker 1: in verse called Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice and Historical 509 00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:02,800 Speaker 1: Tragedy in five acts. Although Iron said pretty openly that 510 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:05,480 Speaker 1: he was inspired to write this by a trip he 511 00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:08,360 Speaker 1: took to Venice, there were critics at the time who 512 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:11,960 Speaker 1: interpreted it instead as a response to the Napoleonic Wars 513 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: or to the Cato Street Conspiracy, which took place a 514 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,920 Speaker 1: year before this play was published. We have an episode 515 00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:21,280 Speaker 1: on the Cato Street Conspiracy in the archives and we 516 00:32:21,320 --> 00:32:22,920 Speaker 1: will put that out in just a bit as a 517 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:28,520 Speaker 1: Saturday classic. Gitano Donizetti's opera Marino Falierro debut in eighteen 518 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:32,640 Speaker 1: thirty five, and then Algernon Charles Swinburne wrote a verse 519 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:37,440 Speaker 1: drama called Marino Falierro. In eighteen eighty five. There were 520 00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:42,360 Speaker 1: also works of art. In eighty seven, Eugen Delacroix finished 521 00:32:42,360 --> 00:32:46,040 Speaker 1: a painting called the Execution of Marino Falierro, which seems 522 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:49,720 Speaker 1: to have drawn from both Byron's play and historical accounts 523 00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:54,200 Speaker 1: of the execution, which Byron printed as an appendix. Francesco 524 00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:58,160 Speaker 1: Hayez painted the Last Moments of do Jemrin Falierro in 525 00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:01,840 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven. Spot is everything that I learned about this, 526 00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:04,320 Speaker 1: besides the couple of sentences that were in the audio 527 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:08,080 Speaker 1: tour at the Doges Palace and we were in Venice. 528 00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:11,320 Speaker 1: One of the things that's stricky to pin down about 529 00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:14,560 Speaker 1: all of this is which parts of the palace are 530 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:17,360 Speaker 1: as they were when this happened, which are not many 531 00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:19,400 Speaker 1: of them because there were a lot of fires and 532 00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:21,800 Speaker 1: things like that, fires and earthquakes and things that destroyed 533 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:24,800 Speaker 1: parts of it. So sometimes you'll see like this happened 534 00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,400 Speaker 1: at the Great Staircase, and I think the Great Staircase 535 00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:30,000 Speaker 1: as it stands now, the Giant Staircase is what people 536 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,400 Speaker 1: call it, Like I think that is a newly built 537 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: structure that was after all of this, so so much slapping. Yeah, 538 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:45,480 Speaker 1: there's a lot of slapping that happens in the story. Uh. 539 00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:47,560 Speaker 1: And then I have other stuff, same as when we 540 00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:52,160 Speaker 1: went to Paris. We will I'm sure spread out our 541 00:33:52,720 --> 00:33:56,920 Speaker 1: our Italy inspired episodes so that it doesn't become all 542 00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: Italy all the time around the podcast for do you 543 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:03,360 Speaker 1: have a little bit of listener mail I do. This 544 00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,040 Speaker 1: is from Kathy and this is actually about an episode 545 00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:10,400 Speaker 1: that Holly researched, which was the one about accidental and mentions. 546 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:13,440 Speaker 1: We talked about the microwave and Kathy wrote, thank you 547 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,800 Speaker 1: for making life interesting and for highlighting the interesting in life. 548 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:19,840 Speaker 1: I feel like I could email a comment after every episode, 549 00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:22,640 Speaker 1: but after listening to the recent Happy Accident show, I 550 00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 1: am compelled to share about one of the most amazing 551 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:29,360 Speaker 1: women I've ever known, my aunt and godmother, Audrey. Audrey 552 00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:32,719 Speaker 1: was born in nine and was diagnosed with diabetes at 553 00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:36,320 Speaker 1: the age of eight. Her medical care involved train trips 554 00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:39,719 Speaker 1: from your rural Pennsylvania to Cleveland, where she entered the 555 00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:43,319 Speaker 1: early ranks of those being treated with insulin. While she 556 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:46,720 Speaker 1: received a medal from the Joscelyn Clinic for living fifty 557 00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:50,200 Speaker 1: years on insulin, those were not easy years As a 558 00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,279 Speaker 1: young woman, Audrey learned a degree as a dietitian and 559 00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,400 Speaker 1: worked for local hospitals. She loved to cook, She loved people, 560 00:34:56,600 --> 00:35:00,279 Speaker 1: she loved. Her health declined with time, necessitating a move 561 00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:04,200 Speaker 1: to a warmer climate and community with better accessibility, which 562 00:35:04,239 --> 00:35:08,080 Speaker 1: she found in Tucson, Arizona. By the early seventies, Audi's 563 00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:11,120 Speaker 1: eyesight had the clans significantly. One foot had been amputated, 564 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:14,000 Speaker 1: as well as one leg below the knee, and arthritis 565 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:18,480 Speaker 1: had crippled her hands enter the microwave. While her disease 566 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:20,880 Speaker 1: and time may have ravaged her body, her spirit and 567 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: wit were fully intact. This happy accident that we call 568 00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,160 Speaker 1: the microwave allowed Audrey to safely return to one of 569 00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:31,319 Speaker 1: her favorite activities food. The microwave could be placed at 570 00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:33,600 Speaker 1: the perfect height. Gone were the days of trying to 571 00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:36,960 Speaker 1: maneuver the stove and oven from her wheelchair. Audrey set 572 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,160 Speaker 1: to work, learning everything she could about microwave cooking and 573 00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:43,280 Speaker 1: once again shared those loving results of family and friends. 574 00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:46,200 Speaker 1: For us, the microwave maybe the quickest route to a 575 00:35:46,239 --> 00:35:49,799 Speaker 1: hot lunch, but for Audrey, the microwave reopened a closed door, 576 00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:54,280 Speaker 1: providing a welcome pathway to independence. And joy. My oldest 577 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:56,080 Speaker 1: daughter is named for her, and it is my hope 578 00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:59,200 Speaker 1: that we can all live life with such tenacity and love. 579 00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:02,400 Speaker 1: Thank you for in julging me this moment to remember her. Kathy, Kathy, 580 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:04,160 Speaker 1: thank you so much for this email number one. I 581 00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:08,759 Speaker 1: love it. Uh. We talked about microwaves being a lot 582 00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:11,359 Speaker 1: more affordable in that episode, but we didn't really talk 583 00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:14,000 Speaker 1: about them being more accessible. And I also wanted to 584 00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:17,360 Speaker 1: read this because it reminds me of my mom who 585 00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:22,000 Speaker 1: similarly when we were kids, Mom made every single thing 586 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:26,080 Speaker 1: we ate, it seemed like from scratch um and then 587 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:29,799 Speaker 1: as she developed a disability, was less able to do 588 00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:32,839 Speaker 1: that until she found ways to make the kitchen more 589 00:36:32,880 --> 00:36:35,200 Speaker 1: accessible to her. And at one point she even wrote 590 00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:39,080 Speaker 1: a cookbook um of all the things that she had 591 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:42,160 Speaker 1: done to try to make cooking easier and faster so 592 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:44,719 Speaker 1: that she could still do it. Uh. So thanks for 593 00:36:45,120 --> 00:36:47,400 Speaker 1: you know, sharing that story with us and also given 594 00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,480 Speaker 1: me a minute to just think about my mom, who 595 00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:55,520 Speaker 1: sometimes I still pull out that cookbook. Some of the 596 00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:59,360 Speaker 1: recipes and them are things that it's honestly tough to 597 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,760 Speaker 1: get in Green Is for now, just because the types 598 00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,440 Speaker 1: of things that are in stores now are sometimes a 599 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,000 Speaker 1: little bit different than they were in the nineties, so 600 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:12,200 Speaker 1: you cannot, for example, find the kind of canned ham 601 00:37:12,360 --> 00:37:15,160 Speaker 1: that my mom used in a ham recipe that she 602 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:20,719 Speaker 1: made anymore. Uh. But yeah, it's a cool thing to 603 00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:24,960 Speaker 1: be able to make make kitchens more accessible. If you 604 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:26,800 Speaker 1: would like to send us a note about this or 605 00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:29,600 Speaker 1: any other podcast, we're at History Podcasts at i heart 606 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:33,239 Speaker 1: radio dot com. We're also all over social media at 607 00:37:33,239 --> 00:37:36,160 Speaker 1: miss in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 608 00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:38,719 Speaker 1: and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on 609 00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,319 Speaker 1: the I heart radio app and anywhere else you like 610 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:48,960 Speaker 1: to get podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is 611 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,160 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from 612 00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:55,560 Speaker 1: I heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 613 00:37:55,680 --> 00:38:00,239 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Two