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Speaker 1: Hi friends, this is Josh and for this week's Select

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Speaker 1: I chose our episode on Neanderthals mayhaps the most misunderstood

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Speaker 1: hominin of all time. We long tended to think of

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Speaker 1: Neanderthals as loping dummies, but recent research questions that view,

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Speaker 1: and Chuck and I swoop in to defend them with

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Speaker 1: all our might leave the Neanderthals alone. Welcome to Stuff

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Speaker 1: You Should Know, a production of I Heart Radio. Hey,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and there's

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Speaker 1: Charles W Chuck Bryant, and there's Jerry over there, and um,

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Speaker 1: this is stuff you should know, Stuff you should Nizzo.

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Speaker 1: I'm excited about this one. This just feels like classic

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Speaker 1: Josh and Chuck. I think so too. Took Took's gonna

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Speaker 1: make an appearance. Took Took, Mike make sweet of Hm,

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Speaker 1: which is always fun. And yeah, we like to watch

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Speaker 1: He's surprisingly tender, he is. I'm sorry. All the third

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Speaker 1: graders are actually, more to the point, the third grade

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Speaker 1: teachers who are standing there right now at the head

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Speaker 1: of class, They're like, oh, what happened to the Neanderthals?

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Speaker 1: Perfect for the classroom, right, So yeah, this is very Uh,

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Speaker 1: I thought this is very cool. I love this. But

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Speaker 1: we talked a little bit about Neanderthals in the past

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Speaker 1: and Homo sapiens and uh, Dennis Snovin's and that's right, right,

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Speaker 1: there's an extra in in there. I think Dennis Stovan's

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Speaker 1: Dennis Snoven sounds like a dude, like he manages ice

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Speaker 1: cream factory, right, Snovin, Dennis Snovin. Uh, this is good

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Speaker 1: stuff though, So let's let's treat everyone so all right,

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Speaker 1: we'll do our best. Put the pressure on. So neander

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Speaker 1: Neanderthals it really so? Then correct pronunciation is tall by

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Speaker 1: the way, Yeah, I had a teacher point that out,

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Speaker 1: remember very specifically in the in the ninth grade. Right,

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Speaker 1: but when you're being correct, you're actually speaking in Old German,

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Speaker 1: not even modern German. So it's really just a question

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Speaker 1: of how you want to say it. Either one's acceptable, no,

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Speaker 1: I mean the pronunciation would still be that in modern

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Speaker 1: German neander Tal Yeah, okay, because I saw it spelled

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Speaker 1: t a L two. Oh really yeah, let's get it

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Speaker 1: to that, h okay. I kind of like it. I

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Speaker 1: like how it looks, but I think it's up to

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Speaker 1: the individuals say taller thal. Okay, but the correct way

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Speaker 1: is neander tal, right, okay, and neander talls. I'm probably

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Speaker 1: gonna just switch back and forth. That's okay with everybody.

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Speaker 1: That is our way. Not to make a big deal

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Speaker 1: out of it or anything, but um, neander talls, uh

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Speaker 1: or thals, depending on who you are. They were a

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Speaker 1: species of human, beings of humans. Like, if you think

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Speaker 1: about it, chuck you, jerry me, everybody out there sometimes

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Speaker 1: nol Yeah, same species, one species of human. That's it.

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Speaker 1: Like you just don't really kind of think about that.

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Speaker 1: But if you dialed back a little bit, if we

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Speaker 1: got on the way back machine and went back just

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Speaker 1: like forty thousand years, there'll be at least one other

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Speaker 1: species of human running around on Earth. They would be

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Speaker 1: the Neanderthals. So we didn't even know that there was

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Speaker 1: another such thing as another human species until the eighteen

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Speaker 1: fifties because there was a forty year gap separating us

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Speaker 1: and then that's right, So the very first fossils of

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Speaker 1: a Neanderthal was found in eighteen twenty nine in Belgium

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Speaker 1: and then again in Gibraltar in eight But that kind

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Speaker 1: of were just like, oh cool, look at these old bones.

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Speaker 1: Wasn't a big deal. Wat's how easy they snapped on

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Speaker 1: my knee, right, they didn't know what they were. No.

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Speaker 1: And then in nineteen fifty six in Germany something pretty

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Speaker 1: significant happened. Uh. They found some pretty substantial fossils. I

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Speaker 1: think a whole skeleton. Actually, yeah, well they definitely found

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Speaker 1: a whole skull. Um. This was in four or five

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Speaker 1: ft of clay at in a limestone quarry cave in

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Speaker 1: a site called felt so Glad. And this is in

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Speaker 1: the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf. And this is where it

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Speaker 1: all comes around. If you hear the word Neanderthal or

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Speaker 1: at all um t h a l and Old German

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Speaker 1: means valley. And so the scientific name Homo neander tollensus

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Speaker 1: means humans from the Neander Valley. Yes, because that's where

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Speaker 1: the first one that we realized, Um, wait a minute,

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Speaker 1: this is This isn't a cave bear, this isn't like

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Speaker 1: some some dead person. This is a different species of human. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: They saw that the what we now know is classic

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Speaker 1: Neanderthal oval shape, that that big thick, low receding forehead

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Speaker 1: and brow very thick owns this. Uh, that was brought

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Speaker 1: to the query foreman, and he said it's a cave bear.

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Speaker 1: I guess he came over from Alabama. But he said,

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Speaker 1: but I do know a teacher and a guy who's

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Speaker 1: really into fossils. His name is Johann Karl full Wrought,

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Speaker 1: and here you can have these bones. He got them,

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Speaker 1: did some impressions. He went, what uh, did some castings

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Speaker 1: of these and sent those two Hermann uh Schaffhausen, a professor.

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Speaker 1: I don't know why German is so funny to you.

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Speaker 1: I don't either, but coming out of your mouth, it's

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Speaker 1: like it's just hilarious. After all these years. He's a professor,

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Speaker 1: was a professor of anatomy at the University of Bonn.

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Speaker 1: And they both were like, hey, this is significant because

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Speaker 1: this ain't no human uh, no Homo sapien. But it's

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Speaker 1: a human, right, we think, right, it's some other kind

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Speaker 1: of human, some other kind of hominid that we just

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Speaker 1: didn't understand before. So they presented their findings in the world.

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Speaker 1: He said like this, everybody get a load of this.

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Speaker 1: And there was an immediate problem with Neanderthals there there's

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Speaker 1: so this is eighteen fifties, eighteen fifty seven when they

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Speaker 1: prevented presented their fightings. And that was before on the

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Speaker 1: origin of the species. So before Darwin, it was like

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Speaker 1: God created all this, God created you, God created the panther,

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Speaker 1: God created the monkeys separately, like all this stuff was

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Speaker 1: all separate. And then Darwin came along and said, no,

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Speaker 1: all this stuff is actually related, and if you trace

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Speaker 1: everything far enough back, you're gonna find a last common

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Speaker 1: ancestor between two things that don't look anything alike, um,

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Speaker 1: including humans and apes. And so this was before that,

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Speaker 1: so it didn't fit into the Christian creation story. But

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Speaker 1: then even after Darwin came along, it just so happened

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Speaker 1: that Neanderthals were discovered and analyzed and and it was

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Speaker 1: realized that they were in different species of human at

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Speaker 1: a time when biological anthropology was around. Yeah, for oology

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Speaker 1: and the you know, we've talked about it on the

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Speaker 1: show a little bit, the very sort of racist practice

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Speaker 1: of um categorizing humans and their inferiority of races by

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Speaker 1: the shapes of their skull. Right, look at this skull. Um,

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Speaker 1: well there it's not not basically Western and European shaped.

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Speaker 1: We think it has some weird ridge. Um, so they're

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Speaker 1: an inferior race. They extended all that onto Neanderthals because

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Speaker 1: if you think, you know, if you're if you're comparing

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Speaker 1: like human Homo sapiens skulls to one another and somehow

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Speaker 1: finding inferiority or superiority in that in the shapes of

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Speaker 1: those When you compare a Neanderthal skull to a human skull,

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Speaker 1: clearly that human skull is much more refined and developed.

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Speaker 1: Neanderthals must have been these dim witted brutes the caveman. Like.

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Speaker 1: The whole reason we think of the caveman and Neanderthals

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Speaker 1: is big dummies and and oaths. It is because they

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Speaker 1: were discovered during a time of racist science. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: that was the view that was held, and it's still

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Speaker 1: held by some people who don't know better. This is

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Speaker 1: why we're doing that, you know, one reason why we're

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Speaker 1: doing this episode. But it was held for a couple

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Speaker 1: of hundred years. But in the recent decades things have changed.

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Speaker 1: Our picture of the Neanderthal has changed because of science

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Speaker 1: and research, and we now know that, uh, well, a

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Speaker 1: lot of cool things. I don't want to spoil it yet, Okay, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I was wondering if that was too much of the

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Speaker 1: beans getting out. I think so let's tease that out.

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Speaker 1: That's fine with Uh, we'll just sit here quietly for

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Speaker 1: a second as we go past this. Okay, all right,

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Speaker 1: we ready, yeah, alright. So the current story, like the

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Speaker 1: simple version of the current story, is the Neanderthal and

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Speaker 1: the I mean, should we just say the modern human

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Speaker 1: or that's how I was like, wow, because they're both humans. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but they're just two different species of human sapience neandertal

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Speaker 1: and sapience. All right, So they separated between a half

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Speaker 1: a million and about six dred and fifty thousand years ago,

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Speaker 1: and they both diverge from a common branch um H.

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Speaker 1: Heidel bir Genesis virgensis. I think the g is hard.

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure that's right. H. Heidelbergensis. Yeah, all right,

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Speaker 1: that sounds right. Yeah, And this was in Africa, right,

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Speaker 1: that's where the divergence happened. That's right. Um. Then, so

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Speaker 1: either the division the divergence happened in Africa or some

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Speaker 1: Heidelbergensis state in Africa, and some spread out of Africa, yeah,

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Speaker 1: into the Old World in Asia, and over time, because

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Speaker 1: of the separation, these groups of humans started branching out

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Speaker 1: and developing into distinct species. One of the species. The

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Speaker 1: first one to develop into a distinct species from this

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Speaker 1: branch was Neanderthals, and by at least four hundred thousand

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Speaker 1: years ago, there were Neanderthals running around like distinct species

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Speaker 1: of humans called Neanderthals. Yeah, and they were developing independently

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Speaker 1: because they were very far from each other and they

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Speaker 1: didn't for a very long time, did not have very much,

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Speaker 1: if any, contact with one another. Yeah. Remember we did

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Speaker 1: an episode on speciation where like brown bears and polar

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Speaker 1: bears used to be the same bear, but the polar

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Speaker 1: bears started drifting further and further north, and they're actually

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Speaker 1: adapted to a different climate, different habitat, so much so

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Speaker 1: that they became a different species. That's the exact same

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Speaker 1: thing that we're talking about. Heidelberg ansis drifted into two

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Speaker 1: different parts of Africa and Europe, and the climate and

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Speaker 1: the habitat was different enough that it split into two

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Speaker 1: different species. Yeah. So what you've got in Eurasia is

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Speaker 1: a range from like Portugal and Wales in the west

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Speaker 1: over to like Siberia. This is for Neanderthals, right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: in the east. So that was their range in general,

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Speaker 1: and all the way down to the Middle East. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it was a huge range, very big range. Um, the biggest. Uh.

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Speaker 1: They were shorter than sapiens that we're still in Africa.

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Speaker 1: They were kind of stockier, They had bigger brains. They

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Speaker 1: were by most accounts, stronger, more muscular, had wider hips

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Speaker 1: and shoulders, sturdier bones, very sturdy, just stocky, robust thing.

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Speaker 1: You would not want to mess with the Neanderthal. No,

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Speaker 1: and they were very adaptable. They they lived in very

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Speaker 1: cold environments. Uh, they lived in very sort of warm,

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Speaker 1: temperate environments. So it depends on the time. This is

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Speaker 1: what they think. They think that that range that was

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Speaker 1: so huge for the Neanderthals, there wasn't necessarily Neanderthals living

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Speaker 1: in all parts of that range at the same time

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Speaker 1: for four hundred thousand years or three fifty thousand years.

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Speaker 1: They think that over time, some Neanderthal populations died and

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Speaker 1: others came along and replaced them, and then some of

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Speaker 1: them moved down here and some of them were over here.

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Speaker 1: That they may have lived in different parts of the

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Speaker 1: world at the same time, but not necessarily their entire

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Speaker 1: range all at once for the whole three fifty thousand years.

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Speaker 1: They moved a lot, and nor did they move all

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Speaker 1: together as whole populations. There's a lot of local extinctions

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Speaker 1: and recolonizations going on right exactly. So it's almost like

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Speaker 1: if you could look at the map of eur Asia

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Speaker 1: on a time lapse over three fifty thousand years that

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Speaker 1: Neanderthals were around in the area, you would just kind

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Speaker 1: of see these little populations kind of growing and popping

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Speaker 1: and dissolving and then picking up again. And these are

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Speaker 1: actually new groups going into areas, becoming like dying out

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Speaker 1: for one reason or another. And then a thousand or

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Speaker 1: ten thousand years later, there's another group that says, oh,

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Speaker 1: this is a great spot and showing up kind of

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Speaker 1: like our real Atlantis episode. Remember there's like like twelve

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Speaker 1: feet of like fifty different settlements over a thousands and

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Speaker 1: thousands of years, because they're just like, this is a

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Speaker 1: great place to settle, but each one had no idea

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Speaker 1: that the last one was there. Same thing with the

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Speaker 1: Neanderthal range. So the Neanderthals are doing their thing all

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Speaker 1: over eur Asia. Meanwhile back in Africa and East Africa,

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Speaker 1: you've got the Sapien doing their thing, and then they

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Speaker 1: start to radiate out a little bit the sapiens and

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Speaker 1: then get obviously the Middle East would be a pretty

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Speaker 1: logical next place to go from Africa, and they happened

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Speaker 1: upon the Neanderthal and they're like wow, we wow, who

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Speaker 1: are you? And then they were all of a sudden

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Speaker 1: sharing space together, right, starting about a hundred thousand years

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Speaker 1: ago in the Middle East. In the Middle East and

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Speaker 1: then in Europe, they shared space for two hundred to

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Speaker 1: five hundred generations. Yeah, they just like the Neanderthals spread out.

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Speaker 1: The sapiens basically followed the same path. But they were

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Speaker 1: already people there. It was Neanderthals and um, yeah, two

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Speaker 1: hundred generations, five hundred generations between fourth isn't in ten

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Speaker 1: thousand years a very long time to share space. It

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Speaker 1: really is like that many generations that that of just

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Speaker 1: living in the same place. The thing is is over

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Speaker 1: the lifespan of the Neanderthals, fifty thousand years, four thousand

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Speaker 1: years is nothing. It's the blink of an eye. And

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Speaker 1: around the time about so say, humans or sapiens showed

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Speaker 1: up in Europe about forty two thousand years ago, about

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Speaker 1: forty thousand years ago something give or take a few

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Speaker 1: thousand years Neanderthals just vanished. Did they melt? We don't

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Speaker 1: remember that old theory. That's right, they've melted like nine

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Speaker 1: years ago. That was great. Good, So I think that's

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Speaker 1: a good place for a break. Yeah, we'll talk about

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Speaker 1: what happened right after this. Well, now we're on the road,

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Speaker 1: driving in your truck. Want to learn a thing or

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Speaker 1: two from Josh Chuck stuff you should know? All right?

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Speaker 1: All right? So, uh appearance of of sapiens in Europe

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Speaker 1: before this um disappearance of Neanderthals. For a very long time,

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Speaker 1: everyone basically just had one of two theories, either that

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Speaker 1: sapiens killed them off, or that they were just so

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Speaker 1: smart that they out competed them for resources and they

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Speaker 1: went away. And that was It's known as the replacement

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Speaker 1: model or the recent African origin model, and people were

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Speaker 1: all on that train. If some people still very much

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Speaker 1: are really oh yeah, in academia, not just not just

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Speaker 1: you know, general public, I say boo to that. I agree,

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Speaker 1: And it seems like there are people who are kind

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Speaker 1: of chipping away at that. But I believe the replacement

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Speaker 1: model is the dominant model for what happened to the Neanderthals.

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Speaker 1: It basically as humans, Homo sapiens came along and our

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Speaker 1: brains are so much smarter. We were capable of things

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Speaker 1: that Neanderthals couldn't even dream of. Um, things like culture

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Speaker 1: and art and all sorts of nication, right, um language

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Speaker 1: probably um that the Neanderthals just didn't stand a chance.

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Speaker 1: Once the sapience showed up, it was like progresses here,

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Speaker 1: go ahead and die and either directly by killing them

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Speaker 1: via warfare or like you said, just out competing them.

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Speaker 1: That was it for the Neanderthals. And the timing is

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Speaker 1: definitely well suspect, you know, like, and I think that's

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Speaker 1: what a lot of people have clamped onto is humans

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Speaker 1: show up a couple of thousand years, Neanderthals are gone. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it makes sense, um on the surface. But in two

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Speaker 1: thousand ten there was some pretty startling discovery. Um, they

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Speaker 1: fully sequenced Neanderthal genome, which is amazing, super amazing, and

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Speaker 1: we found out wait a minute, us sapiens, some of

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Speaker 1: us have Neanderthal DNA in our bodies. Are Neanderthals ourselves?

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Speaker 1: Yeah about depending on where you're from in your ethnic background,

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Speaker 1: but if you're European or Asian, you have pretty good

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Speaker 1: likelihood of being wondered four percent in Neanderthal as far

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Speaker 1: as your DNA goes um. In Sub Saharan Africa, there's

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Speaker 1: not any obviously, because that's where the Sapiens were all, uh,

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Speaker 1: you know, hanging out and doing their thing right. They

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Speaker 1: hadn't migrated out and intermixed with the with the Neanderthals,

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Speaker 1: So you know what that means. That means that time

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Speaker 1: period where they were all sharing space, they're also sharing space.

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Speaker 1: There was like a lot of you know what I'm saying,

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Speaker 1: they were making love. Oh that yeah, took Took would

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Speaker 1: make love and create little baby Tooktooks. We have to

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Speaker 1: say for just to keep it crownded. We're not exactly

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Speaker 1: sure what kind of uh circumstances that making love took. No,

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Speaker 1: you're right, it could have been mistaken identity um. And

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Speaker 1: obviously the brutal scenario, which is probably the most likely,

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Speaker 1: is that they came in by force and that was

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Speaker 1: like raping and pillaging going up. But the thing is,

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Speaker 1: we don't know that that's necessarily likely. You know, I

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Speaker 1: don't know. We honestly have such a little understandings for Neanderthal.

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Speaker 1: We have no idea they might have been hippies, but

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Speaker 1: we got to throw that out there, uh as one

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Speaker 1: of the obvious possibilities. Yeah, as much as you want

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Speaker 1: to just be like, oh, that's so awesome, the Neanderthals

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Speaker 1: were there, the humans showed up, and rather than humans

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Speaker 1: killing off Neanderthals saying get out of here, you old

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Speaker 1: archaic humans, they said, let's get it on. Well, not

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Speaker 1: only let's get on, let's let's let's share resources, let's

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Speaker 1: teach each other things. Yeah, let's explore life together and

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Speaker 1: let's try. Didn't go away. They just got absorbed. And

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Speaker 1: because there were far more sapiens, uh, their traits just

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Speaker 1: you know, sort of got weeded out over the years

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Speaker 1: for the most part. So this is the rival to

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Speaker 1: that replacement model that's the dominant model. This is called

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Speaker 1: the multi regional evolution model. And it says basic me

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Speaker 1: what you just said, that Neanderthals and humans did it

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Speaker 1: so much that the hybrid human Neanderthals that were um

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Speaker 1: that were born as offspring um, they they mated with

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Speaker 1: other Neanderthals or other humans. But because there were more

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Speaker 1: sapiens I'm sorry, more sapiens than there were Neanderthals, the

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Speaker 1: likelihood was that a hybrid would be much more likely

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Speaker 1: to mate with a sapient and then that hybrid would

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Speaker 1: be even more watered down neanderthal And then over time

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Speaker 1: because of exactly and Neanderthals didn't die off, they didn't

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Speaker 1: get chased out, they just became part of that larger

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Speaker 1: human genome. So there's another theory too that's interesting, or

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Speaker 1: another interpretation. I guess it's not a theory. And this

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Speaker 1: has to do with climate change. Um. They did a

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Speaker 1: study into and well this year actually two thousand nineteen

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Speaker 1: in France, and they discovered that all you need over

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Speaker 1: the course of about ten thousand years is about a

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Speaker 1: two point seven decrease in fertility rates UM to go

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Speaker 1: bye by ten tho years for a decrease in UM

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Speaker 1: first time young neandertal mothers that population, and they said

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Speaker 1: cut that in half basically are close to it. Within

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Speaker 1: four thousand years, you would need only an eight percent

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Speaker 1: decrease in fertility and that same group. So it's very Uh,

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Speaker 1: it makes a lot of sense that with a little

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Speaker 1: bit of climate change and a little bit of scarcity

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Speaker 1: and just uh, it didn't have to be anything drastic,

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Speaker 1: but over that amount of time, if you don't have

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Speaker 1: any as many calories going into your body in your

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Speaker 1: first time under twenty year old, uh Neanderthal mother, you're

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Speaker 1: not going to be successful and you're not gonna be

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Speaker 1: as fertile. And then over time that just means you

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Speaker 1: kind of very quietly and slowly go away. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: got this. I think I found this article from Live Science,

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Speaker 1: and in it they say, by the way, um, if

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Speaker 1: the human replace meant rate dropped to one point three

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Speaker 1: babies per mother, we'd be gone in three hundred years.

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Speaker 1: So so just a very slight drop among the neandertals

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Speaker 1: could have accounted for that four thousand to ten thousand

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Speaker 1: year process of just suddenly disappearing. And again in this

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Speaker 1: this interpretation, humans didn't do anything. We didn't war with them,

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Speaker 1: we didn't outcompete them, we didn't do anything. It was

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Speaker 1: just something happened to the environment and it was just

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Speaker 1: harder to be fertile. And it wasn't all at once.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it might have been staggered in different parts of

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Speaker 1: the world exactly over over four thousand to ten thousand years.

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Speaker 1: And the reason it wasn't that Neanderthals couldn't compete, that

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Speaker 1: they couldn't survive um whereas humans could. Because Neanderthals, again,

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Speaker 1: their lifespan was three hundred fifty thousand years. Modern humans

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Speaker 1: have only been around for fifty to a hundred thousand years,

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Speaker 1: maybe two hundred at the outside. So Neanderthals had been

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Speaker 1: around for a very long time, had been very good

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Speaker 1: at adapting to a changing climate basically the whole time

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Speaker 1: that they were around. So it's not like they couldn't

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Speaker 1: compete or couldn't adapt and humans could. What they think

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Speaker 1: is that they were just way more humans, and so

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Speaker 1: our numbers probably dropped at the same rate that Neanderthal

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Speaker 1: numbers did. There was just more of us to survive

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Speaker 1: and carry on after things got better. Yeah, and in

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Speaker 1: more varied ranges in parts of the world too. That

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Speaker 1: all kind of makes sense to me. I suppose it

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Speaker 1: could be uh, both of those, climate change and lovemaking

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Speaker 1: right right, very easily. Yeah, they definitely go hand in hand.

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Speaker 1: Like er, should we take another break? All right, We'll

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Speaker 1: take another break and talk about what we now the

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Speaker 1: sort of current understanding of the picture of what the

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Speaker 1: Neanderthal was. Right after this, Well, now we're on the

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Speaker 1: road driving in your truck. Want to learn a thing

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Speaker 1: or two from Josh can chuck stuff. You should know,

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Speaker 1: all right. Mh. By the way, have you seen or

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Speaker 1: heard of that movie William? Uh? It was out in April,

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Speaker 1: did not do well, was not reviewed well. But it

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Speaker 1: is basically a sort of mad scientist. Not a mad scientist,

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Speaker 1: but a scientist with a mad idea. Uh. There's a

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Speaker 1: human Neanderthal born. They get the d n A impregnate

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Speaker 1: a modern sapient woman and she has a a Neanderthal boy, William,

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Speaker 1: and he goes to high school. I did not see that.

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Speaker 1: I had no idea about that movie. Yeah, just check

384
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Speaker 1: out the trailer. Oh, I don't haven't seen it. It's

385
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Speaker 1: not supposed to be very good, and it did not

386
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Speaker 1: look very good. But it was very much like, you know,

387
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Speaker 1: I just want to fit in, and he's you know,

388
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Speaker 1: he's he's in the andertal. He's got the regular haircut,

389
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Speaker 1: in the vans and the jeans and the T shirt.

390
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Speaker 1: He's got the big forehead and the thick man. It

391
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Speaker 1: does it does, and it looks like it could be

392
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Speaker 1: a joke, but it's real. Was there that I feel

393
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Speaker 1: good in the middle of the trailer suddenly or that

394
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Speaker 1: scene where like like a teen wolf or something where

395
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Speaker 1: he's really good at sports or something. Yeah, Man William, Yeah,

396
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,840
Speaker 1: there's a weekend for you right there. Much. I'm not

397
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Speaker 1: gonna watch it, but I just thought it would be

398
00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:39,320
Speaker 1: it'd be worth mentioning before the emails come in. So, uh,

399
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Speaker 1: the image we're on a quest. I think UM and

400
00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:47,400
Speaker 1: sciences on a quest to sort of rehabilitate that's when

401
00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:50,199
Speaker 1: you mentioned that. But to rehabilitate the image of the

402
00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:57,080
Speaker 1: Neanderthal is this hunched over brute. Part of the problem is, uh,

403
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Speaker 1: they sort of based in an entire EC's on this

404
00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:07,439
Speaker 1: one hunched over uh dude, skeleton skeleton, and they're like,

405
00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:10,679
Speaker 1: look at them that they're all hunched over oaths shambling

406
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Speaker 1: And now they're like, oh, actually that individual may have

407
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Speaker 1: had a degenerative bone disease. And what we now think

408
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Speaker 1: is they just walked around like we do and probably

409
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Speaker 1: looked a lot like we do. Um. They think that

410
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Speaker 1: from like sequencing the Neanderthal genome, they think that at

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Speaker 1: least some of them had red hair and light colored skin, which,

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Speaker 1: by the way, by interbreeding UM with Neanderthals recent arrivals

413
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Speaker 1: from Africa, their hybrid offspring would have been conferred with UM, thicker,

414
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Speaker 1: straighter hair, a smaller compact frame, all sorts of stuff

415
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Speaker 1: that you would need UM in this colder climate of

416
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Speaker 1: eur Asia from having just come up from Africa over

417
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Speaker 1: the last few generations. So there was good stuff, there

418
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Speaker 1: was also bad. So they think some of the disease

419
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Speaker 1: that we suffer from h is is actually related to

420
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,840
Speaker 1: Neanderthal DNA that doesn't have a context or a point

421
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,480
Speaker 1: or a function like it used to, and that that

422
00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:11,439
Speaker 1: now it's actually producing disease in us. Yeah, like the

423
00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:15,520
Speaker 1: same d NA, Like they could have had the same

424
00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:18,560
Speaker 1: things that we associate with diabetes and crones, but they

425
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:21,480
Speaker 1: would have didn't affect them like it does us because

426
00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:25,600
Speaker 1: lifestyle and everything that how we diverged precisely really interesting.

427
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:29,399
Speaker 1: I think there's actually that's the alternative explanation for the

428
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:34,320
Speaker 1: hygiene hypothesis. I did these these both sort of linked

429
00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:39,600
Speaker 1: in some ways right there. So behaviorally, it's, uh, we're

430
00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:41,600
Speaker 1: again we're trying to get away from this idea of

431
00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:46,080
Speaker 1: caveman uh and things that we thought were strictly sapient.

432
00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:49,720
Speaker 1: Over the years, it turns out that Neanderthals were actually

433
00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:55,240
Speaker 1: good at like making tools. Uh, and this really interesting technique, uh,

434
00:26:55,280 --> 00:27:00,920
Speaker 1: the Leva leva loire technique, which is basically, I am

435
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:03,800
Speaker 1: in the area where I have the resources to make

436
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,240
Speaker 1: all the tools, but we got to pack up and leave,

437
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:07,840
Speaker 1: and we don't know if we're going to have this

438
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:10,520
Speaker 1: stuff there. Yeah, there's some dinosaurs after us. Yeah. So

439
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,679
Speaker 1: like the very like raw resource, like let's say it's

440
00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:16,000
Speaker 1: just a certain type of stone. So we're gonna pre

441
00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:20,119
Speaker 1: shape all these things into it's sort of a rudimentary uh,

442
00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:22,399
Speaker 1: a rudimentary tool that we can later make into a

443
00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:25,320
Speaker 1: hammer or a chisel, like, depending on what we need.

444
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:27,600
Speaker 1: But we're gonna kind of sort of pre shape them here,

445
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,040
Speaker 1: pack them up, and take them all with us, so

446
00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:32,119
Speaker 1: we'll have this little factory that we can set up

447
00:27:32,119 --> 00:27:35,399
Speaker 1: anywhere we want, depending what we need. That's smart it is,

448
00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:39,159
Speaker 1: and it's a technological innovation that is definitely attributed to

449
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:42,560
Speaker 1: the Neanderthals, like they came up with. It's awesome. Um

450
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:46,760
Speaker 1: and tool making, Like we knew that older archaic humans

451
00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:49,600
Speaker 1: were good with tools, going back probably a million or

452
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,960
Speaker 1: so years. Chimps use tools, they use termmite sticks. So

453
00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:56,400
Speaker 1: people are saying like great, like the Neanderthals like created

454
00:27:56,480 --> 00:28:00,800
Speaker 1: some sort of like new technology, some new tool called sure. Um,

455
00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:03,880
Speaker 1: who cares. It still doesn't make them smart. But there's

456
00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,680
Speaker 1: other stuff we found out about Neanderthals that we started

457
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:10,119
Speaker 1: that have really kind of changed our view of them

458
00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:12,960
Speaker 1: because they're doing things or they we found out they're

459
00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,920
Speaker 1: capable of things that that they are supposed to Those

460
00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:18,880
Speaker 1: are the things that make humans humans like Neanderthals aren't

461
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:21,200
Speaker 1: supposed to have been doing this. But the more evidence

462
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,360
Speaker 1: we're getting, the with the fresher eyes were looking at

463
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:28,200
Speaker 1: existing evidence, it's starting to look like they were behaviorally

464
00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:31,000
Speaker 1: modern like humans, or there's a really good chance that

465
00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:34,119
Speaker 1: they were Yeah like the sapes. Uh, they could they

466
00:28:34,119 --> 00:28:37,440
Speaker 1: could spark fire, So the old notion like quest for fire,

467
00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:38,800
Speaker 1: that they just had to sit around and wait for

468
00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:42,440
Speaker 1: lightning to strike a bush is not true. They use

469
00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:45,520
Speaker 1: that fire to cook food, they think, they think, which

470
00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:48,800
Speaker 1: is a big deal. It's open to interpretation stuff. Um.

471
00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:53,000
Speaker 1: What else they know from studying the injuries on the

472
00:28:53,040 --> 00:28:56,600
Speaker 1: animals that they hunted, that they were very intelligent hunters

473
00:28:56,640 --> 00:29:00,280
Speaker 1: and they killed big, big animals at close range, which

474
00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,920
Speaker 1: meant that they were skilled, that they understood risk that

475
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,360
Speaker 1: they were brave and that they will get into communication more.

476
00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:09,440
Speaker 1: But you've got to be communicating to to do something

477
00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:11,440
Speaker 1: like that. Yeah, because they would hunt in packs, but

478
00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:15,160
Speaker 1: they would do it in close range. And I was

479
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:19,880
Speaker 1: at the Velociraptor. Oh I think so Jurassic Park. Uh

480
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:23,000
Speaker 1: the uh while they threw me off? Sorry, do you

481
00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:25,400
Speaker 1: think I'd be expecting in this episode? Though? You know

482
00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:29,800
Speaker 1: it wasn't they do hunting packs? Though? It was. I

483
00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:33,360
Speaker 1: was just appropriating that line. But what was it? Oh man,

484
00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:37,160
Speaker 1: they do travel in they do pack lightly, Yeah, that

485
00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:40,960
Speaker 1: was it? Okay? So Um, the fact that these guys

486
00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 1: would take on reindeer and bison and mammoths at close

487
00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:49,520
Speaker 1: range with like spears and javelins and like, you know,

488
00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:54,680
Speaker 1: some some hand to hand combat type stuff has really

489
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:58,680
Speaker 1: kind of undermined that that replacement model idea that humans

490
00:29:58,680 --> 00:30:01,160
Speaker 1: came in and just killed off all the Neanderthals, right

491
00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:04,920
Speaker 1: because they just stood no chance. They right, Neanderthals were tough,

492
00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:11,760
Speaker 1: tough mos. Yes, most um one of the big ones here.

493
00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:13,400
Speaker 1: And this is where it gets super interesting, I think

494
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:18,440
Speaker 1: to me is the use of symbols. That is something

495
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 1: that we thought was very much sapien very sapey, right,

496
00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:25,360
Speaker 1: if if they can, if they we can show that

497
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:29,640
Speaker 1: Neanderthals understood symbols and had that kind of higher thought

498
00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:34,120
Speaker 1: that would make them behaviorally equivalent to humans. Yeah, and

499
00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:38,120
Speaker 1: we're talking like anything sen Yeah, the sapes. We're talking

500
00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,120
Speaker 1: anything from making a like a necklace out of beads

501
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,480
Speaker 1: to wear like an adornments, to using like pigments on

502
00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:48,080
Speaker 1: the face like the precursor to make up and stuff

503
00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:51,080
Speaker 1: like that. And humans have been shown to UM to

504
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,720
Speaker 1: have been doing that at least for the last eighty

505
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,800
Speaker 1: thousand years SAPs. And I don't know why I can't

506
00:30:56,840 --> 00:31:00,320
Speaker 1: get that UM sapes have been doing that is the

507
00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:04,080
Speaker 1: earliest evidences at two sites in Ethiopia. And this is

508
00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:07,200
Speaker 1: they think it was like for you know, identity or

509
00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,200
Speaker 1: jewelry or something like that, but it is like that's

510
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:13,760
Speaker 1: not something you just do like this is there's a

511
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:18,560
Speaker 1: there's not necessarily a practical function to it, and it's

512
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 1: a form of art. And there's ambiguous evidence that Neanderthals

513
00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:28,400
Speaker 1: did this too, that there was body adornment, that there

514
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:31,520
Speaker 1: was that they would color themselves and pigments put on

515
00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:35,520
Speaker 1: makeup basically, right, So here's the thing question. So that

516
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:38,920
Speaker 1: would suggest that Okay, if Neanderthals do that and humans

517
00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:43,240
Speaker 1: did that too, then that makes Neanderthals equivalent to humans behaviorally.

518
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:46,480
Speaker 1: But the people who are big time into the replacement

519
00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:48,760
Speaker 1: model that the Neandertals were actually kind of stupid and

520
00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:54,640
Speaker 1: humans are the pinnacle and the first example of higher intelligence. UM.

521
00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:57,800
Speaker 1: They say, well, if you really kind of date some

522
00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:01,600
Speaker 1: of this stuff that the Neanderthals may, it's probably around

523
00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:03,640
Speaker 1: the time that humans showed up. And it's really just

524
00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:07,239
Speaker 1: Neanderthals copying what they saw humans doing. But there's no

525
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,479
Speaker 1: symbol symbolism to it in that like they could copy

526
00:32:11,680 --> 00:32:14,040
Speaker 1: a shell as an ornament, but there they didn't have

527
00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:17,560
Speaker 1: any meaning. Yeah, which is a really sort of a

528
00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:20,160
Speaker 1: snotty approach, I think so too. Well, they might have

529
00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:26,360
Speaker 1: done it, but they were just copying, no copying. Remember

530
00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:31,680
Speaker 1: that kid, you know the kids doing now he or

531
00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:36,200
Speaker 1: she is running the company? Is that Dennis Snoven ice

532
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:42,080
Speaker 1: cream man manager, ice cream factory manager. So, uh, cave art.

533
00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:44,239
Speaker 1: Let's talk about cave art because this is this is

534
00:32:44,280 --> 00:32:48,400
Speaker 1: the one thing that UM to make art is the

535
00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:53,840
Speaker 1: one thing that traditionally have always separated sapes from everyone else, right, Like,

536
00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:57,719
Speaker 1: if everybody's saying, okay, even if Neanderthals came up with

537
00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:02,600
Speaker 1: body adornments, that's not art, we're gonna raise the bar, right,

538
00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:05,560
Speaker 1: this is what the poo poers say, that doesn't really

539
00:33:05,640 --> 00:33:09,080
Speaker 1: qualify as art. Cave art is where it's at. If

540
00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:12,400
Speaker 1: you could show me Neanderthals that created cave art, I

541
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:16,200
Speaker 1: will agree that they are behaviorally equivalent to modern humans

542
00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:18,840
Speaker 1: of their era. Yeah, and they found cave art modern

543
00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:21,960
Speaker 1: sas man. They found cave art at the same time

544
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:27,840
Speaker 1: that there were Neanderthals around caves. But um, again, there

545
00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:30,520
Speaker 1: was just like, oh, well that was the sapes, right,

546
00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:33,200
Speaker 1: That wasn't the Neanderthals doing that? Right? They think that

547
00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:36,480
Speaker 1: the sapiens came in and made that cave art, right, Like,

548
00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:40,440
Speaker 1: we need an ambiguous proof at this point. Here's the problem.

549
00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:45,120
Speaker 1: Radio carbon dating gets unreliable after forty years, and it

550
00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:49,720
Speaker 1: requires organic material to date these pigments. They're using mineral pigments,

551
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:53,000
Speaker 1: not organic ones, so that was a problem. But and

552
00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,920
Speaker 1: this is kind of mind blowing. In two thousand eighteen,

553
00:33:55,960 --> 00:34:00,200
Speaker 1: they discovered or I guess perfected a dating technique that

554
00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:04,920
Speaker 1: measures the rate of decay of uranium atoms and calcite deposits.

555
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:09,399
Speaker 1: So that's what makes up stalactites and stalagmites in limestone case. Yeah.

556
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:11,839
Speaker 1: So the idea is if you find cave art's sort

557
00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:15,360
Speaker 1: of like the mosquito called an amber, it's a time stamp.

558
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:19,520
Speaker 1: If you find cave art that's underneath uh some of

559
00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:22,600
Speaker 1: this deposits that have dripped down over it and encased it,

560
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:24,759
Speaker 1: you can date that. Then you know how old that

561
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,400
Speaker 1: cave art is. Yeah, because the cave arts under the calsite,

562
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:29,400
Speaker 1: you know how old the ca the cal site is,

563
00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:31,560
Speaker 1: then the cave art has to be at least as

564
00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 1: old or slightly older than the earliest deposit of calcite.

565
00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:37,680
Speaker 1: What's what's the big secret? Well, there was sped There

566
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:40,400
Speaker 1: was a study in two thousand and eighteen that found

567
00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:43,200
Speaker 1: that some cave art in in a cave in Spain

568
00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:47,440
Speaker 1: was created sixty four thousand years ago, a full twenty

569
00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:51,760
Speaker 1: thousand plus years before Homo sapiens showed up in the area,

570
00:34:52,120 --> 00:34:54,880
Speaker 1: which means that it had to have been Neanderthals that

571
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:58,959
Speaker 1: created this cave art. Do you know what the Brewers said?

572
00:34:59,120 --> 00:35:02,600
Speaker 1: What that's not really art? What swear to god, are

573
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,600
Speaker 1: you serious? He's like some hand stencils and some dots

574
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,160
Speaker 1: on the wall. That doesn't count. That's the first art,

575
00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:11,879
Speaker 1: yea tracing their hand to make a turkey. They are

576
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:14,719
Speaker 1: really holding on for dear life. But it's it's some

577
00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:17,799
Speaker 1: people are really swimming against this current, like they do

578
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:22,200
Speaker 1: not want the idea that humans are not uniquely um

579
00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:26,960
Speaker 1: uh special. I guess in that sense that people have

580
00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:31,120
Speaker 1: been thinking that it was humans and Homo sapiens that

581
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:34,680
Speaker 1: have the ability to create art and think symbolically. Um.

582
00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:36,479
Speaker 1: And it's starting to look like that's not the case.

583
00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:40,279
Speaker 1: Not only that that not it's not just humans, and

584
00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:43,440
Speaker 1: that maybe Neanderstals did too, But that's possible that this

585
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:46,480
Speaker 1: kind of stuff evolved even further back, and that Heidelberg

586
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,080
Speaker 1: INSTIs are less common ancestor running around seven thousand years

587
00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:53,359
Speaker 1: ago may have created art and may have been doing

588
00:35:53,400 --> 00:35:58,279
Speaker 1: all this other stuff too that makes us uniquely human. Well. Um.

589
00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:03,239
Speaker 1: Another one is music. They have found bones from cave

590
00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:07,080
Speaker 1: bears in Southeast Europe that had these holes and they're like, hey,

591
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,120
Speaker 1: looks like a flute to me, And he's like a flute.

592
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:16,160
Speaker 1: It sounds like a flute. Um. So it's Jethro Tull. Uh.

593
00:36:16,239 --> 00:36:19,120
Speaker 1: That's so. I'm so glad that they added flute to

594
00:36:19,239 --> 00:36:25,000
Speaker 1: their outfit. Not many groups Marshall Tucker band had the flute.

595
00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:27,560
Speaker 1: And here's a little something for you. I mean I

596
00:36:27,640 --> 00:36:30,000
Speaker 1: told the story, but I was in our little local

597
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,319
Speaker 1: market getting some food about two years ago, remember that,

598
00:36:33,920 --> 00:36:36,400
Speaker 1: and there was a guy in a band, clearly and

599
00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:39,120
Speaker 1: he was like a play flute for Marshall Tucker. It's like,

600
00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:42,160
Speaker 1: are you kidding? No, I'm not sorry, Like you're one

601
00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,440
Speaker 1: of the two most famous flutists in rock music. But

602
00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:48,040
Speaker 1: it wasn't. The original guy I found out still plays

603
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:51,120
Speaker 1: flute from Marshall Tuck agreed. Just because he didn't write

604
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:53,880
Speaker 1: those flute parts doesn't make him any less of a flutist.

605
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:59,120
Speaker 1: He could still play. Yeah. So uh, anyway, they the

606
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,080
Speaker 1: naysayer with the flute or just like, oh no, man,

607
00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:07,080
Speaker 1: those are just they were bones chomped on by hyena teeth. Yeah,

608
00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:11,480
Speaker 1: the the flute holes, the finger holes are teeth teeth marks. Yeah,

609
00:37:11,719 --> 00:37:14,480
Speaker 1: and sure you can play aqualong on it, but that's

610
00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:19,560
Speaker 1: just because the hyenas in their teeth marks. Right. Um,

611
00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:24,319
Speaker 1: there's a there's also really good evidence, cumulative evidence. There's

612
00:37:24,360 --> 00:37:27,720
Speaker 1: one other thing about the cave art that we didn't say, sculpture.

613
00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:30,640
Speaker 1: Uh well, that was one thing that they found what

614
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:35,520
Speaker 1: looks to be stalactite, like purposeful arrangements of stalactites in

615
00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:40,000
Speaker 1: a cave. That's from a hundred and seventy six thou right, Um,

616
00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:45,400
Speaker 1: But no, there are other similar cave art paintings in

617
00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:49,239
Speaker 1: Spanish caves um are in different places. So they think

618
00:37:49,239 --> 00:37:52,400
Speaker 1: it was an actual part of Neandertal culture. There wasn't

619
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:56,560
Speaker 1: one particularly imaginative Neanderthal who happened to leave it behind. Yes,

620
00:37:56,600 --> 00:38:01,640
Speaker 1: and it even said this is art love tuk tuk right,

621
00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:09,359
Speaker 1: find me on insta at took took oh if only? Um? So.

622
00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:11,440
Speaker 1: The the other thing that there's a lot of a

623
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:16,480
Speaker 1: mass evidence for is that Neanderthals appeared to have buried

624
00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:20,080
Speaker 1: they're dead. This is pretty cool. This is enormous because Okay,

625
00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:22,920
Speaker 1: not only can they think symbolically and like art and

626
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,680
Speaker 1: creating representations of things that may or may not exist,

627
00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:30,759
Speaker 1: they can they're thinking about something coming after this. You

628
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:36,919
Speaker 1: don't just bury a corpse for many reasons other than

629
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:40,440
Speaker 1: um spiritual reasons. I mean, you can to keep like

630
00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:43,560
Speaker 1: you know, the wolves away because you're going to camp

631
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,040
Speaker 1: near the corpse. But if you're a hunter gather, you

632
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:49,120
Speaker 1: just move camp and you can leave the person laying

633
00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:52,120
Speaker 1: out there in the bush by for the wolves to take.

634
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:55,400
Speaker 1: It doesn't matter because there's no afterlife. If you bury somebody,

635
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:58,319
Speaker 1: it indicates you're thinking about something beyond this life, and

636
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:00,799
Speaker 1: that is definitely higher level thing. King. Yeah, and when

637
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:02,719
Speaker 1: we say Barry, we don't mean they just found this

638
00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:05,440
Speaker 1: body like on the floor of a deep cave, like

639
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:08,399
Speaker 1: they dug a hole and placed a body in their

640
00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:12,080
Speaker 1: positioned them in a specific way they found Yeah, different

641
00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:15,719
Speaker 1: like grave sites basically like cemeteries of bodies buried in

642
00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:19,640
Speaker 1: the same manner. And they even found in Northern Iraq

643
00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:25,600
Speaker 1: pollen flower pollen, which clearly suggests that they buried them

644
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:30,359
Speaker 1: with flowers. They definitely seems to that's like, that's a funerary, right,

645
00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:32,680
Speaker 1: unless it was just an accident and they just dropped

646
00:39:32,719 --> 00:39:34,560
Speaker 1: a bunch of flowers on the way up, which I mean,

647
00:39:34,560 --> 00:39:37,960
Speaker 1: it's possible, but it seems unlikely. I don't know if

648
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:40,839
Speaker 1: I'm being naive, but I really want to believe this. Yeah, well,

649
00:39:40,880 --> 00:39:44,760
Speaker 1: it's nice, it's refreshing to think about. You know, humans

650
00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:47,359
Speaker 1: don't have to have for sapiens don't have to have

651
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:50,800
Speaker 1: the market corner. We can share the humanity. Yeah, here's

652
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:55,920
Speaker 1: another one. Um, if they were just brutes who you know,

653
00:39:56,360 --> 00:40:00,400
Speaker 1: who didn't have any capacity to understand things take care

654
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:04,239
Speaker 1: of one another. They found individuals and one in particular

655
00:40:05,360 --> 00:40:09,479
Speaker 1: that was deaf, likely visually impaired because of a blow

656
00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:12,840
Speaker 1: to the head from as a ute, probably from a sapien,

657
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:17,680
Speaker 1: maybe was missing his right hand, and then suffered a

658
00:40:17,719 --> 00:40:21,680
Speaker 1: disease that reduced his mobility. And they found this person

659
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:25,240
Speaker 1: lived into his forties, maybe up to fifty. Yeah, which

660
00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,319
Speaker 1: there's no way this person would have survived without a

661
00:40:28,360 --> 00:40:32,040
Speaker 1: community of people taking care of and making sure that

662
00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:35,080
Speaker 1: this person survived and ate and got around and moved

663
00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:37,520
Speaker 1: along with them. Yeah, because they cared for one another

664
00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:40,040
Speaker 1: and tried to heal one another. Right, Yeah, they took

665
00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:43,480
Speaker 1: care of their sick. They're injured, they're they're disabled, they're ill.

666
00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:47,480
Speaker 1: Um they like, they took they shared resources with them.

667
00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:51,080
Speaker 1: People who couldn't necessarily contribute still got stuff from the

668
00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:54,919
Speaker 1: from the community, which suggests this as tight knit social

669
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,040
Speaker 1: group that cared for one another. And then what about language?

670
00:40:58,120 --> 00:41:01,239
Speaker 1: So this one just knocked my socks off. There are

671
00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:07,399
Speaker 1: these Dutch researchers who wrote a paper that argued that, um,

672
00:41:07,560 --> 00:41:12,799
Speaker 1: Neanderthals almost certainly spoke a nuanced language that we would

673
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:17,839
Speaker 1: recognize as a modern language. UM. And that not only

674
00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:22,480
Speaker 1: did Neanderthals speak this speak their own language, probably Heidelbergensis

675
00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:26,360
Speaker 1: and maybe even further back in our archaic family line

676
00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:30,560
Speaker 1: spoke language too, And that if that's true. If that's

677
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:35,000
Speaker 1: the case, Neanderthals had their own language, and human humans

678
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:39,520
Speaker 1: absorbed Neanderthal's both culturally and genetically, it's entirely possible that

679
00:41:39,560 --> 00:41:43,880
Speaker 1: there are traces of Neanderthal language that still appear in

680
00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:47,440
Speaker 1: our languages that are spoken around the world today unbeknownst

681
00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:50,400
Speaker 1: to us. Man, if they could find out those words,

682
00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:53,480
Speaker 1: isn't that amazing? Yeah, it's pretty cool. I love that.

683
00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:57,600
Speaker 1: I like all this. I love you Neanderthals, love you

684
00:41:57,680 --> 00:42:01,120
Speaker 1: Sapien Tuck and uh, I think I used to just

685
00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:04,960
Speaker 1: throw tuk Took around in various ways, but then you

686
00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:07,960
Speaker 1: developed a taste for watching him make luck. That's right.

687
00:42:08,360 --> 00:42:11,120
Speaker 1: But let me just from this point forward, took Took

688
00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:17,439
Speaker 1: is clearly uh deep No, clearly Neanderthal. Oh I think

689
00:42:17,480 --> 00:42:19,880
Speaker 1: I kind of just threw Took Took's name around as

690
00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:22,839
Speaker 1: any kind of early man. Yeah, he could have been

691
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:25,719
Speaker 1: Captain Caveman. He could have been the Geigo Caveman. But

692
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:28,440
Speaker 1: he could be William for all I know. You know,

693
00:42:28,520 --> 00:42:31,120
Speaker 1: I thought about I thought about it. The so Tuk

694
00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:35,440
Speaker 1: Took is officially Neanderthal, yes, okay, Um, the Geico Caveman

695
00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:41,640
Speaker 1: is actually a really good for the struggle between the

696
00:42:41,680 --> 00:42:45,359
Speaker 1: interpretation of Neanderthals today, Like everybody's like it's so easy

697
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,520
Speaker 1: a caveman could do it, and this guy is playing

698
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:51,080
Speaker 1: like squash and driving a Porsche. Yeah. Do you remember

699
00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:54,040
Speaker 1: that there their short lived TV show. I remember that

700
00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:56,120
Speaker 1: it existed, but I never saw it. They drove one

701
00:42:56,120 --> 00:42:58,960
Speaker 1: of them drove a Porsche. Yeah, and now a word

702
00:42:58,960 --> 00:43:02,719
Speaker 1: from Geico. Uh okay. Well, if you want to know

703
00:43:02,719 --> 00:43:05,239
Speaker 1: more about Neanderthals, start reading up about it. And there's

704
00:43:05,239 --> 00:43:07,960
Speaker 1: a pretty amazing exhibit funded by one of the Koke

705
00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:10,920
Speaker 1: brothers if I'm not mistaken, at the Smithsonian where you

706
00:43:10,960 --> 00:43:17,600
Speaker 1: can see a real live Neanderthal skeleton. Really pretty beautiful. Um,

707
00:43:17,640 --> 00:43:22,560
Speaker 1: what's their angle right something? Maybe maybe they're trying to

708
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:25,800
Speaker 1: rehabilitate neandertals for some reason to bring him back his

709
00:43:25,960 --> 00:43:29,680
Speaker 1: exploited workers. And since I just said something about the

710
00:43:29,719 --> 00:43:43,960
Speaker 1: Koke Brothers, time for go ahead administrative. Okay, Chuck, as

711
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:52,640
Speaker 1: I said, it's time for administrative. Is this like a

712
00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:55,759
Speaker 1: family guy where you're just gonna do that? All right,

713
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:57,920
Speaker 1: We're gonna start this one off. This is when we

714
00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:01,879
Speaker 1: thank listeners for sending in kindness is to us and

715
00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:07,040
Speaker 1: Michelle from Crown Royal. Oh, yes, once again the booze

716
00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:09,759
Speaker 1: company that just keeps giving I know, they just keep

717
00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:12,440
Speaker 1: us in booze. Thanks a lot for that. And I

718
00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:15,400
Speaker 1: just wrote down more booze. But we'll go ahead and

719
00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:18,319
Speaker 1: plug the Crown Royal rye. What about those, um, those

720
00:44:18,360 --> 00:44:22,520
Speaker 1: glasses they gave us, so they're like these the rocks

721
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:26,320
Speaker 1: classes tumblers. Um, got a good hef to them, nice shape,

722
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:29,640
Speaker 1: size bottom and then yeah in that thick bottom th

723
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:33,120
Speaker 1: h I C C bottom. Um, there is a laser

724
00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:37,960
Speaker 1: etched CROWMB Royal three D logo which is like so classy.

725
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:42,560
Speaker 1: Your pinky can't touch the glasses physically impossible. Yeah, it

726
00:44:42,719 --> 00:44:44,720
Speaker 1: just sticks straight up in the air when you're drinking

727
00:44:44,719 --> 00:44:47,719
Speaker 1: out of these glass Oh, A lot of research went

728
00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:50,160
Speaker 1: into that design, you know, to make sure that pinky

729
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:54,880
Speaker 1: was nowhere near the box. Um. Aaron Clark, Speaking of pinkies,

730
00:44:55,200 --> 00:44:58,799
Speaker 1: Aaron Clark sent us a Twinkie the kids statue. Thanks Aaron,

731
00:44:59,160 --> 00:45:05,680
Speaker 1: that's right. Um. Monica and kam A in Fukushima, Japan

732
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:09,000
Speaker 1: said it's a nice, very nice handwritten letter and some

733
00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:13,520
Speaker 1: fuku stuff pin stickers, calendars, magazine where uh it's I

734
00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:15,040
Speaker 1: got at the desk. I didn't share that with you

735
00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:20,040
Speaker 1: and they said, uh, things are much better now good.

736
00:45:20,080 --> 00:45:25,279
Speaker 1: That's cryptic, but yes, I'm glad. Um so we haven't

737
00:45:25,320 --> 00:45:27,040
Speaker 1: done this in a little while. I want to say

738
00:45:27,120 --> 00:45:30,239
Speaker 1: thank you very much for the Christmas cards from Heather

739
00:45:30,360 --> 00:45:34,440
Speaker 1: k and Sri Lanka and one from Renee and Eric Chester.

740
00:45:35,280 --> 00:45:37,799
Speaker 1: It's very kind of you, guys. Here's one maybe the

741
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,720
Speaker 1: weirdest thing we've ever gotten, but one of the most awesome.

742
00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:46,399
Speaker 1: Scott Borderlan remember our Wendy's Chili Finger episode. He sent

743
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:52,239
Speaker 1: us Wendy's Chili from that Wendy's Wow, I think you're

744
00:45:52,239 --> 00:45:55,080
Speaker 1: out of town. Yeah, it obviously was no good by

745
00:45:55,080 --> 00:45:57,520
Speaker 1: the time it got to me even and he was like,

746
00:45:57,560 --> 00:45:59,399
Speaker 1: I know, this is not I'm not expecting you to eat.

747
00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:01,640
Speaker 1: This would eat. But he taped it up and he

748
00:46:01,680 --> 00:46:04,440
Speaker 1: was like, this is chili from that very Wendy's. That's amazing.

749
00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:08,319
Speaker 1: He just thought it would be kind of fun. You

750
00:46:08,400 --> 00:46:11,319
Speaker 1: may be right, that may be the weirdest thing Withishiyah,

751
00:46:11,719 --> 00:46:15,760
Speaker 1: but not even freeze dried. And then there's Brooke Bergen.

752
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:18,680
Speaker 1: Send a T shirt and stickers of his work and

753
00:46:18,719 --> 00:46:21,400
Speaker 1: you can check out its very very awesome work. I

754
00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:24,799
Speaker 1: believe his it could be a girl um and you

755
00:46:24,840 --> 00:46:29,400
Speaker 1: can check out they're awesome work at Brooks Bergen b

756
00:46:29,680 --> 00:46:31,719
Speaker 1: r O O K S b U r G A

757
00:46:31,880 --> 00:46:35,160
Speaker 1: and dot com. That's right. That raises a point. If

758
00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:38,640
Speaker 1: you want to send us the pronoun you identify with,

759
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:41,560
Speaker 1: we are more than happy to abide by that. Claire

760
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:47,560
Speaker 1: Sanchez and his skincakes, Oh yeah, very simple, delicious. Teresa

761
00:46:47,719 --> 00:46:54,400
Speaker 1: sent us really awesome quilted hand quilted postcards. That's yeah, beautiful. Again,

762
00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:56,280
Speaker 1: we haven't done this in a while. Sorry for everybody

763
00:46:56,320 --> 00:46:58,760
Speaker 1: who's been sitting around waiting having to listen to every

764
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:02,000
Speaker 1: episode just on the off chance that administrative details is on.

765
00:47:02,520 --> 00:47:05,400
Speaker 1: So everyone, Jerry just stopped us right in the middle

766
00:47:05,560 --> 00:47:08,719
Speaker 1: and said I have one. We always go on and

767
00:47:08,719 --> 00:47:12,960
Speaker 1: on about Jerry and her miso. Uh, big ups to

768
00:47:13,040 --> 00:47:18,000
Speaker 1: Adam Brenton in Japan sent Jerry so miso, how about

769
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:20,720
Speaker 1: that way to go, Adam. Jerry got her own gift

770
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,960
Speaker 1: after eleven years, after all this time, our very own

771
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:27,080
Speaker 1: gift and meaning we didn't also get me so and

772
00:47:27,120 --> 00:47:29,239
Speaker 1: we even asked him she's hoarding it? Yeah, because we

773
00:47:29,280 --> 00:47:32,120
Speaker 1: share with Jerry. She didn't didn't go both ways. We

774
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:36,000
Speaker 1: tried to. Yeah. Uh, so let's see Joanna send us

775
00:47:36,040 --> 00:47:39,880
Speaker 1: delicious beer chocolates. Remember those? Um she brought him to

776
00:47:39,920 --> 00:47:44,360
Speaker 1: our Portland's show I believe, Yeah, yeah, and they were awesome.

777
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:46,959
Speaker 1: So thanks a lot, Tina, you don't remember him because

778
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:50,480
Speaker 1: they were beer chocolates. Tammy and Justin send us miniature

779
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:53,880
Speaker 1: clay figures handpainted, which is very very sweet, along with

780
00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:57,160
Speaker 1: a very nice letter. We got a postcard from Vienna,

781
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:00,600
Speaker 1: probably not Voyanna Georgia. I think it was v Austria,

782
00:48:00,760 --> 00:48:04,440
Speaker 1: like the real one from Pauline. Thanks a lot, Pauline,

783
00:48:04,840 --> 00:48:07,960
Speaker 1: Michelle and Nevin of Smithtown, New York. Sin us wedding

784
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:12,600
Speaker 1: imitation um, happy marriage, guys, mozl tov uh and then

785
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:15,600
Speaker 1: we gotta thank you note from Mitch m I C H.

786
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:18,080
Speaker 1: But it rhymes with rich, So thank you for the

787
00:48:18,120 --> 00:48:22,080
Speaker 1: thank you note. Mitch Lowell Hutchinson sent us some uh oh,

788
00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:25,880
Speaker 1: these are wonderful. There some hand lathed pins. Remember Lowells

789
00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:29,839
Speaker 1: the one who sponsored are She's one of our elephant sponsors. Yeah, yeah,

790
00:48:29,920 --> 00:48:34,840
Speaker 1: hand painted wood lathed pins. Yeah, man, very very beautiful.

791
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:36,920
Speaker 1: And on that note, we actually got a lot of pins,

792
00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:38,879
Speaker 1: and I don't think I wrote all of them down

793
00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:41,719
Speaker 1: because we did our episode on pens and people felt

794
00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:44,600
Speaker 1: compelled to send us their favorite pen and spread the

795
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:48,879
Speaker 1: pen love. So if we forgot your pen, big apologies.

796
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:52,839
Speaker 1: Yeah for real, that was very nice. And by the way,

797
00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:57,080
Speaker 1: also again um, you can check out Lowell's turned wood

798
00:48:57,120 --> 00:49:00,560
Speaker 1: creations and by the way, she donates of all sales

799
00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:03,200
Speaker 1: to the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust too, So go to

800
00:49:04,120 --> 00:49:07,319
Speaker 1: at c dot com slash shop slash l O W

801
00:49:07,520 --> 00:49:10,120
Speaker 1: E L L h U T C H D E

802
00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:14,360
Speaker 1: S I G N S wonderful Joe gather Coles and

803
00:49:14,440 --> 00:49:16,880
Speaker 1: his T shirts and c d s from his horror

804
00:49:16,920 --> 00:49:21,440
Speaker 1: punk band Headstone Horrors. It's a great name. Yeah. Uh

805
00:49:21,480 --> 00:49:24,680
Speaker 1: And then let's see I've only got I got three more. Okay,

806
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:27,120
Speaker 1: I've got a book from Nick Kemper. Thanks a lot

807
00:49:27,160 --> 00:49:29,759
Speaker 1: for the book. Nick. That is beautiful of you. Mike

808
00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:32,359
Speaker 1: n s. And it's a box of coffee crisps and

809
00:49:32,560 --> 00:49:35,400
Speaker 1: they are delicious and they are long gone. Yeah, I

810
00:49:35,400 --> 00:49:38,399
Speaker 1: can attest they are very yummy. Thanks Mike. And then uh,

811
00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:41,680
Speaker 1: we got a an amazing illustration of us with a

812
00:49:41,719 --> 00:49:45,160
Speaker 1: peacock by Cali. Thanks for that. It's a great one.

813
00:49:45,560 --> 00:49:48,279
Speaker 1: All right. I got two more um adam Resus and

814
00:49:48,480 --> 00:49:53,040
Speaker 1: s Megalodon teeth. Yes for pretty awesome. Yeah, they are

815
00:49:53,360 --> 00:49:57,080
Speaker 1: in large as you would expect. You got another one.

816
00:49:57,239 --> 00:49:59,800
Speaker 1: I'm done, all right, my last one. Then, Kathy Hutton

817
00:50:00,120 --> 00:50:02,680
Speaker 1: send us some dog collars. She works for a nonprofit

818
00:50:03,160 --> 00:50:07,320
Speaker 1: spay and neuter clinic in Washington State. Curly Tailed Hawk

819
00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:09,960
Speaker 1: is who makes these collars, and they donate a dollar

820
00:50:10,120 --> 00:50:12,600
Speaker 1: from every collar that you can just go to Curly

821
00:50:12,640 --> 00:50:15,560
Speaker 1: Tailed Hawk dot com and get your dog a new

822
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,560
Speaker 1: collar already, and some of that money will go to

823
00:50:19,440 --> 00:50:22,799
Speaker 1: the spay and neuter clinic, which is great. There you go, Well,

824
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:25,239
Speaker 1: thank you everybody. If you want to get in touch

825
00:50:25,280 --> 00:50:26,719
Speaker 1: with us, you don't have to send us anything. You

826
00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:29,040
Speaker 1: can just say hi. Go on to our social networks

827
00:50:29,040 --> 00:50:30,600
Speaker 1: and you can find all the links at stuff you

828
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:32,759
Speaker 1: Should Know dot com. You can also send us an

829
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:39,000
Speaker 1: email to stuff podcast at i heart radio dot com.

830
00:50:39,080 --> 00:50:41,400
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeart Radio.

831
00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:45,040
Speaker 1: For more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app,

832
00:50:45,239 --> 00:50:48,160
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.