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Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm

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Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology

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Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology, and I really love birds. I just

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Speaker 1: can't get enough of them. Dang birds. Today on the

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Speaker 1: show Winter is Coming, Remember that from the Dragons show. Well,

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Speaker 1: we won't be talking about the Dragon show, but we

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Speaker 1: will be talking about how animals prepare for the winter,

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Speaker 1: from hibernation to magical wardrobe changes to cryogenic freezing. Discover

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Speaker 1: this more as we answer the angel question, when, if ever,

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Speaker 1: is the right time to breathe through your butt? What

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Speaker 1: is hibernation? How do you distinguish hibernation from a really,

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Speaker 1: really long nap. While there are definitely some distinctive features

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Speaker 1: of hibernation, like many behaviors and evolutionary biology, it's hard

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Speaker 1: to get away with one easy definition. But one thing's

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Speaker 1: for sure. Hibernation isn't just an extreme nap. It's more

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Speaker 1: akin to stasis, like something you'd come up within a

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Speaker 1: science fiction setting. There are many ways that animals cope

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Speaker 1: with the winter, and we'll discuss some of the wildest

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Speaker 1: winter adaptations. So let's start with this most famous method

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Speaker 1: and reveal the weird and sci fi details beyond our

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Speaker 1: childhood image of a really sleepy bear in to nightcap.

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Speaker 1: Joining me today to prepare for winter as comedian, writer

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Speaker 1: and co host of The Bechdel Cast. Caitlin Durante. Hello,

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Speaker 1: I'm also a sleepy bear. We're here in our pijamas.

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Speaker 1: I'll talked in you know, old timey bed, very very cozy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so listen to this when you're driving and just let

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Speaker 1: yourself drift off. Yes, very safe. How much do you

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Speaker 1: know about hibernation? You know what? Not a ton? Um my.

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Speaker 1: My personal favorite bear is, of course Paddington. And do

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Speaker 1: not believe that Paddington hibernates uh in uh any of

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Speaker 1: the movies, right, I don't remember him ever doing that

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Speaker 1: or in the books and the novels the series. Perhaps

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Speaker 1: Peruvian bears do not hibernate. Well, they wouldn't need to

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Speaker 1: write for the winter, makes sense because a tropical issue environment. Yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: so um. Yeah, there hasn't been a lot of hibernation

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Speaker 1: visibility on screen, at least that I've seen. And that

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Speaker 1: and I only ever learned things if I see them

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Speaker 1: in movies, right, And and that's that's with the Bechdel

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Speaker 1: cast you guys talk about movies and sort of from

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Speaker 1: a from the perspective of like, hey, are there women

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Speaker 1: in movies? Yeah? We should we should find Usually not, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: sometimes you know, it's just like what was we forgot

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Speaker 1: to put women in here? And then you put them

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Speaker 1: in and then they've just spent the whole time talking

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Speaker 1: about boys. Yeah. I think that hibernation is one of

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Speaker 1: those things that we learn about briefly in school and

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Speaker 1: it's just like, oh, bear school to sleep for the winter,

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Speaker 1: and then there's not much else learn about it. Maybe

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Speaker 1: maybe the education system is better now, like I think

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Speaker 1: that maybe children are smarter than we ever used to be.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, let's get into some of the details about

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Speaker 1: it that I think are really bizarre. And it's one

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Speaker 1: of these things that everybody kind of knows about hibernation,

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Speaker 1: but when you actually look at the the scientific facts

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Speaker 1: behind it, it gets a lot weirder than you expect. So,

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Speaker 1: hibernation occurs during the winter. In summer, there are there's

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Speaker 1: like a summer form of hibernation called estivation. It occurs

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Speaker 1: in mammals, for reptiles and amphibians, it's called broomation. So

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Speaker 1: it's a similar thing, but it's not called hibernation. Um.

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Speaker 1: The only exception is the common poor will, which is

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Speaker 1: a nocturnal bird species in the family of night jars,

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Speaker 1: and it goes into a state of torpor for weeks

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Speaker 1: or months at a time, and this is I think

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Speaker 1: the only bird species that's known to do this. Of

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Speaker 1: the mammals that do hibernation, bears, squirrel, chipmunks, bats, skunks, hedgehogs,

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Speaker 1: and dwarf and fat tailed lemurs are among them. And

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Speaker 1: dwarf and pat tailed lemurs are actually some of the

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Speaker 1: only primates known to hibernate, and they can go up

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Speaker 1: to ten minutes without breathing when they're hibernating. Yeah. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So this is where we get into some of the

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Speaker 1: things about hibernation that makes it really clear it's not

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Speaker 1: just sleeping, it's not just a nap. So to prepare

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Speaker 1: for hibernation, the body temperature drastically drops and brain activity

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Speaker 1: greatly decreases to a coma like state, and the metabolism

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Speaker 1: slows so that you can basically be in this coma

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Speaker 1: state without dying of starvation, and the heart rate can

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Speaker 1: drop drastically, so a grisly bear's heart goes from about

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Speaker 1: eighty four beats per minute to nineteen beats per minute,

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Speaker 1: which is pretty crazy. And there's the mechanism of how

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Speaker 1: this works is really interesting for a bear. So the

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Speaker 1: heart isn't da imaged, which you would think it would.

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Speaker 1: So like, if a heart beat slows too much in

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Speaker 1: like a human, you're going to really damage the heart,

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Speaker 1: which could be fatal because the blood builds up in

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Speaker 1: the left ventricle and then that can cause the ventricle

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Speaker 1: to expand and become damaged. And yeah, that's no good.

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Speaker 1: You don't you don't want your heart to be like

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Speaker 1: an overly full water balloon essentially, I mean when we

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Speaker 1: learned about I mean, speaking of wintertime, the Grinch, when

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Speaker 1: his heart grows three sizes, he would die. He would die,

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Speaker 1: He would die. That would be very bad. Well unless

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Speaker 1: I don't know what species the Grinch is, but maybe

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Speaker 1: there's something about his heart that I don't I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I think he would most certainly suffer an aortic dissection

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Speaker 1: from that, Like there's not you know, let's let's fix

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Speaker 1: grinch to be accurate, so that the Grinch dies and

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Speaker 1: everyone is sad. So in the bear, Well, maybe the

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Speaker 1: grinch has some special heart. Uh. Theologists like a bear, right,

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Speaker 1: So so the bears left ventricle stiffens, so as the

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Speaker 1: blood pools in it from not beating as much, it

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Speaker 1: doesn't damage the muscle and the heartbeat is significantly weakened

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Speaker 1: so that that stiffer heart muscle won't be damaged by

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Speaker 1: the left h or so Okay, the the left atrium

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Speaker 1: pumps blood into the left ventricle, and so if the

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Speaker 1: left atrium is like really pumping hard blood into a

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Speaker 1: stiff surface of the left atrium, it's like taking a

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Speaker 1: water balloon full of blood and like smashing it against

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Speaker 1: a brick wall. It's kind of like every Thursday. Well

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Speaker 1: it is cathartic, but instead of smashing, if you kind

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Speaker 1: of just like gently press it against the wall and

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Speaker 1: there's like a little opening where the blood can school

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Speaker 1: shout like, then you know you've got a functioning heart,

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Speaker 1: is what I'm saying. So that's impressive. But a chipmunk's

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Speaker 1: heart rate slows from two hundred beats per minute to

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Speaker 1: only about five, which is that decreases wild Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: it really it's it's almost like they're in the state

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Speaker 1: of almost death, like almost it's like one beat for

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Speaker 1: every ten seconds. Yeah, yeah, it's I mean if we

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Speaker 1: if we got anywhere near that, you'd be dead. That

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Speaker 1: it's just you can't survive that kind of slow heartbeat.

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Speaker 1: But it is incredible that they're basic. And like one

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Speaker 1: thing is if you wake up a hibernating animal like

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Speaker 1: a squirrel, the effort, it takes them a long time

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Speaker 1: to wake up. They can't just like instantly awake because

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Speaker 1: their body has to essentially come back to life. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: from this state of Stasi is kind of like that

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Speaker 1: scene in Austin Powers, like he gets frozen and they

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Speaker 1: unfreeze them and then he goes through all of this

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Speaker 1: like you know, hilarious unfreezing process in feminist text Austin Power. Yes, yes,

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Speaker 1: uh you know, and it's really funny because we get

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Speaker 1: to see his But comedy at its highest form, it's

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Speaker 1: it's you have to go to years of comedy school

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Speaker 1: to reach that level. So so the breathing rate also

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Speaker 1: drops dramatically as there's less of a demand for oxygen

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Speaker 1: because your heart rate is so slow. Like I said,

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Speaker 1: it takes a while to wake up from. And in fact,

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Speaker 1: if they're waking prematurely for some reason, that can be

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Speaker 1: really disastrous because that takes so much energy to wake

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Speaker 1: up from the whole point of hibernation or or partially

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Speaker 1: the point is to preserve your your energy stores throughout

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Speaker 1: the winter because the food supply drops, so you're inducing

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Speaker 1: the state of near death where you're not consuming energies

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Speaker 1: so you can survive. And so if you wake up

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Speaker 1: use all this energy to wake up, you're kind of screwed.

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Speaker 1: So it's really important to set your alarm clock like

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Speaker 1: your little any chipmunk alarm clock right. Other ways, it's

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Speaker 1: like when your your battery on your phone, is it

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Speaker 1: like two percent, but you still need to call your

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Speaker 1: lift home. And it's like, what if I call this lift,

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Speaker 1: It's going to make my phone die and then I

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Speaker 1: won't actually be able to take the run. It's just

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Speaker 1: like that, you know what I'm saying. Chipmunks are exactly

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Speaker 1: like that. Yeah, yeah, that's I mean, I couldn't put

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Speaker 1: it more precisely myself. You're welcome. Chimps are lifts. That

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Speaker 1: would be cool though, just like you call it a

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Speaker 1: giant like a giant chipmunk. Yeah, it's like the cat

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Speaker 1: bus thing. Yeah, and then you can just like put

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Speaker 1: all your belongings in his little cheeks. Cute. Why isn't

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Speaker 1: that a thing? Well, because it would probably kill us,

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Speaker 1: I guess. So some scientists are hibernation purists and don't

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Speaker 1: really think bears qualify as true hibernators because their body

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Speaker 1: temperature doesn't drop that much and it's not too hard

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Speaker 1: for the bears to wake up. But you know, it's

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Speaker 1: it's kind of whatever your opinion is if you're in science,

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Speaker 1: different science, Like some people are like, well, you know,

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Speaker 1: it's close enough to hibernation. Hybernation is a spectrum, and

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Speaker 1: we need to respect that. It is actually literally described

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Speaker 1: as a spectrum. So yeah, you're exactly right. So animals

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Speaker 1: who are hibernating don't typically eat, although some do require

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Speaker 1: little food stores, so they'll wake up briefly from hibernation,

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Speaker 1: nibble on their little snack, and then go back into hibernation.

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Speaker 1: They also don't poop or p and they don't produce.

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Speaker 1: They don't produce fecal matter because their whole digestive system

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Speaker 1: is slowed to crawl, if not like shut down entirely.

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Speaker 1: And they do produce uria, which is like the main

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Speaker 1: ingredient in urine, but the body is able to break

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Speaker 1: break it down and recycle it, like bears break down

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Speaker 1: uria into amino acids and recycle it. Yeah, so they're

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Speaker 1: not just like full of p although the pissing the

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Speaker 1: bed right exactly? Uh, you put bears like paw and yeah,

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Speaker 1: no to p or I'm sure we're angry. So how

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Speaker 1: do animals know when to go into hibernation? Is it

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Speaker 1: based on like the like they know it's Academy Awards

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Speaker 1: season coming up, or like, you know what, what's sort

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Speaker 1: of the thing like the well, I mean when Paddington

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Speaker 1: Too didn't get nominated or did get nominated but didn't win,

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Speaker 1: He's like, well, I got to go into hibernation now

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Speaker 1: just to cope with this subs my guest. I mean, yeah,

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Speaker 1: you know that if you don't if weather's not a

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Speaker 1: reason to go into hibernation, trying to cope with an

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Speaker 1: oscar snub surely is. Yeah. So in researchers discovered calendar

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Speaker 1: cells inside animals who undergo physiological changes during winter, such

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Speaker 1: as hibernation, and these cells are located inside a structure

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Speaker 1: within the tour a gland called the pars to barrel us.

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Speaker 1: The cells change what proteins they produce during the year

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Speaker 1: in response to the amount of daylight. Actually, humans have

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Speaker 1: a similar structure as the pars to to barrel it

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Speaker 1: to the pars to barrel us. Yeah, that's that's exactly

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Speaker 1: right to me parts to barrel us, which indicates that

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Speaker 1: we may also have some sort of internal calendar and

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Speaker 1: research even though we don't hibernate obviously yourself, yes, so

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Speaker 1: you're your heart essentially stops and you stop pooping and

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Speaker 1: peeing and yeah every winter. Wow, that's that's pretty marvel

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Speaker 1: or you're not getting enough fiber. I'm just constantly constipated.

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Speaker 1: That's it's you know, just call hibernation. Then it doesn't

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Speaker 1: seem so bad. So there is a potential area of

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Speaker 1: research suggesting that our immunity may change depending on the season,

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Speaker 1: which means like maybe our immune system is giving us

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Speaker 1: more protection based on like when we will most need it,

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Speaker 1: and then that could potentially be regulated by this pars

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Speaker 1: to barrel us got nailed it. So many animals who

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Speaker 1: hibernate will prepare a din and insulate it with fur, dirt, vegetation,

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Speaker 1: other cozy things. Uh, some animals will both bulke up

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Speaker 1: before hibernation, eating massive amounts of food. This is often

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Speaker 1: like large omnivores or carnivores like bears, while others will

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Speaker 1: store food in their dens, meaning they'll wake up occasionally

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Speaker 1: to eat. This is often the tiniest hibernators, like mice

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Speaker 1: and chipmunks, because they're little, tiny bodies can't store enough

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Speaker 1: fat and their metabolism can't slow down enough to keep

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Speaker 1: them alive throughout the entire winter. They need they need

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Speaker 1: their snacks and fact chipmunks will really they'll like steal

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Speaker 1: from each other. They'll fight over food stores. It gets

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Speaker 1: quite quite nasty. There should be a movie about this, yeah,

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Speaker 1: like oh, like a gritty reboot of Alvin and the Chipmunks,

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Speaker 1: like the squeak Wiel where it's just like it's like

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Speaker 1: the Irishman, Yeah, like like I hear you know where

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Speaker 1: my nuts are? You do know? You do know you

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Speaker 1: will have to die, But it's all those squeaky chipmunk

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Speaker 1: voices of like kill. It's like, oh mean caddi Talvin's

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Speaker 1: hid intermid I know. But actually some of the best

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Speaker 1: hibernators are guess what, I bet you won't guess this

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Speaker 1: is where I'm which which species? Yeah, um, oh my goodness,

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Speaker 1: some of the best oh um, raccoons. That's a good guess.

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Speaker 1: But it's wrong because obviously I love to do this,

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Speaker 1: just spring a question on my guest because it makes

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Speaker 1: me feel so smugly superior because I have all the

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Speaker 1: answers written down. So some of the best hibernators are bats,

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Speaker 1: which is surprising, right, So big brown bouts in the

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Speaker 1: wild can hibernate for around sixty days, but in captivity,

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Speaker 1: one of these guys broke the record at three hundred

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Speaker 1: forty four days. That's almost an entire year. That's almost

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Speaker 1: an entire year. It was. This is actually a little sad.

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Speaker 1: It was kept in a refrigerator in a lab environment

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Speaker 1: to see how long it would hibernate, and it eventually

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Speaker 1: died of starvation. Like cool scientists like once he like

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Speaker 1: got to three forty four days, you couldn't just be like,

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Speaker 1: all right, buddy, that's long enough, Like wake up, let's

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Speaker 1: get you some nachos. She's talk. But sometimes it's sometimes

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Speaker 1: a little gruesome. So the for a lot about species.

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Speaker 1: The heart rate can go from a thousand beats per

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Speaker 1: minute when they're actively flying to only about twenty five

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Speaker 1: and some species abouts only need to take a breath

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Speaker 1: every forty five minutes or even up to two hours

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Speaker 1: during hibernation. That's it's they're like almost you wouldn't be able.

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Speaker 1: You would think here's a dead bat, but it's not.

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Speaker 1: The North American red bat can lower its body temperature

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Speaker 1: to freezing point and can even survive its body tissues

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Speaker 1: freezing due in part to its thick fur, extremely a

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Speaker 1: low heart rate, and it's high red blood cell count,

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Speaker 1: which is really crazy. It's I think one of the

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Speaker 1: only mammals I know of that can really just kind

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Speaker 1: of shake off having tissue frozen like that without getting

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Speaker 1: frost bite. Right yeah, I I I certainly can't. If

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Speaker 1: I call it side and it's lower than fifty degrees,

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Speaker 1: forget about it. The first thing that happens to me

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Speaker 1: when it gets cold is my nose just starts running

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Speaker 1: like a faucet, just streams and streams of like fluid

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Speaker 1: and snot. I used to live on the East Coast,

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Speaker 1: and then it would be great. You know, you go

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Speaker 1: out and it's snowing, it's beautiful, and it's like, oh,

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Speaker 1: I got to take a photo of me in the snow,

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Speaker 1: and I turned the camera around him just it just

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Speaker 1: streaming every hole in my face streaming with with fluid. Yeah. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and then like you you like you're because like the

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Speaker 1: wind's like your eyeballs freeze over. Does that happen to

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Speaker 1: anyone else because it did to me? But yeah, I mean, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I cannot withstand anyma of cold. Yeah, they're so good

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Speaker 1: for those bats, Yeah, that they've really I'm just so

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Speaker 1: it's kind of shocking to me that bats. I don't

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Speaker 1: even really you don't think of bats as the traditional

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Speaker 1: winter animal. But they're really good, really good hibernators. So proud,

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Speaker 1: so proud. So why don't humans hibernate? The most obvious

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Speaker 1: reason is that our ancestors didn't originally evolve in the

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Speaker 1: frigid tundra, so primates don't generally need to hibernate. But

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Speaker 1: it's not unheard of for primate to hibernate. Like I

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Speaker 1: mentioned before, one of the only types of primates who

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Speaker 1: truly hibernates our dwarf lemur species in Madagascar. The only

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Speaker 1: other primate known to hibernate is the pygmy slow loris,

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Speaker 1: a tiny primate from Southeast Asia who can interstates of

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Speaker 1: tour poor for up to sixty three hours at a time.

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Speaker 1: But these regions in Madagascar and Southeast Asia only dropped

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Speaker 1: to about forty degrees in the winter, certainly not as

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Speaker 1: cold as the frigid areas where animals generally hibernate. So

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Speaker 1: why do these small primitive primates do it. It's speculated

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Speaker 1: that hibernation for small animals not only protects them from

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Speaker 1: the colder, harsh or climate during the winter, but to

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Speaker 1: stay hidden away from predators who may be seeking to

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Speaker 1: pack on extra calories. This may be another reason why

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Speaker 1: humans don't need a hibernate. While we certainly have needed

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Speaker 1: to fear some predators in our evolutionary history, our line

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Speaker 1: of primates are larger, with more ways to defend ourselves

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Speaker 1: than to bundle up and hide away, and when we

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Speaker 1: started to migrate into colder regions, we already had our big,

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Speaker 1: nerdy human brains to figure out other ways to adapt

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Speaker 1: to the cold. But maybe in the future humans will

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Speaker 1: need a hibernate, like when we start to become space explorers.

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Speaker 1: NASA is teaming up with Professor of Pharmacology and anesthhusiologist

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Speaker 1: doctor Rob Hinning to explore ways to induce hibernation in humans.

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Speaker 1: After all, animals can hibernate without losing too much muscle

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Speaker 1: tone due to how they slow their metabolism down. This

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Speaker 1: would be of great use to space station dwellers who

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Speaker 1: often must compensate for their weightlessness with exercises, which still

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Speaker 1: doesn't make up for their loss in muscle tone and

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Speaker 1: bone mass. So figuring out how to copy the animals

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Speaker 1: technique for hibernating would be great for astronauts. Or hear

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Speaker 1: me out alternative idea, Bears in Space. Bears in Space.

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Speaker 1: When we return, we'll check out some Arctic adapters who

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Speaker 1: go through a spectacular wardrobe change that's even more dazzling

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Speaker 1: than those ugly holiday sweaters. I love home cooked meals,

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Speaker 1: but what I don't really loves grocery shopping. I swear

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Speaker 1: these grocery stores are designed like Labyrinth with Hello Fresh.

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Speaker 1: It makes cooking easy, simple and delicious. They have prepacked ingredients,

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Speaker 1: pre measured spices and seasonings, every thing you need to

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Speaker 1: get a wow worthy dinner on the table in just

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Speaker 1: about thirty minutes. Now, I didn't think I was the

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Speaker 1: type of person who could just like make risotto, But

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Speaker 1: with Hello Fresh, I was able to make steel head

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Speaker 1: trout over basil parm risotto using their easy instructions and

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Speaker 1: pre measured ingredients. One of the things that's great about

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Speaker 1: Hello Fresh is that it helps you break out of ruts. Now,

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Speaker 1: I'm a creature of habit. If I was left to

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Speaker 1: my own devices, I would probably eat toast and hummus

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Speaker 1: every day. But with Hello Fresh, you can get new

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Speaker 1: recipes every week, which makes it easy to learn new

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00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:35,400
Speaker 1: recipes and switch things up, and there's something for everyone.

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Speaker 1: Hello Fresh is also flexible. You can add extra meals

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Speaker 1: to your weekly order add on like garlic bread, Thank you,

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00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,880
Speaker 1: Yes please, garlic bread, and you can easily change your

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Speaker 1: delivery days and skip a week whenever you need. Get

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00:20:47,960 --> 00:20:50,480
Speaker 1: nine free meals with Hello Fresh by going to Hello

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Speaker 1: fresh dot com slash creature nine and using code creature nine.

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00:20:55,119 --> 00:20:59,280
Speaker 1: That's Hello fresh dot Com slash Creature nine and use

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00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:08,000
Speaker 1: code cream each your nine. Imagine it's the dead of

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Speaker 1: winter and you're snugly tucked in a remote cottage that

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Speaker 1: your peepa left you. It's a quaint old home, all

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Speaker 1: snowed in, but You've got hot cocoa and cans of

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Speaker 1: your favorite type of beans, so you're all set for winter.

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Speaker 1: You're in your little fur lined bed, all cozy and comfortable.

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Speaker 1: You think back to your time with the local villagers

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Speaker 1: who warned you to be quiet when you go home

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Speaker 1: to your peepa's old cottage for a terrifying invisible beast

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Speaker 1: roams these snow covered hills and kills anything that dares

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Speaker 1: breathe too loudly. You chuckle to yourself, these villagers are

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Speaker 1: probably bored and have a bit of cabin fever to

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Speaker 1: invent such a ridiculous monster. But as you're drifting off

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Speaker 1: to sleep, you hear a weird sound, a soft crunching,

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Speaker 1: like the snow over your roof is being gently pressed

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Speaker 1: upon Santa's reindeer. Perhaps. Then you hear a muffled sound,

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Speaker 1: as if someone's making snow angels on the roof. You

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Speaker 1: start to get a little nervous and think back to

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Speaker 1: what the villagers said. You hold your breath, trying not

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Speaker 1: to make a sound. You hear a scraping and what

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Speaker 1: sounds like a huge vacuum sucking up snow. Then silence,

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Speaker 1: just the soft pattering of snowfall. It's been several minutes,

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Speaker 1: so finally you exhale. That's when suddenly boom, the whole

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Speaker 1: house shakes, and then again boom boom, until finally crash,

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Speaker 1: a huge face instead of jaws crashes through the ceiling.

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Speaker 1: You've just been the victim of one of the cutest

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Speaker 1: Arctic adapters, the Arctic fox terrifying so for humans, of course,

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Speaker 1: there are no threat. They're about eighteen to long, not

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Speaker 1: including the tail, and about seven to seventeen pounds, so

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Speaker 1: like a little doggie, and like you probably guessed it,

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Speaker 1: lives in the Arctic. They live in burrows and snow tunnels,

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Speaker 1: and they can survive temperatures as low as negative fifty

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Speaker 1: eight degrees fahrenheit. That is pretty chili pretty cold, yep.

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Speaker 1: Their coats change from being tan and brown in the

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Speaker 1: summer to fluffy white in the winter, and the coats

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Speaker 1: help them keep warm and camouflaged, both in terms of

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Speaker 1: hunting and from being hunted because they too have predators,

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Speaker 1: so they're huge. Fluffy tail is used to wrap themselves

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Speaker 1: up like a blanket. Is very cute. They're omnivores and

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Speaker 1: will eat berries and scraps that they find They're very

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Speaker 1: opportunistic because they have to be. They live in such

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Speaker 1: a hostile environment. They'll even store bird eggs in their

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Speaker 1: dens as snacks for later. So food can be very

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Speaker 1: scarce in the tundra, and they will sometimes tail after

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Speaker 1: polar bears and eat their leftovers. And they can travel

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Speaker 1: up to sixty miles a day and search for food,

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Speaker 1: which I don't think I've ever walked even like more

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Speaker 1: than two miles for food. I mean that, Yeah, that

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Speaker 1: is quite a distance our polar bears one of their predators,

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Speaker 1: or they have to have to worry about polar bears.

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Speaker 1: They basically have to worry about anything, even like red

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Speaker 1: foxes will hunt them sometimes. Yeah, they they're you know,

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Speaker 1: not the They're not the big big kid on the block,

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Speaker 1: I would say. But yeah, as long as they give

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Speaker 1: the polar bears their space, and the polar bears like

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Speaker 1: bigger kills, than they'll just eat the scraps, the leftovers.

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Speaker 1: So when winter intensifies and there are no scraps to scavenge,

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Speaker 1: they have to become killers themselves. So they're big. Ears

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Speaker 1: have such sensitive hearing that they can listen for tiny rodents,

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Speaker 1: mainly limmings, deep under the snow and find their exact location.

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Speaker 1: So once a rodent is located, they can dig into

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Speaker 1: the snow. Or even more excitingly, they like to spring

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Speaker 1: up and then dive into the snow. And it's seen videos.

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Speaker 1: It's very cute. You want to look at one right now.

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Speaker 1: It's really funny because they hop right up and then

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Speaker 1: just face plant right into the snow, but then do

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Speaker 1: a little before that, they do a little like toe touch. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're doing a little digging because they found they found

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Speaker 1: their location, and the snow can be really hard and icy,

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Speaker 1: so they're trying to break through down into the burrow.

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Speaker 1: So they do big hop. Oh, that was a good one.

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Speaker 1: If this snow is too soft, they can get kind

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Speaker 1: of stuck and they kick their little legs in the air,

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Speaker 1: and if it's too hard, they'll just like bounce off

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Speaker 1: of it. So they have to get pretty good at

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Speaker 1: determining like where's the best place to dive in otherwise

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Speaker 1: it gets really embarrassing their butts just right in the

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Speaker 1: air and they're flailing around. But when they get it,

421
00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:42,960
Speaker 1: when they get it right, they can snatch a little

422
00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:45,399
Speaker 1: limbing right out of its bed. Also, I had no

423
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:48,560
Speaker 1: idea that lemmings were real things. Until just now, I

424
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,320
Speaker 1: thought they were just that little computer game. Now they're real,

425
00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:54,480
Speaker 1: although they don't all run off of a cliff at

426
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:58,520
Speaker 1: the same time. That's a that's a myth perpetrated by

427
00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:03,440
Speaker 1: the evil documentarian and the street. So yeah, it looks

428
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:07,120
Speaker 1: like ritualistic face planting. It's extremely cute, and they can

429
00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:12,119
Speaker 1: smell limming popsicles two ft under the snow. So what's

430
00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:16,320
Speaker 1: I think is interesting is people usually see the Arctic

431
00:26:16,359 --> 00:26:19,520
Speaker 1: fox when they're completely fluffy in their white winter coat,

432
00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:23,240
Speaker 1: but they don't see them between seasons as much. And

433
00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:25,720
Speaker 1: it's very funny. I don't know what that looks like.

434
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:30,000
Speaker 1: So let me show you. Here's the fox with these

435
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:35,760
Speaker 1: spotty patches of his coat growing in. Looks a little scraggly.

436
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:40,560
Speaker 1: That's still cute, still very very patchy. Yeah, and then

437
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:47,919
Speaker 1: here here he is shedding the coat. Would be like springtime. Yeah,

438
00:26:48,119 --> 00:26:50,920
Speaker 1: this is shot in springtime. It kind of looks like

439
00:26:52,040 --> 00:26:56,600
Speaker 1: what would you say, It looks like, um, oh, good grief.

440
00:26:56,720 --> 00:26:59,640
Speaker 1: Um it does look like good grief. It's it's not fun.

441
00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:03,200
Speaker 1: It's just like I'm trying to think of like what

442
00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:07,840
Speaker 1: like maybe like Jack Nicholson as he's like getting as

443
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:11,159
Speaker 1: he's you know, getting up there in age, think a

444
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:15,360
Speaker 1: bit haggard, and bits are falling off of him sort

445
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,679
Speaker 1: of an in sort of chunks. Yeah, yeah, now I

446
00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:22,000
Speaker 1: see that. I do see that. But still cute in

447
00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:28,560
Speaker 1: some sort of ineffable way. So other animals obviously change

448
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:33,199
Speaker 1: their coats during the winter as well, including snowshoe hairs, stoats,

449
00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:37,520
Speaker 1: peery caribou, and the snowy owl. And uh, one thing

450
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:40,159
Speaker 1: that's interesting is kind of like, how do you think,

451
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,439
Speaker 1: Like how do they do this? Like it seems it

452
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,320
Speaker 1: seems magical that they know every winter just to change

453
00:27:45,359 --> 00:27:49,359
Speaker 1: their coat. So one thing is that the fur itself

454
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:54,200
Speaker 1: isn't changing color like once it's already grown, because base

455
00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:57,320
Speaker 1: hair for like, once it's already grown, it's not that

456
00:27:57,520 --> 00:28:00,600
Speaker 1: part of it is not really alive anymore. So it's

457
00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:04,639
Speaker 1: the hair follicles themselves that are changing at that level,

458
00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:07,480
Speaker 1: so they have to grow a totally new coat. So

459
00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:11,760
Speaker 1: similar to animals that undergo hibernation, they have a body

460
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:16,359
Speaker 1: clock that triggers hormonal changes that causes the change and

461
00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:21,200
Speaker 1: growth of denser white coats from the follicular level and

462
00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:24,560
Speaker 1: so that's why between seasons you see these kind of

463
00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:30,560
Speaker 1: Jack Nicholson esk patchy with the with the weird little

464
00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:33,119
Speaker 1: little tufts of white hair growing in or or and

465
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:35,480
Speaker 1: then like in the springtime, they shed it, so it

466
00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:38,000
Speaker 1: all comes out in these big tufts and I think

467
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,200
Speaker 1: it's to me really cute, just like they look like

468
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,520
Speaker 1: they ran through a chicken coop, but then they got

469
00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:48,760
Speaker 1: sticky and then all covered in feathers. That's a great description.

470
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:53,240
Speaker 1: But there is an animal that also has a coat change.

471
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,440
Speaker 1: I don't think you'd ever guess what it is, and

472
00:28:55,480 --> 00:28:59,520
Speaker 1: the method that it doesn't is really crazy. So blog,

473
00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:04,160
Speaker 1: a whale actually molt their skin every summer, and their

474
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:07,240
Speaker 1: skin over time will become a little more yellow and

475
00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:10,040
Speaker 1: a little more marred. And that's not good for wanting

476
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,960
Speaker 1: to blend in with the ice. Especially in the winter.

477
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,520
Speaker 1: As you know, they're surrounded by these icy um icebergs

478
00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:24,320
Speaker 1: and they actually do molt, and they in order to

479
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,720
Speaker 1: get that old layer of skin to come off, they

480
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:32,680
Speaker 1: have a spa day or multiple spot. Treat yourself, treat yourself,

481
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,600
Speaker 1: self care, but lugas know about self care. I could

482
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,440
Speaker 1: take a lesson from a blue we really all could.

483
00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:43,000
Speaker 1: They're great. We we talked about the amount of previous episode.

484
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,200
Speaker 1: They are one of the only whales who can actually

485
00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:49,520
Speaker 1: swivel their heads freely, which means that they can communicate

486
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:53,240
Speaker 1: by looking at each other and using expressions more than

487
00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:57,560
Speaker 1: other whales. Yeah, so I I just I look because

488
00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:01,240
Speaker 1: now I'm imagining them like kind filing down their back

489
00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:04,000
Speaker 1: and just like throwing their head back and looking really content.

490
00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:07,000
Speaker 1: Which it's like an herbal Essence commercial. Oh my god,

491
00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,720
Speaker 1: that would be so good in an herbal Essence commercial,

492
00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:17,160
Speaker 1: like you know, just like, yeah, tell me about it. Yeah.

493
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:21,040
Speaker 1: So they will rub their bodies on gravel or river

494
00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:25,040
Speaker 1: sand to help exfoliate the outer layer of skin, and

495
00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:28,800
Speaker 1: this reveals that icy white skin underneath that will blend

496
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:33,320
Speaker 1: in better with their surroundings. And yeah, I just I

497
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:37,040
Speaker 1: want to. I would love to join Belugas on a

498
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:40,320
Speaker 1: spawt a. Now I don't my objective wouldn't be to

499
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:44,160
Speaker 1: look more icy white than I already with all my

500
00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: blue veins popping out everywhere, right, I mean it's sounds

501
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:52,160
Speaker 1: just being exfoliated feels nice. You know. I do an

502
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:56,040
Speaker 1: apricot scrub on my face sometimes and then you know,

503
00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:59,840
Speaker 1: you leave the shower feeling refreshed and reach you of

504
00:30:59,880 --> 00:31:04,320
Speaker 1: an Yeah, I get it. There are certain skin exfoliating

505
00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:08,200
Speaker 1: products that advertise that you'll see the like pilled up

506
00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:11,840
Speaker 1: layers of skin to slough off your body, and it's

507
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:14,600
Speaker 1: that's an extreme level. That is a dedication to the

508
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:18,320
Speaker 1: exfoliation that I feel like Blugas would really appreciate. Like

509
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:21,200
Speaker 1: if you can't see your skin kind of coming up

510
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:25,440
Speaker 1: in clumps, like, is it really exfoliation? Yeah, I don't

511
00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:32,120
Speaker 1: see extreme extreme. Yeah. Yeah. I went to a spa

512
00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:35,800
Speaker 1: where they offered that treatment where apparently they just really

513
00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:38,360
Speaker 1: scrub you down until you're raw and like get all

514
00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:40,480
Speaker 1: the dead skin off. And I was like, you know what,

515
00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:43,200
Speaker 1: my dead skin can hang around a little while longer.

516
00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:47,960
Speaker 1: That's okay, okay, you know what, you know what, it'll

517
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:54,920
Speaker 1: leave when it wants to leave. Right throughout human history,

518
00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:57,600
Speaker 1: we've had to figure out how to adapt the coldness

519
00:31:57,640 --> 00:32:01,360
Speaker 1: of winter and in some cases camouflage ourselves against the snow.

520
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:06,280
Speaker 1: But that big white winter blanket presents another problem, snow blindness.

521
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:10,920
Speaker 1: Snow blindness, also known as photocare titus, is damaged to

522
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,600
Speaker 1: the eyes caused by u V rays from the sun,

523
00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:18,160
Speaker 1: sort of like an eyeball sunburn. It's painful and it

524
00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:22,760
Speaker 1: can cause temporary loss and vision. When sunlight reflects off snow,

525
00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:27,080
Speaker 1: eighty percent of UV radiation is reflected back. That's a

526
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:30,480
Speaker 1: nifty reminder to always wear sunscreen and sunglasses even in

527
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:33,960
Speaker 1: the winter. But how did we cope with snowblindness before

528
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:38,080
Speaker 1: we had sunglasses like in prehistoric times? Well, short answer,

529
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:41,960
Speaker 1: we actually did have sunglasses. Prehistoric people who lived in

530
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:46,280
Speaker 1: the Arctic Circle invented snow goggles over four thousand years ago.

531
00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:51,840
Speaker 1: These goggles were carved from bone antlers or walrus ivory. Later,

532
00:32:51,880 --> 00:32:55,280
Speaker 1: they could be carved from driftwood. They were carved to

533
00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:59,320
Speaker 1: fit the wearer's eyes with a thin, long, horizontal slit

534
00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:02,120
Speaker 1: to see out of. This slit allowed the wear to

535
00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:05,400
Speaker 1: see while minimizing the amount of reflected you be light

536
00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:09,040
Speaker 1: from entering the eye. Sometimes a black suit was rubbed

537
00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:12,680
Speaker 1: inside the goggles to cut down on glare. In some ways,

538
00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:16,520
Speaker 1: these goggles remain superior to modern goggles as they don't

539
00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:20,040
Speaker 1: ice over in harsh conditions. That's why these goggles, the

540
00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:23,520
Speaker 1: first ever sunglasses, remained a vital piece of equipment for

541
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:26,840
Speaker 1: people of the Arctic Circle for thousands of years, and

542
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:30,240
Speaker 1: though they weren't necessarily designed to be fashionable, they look

543
00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:33,760
Speaker 1: pretty dang cool too. Speaking of cool, when we return,

544
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:36,480
Speaker 1: we'll talk about how some animals survive being turned into

545
00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:43,240
Speaker 1: living popsicles. Well, the holidays are coming up, and that

546
00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:46,480
Speaker 1: means traveling and travel really stresses me out. But this

547
00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,280
Speaker 1: year I am actually a little less stressed, and that's

548
00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 1: because I haven't away travel suitcase. Away suitcases are thoughtfully

549
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:57,400
Speaker 1: designed to make travel easier and less unpredictable. They have

550
00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:00,120
Speaker 1: an optional built in battery that you can use to

551
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:02,600
Speaker 1: recharge your phone, so you don't have to fight for

552
00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:05,480
Speaker 1: dominance for those positions right next to the outlet by

553
00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:08,759
Speaker 1: inflating your neck pouch and ramming people with your antlers.

554
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:12,880
Speaker 1: Away suitcases make lightweight and durable suitcases. They're made to

555
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,480
Speaker 1: last a lifetime of travel, and with a limited lifetime warranty,

556
00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:19,360
Speaker 1: they'll replace or fix your bag if it ever gets damaged.

557
00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:21,960
Speaker 1: One of the most stressful things about travel for me

558
00:34:22,120 --> 00:34:24,680
Speaker 1: is packing and trying to get everything in the suitcase

559
00:34:24,719 --> 00:34:27,680
Speaker 1: and worrying about it overflowing and not being lit on

560
00:34:27,719 --> 00:34:30,439
Speaker 1: the plane. But with their hard outer shell and an

561
00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,680
Speaker 1: inner built in compression pad. You can pack in more

562
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,640
Speaker 1: and it will always be the same dimensions. It's also

563
00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:40,000
Speaker 1: really easy to move around. It's got four three sixty

564
00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:43,640
Speaker 1: degrees spinner wheels guaranteed for a smooth ride. It's like

565
00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:46,960
Speaker 1: traveling with a rectangular plastic butler who carries all my

566
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,120
Speaker 1: stuff and it charges my phone. It's incredible. For twenty

567
00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:53,440
Speaker 1: dollars off of suitcase, visit away travel dot com. Slash

568
00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:57,480
Speaker 1: creature and use promo code creature during checkout. That's away

569
00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:02,000
Speaker 1: travel dot Com. Slash creature and use promo code creature

570
00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:10,680
Speaker 1: during checkout for twenty dollars off a suitcase. When Jack

571
00:35:10,719 --> 00:35:13,279
Speaker 1: frost nips at your toes, sometimes he bites off a

572
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:17,120
Speaker 1: whole chunk. Frost Bite is damage to the tissues, usually

573
00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:20,560
Speaker 1: on extremities such as fingers, toes, and noses, as a

574
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:25,359
Speaker 1: result of being exposed to extreme low temperatures. While frostbite

575
00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:28,319
Speaker 1: may not seem like a great coping strategy, the fact

576
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:32,040
Speaker 1: that your extremities suffer frostbite first is caused in part

577
00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:34,920
Speaker 1: by your body's last ditch effort to save itself in

578
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:39,239
Speaker 1: freezing temperatures. The blood vessels throughout the body narrow, which

579
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:43,120
Speaker 1: is called vaso constriction. This prevents heat from escaping out

580
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,319
Speaker 1: your extremities, keeping it inside towards the more vital parts

581
00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:50,000
Speaker 1: of your body, such as your brain, guts, and chest. Normally,

582
00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:53,800
Speaker 1: this only results in cold, maybe slightly painful fingers and toes,

583
00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:56,600
Speaker 1: but if you don't warm up soon, the process of

584
00:35:56,680 --> 00:36:01,680
Speaker 1: frostbite will begin. First comes frost imp where the extremities

585
00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:05,600
Speaker 1: start to lose feeling and go unnaturally pale. Blood flow

586
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:07,880
Speaker 1: to the outer parts of your body is reduced to

587
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:10,400
Speaker 1: the point where the tissues will start to become damaged

588
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:13,799
Speaker 1: if not warmed up soon enough. Frost nip can even

589
00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,520
Speaker 1: result in a sunburned like injury due to the surface

590
00:36:16,560 --> 00:36:19,480
Speaker 1: of the skin being frozen off, but this is not

591
00:36:19,560 --> 00:36:22,719
Speaker 1: as concerning as frost bite. If you don't warm your

592
00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:25,840
Speaker 1: fingers and toes and thyme, your tissues will fall below

593
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:29,440
Speaker 1: freezing point and ice crystals start to form in the cells.

594
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:34,120
Speaker 1: Ice crystals, biologically speaking, are taking time bombs for cells,

595
00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:38,040
Speaker 1: either destroying them during the freezing process itself or causing

596
00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:40,759
Speaker 1: the cells to rupture when they start to thaw. This

597
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:43,560
Speaker 1: is why frost bite must be treated carefully and not

598
00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:46,239
Speaker 1: warmed up too fast, or the damage will be even

599
00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:50,040
Speaker 1: more severe. Frost Bite can range in superficial damage and

600
00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:53,040
Speaker 1: blisters to the skin to the loss of entire digits

601
00:36:53,120 --> 00:36:55,759
Speaker 1: or body parts if muscle and other tissues are affected.

602
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:59,759
Speaker 1: Humans aren't really built to endure being frozen, but some

603
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:05,000
Speaker 1: animals cope with being popsicles surprisingly well. So I know

604
00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:07,760
Speaker 1: that we have a lot of hopes that Walt Disney's

605
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:10,560
Speaker 1: frozen head could be brought back to life if you unthought.

606
00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:15,080
Speaker 1: Of course, Walt Disney's head wasn't frozen. Don't see it anyways.

607
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,680
Speaker 1: One of the problems with cryogenics and humans is sure

608
00:37:18,719 --> 00:37:24,160
Speaker 1: you could freeze a body, but unthawing it is really

609
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:27,360
Speaker 1: difficult to do without those ice crystals, just like rupturing

610
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:29,799
Speaker 1: the cells due to the nature that the cells will

611
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,319
Speaker 1: contain liquid and then if the liquid density changes, that

612
00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:37,799
Speaker 1: can just burst open cell um. But you know, we're

613
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:40,240
Speaker 1: not the only animals on Earth, and some animals actually

614
00:37:40,320 --> 00:37:45,279
Speaker 1: manage this fabulously well. So would frogs. We've actually talked

615
00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:48,160
Speaker 1: about on the show in our Eat Prey Diet episode.

616
00:37:48,520 --> 00:37:52,279
Speaker 1: But I think they bear another mention because they can

617
00:37:52,320 --> 00:37:56,120
Speaker 1: remain frozen at zero degrees fahrenheit for up to seven months.

618
00:37:56,880 --> 00:38:00,360
Speaker 1: Uh yeah, they're found all over North America, in including

619
00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:04,160
Speaker 1: in boreal forests. There this little brown frog. They're very

620
00:38:04,239 --> 00:38:06,680
Speaker 1: unassuming looking. They don't look like some kind of science

621
00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:12,360
Speaker 1: fiction Star Wars blue you know, baby Yoda things. Um.

622
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:15,920
Speaker 1: And they go through a process of partially freezing than

623
00:38:16,040 --> 00:38:19,960
Speaker 1: rethawing over and over again until the glucose levels in

624
00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:23,320
Speaker 1: their cells and their cells rise to an abnormal degree.

625
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:27,800
Speaker 1: And glucose, which is also you know, sugars can actually

626
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:30,560
Speaker 1: act as an anti freeze. Now that doesn't mean you

627
00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:32,920
Speaker 1: can like eat a bunch of sugar and then survive

628
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,080
Speaker 1: being frozen. But these frogs, by introducing the high glucose

629
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,080
Speaker 1: levels inside each of their cells, will protect the cells

630
00:38:40,120 --> 00:38:43,960
Speaker 1: from the freezing process, keeping water inside the cells, which

631
00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:48,680
Speaker 1: keeps them alive and in suspended animation. So like the

632
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:53,080
Speaker 1: wood frogs becomes so frozen, they're like literally like a rock.

633
00:38:53,239 --> 00:38:56,520
Speaker 1: You could throw it against a brick wall and they'd shower.

634
00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:00,640
Speaker 1: Something I do every Friday. Yeah you know that Thursdays,

635
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,920
Speaker 1: the blood balloon against the brick wall. Friday is smashing

636
00:39:03,920 --> 00:39:07,400
Speaker 1: frozen frogs against it. I mean it is like we

637
00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:10,799
Speaker 1: all need ways to blow off steam exactly. And if

638
00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:14,640
Speaker 1: blowing off steam means shattering a bunch of frozen wood frogs,

639
00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:17,680
Speaker 1: I mean I'm not going to judge that. I think

640
00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:21,000
Speaker 1: I would, but right, I mean I blow off steam

641
00:39:21,040 --> 00:39:24,239
Speaker 1: by like, you know, making things out of clay, so

642
00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:29,759
Speaker 1: that's much less making pottery. Yeah, you know, smashing frogs.

643
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:34,919
Speaker 1: It's all the same thing, right, It's it's therapeutic self care. Yes,

644
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:39,839
Speaker 1: is what you should do. I want to have a

645
00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:42,160
Speaker 1: spot day with belugas and then we could have great

646
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:47,760
Speaker 1: fun just smashing frozen frogs. It's what is the alternative

647
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:55,200
Speaker 1: rock band smashing Frogs? Right? Yeah? I play the clarinet,

648
00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:57,200
Speaker 1: so I love if you bring any instruments to this.

649
00:39:57,360 --> 00:40:03,920
Speaker 1: I sort of play the ukulele. Bad leading twenty years, right,

650
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:07,160
Speaker 1: I don't remember. I think we have a band. I

651
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:10,240
Speaker 1: think that's a band. That's band. We did it. Yes, Yes,

652
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:14,200
Speaker 1: Smashing Frogs the band we did it. Clarinet and ukulele

653
00:40:14,680 --> 00:40:20,719
Speaker 1: neither very good, but it is band now. So there's

654
00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:25,520
Speaker 1: another contender for the best animal at enduring popsicle nous,

655
00:40:25,960 --> 00:40:30,000
Speaker 1: which is the Siberian salamander. So this is found in

656
00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:34,960
Speaker 1: well Siberia and Northeast Asia in wet woods, so that's

657
00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:38,200
Speaker 1: like wooded areas where you have ponds and such. So

658
00:40:38,440 --> 00:40:42,440
Speaker 1: they can survive being frozen at negative twenty two degrees fahrenheit,

659
00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:46,040
Speaker 1: but for shorter periods of time. So that's a colder

660
00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:49,560
Speaker 1: temperature than the wood frogs, but they can't last quite

661
00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:52,640
Speaker 1: as long. They can last up to forty five days,

662
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:55,479
Speaker 1: but they also have a lower survival rate, so they're

663
00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:59,120
Speaker 1: sort of the more risk takers. So it is the

664
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:01,920
Speaker 1: idea that like ponds that they live in will like

665
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,279
Speaker 1: freeze over and then they'll but they'll survive like within

666
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:09,880
Speaker 1: the frozen frozen in the permafrost. Yeah yeah, so um.

667
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:14,040
Speaker 1: Though there are stories of these salamanders surviving being frozen

668
00:41:14,080 --> 00:41:17,160
Speaker 1: in permafrost for years and waking up like, those haven't

669
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:20,880
Speaker 1: really been confirmed. Uh scientifically, it kind of seems unlikely

670
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:24,640
Speaker 1: given that laboratory research shows they can only survive like

671
00:41:24,840 --> 00:41:29,920
Speaker 1: forty five days in But I guess it's technically possible.

672
00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:34,200
Speaker 1: I just don't I'm pretty doubtful. But like, let's Siberian

673
00:41:34,239 --> 00:41:37,520
Speaker 1: find out, right, Let's put a bunch of Siberian salamanders

674
00:41:37,640 --> 00:41:41,560
Speaker 1: like in the snow and see how they do. And

675
00:41:41,719 --> 00:41:45,080
Speaker 1: sit there for you know, several years, several years. I

676
00:41:45,520 --> 00:41:49,439
Speaker 1: can't wait. I mean, if if we have enough water

677
00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:51,920
Speaker 1: balloons full of blood and enough frozen frogs and our

678
00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:57,000
Speaker 1: blooga friends, then you know we'll be fine. So now

679
00:41:57,160 --> 00:42:00,680
Speaker 1: I want to talk about painted turtles. So these are

680
00:42:00,880 --> 00:42:03,680
Speaker 1: pretty red and yellow streaked turtles that are found in

681
00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:07,400
Speaker 1: North America and they live on land and in freshwater

682
00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:12,920
Speaker 1: aquatic environments. And painted turtles don't hibernate. They brewmate because

683
00:42:12,960 --> 00:42:18,680
Speaker 1: they're reptiles and I am a really pedantic person, so

684
00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:24,279
Speaker 1: they breathe through their asses during winter to survive. This

685
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:28,200
Speaker 1: is my favorite part. When their ponds freeze over, they

686
00:42:28,360 --> 00:42:31,359
Speaker 1: can't rise to the surface to take a breath, which

687
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:34,640
Speaker 1: is seems like a pretty bad problem to have when

688
00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:36,800
Speaker 1: you need to breathe, because you know, they're not fish.

689
00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:40,640
Speaker 1: So since they can't breathe using their lungs, they'll use

690
00:42:40,719 --> 00:42:44,279
Speaker 1: their little butt holes. And actually a turtles butt hole

691
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,560
Speaker 1: is a cloaca, and a cloaca is the all purpose

692
00:42:47,680 --> 00:42:51,759
Speaker 1: butt of reptiles, birds, amphibians, and sharks, and also monotreams

693
00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:55,160
Speaker 1: such as platypus. They all have cloaca. The cloaca is

694
00:42:55,239 --> 00:42:58,719
Speaker 1: the whole that can do everything. So it can it

695
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:04,040
Speaker 1: can excrete, open urine, it can reproduce, it houses the

696
00:43:04,280 --> 00:43:09,160
Speaker 1: reproductive organs, it can lay eggs. It's just it's like

697
00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:16,279
Speaker 1: triple threat and yes for disgusting things that bodies do.

698
00:43:16,719 --> 00:43:20,880
Speaker 1: It's the omnihole omni hoole. Yes. So the blood vessels

699
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:25,839
Speaker 1: around the cloaca are able to extract oxygen from water molecules,

700
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:30,640
Speaker 1: so they engage in chloacal respiration, which is butt breathing,

701
00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:34,239
Speaker 1: and their chloac as sucking oxygen from the water like

702
00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:41,759
Speaker 1: but gills. Incredible, that's my favorite thing so far today. Yes,

703
00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:45,200
Speaker 1: if we could just breathe with our butts a little bit,

704
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:48,600
Speaker 1: you know, swimming would be so much easier because your

705
00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:55,200
Speaker 1: butt is usually submerged. You can extract the oxygen. You know.

706
00:43:55,280 --> 00:43:58,760
Speaker 1: They used to try to save people who were drowning

707
00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:03,080
Speaker 1: victims by throwing smoke in into their butt hole. And

708
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:06,360
Speaker 1: that's like, yes, and it's I mean it's true and

709
00:44:06,440 --> 00:44:11,080
Speaker 1: that it happened. It's not true in that help, but yeah,

710
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:14,080
Speaker 1: so that's where I think that's where the same showing

711
00:44:14,160 --> 00:44:18,080
Speaker 1: smoke up my ass comes from, because yeah, it's like

712
00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:21,200
Speaker 1: it doesn't actually do anything, but it's acting as if

713
00:44:21,239 --> 00:44:25,080
Speaker 1: you're helping. So yeah, and it was thought that this

714
00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:29,120
Speaker 1: would revive someone suffering from drowning. And I guess the

715
00:44:29,239 --> 00:44:31,400
Speaker 1: only way it would work is just the surprise of

716
00:44:31,520 --> 00:44:35,759
Speaker 1: someone blowing smoke up your butt might kind of bring

717
00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:38,640
Speaker 1: you back. But I don't think there was any actual

718
00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:42,680
Speaker 1: How would that even work, Like you put a tube

719
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:45,480
Speaker 1: and they would have like a special butt pipe. I

720
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:47,960
Speaker 1: think that they stuck in the butt and then blow

721
00:44:48,080 --> 00:44:51,439
Speaker 1: smoke up the butt. I don't know why they thought

722
00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:54,920
Speaker 1: that would work. I what era are we talking about here,

723
00:44:55,200 --> 00:45:01,640
Speaker 1: just like to early dred I think at it. Yeah, yeah,

724
00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:04,560
Speaker 1: we don't know anything back then about you know, we

725
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:08,240
Speaker 1: were we thought we could just go into a human

726
00:45:08,280 --> 00:45:11,759
Speaker 1: body and toss things around and see what happened. Those

727
00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:13,640
Speaker 1: were the days of like, yeah, you have like seven

728
00:45:13,680 --> 00:45:16,239
Speaker 1: types of bile in your body and nothing else. Right,

729
00:45:16,760 --> 00:45:19,279
Speaker 1: let's put slugs in your eyes just you know, see

730
00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:21,960
Speaker 1: what happens. I don't know. I don't know. I'm trying.

731
00:45:22,239 --> 00:45:25,960
Speaker 1: I am a I'm a medical doctor in seventeen fifty,

732
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:30,960
Speaker 1: and I don't know. No one knows. Let's let's breathe

733
00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:35,360
Speaker 1: through our butts and just smash some frozen frogs and

734
00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:39,440
Speaker 1: maybe that'll cure your consumption. I don't know. I am

735
00:45:39,560 --> 00:45:44,960
Speaker 1: trying my best. My name is Hironymous Jay fits Welling,

736
00:45:45,120 --> 00:45:49,080
Speaker 1: and I am trying my best. Good name. Thank you.

737
00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:54,080
Speaker 1: Now I want to talk about something pretty cute. And

738
00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:56,880
Speaker 1: it is so like if you don't have the special

739
00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:59,719
Speaker 1: trick of breathing through your butt or being able to

740
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:03,400
Speaker 1: be be frozen solid, what do you do and how

741
00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:05,600
Speaker 1: do you evolve in a short period of time to

742
00:46:06,040 --> 00:46:09,640
Speaker 1: survive just freezing cold temperatures? So I want to talk

743
00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:16,239
Speaker 1: about wild Yakut horses. They are found in Yakushia in Siberia,

744
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:20,680
Speaker 1: and they can survive temperatures as low as ninety negative

745
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:26,000
Speaker 1: ninety four degrees fahrenheit. Wow, which is fairly cold. I

746
00:46:26,040 --> 00:46:29,960
Speaker 1: would say, so little a little chili. So these are

747
00:46:30,640 --> 00:46:35,640
Speaker 1: horses that are thirteen hands. Now, I'm not a horse girl.

748
00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:39,120
Speaker 1: I don't know what hands are or what that means,

749
00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:42,880
Speaker 1: like if they have thirteen hands, what's going on? So

750
00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:46,400
Speaker 1: I looked it up. Apparently a hand is four inches

751
00:46:47,360 --> 00:46:51,480
Speaker 1: and the you measure it at the horses highest point

752
00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:55,600
Speaker 1: of the withers. Oh, the horse with horse withers of course, Now,

753
00:46:55,760 --> 00:46:58,640
Speaker 1: I didn't know what withers were, so I looked that

754
00:46:58,840 --> 00:47:02,520
Speaker 1: up to and apparently the withers is the ridge between

755
00:47:02,560 --> 00:47:06,080
Speaker 1: the shoulder blades of the horse. So you put your

756
00:47:06,160 --> 00:47:10,000
Speaker 1: hands on the withers, you have to have four inch hands.

757
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:15,080
Speaker 1: I guess you put your hands are exactly four inches.

758
00:47:15,200 --> 00:47:18,600
Speaker 1: I he'd be great at measuring horses. The new Career

759
00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:24,800
Speaker 1: ad wanted someone with exactly four inch hands to measure horses.

760
00:47:26,360 --> 00:47:29,680
Speaker 1: So I guess that's like at it is four ft

761
00:47:29,760 --> 00:47:32,480
Speaker 1: tall at the highest point between the shoulders. Is what

762
00:47:33,080 --> 00:47:36,440
Speaker 1: hands means? You know? Come over here, horse people, I

763
00:47:36,480 --> 00:47:38,200
Speaker 1: just want to talk to you for a second. Why

764
00:47:39,160 --> 00:47:43,560
Speaker 1: why why? Yeah? Because I think hands are only ever

765
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,200
Speaker 1: used to measure specifically horses. I don't think any other

766
00:47:47,719 --> 00:47:50,400
Speaker 1: and I mean slide into my mention. I might be

767
00:47:50,480 --> 00:47:53,360
Speaker 1: wrong about this, but do horses not like a tape measure?

768
00:47:53,480 --> 00:47:55,279
Speaker 1: Do they get real? Do they get angry at a

769
00:47:55,320 --> 00:47:58,640
Speaker 1: tape measure? Is this why hands are necessary? Desperate for

770
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:02,320
Speaker 1: human contact? See, they just they don't it's too informal.

771
00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:06,560
Speaker 1: They want the laying of the hands. They want exactly.

772
00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:12,480
Speaker 1: Most important fact about these YaHoot horses is that they

773
00:48:12,560 --> 00:48:16,680
Speaker 1: are super super super duper fluffy. They are so fluffy.

774
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:22,040
Speaker 1: They are the fluffiest horses you. Well, good news, you

775
00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:26,719
Speaker 1: got pictures. I do. They're so pouffy. They look like

776
00:48:27,040 --> 00:48:30,719
Speaker 1: if you, I guess, if you put a horse, a

777
00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:33,880
Speaker 1: long haired horse in the dryer and just like it

778
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,960
Speaker 1: came out and it was just a poofball. You know,

779
00:48:37,080 --> 00:48:39,480
Speaker 1: like in the cartoons where something that's not supposed to

780
00:48:39,520 --> 00:48:42,080
Speaker 1: be put in a dryer comes out of a dryer

781
00:48:42,080 --> 00:48:44,320
Speaker 1: and it's just a little poofball. Yeah, yeah, it's just

782
00:48:44,520 --> 00:48:47,520
Speaker 1: like this. They're so fluffy. I just want to dive

783
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:49,960
Speaker 1: my face right in there. I'll put my hands on

784
00:48:50,080 --> 00:48:52,440
Speaker 1: this horse. I bet your hands would disappear into the

785
00:48:52,680 --> 00:48:55,480
Speaker 1: How do you even know how many hands this horses?

786
00:48:55,760 --> 00:48:58,480
Speaker 1: You can't see your hands. Oh my goodness. They are

787
00:48:58,880 --> 00:49:02,880
Speaker 1: very very cute. They have the thickest coat of any horse,

788
00:49:03,320 --> 00:49:07,200
Speaker 1: and they're kind of chunky and compact built, which is

789
00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:09,799
Speaker 1: good because you don't want to like we talked about

790
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:12,600
Speaker 1: with frostbite, the more compact you are in the cold

791
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:15,560
Speaker 1: kind of the better because your your blood doesn't have

792
00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:17,759
Speaker 1: to work so hard to pump out to your extremities.

793
00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:22,759
Speaker 1: They have slow metabolic rates relative to other horses, and

794
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,719
Speaker 1: they can dig in the snow for food like link dig, dig, dig,

795
00:49:26,920 --> 00:49:30,759
Speaker 1: find find some some vegetation under all that snow. And

796
00:49:30,960 --> 00:49:34,239
Speaker 1: they actually didn't evolve from native species of horses in

797
00:49:34,320 --> 00:49:37,600
Speaker 1: the area. Instead, these were horses that were brought to

798
00:49:37,719 --> 00:49:40,839
Speaker 1: the area by the Yakut people eight hundred years ago,

799
00:49:41,080 --> 00:49:44,880
Speaker 1: around the thirteenth century. And they're an example of rapid

800
00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:50,000
Speaker 1: evolutionary adaptation brought on by human interactions. So we brought

801
00:49:50,680 --> 00:49:53,239
Speaker 1: we brought horses who were not adapted to this cold

802
00:49:53,320 --> 00:49:56,960
Speaker 1: weather over eight hundred years ago, and over that period

803
00:49:57,040 --> 00:50:02,480
Speaker 1: of time they developed these adaptations like being really really fluffy,

804
00:50:03,040 --> 00:50:07,520
Speaker 1: being stout, and having that slower metabolic great and they

805
00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:11,240
Speaker 1: even have anti freezing properties of glucose in the blood

806
00:50:11,760 --> 00:50:15,160
Speaker 1: like frogs like the wood frogs. Not you can't freeze.

807
00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:17,480
Speaker 1: You can't turn it into a horse sickle like that

808
00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:21,160
Speaker 1: will work, but it does help prevent frost bite. So

809
00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:25,440
Speaker 1: what would have happened based on what I know about evolution, um,

810
00:50:25,719 --> 00:50:27,960
Speaker 1: which I am not an expert by any means, but

811
00:50:28,239 --> 00:50:32,920
Speaker 1: I did take a few you know, anthropology classes in college.

812
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:39,719
Speaker 1: So um, so they um, they would have brought these

813
00:50:39,760 --> 00:50:43,080
Speaker 1: horses over and I'm guessing most of them would have died,

814
00:50:43,560 --> 00:50:47,239
Speaker 1: but the ones that happened to be maybe fluffier or

815
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:51,719
Speaker 1: like carry the genes of fluffiness would have survived, and

816
00:50:51,840 --> 00:50:54,279
Speaker 1: then they would mate with each other and then keep

817
00:50:54,320 --> 00:50:58,279
Speaker 1: perpetuating that trait that enabled them to survive. Thus the

818
00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:01,479
Speaker 1: fluffiest horses we've ever seen. Yeah, and I'm I don't

819
00:51:01,520 --> 00:51:03,600
Speaker 1: know this for a fact, but it is possible that

820
00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:07,560
Speaker 1: we even helped along. Because humans are great, well, depending

821
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:10,040
Speaker 1: on how you define the word great. We're great at

822
00:51:10,120 --> 00:51:14,640
Speaker 1: selective breeding and creating ridiculous speeches and animals. But in

823
00:51:14,760 --> 00:51:18,839
Speaker 1: this case, because the horses were very crucial to our

824
00:51:18,880 --> 00:51:22,839
Speaker 1: survival as humans, there's a good chance that we maybe

825
00:51:23,040 --> 00:51:27,960
Speaker 1: people saw, like we saw horses that were doing really well,

826
00:51:28,320 --> 00:51:30,719
Speaker 1: and we're like, Okay, we gotta get this this one

827
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:33,960
Speaker 1: breeding a lot of baby horses because they've survived and

828
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,000
Speaker 1: they're they're doing really well. You know, I think we

829
00:51:36,080 --> 00:51:40,080
Speaker 1: could have It's well within our abilities to have done

830
00:51:40,120 --> 00:51:42,640
Speaker 1: that at that time, So, you know, it was probably

831
00:51:42,680 --> 00:51:46,240
Speaker 1: a mixture of I would say it's mostly the environmental pressures,

832
00:51:46,360 --> 00:51:49,440
Speaker 1: but then maybe they were assisted in their survival by humans,

833
00:51:49,520 --> 00:51:51,560
Speaker 1: and then that's how they evolved so quickly without just

834
00:51:51,680 --> 00:51:55,960
Speaker 1: immediately all tying up. Actually, comparisons of the yakout horses

835
00:51:56,040 --> 00:52:01,640
Speaker 1: to mammoth genome found similarities in metabolism, hair growth, and

836
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:05,080
Speaker 1: body proportions, which is an example of convergent evolution. So

837
00:52:05,520 --> 00:52:08,360
Speaker 1: convergent evolution is when you have very similar traits but

838
00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:11,680
Speaker 1: they evolve at different points in evolutionary history, and they're

839
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,960
Speaker 1: like in different species or in the same species, but

840
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,160
Speaker 1: at different times. So one of the important things about

841
00:52:18,280 --> 00:52:21,840
Speaker 1: yea coot horses is that they are mostly wild horses,

842
00:52:21,960 --> 00:52:25,120
Speaker 1: so they don't they aren't kept in pens all year round.

843
00:52:25,160 --> 00:52:27,640
Speaker 1: They're not kept at a corral are kept there. They're

844
00:52:27,680 --> 00:52:31,600
Speaker 1: allowed to roam wild. And your coot horse breeders have

845
00:52:31,719 --> 00:52:34,520
Speaker 1: a really tough job because the horses get to go

846
00:52:34,719 --> 00:52:37,040
Speaker 1: live free and wild for much of the time, and

847
00:52:37,120 --> 00:52:39,919
Speaker 1: the horse breeders have to convince them to come back

848
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:43,359
Speaker 1: to get fed and get medical attention and to help

849
00:52:43,440 --> 00:52:46,320
Speaker 1: them in their breeding. And so they'll drive out for

850
00:52:46,560 --> 00:52:49,880
Speaker 1: miles and miles to search for these horses, and then

851
00:52:49,960 --> 00:52:52,520
Speaker 1: once they get there they'll call them. They really have

852
00:52:52,640 --> 00:52:55,200
Speaker 1: to convince them to come in because it's these big

853
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:57,640
Speaker 1: these herds of horses. You can't just like laugh so

854
00:52:57,960 --> 00:53:00,279
Speaker 1: all the horses and have it come in you. You

855
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,480
Speaker 1: have to kind of it's got to be a cooperative effort,

856
00:53:03,560 --> 00:53:09,240
Speaker 1: like hey, we got hey, Hey remember remember hey, Hey,

857
00:53:11,960 --> 00:53:17,200
Speaker 1: it's yes. And so they also will like call them

858
00:53:17,239 --> 00:53:19,560
Speaker 1: out like be like, hey, come on, Fred. The horse

859
00:53:19,920 --> 00:53:23,080
Speaker 1: probably not named Fred, but you know, um, I know

860
00:53:23,239 --> 00:53:31,560
Speaker 1: there's definitely a Fred. Come on, Ginger and and Jasper Jasper, Yeah,

861
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,680
Speaker 1: not clearly. I'm not good at measuring nor naming horses.

862
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:39,680
Speaker 1: I mean I named a bear Timmy earlier in this episode.

863
00:53:39,960 --> 00:53:43,520
Speaker 1: That's a good bear name, though, sell yourself short on that. Thanks.

864
00:53:44,239 --> 00:53:47,880
Speaker 1: So that's this habit of litting animals roam free and

865
00:53:47,960 --> 00:53:52,320
Speaker 1: then calling them back in over long distances is actually

866
00:53:52,360 --> 00:53:55,359
Speaker 1: also done in Norway and Sweden and has been done

867
00:53:55,480 --> 00:53:58,680
Speaker 1: since the Middle Ages. And there's this practice called cooling,

868
00:53:59,160 --> 00:54:02,400
Speaker 1: which is the term for a hurting call to let

869
00:54:02,520 --> 00:54:05,880
Speaker 1: livestock no, it's time to come home. So it is

870
00:54:05,960 --> 00:54:09,640
Speaker 1: a specific type of song or call that has similar

871
00:54:09,719 --> 00:54:12,520
Speaker 1: mechanics to yodeling, so that it can bounce off of

872
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:16,360
Speaker 1: the hills and and really for long distances, so that

873
00:54:16,640 --> 00:54:18,799
Speaker 1: livestock can hear it even when they're far off into

874
00:54:18,840 --> 00:54:22,319
Speaker 1: the mountains. And typically it's a tradition carried on by

875
00:54:22,360 --> 00:54:26,440
Speaker 1: women because historically they were tasked with tending to flocks

876
00:54:26,560 --> 00:54:29,920
Speaker 1: and herds, although men do also carry on the tradition,

877
00:54:30,560 --> 00:54:33,680
Speaker 1: and each hurd or shepherd would have their own unique

878
00:54:33,760 --> 00:54:37,680
Speaker 1: call for their livestock. And this so I have a

879
00:54:37,880 --> 00:54:41,480
Speaker 1: clip from a very talented cool ning singer. Her name

880
00:54:41,560 --> 00:54:44,799
Speaker 1: is Joanna Genten, and she's calling her cows. All all

881
00:54:45,320 --> 00:54:47,439
Speaker 1: provide a link to the full video in the show notes.

882
00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:51,040
Speaker 1: I really recommend looking at it. It's it's really hauntingly beautiful.

883
00:54:51,080 --> 00:54:53,160
Speaker 1: But I'll just play a really short clip so you

884
00:54:53,239 --> 00:55:06,759
Speaker 1: get an idea of what it sounds like. And in

885
00:55:06,880 --> 00:55:08,840
Speaker 1: this clip you can see the little cow it just

886
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:11,560
Speaker 1: like they're ambling on over like okay, I'm going I

887
00:55:12,160 --> 00:55:14,239
Speaker 1: recognize that. So as the idea that all of the

888
00:55:14,640 --> 00:55:19,840
Speaker 1: the uh animals that um get hurted by the particular

889
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:25,680
Speaker 1: herders like recognize the sound of like their specific So yeah,

890
00:55:25,719 --> 00:55:28,719
Speaker 1: I think so, And I think they they'll probably recognize

891
00:55:28,880 --> 00:55:31,320
Speaker 1: the voice of their their herd, and they'll recognize the

892
00:55:31,360 --> 00:55:34,720
Speaker 1: specific call they'll they know to come come home, because

893
00:55:34,760 --> 00:55:38,560
Speaker 1: then they get fed and they get a warm place. Yeah.

894
00:55:39,239 --> 00:55:42,320
Speaker 1: I really love this, the practice of letting these animals

895
00:55:42,360 --> 00:55:46,400
Speaker 1: just wander around, frolic around and play and occasionally get

896
00:55:46,440 --> 00:55:50,640
Speaker 1: eaten by predators. But you know, and then you're just like,

897
00:55:50,719 --> 00:55:54,160
Speaker 1: all right, come home, and they're like sure, Wow, that's

898
00:55:54,200 --> 00:55:58,480
Speaker 1: how man, that's how farming should be done here. You know,

899
00:55:58,640 --> 00:56:01,239
Speaker 1: just let the let the let the pigs just run

900
00:56:01,360 --> 00:56:04,839
Speaker 1: around the city do their thing. I've seen Babe Pig

901
00:56:04,920 --> 00:56:09,640
Speaker 1: in the City. That's the exactly the renowned documentary Big

902
00:56:10,360 --> 00:56:12,720
Speaker 1: in the City I love. I love the George Miller

903
00:56:12,840 --> 00:56:16,279
Speaker 1: famous documentary, and I loved both of those movies. When

904
00:56:16,280 --> 00:56:19,320
Speaker 1: I was a kid, I was always horrified at Everyone's

905
00:56:19,360 --> 00:56:21,399
Speaker 1: just like, yeah, you'll be bake in someday and he's

906
00:56:21,440 --> 00:56:23,640
Speaker 1: like what and there He's like, calm down, it's the

907
00:56:23,719 --> 00:56:29,319
Speaker 1: way of things here. So I wanted to do an

908
00:56:29,440 --> 00:56:32,719
Speaker 1: update to crow boarding. So a little while ago we

909
00:56:32,880 --> 00:56:36,040
Speaker 1: did an episode on play and I talked about cow boarding,

910
00:56:36,080 --> 00:56:39,320
Speaker 1: where there's this video of a crow picking up a

911
00:56:39,520 --> 00:56:42,040
Speaker 1: metal lid to like a jar, and he walks up

912
00:56:42,080 --> 00:56:45,080
Speaker 1: a snowy roof, sits on the lid and slides down

913
00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:48,880
Speaker 1: and does this a few times. And of course, okay,

914
00:56:48,960 --> 00:56:51,440
Speaker 1: so this is just one example. You know, maybe this

915
00:56:51,640 --> 00:56:55,960
Speaker 1: is just some some luke man, you know, malfunctioning crow

916
00:56:56,160 --> 00:57:00,879
Speaker 1: or something. But actually I found online that there were

917
00:57:01,080 --> 00:57:05,520
Speaker 1: there have been more sightings of crows and ravens sliding

918
00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:09,000
Speaker 1: down snow covered roofs just to fly back and repeat

919
00:57:09,040 --> 00:57:11,280
Speaker 1: it over and over again. So this is an observed

920
00:57:11,360 --> 00:57:14,239
Speaker 1: behavior that ravens and crows do and they're just doing

921
00:57:14,280 --> 00:57:16,560
Speaker 1: it for fun. We don't know why they're doing it,

922
00:57:16,760 --> 00:57:19,160
Speaker 1: but there seems to be no purpose. And one of

923
00:57:19,240 --> 00:57:22,200
Speaker 1: the definitions of plays that it's a repetitive action that

924
00:57:22,760 --> 00:57:26,800
Speaker 1: has no purpose. And then like logically you would conclude

925
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:29,200
Speaker 1: that it is just for fun or for some some

926
00:57:29,560 --> 00:57:34,960
Speaker 1: pleasurable reason. And and then there's another report that birds

927
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:38,480
Speaker 1: would fly to a snow covered stump and then they

928
00:57:38,480 --> 00:57:42,520
Speaker 1: would slide down the slope on their backs, and sometimes

929
00:57:42,560 --> 00:57:46,240
Speaker 1: they would hold sticks as they would slide down, just

930
00:57:46,440 --> 00:57:56,440
Speaker 1: like skeers. Yeah, their crow poles love that. Yeah. Sometimes

931
00:57:56,560 --> 00:57:59,000
Speaker 1: they seem to do it for attention, like they'll slide

932
00:57:59,040 --> 00:58:01,320
Speaker 1: down a steep and line and then it seemed to

933
00:58:01,640 --> 00:58:04,280
Speaker 1: try to attract mates by showing them how cool they

934
00:58:04,320 --> 00:58:07,320
Speaker 1: are at cow boarding, and sometimes they do it because

935
00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:10,800
Speaker 1: there's this lodge that's been in their family for generations,

936
00:58:10,840 --> 00:58:12,800
Speaker 1: and this rich kid comes. It's like, I'm going to

937
00:58:12,920 --> 00:58:15,200
Speaker 1: buy your lodge and then you won't be allowed back

938
00:58:15,280 --> 00:58:17,240
Speaker 1: in it. And the crows are like, we'll see about that,

939
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:22,120
Speaker 1: and then they raised them down Death Mountain, just like

940
00:58:22,240 --> 00:58:25,800
Speaker 1: the plot of Oh my god, what movie is that crap?

941
00:58:25,920 --> 00:58:29,240
Speaker 1: It's that it's a John Cusack movie. I think, No Runnings.

942
00:58:29,720 --> 00:58:37,080
Speaker 1: It's yes, the famous movies not Running Better Off. His

943
00:58:37,160 --> 00:58:41,360
Speaker 1: name is John cusa parody that plot in um in

944
00:58:41,440 --> 00:58:47,440
Speaker 1: an episode of the American teen black comedy film starring

945
00:58:47,520 --> 00:58:51,240
Speaker 1: John Cusack. Do I know film or do I know film?

946
00:58:52,680 --> 00:58:54,680
Speaker 1: I do have a master's green screenwriting. I hate to

947
00:58:54,720 --> 00:58:59,640
Speaker 1: bring it up. In the town of Okay, according to Wikipedia,

948
00:58:59,680 --> 00:59:02,439
Speaker 1: in the don't of Greendale, Northern California, high school student

949
00:59:02,440 --> 00:59:08,280
Speaker 1: blah blah blah blah blah, am I totally wrong. Oh no, no, no.

950
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:10,760
Speaker 1: They try to ski the K twelve, the highest peak

951
00:59:10,800 --> 00:59:14,640
Speaker 1: in towns, in hopes of getting winning back best love.

952
00:59:14,960 --> 00:59:17,439
Speaker 1: All right, there's a race and who the race gets

953
00:59:17,520 --> 00:59:21,840
Speaker 1: to get the woman as a reward because women are prizes. Yeah,

954
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:24,880
Speaker 1: I you know, like I actually was weird. I went

955
00:59:24,920 --> 00:59:27,800
Speaker 1: to this arcade and there's this big vending machine and

956
00:59:27,920 --> 00:59:31,240
Speaker 1: then there's just a bunch of ladies in there as

957
00:59:31,480 --> 00:59:34,000
Speaker 1: like trying to trying to like like get them, and

958
00:59:34,040 --> 00:59:36,960
Speaker 1: they're like, please let us out of this giant claw machine.

959
00:59:37,080 --> 00:59:39,440
Speaker 1: We're actually stuck in here because we tried to get

960
00:59:39,480 --> 00:59:41,640
Speaker 1: the bears out by reaching our hands and we got

961
00:59:41,720 --> 00:59:44,080
Speaker 1: sucked in. But I think that was just to add

962
00:59:44,120 --> 00:59:49,120
Speaker 1: to the charm of the machine. Year sure, okay, so

963
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:54,120
Speaker 1: back to the crows who are sledding for fun. Now wait,

964
00:59:54,680 --> 00:59:57,360
Speaker 1: you suggested that maybe it's like could be sort of

965
00:59:57,440 --> 01:00:00,320
Speaker 1: like the winter sports version of like the day answers

966
01:00:00,440 --> 01:00:06,200
Speaker 1: the birds do like mating dances, because I need a

967
01:00:06,240 --> 01:00:11,479
Speaker 1: training montage to get better at it's just this little

968
01:00:11,560 --> 01:00:16,800
Speaker 1: crow like lifting sticks with its feet. I would watch

969
01:00:16,920 --> 01:00:20,760
Speaker 1: that training montage. I would watch a whole movie trilogy

970
01:00:20,840 --> 01:00:26,000
Speaker 1: about crows snowboarding and winning the winning the crow girls

971
01:00:26,320 --> 01:00:30,680
Speaker 1: as prizes, and winning the lodges as prizes. Sometimes the

972
01:00:30,720 --> 01:00:34,320
Speaker 1: crow girl win skis as a prize. Sometimes the crow

973
01:00:34,400 --> 01:00:39,920
Speaker 1: girl gets to ski, yes not the crow girl skis sometimes,

974
01:00:40,040 --> 01:00:43,120
Speaker 1: and sometimes the lodge skis and wins the prize of

975
01:00:43,440 --> 01:00:47,400
Speaker 1: a year. Yeah, yeah, you just mix it all up.

976
01:00:47,560 --> 01:00:49,560
Speaker 1: Crows are in it. I think we could we could

977
01:00:50,920 --> 01:00:54,680
Speaker 1: scrape this franchise and then we also need the Chipmunks

978
01:00:54,840 --> 01:00:58,960
Speaker 1: as mafia stories, right, and we could have a crossover

979
01:00:59,240 --> 01:01:02,400
Speaker 1: like this could be sort of the crow boarding universe

980
01:01:02,840 --> 01:01:06,160
Speaker 1: that we need, like an animal cinematic universe. Yes, yes,

981
01:01:06,280 --> 01:01:09,720
Speaker 1: the crow boarding cinematic universe. Who got the chipmunks who

982
01:01:09,760 --> 01:01:13,480
Speaker 1: are like killing each other for for acorns? We got

983
01:01:13,560 --> 01:01:18,720
Speaker 1: the crows trying to win ski contests. You got Beluga

984
01:01:18,920 --> 01:01:22,200
Speaker 1: like a sort of Bridesmaid's movie, but with Bluga's going

985
01:01:22,240 --> 01:01:26,160
Speaker 1: out and getting a spot. But everything goes horribly wrong.

986
01:01:26,320 --> 01:01:28,440
Speaker 1: But then at the end they found out the the

987
01:01:29,120 --> 01:01:32,720
Speaker 1: Belugas where the friends you made along the way? Exactly. Yeah,

988
01:01:33,120 --> 01:01:36,640
Speaker 1: there's a lot of content. There's a lot of mindable content, guys,

989
01:01:36,760 --> 01:01:42,040
Speaker 1: mute movie people content. Yeah, exactly. Again, I'm a screenwriter.

990
01:01:44,840 --> 01:01:47,400
Speaker 1: We got to start writing me screening it. Start write me,

991
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:52,280
Speaker 1: please write me crowboarding screenplay. Yes, but what we'd call it,

992
01:01:52,600 --> 01:01:55,560
Speaker 1: there's got to be a pun or something. Crowboarding is

993
01:01:55,680 --> 01:01:57,960
Speaker 1: a pun, but like we need an extra one just

994
01:01:58,120 --> 01:02:00,640
Speaker 1: to send it over the top, Like, why is this

995
01:02:00,760 --> 01:02:03,400
Speaker 1: so hard for that. Take an improv class four of

996
01:02:03,520 --> 01:02:10,320
Speaker 1: us not me Corvus. Wait what is Corvus? That's the

997
01:02:10,520 --> 01:02:14,120
Speaker 1: the family of the because oh I see that that

998
01:02:14,320 --> 01:02:20,040
Speaker 1: mightidential slogan. Yeah, it's maybe it's a little too um,

999
01:02:20,320 --> 01:02:25,280
Speaker 1: it's maybe too highbrow for the for the audience. We'll

1000
01:02:25,320 --> 01:02:27,360
Speaker 1: figure it out. Or if you have crow board and

1001
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:31,360
Speaker 1: we'll have a raven good time. There we are there,

1002
01:02:31,360 --> 01:02:33,440
Speaker 1: It is there, It is there. It does. Send it

1003
01:02:33,560 --> 01:02:38,200
Speaker 1: to print DreamWorks, drop that up. Well, thank you so

1004
01:02:38,360 --> 01:02:41,520
Speaker 1: much for joining me today. I've had a blast. Yeah,

1005
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:47,080
Speaker 1: this is really fun, raven time even good time. Oh

1006
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:49,440
Speaker 1: and there goes my audience. They're all gone out by.

1007
01:02:49,760 --> 01:02:52,480
Speaker 1: Sorry about that. You guys, um, do you have anything

1008
01:02:52,560 --> 01:02:56,600
Speaker 1: to plug? Oh? Sure, you can listen to my podcast

1009
01:02:56,760 --> 01:02:59,320
Speaker 1: right here on this same network, do you see you?

1010
01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:03,840
Speaker 1: Guys are a lot um. It is called the Beactel Cast,

1011
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:09,200
Speaker 1: and we analyze movies through a feminist lens. How dare you?

1012
01:03:09,720 --> 01:03:13,920
Speaker 1: I know? How dare i? Um? And you can follow me.

1013
01:03:14,360 --> 01:03:16,600
Speaker 1: You can check that out at Bactel Cast on Twitter

1014
01:03:16,640 --> 01:03:18,880
Speaker 1: and Instagram, and then you can follow me on those

1015
01:03:18,920 --> 01:03:22,760
Speaker 1: places as well. At Caitlyn TORONTOI you can find us

1016
01:03:22,840 --> 01:03:27,160
Speaker 1: on on side inside the Internet, Creature Feature Pod dot Com,

1017
01:03:27,280 --> 01:03:30,600
Speaker 1: Creature Feature Pod on Instagram, Creature feet Pod on Twitter.

1018
01:03:30,720 --> 01:03:32,400
Speaker 1: That's f e A T, not f e e T.

1019
01:03:32,560 --> 01:03:36,480
Speaker 1: That's something very very different. Uh. And I have been

1020
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:39,040
Speaker 1: Katie Golden and you can find me on Twitter and

1021
01:03:39,120 --> 01:03:41,400
Speaker 1: you can also find me on Twitter at pro bird Writes,

1022
01:03:41,480 --> 01:03:45,440
Speaker 1: where I ensure that birds will one day take the

1023
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:48,440
Speaker 1: reins to this planet and really steered in the right

1024
01:03:48,520 --> 01:03:52,880
Speaker 1: direction and more Birdie direction. I love it. Thanks to

1025
01:03:52,960 --> 01:03:56,080
Speaker 1: the Space Classics for their super groovy song ex Alumina.

1026
01:03:56,360 --> 01:03:58,760
Speaker 1: Creature Feature is a production of I Heart Radios How

1027
01:03:58,800 --> 01:04:01,480
Speaker 1: Stuff Works. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit

1028
01:04:01,520 --> 01:04:03,840
Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, app podcast or where have

1029
01:04:03,920 --> 01:04:06,840
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows? See you next Wednesday.

1030
01:04:08,080 --> 01:04:11,480
Speaker 1: M h.