1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:16,079 Speaker 1: I'm fair a Dowdy and I'm debling a truck reboarding. 4 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:19,080 Speaker 1: And for our last episode of the year, here we're 5 00:00:19,079 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: gonna be talking about some historical discoveries that came out 6 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: of ten just things that we're weird or fun or 7 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,240 Speaker 1: made a lot of news, things that we thought were 8 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: worth talking about. Yeah. In our recent podcast we've mentioned 9 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:37,519 Speaker 1: several discoveries, so these are just some different ones that 10 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:40,400 Speaker 1: we didn't get to focus on in those And the 11 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:44,040 Speaker 1: Graveyard of Ships was one um. The Gladiator Graveyard was 12 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:46,920 Speaker 1: another find from this year that was really interesting. Yeah, 13 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: and one of my favorites from earlier this year was 14 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:53,520 Speaker 1: the Medici cold case with the dueling medical journals about 15 00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 1: how a couple of matchees died. So, you know, we've 16 00:00:56,440 --> 00:01:00,080 Speaker 1: covered a lot of interesting historical finds this year. It 17 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: these five really stood out at us or just seemed 18 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:06,520 Speaker 1: like so much fun, and some of them were actually 19 00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:09,240 Speaker 1: listeners suggestions, So I hope you enjoy it. You can 20 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:13,200 Speaker 1: always submit your own suggestions if you um, if you 21 00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:16,800 Speaker 1: feel like we overlooked truly the most exciting or weird 22 00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:20,679 Speaker 1: historical discovery of tell Us. But this is our list 23 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:22,560 Speaker 1: of five, and we're going to start with one of 24 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: the most recent. It just came out around Thanksgiving this year, 25 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:31,240 Speaker 1: and that was the Picasso trove of paintings and drawings 26 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:34,400 Speaker 1: and sketch books, tons of stuff. Yes, Sarah, you did 27 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 1: a blood post on this, didn't you. I did, and 28 00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: um it was something that as soon as I saw 29 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: the story, I was like, Okay, I need to talk 30 00:01:40,680 --> 00:01:44,040 Speaker 1: about this. It's very interesting. So, I mean, Picasso was 31 00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:47,960 Speaker 1: a prolific artist. Obviously he left a lot of art behind, 32 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,520 Speaker 1: but it's not every day that a huge trove of 33 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:55,560 Speaker 1: art like this that's uncataloged pops up out of nowhere. 34 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:58,840 Speaker 1: And the way it came about, it's kind of a 35 00:01:58,880 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 1: shady story find it. So what we know is earlier 36 00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:06,800 Speaker 1: this fall, the retired electrician Pierre Leguineck contacted Claude Picasso, 37 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:11,840 Speaker 1: the artist's son, seeking to have a stash of works authenticated. Yeah, 38 00:02:11,919 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: and the younger Picasso said, well, I really need to 39 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,840 Speaker 1: take a look at them in person to rule to 40 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:21,359 Speaker 1: decide if they're authentic or not, and he encouraged Lagune 41 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:24,840 Speaker 1: to come to Paris and show the works in person, 42 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:29,040 Speaker 1: and Claude later told the French newspaper Liberation. Um. I 43 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:31,640 Speaker 1: found this quote through the New York Times quote. I 44 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:35,200 Speaker 1: felt a great surprise, naturally, lots of emotion at the 45 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,640 Speaker 1: discovery of pieces with which we were not familiar, but 46 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: also a deep disturbance. Many of these pieces were not dated, 47 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: which means they never should have left the studio shady. Yeah, 48 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:50,320 Speaker 1: So that's kind of a bad sign there. And the 49 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: thing is, even though Picasso was quite generous with his art. 50 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: He'd give it out to family and friends, and he 51 00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:00,160 Speaker 1: would even um use it like at the cafe or 52 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:04,840 Speaker 1: something in exchange for his coffee. And I don't know 53 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 1: his meal of that. Dash off a little picture and 54 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:11,680 Speaker 1: sign it and date it and that would replace the bill. Um. 55 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,640 Speaker 1: But he was really worried about imposters, and so he 56 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:18,400 Speaker 1: didn't give too much away. He always did sign and dated, 57 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:22,000 Speaker 1: and sometimes he was even quite reluctant to part with 58 00:03:22,080 --> 00:03:25,200 Speaker 1: his art. He's known to have bought back pieces that 59 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:28,960 Speaker 1: he missed too much. Right. So, the knowing that the 60 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:32,400 Speaker 1: idea that this formal electrician of Picassas was given two 61 00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 1: hundred seventy one sketches, lithographs, paintings, and notebooks seemed a 62 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:40,840 Speaker 1: little bit off to Claude. Yeah, and so to say 63 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:45,240 Speaker 1: the least, Yeah, definitely. The police were brought in and Liquinek, 64 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:48,720 Speaker 1: who was separated from this eighty million dollar stash of 65 00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,240 Speaker 1: art estimated eighty million dollars, and the Picassa Foundation followed 66 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: the whole thing up with a lawsuit. So this electrician 67 00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 1: thought he was going to be getting the seal of 68 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:02,520 Speaker 1: approval from Claude ends up being sued for a legal 69 00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: receipt and leg Nick still maintains that the art was 70 00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: a gift from either Picasso or Picasso's wife. Um, it's 71 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: going to take a while to sort out. It seemed 72 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: weirdly though, Lego Nick and his wife are now saying 73 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:20,200 Speaker 1: they're actually heirs to even more Picasso's since they're distant 74 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:22,599 Speaker 1: cousins of a chauffeur of the artists who was also 75 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:25,240 Speaker 1: given some works. Yeah, this is something that came out 76 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:28,839 Speaker 1: after the first major news cycle of the Picassa story, 77 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: but wasn't before or after the lawsuit. After the lawsuit, 78 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:36,880 Speaker 1: but it's so weird of like double the Picassa staff 79 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:40,440 Speaker 1: was a very important electrician. It seems he was with 80 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:44,600 Speaker 1: an important connection to an important chauffeur um. So, despite 81 00:04:44,640 --> 00:04:47,880 Speaker 1: the legal trouble though, the stash itself is pretty cool 82 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:50,880 Speaker 1: and it's worth a mention um in our list of 83 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:55,160 Speaker 1: important historical finds. It dates from nineteen hundred to nineteen 84 00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:59,400 Speaker 1: thirty two, when Picasso was a young and struggling artist, 85 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:03,400 Speaker 1: and it includes portraits of his first wife, the ballerina 86 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:08,240 Speaker 1: Olga Koklova, and a blue period watercolor. Yep. There are 87 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:12,240 Speaker 1: also nine cubus collages, thirty lithographs, and more than two 88 00:05:12,320 --> 00:05:16,800 Speaker 1: hundred drawings, so overall sounds like a boon to the 89 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: art world at least, if not to Pierre Legunac. We'll 90 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:23,839 Speaker 1: see um. So the next item on our list is 91 00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:29,040 Speaker 1: kind of a different, different bird fashion related you could say. 92 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:33,680 Speaker 1: You could say that and uh, it involves shoes, so 93 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:36,000 Speaker 1: I'll give you a little background on it. Up until 94 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:38,599 Speaker 1: this year, the oldest known leather shoe belonged to a 95 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:42,000 Speaker 1: guy named let's see the Iceman, a mummy found nineteen 96 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:44,800 Speaker 1: years ago in the Alps near the Italian Austrian border. 97 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:50,720 Speaker 1: His shoe had bear skin soles, deer skin panels, tree barknetting, 98 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,320 Speaker 1: and it was kind of filled with like soft grass 99 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:56,800 Speaker 1: that went around the foot and functioned as a kind 100 00:05:56,800 --> 00:06:00,560 Speaker 1: of primitive sock. And the shoes were water proof and 101 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: kind of wide looking. I mean to me, they almost 102 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:05,279 Speaker 1: looked like something that would be set in a ski 103 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:08,560 Speaker 1: or like a snowshoe or something. But they look I mean, 104 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:11,719 Speaker 1: pretty advanced for something that was made probably about fifty 105 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:16,120 Speaker 1: years ago. Um. I think that was pretty big fine 106 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:19,480 Speaker 1: at the time. But this year scientists funded in part 107 00:06:19,520 --> 00:06:23,520 Speaker 1: by the National Geographic Foundation, published a new finding in 108 00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: the shoe arena, and that was a fifty five hundred 109 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: year old leather lace up moccasin, which they found in 110 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:35,359 Speaker 1: an Armenian cave on the Iranian and Turkish borders. This 111 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:39,320 Speaker 1: discovery has cleverly been referred to by some news outlets. 112 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:43,120 Speaker 1: I love these descriptions as the ultimate vintage shoe or 113 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 1: prehistoric product. Yeah, didn't you want to get your hands 114 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: on some? I definitely do. Well, No, not exactly, because 115 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:52,040 Speaker 1: when you hear a little bit more about this, you're 116 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: going to be a little bit grossed out by how 117 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:58,080 Speaker 1: it was so well preserved. You want it safely behind glass. Um, 118 00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:01,440 Speaker 1: just to put that date in Prespective. The shoe is 119 00:07:01,480 --> 00:07:04,920 Speaker 1: older than Stonehengnge. It's even about a thousand years older 120 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:07,599 Speaker 1: than the Great Pyramids of Giza, and it's from the 121 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: Cololithic period or Copper Age, which researchers still don't really 122 00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: know a whole lot about. So it's old. It's an 123 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: old old shoe. Yeah, it's old as dirt and was 124 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: so well preserved because of the cool, dry environment in 125 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:25,679 Speaker 1: the cave, and also because it was covered in layers 126 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: of sheep dong which provided kind of a seal around it. 127 00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:31,480 Speaker 1: And if you look at pictures of it online, and 128 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: I'm sure just by googling the oldest leather shoe you 129 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: can find some photos of it around it looks like 130 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: something that was covered and counting. It doesn't look too hot. 131 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: But what is so remarkable about it is that the 132 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 1: level of detail that was preserved basically, I mean laces, eyelets, 133 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:51,640 Speaker 1: and even the straw that was inside it was still there. 134 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 1: It's the one case of wind stepping in poop is 135 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:58,320 Speaker 1: a good thing, definitely um And as far as its 136 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:01,240 Speaker 1: style goes, it's said to be some to the pempooties 137 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: worn on the Aran Islands in the west of Ireland 138 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 1: up until the nineteen fifties. It's basically like a raw 139 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: hide slipper um and in size it's comparable to a 140 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:16,200 Speaker 1: woman's size seven. But they're not positive yet whether it 141 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: was worn by a woman or worn by a man. Yeah, 142 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:20,720 Speaker 1: I think it's a right footed shoe. But they said 143 00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 1: that even though it's sort of comparable to what a 144 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:25,520 Speaker 1: woman's foot would be now, it could have been a 145 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: man's foot back in that time. Well that was notable too, 146 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: wasn't it That it was made. Each shoe was made 147 00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:35,839 Speaker 1: for a specific foot. They weren't interchangeable as many old 148 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:38,959 Speaker 1: shoes are. Ably, and the actual discovery, and this was 149 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,760 Speaker 1: a really interesting story, was made beneath one of several 150 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:48,240 Speaker 1: cave chambers by Armenian doctoral student Diana Zardarian. She noticed 151 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:52,160 Speaker 1: a small pit of weeds as she was exploring, and 152 00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:56,199 Speaker 1: so she reached down and touched in that area, and 153 00:08:56,280 --> 00:09:00,280 Speaker 1: she found two sheep horns and an upside down broken ole, 154 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: and under that she said she felt what she thought 155 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:04,440 Speaker 1: was an ear of a cow, which to me would 156 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: be alarming, but apparently she thought that was pretty cool. 157 00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:08,839 Speaker 1: But when she took it out, she looked at it 158 00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 1: and she thought, Oh my god, And this is a 159 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:14,120 Speaker 1: quote that she gave to The New York Times best 160 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:18,240 Speaker 1: quote ever, best quote of two thousand. Oh my god, 161 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:20,959 Speaker 1: it's a shoe. To find a shoe has always been 162 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: my dream. So there you go. I mean, and not 163 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:27,439 Speaker 1: just any shoe, the old issue, the oldest shoe, the 164 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:30,680 Speaker 1: dreams of archaeologists coming coming true in two thousand and ten. 165 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,559 Speaker 1: Another interesting thing about this fine though, it seemed to 166 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,640 Speaker 1: scientist that the shoe was put in the pit on purpose, 167 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:39,760 Speaker 1: and they can't really figure out why you would put 168 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:41,680 Speaker 1: a shoe in a pit, but they're working on it. 169 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:45,440 Speaker 1: So it's just kind of a quirky, interesting discovery, and 170 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:49,120 Speaker 1: it might have some really important implications because learning where 171 00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:52,800 Speaker 1: the skin processing techniques came from might give us an 172 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:56,640 Speaker 1: idea of the complexity of this society. So, I mean, 173 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,160 Speaker 1: you learn a lot about a man buy his shoes 174 00:09:59,559 --> 00:10:03,440 Speaker 1: definite ling today and back in the day, so our 175 00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:06,760 Speaker 1: next find. It's also of the ancient variety, although it 176 00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:10,719 Speaker 1: has to do more with that religion and construction projects 177 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:14,640 Speaker 1: than fashion. So archaeologists for a long time have assumed 178 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:18,760 Speaker 1: that the area around Stonehenge was empty, and Professor Vince 179 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:22,680 Speaker 1: Gaffney of Birmingham University, who studies the whole area, said, quote, 180 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:26,520 Speaker 1: people have tended to think that as Stonehenge reached its peak, 181 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: it was the paramount monument existing in splendid isolation, and 182 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:32,160 Speaker 1: that's sort of how you look at it today. You 183 00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:37,599 Speaker 1: know that screen saver like blue sky behind it in Greenfield, 184 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 1: nothing else. Yeah, you don't think of a bunch of 185 00:10:39,559 --> 00:10:43,840 Speaker 1: other stuff being around Stonehenge. But that's not how it was, 186 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:46,719 Speaker 1: apparently not at all. So we know that Woodhenge was 187 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:50,720 Speaker 1: discovered in about two miles away from the Stonehende site, 188 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: and there have been multiple discoveries just in the past 189 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:57,520 Speaker 1: few years Ditches Roads burial grounds, there was a stash 190 00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:01,080 Speaker 1: of Bronze Age monuments only a few miles off. Even 191 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:05,040 Speaker 1: another wooden hinge found in two thousand nine. The details 192 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:07,480 Speaker 1: of that one really haven't come out yet. Yeah, but 193 00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: the wooden hinge that was discovered this July in as 194 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:14,439 Speaker 1: it has to have been for our list, tops all 195 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:17,520 Speaker 1: of these other discoveries. A lot of archaeologists are saying 196 00:11:17,559 --> 00:11:21,400 Speaker 1: that it's the most impressive find on the site in 197 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:24,960 Speaker 1: the past fifty years. So how did they find this? Well? 198 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 1: Using geophysical imaging technology, which is a machine that looks 199 00:11:29,640 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: a little bit like a riding lawnmower, but it's really 200 00:11:32,080 --> 00:11:35,160 Speaker 1: a radar scanning system which lets them scan three yards 201 00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:38,920 Speaker 1: deep at twelve miles per hour. And Gaffney's team they 202 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:42,880 Speaker 1: use this technology to find something interesting and it was 203 00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:47,400 Speaker 1: almost three thousand feet two thousand ft from Stonehenge. Yeah, 204 00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:50,000 Speaker 1: what they found was an eighty foot wide bank and 205 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:56,160 Speaker 1: ditch with entrances aligned with those Stonehenge. Uh. There, of course, 206 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:59,680 Speaker 1: if you are familiar with Stonehenge, that means those entrances 207 00:11:59,679 --> 00:12:03,119 Speaker 1: are also aligned with the solstice. So on the salstice, 208 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:07,440 Speaker 1: the sun enters into the circle inside of this bank 209 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:11,760 Speaker 1: and ditch combo where twenty four holes, each three feet across, 210 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 1: which they reckon. A pole of that size could have 211 00:12:15,440 --> 00:12:19,360 Speaker 1: supported a pole up to nineteen feet high. And they 212 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:23,480 Speaker 1: assumed that it was a wooden hinge because if there 213 00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:26,040 Speaker 1: had been stones there, the holes might have been a 214 00:12:26,040 --> 00:12:29,120 Speaker 1: little more beaten up if the stones had been excavated. 215 00:12:29,160 --> 00:12:33,079 Speaker 1: Since then, the archaeologists assumed that the wood just rotted 216 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: in place. And in the center of this whole thing 217 00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:39,920 Speaker 1: is a burial mound about forty ft wide. So there 218 00:12:39,960 --> 00:12:42,520 Speaker 1: you go a hinge in the middle of in the 219 00:12:42,559 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: middle of the field. Ye Gaffney calls it a timber 220 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: equivalent to Stonehenge and guesses that it's about years old 221 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: and is near that was near when Stonehenge was at 222 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,800 Speaker 1: its peak. Since Stonehenge was built in phases, and we 223 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:59,760 Speaker 1: of course don't know what this new hinge find was 224 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:03,920 Speaker 1: used for, but theories range from everything from being a 225 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:07,360 Speaker 1: cemetery to being hospital to being a site for funerals. 226 00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,000 Speaker 1: And since the fine came at the beginning of this 227 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:15,840 Speaker 1: three year long surveying project with this writing lawnmower type machine, 228 00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:19,840 Speaker 1: we can expect probably some more fines out here around 229 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: Stonehenge in the next few years. And this kind of 230 00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:26,960 Speaker 1: site is pretty easy to miss after thousands of years 231 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 1: of plowing. You know, there's a good chance there might 232 00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:31,280 Speaker 1: be something else. Yeah, it's almost like you need this 233 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:35,719 Speaker 1: technology to be able to detect the minute traces of 234 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: whatever's left. Yeah. But as I thought was interesting, Stonehenge 235 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:41,360 Speaker 1: itself might have likely started out as a ring of 236 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 1: wooden posts like this one found in two thousand ten, 237 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:47,319 Speaker 1: before farmers brought in the blue stones, followed by the 238 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:52,840 Speaker 1: large giant sarcen stones. Yeah, and the legends around where 239 00:13:52,840 --> 00:13:55,839 Speaker 1: the stones came from in Stonehenge I've always thought are 240 00:13:56,040 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 1: really cool. Uh there's like a legend that the stone 241 00:14:00,080 --> 00:14:03,960 Speaker 1: were brought to England from Ireland by the wizard Merlin, 242 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: and that those stones had originally been brought to Ireland 243 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:12,040 Speaker 1: from Africa by Giant who thought they had um mystical 244 00:14:12,160 --> 00:14:16,839 Speaker 1: healing properties. So anything having to do with Stonehenge, it's 245 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: probably gonna make our list, I'd say, But this is 246 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 1: just too weird not to mention, and it honestly kind 247 00:14:23,760 --> 00:14:27,080 Speaker 1: of confused me when I was researching this wooden Henge. 248 00:14:27,560 --> 00:14:31,040 Speaker 1: At almost the exact same time as this news came out, 249 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 1: really within days, another study came out on a similar 250 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 1: ancient wooden hinge in Ohio, and the site itself is 251 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,120 Speaker 1: in a new discovery. They've known about this Ohio Henge 252 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 1: for a while, but the revelation was that it was 253 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:49,920 Speaker 1: also a line to match up with the solstice. So 254 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: pretty cool double hinge find and sort of a bonus 255 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:58,320 Speaker 1: edition for our list. Cool and freaky. Next, we have 256 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:01,880 Speaker 1: kind of a sweet find. I think Sarah Um archaeologist 257 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:05,760 Speaker 1: began and covering this footprint of the building in James Town, Virginia, 258 00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:08,120 Speaker 1: which was of course the first English settlement in the 259 00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:11,960 Speaker 1: New World earlier this year, and by August they'd realized 260 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,600 Speaker 1: that it was actually the remains of the church in 261 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:18,560 Speaker 1: which Pocahontas married English tobacco farmer John Rolfe. Yeah, and 262 00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:22,360 Speaker 1: Pocahontas Katie and I did an episode on her more 263 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:24,360 Speaker 1: than a year ago. But she was, of course the 264 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:29,560 Speaker 1: Powatan Indian woman and daughter of the chief, and she 265 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:33,080 Speaker 1: apparently befriended the settlers of the Jamestown Colony as a 266 00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: young girl and was a frequent visitor, really helped them 267 00:15:36,520 --> 00:15:40,120 Speaker 1: stay alive and survive. And in sixteen fourteen she married 268 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:44,640 Speaker 1: John Rolfe, also the subject of an earlier posodcast um 269 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:48,360 Speaker 1: and that start their marriage was essentially an alliance between 270 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: the Native Americans in the English and it started this 271 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:55,360 Speaker 1: period of peace between the Powatan Indians. In sixteen fourteen, 272 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,920 Speaker 1: Pocahontas married John Rolfe, who was also the subject of 273 00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:03,560 Speaker 1: an earlier podcast, and their marriage was essentially an alliance 274 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,640 Speaker 1: that started a period of peace between the Powatan Indians 275 00:16:06,680 --> 00:16:10,520 Speaker 1: and the colonists that lasted for about eight years. Yeah, 276 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:13,760 Speaker 1: and just an interesting side fact to that marriage as that, 277 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:16,480 Speaker 1: according to one colonil, she'd actually been married before to 278 00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:19,880 Speaker 1: an Indian named Kokum. So it's a fun fact thrown 279 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:22,680 Speaker 1: in there. But back to the chapel. How did they 280 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:25,160 Speaker 1: know that they had actually found it? I mean, what 281 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: gave them the evidence? Well, they weren't really sure at first, 282 00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:30,760 Speaker 1: but they figured out the building's dimensions, and then they 283 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 1: realized that there were four graves neatly aligned in the 284 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:35,960 Speaker 1: center of the east end of the building, and it's 285 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,800 Speaker 1: the spot that would have coincided with where the altar 286 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:41,800 Speaker 1: would have been and also where elite members of the 287 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:46,280 Speaker 1: church would have been buried. Also, the second thing was 288 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:49,120 Speaker 1: that there were eight post holes large enough and deep 289 00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:51,720 Speaker 1: enough to have held timbers capable of supporting a large 290 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:55,560 Speaker 1: cathedral type ceiling. And then there was also a footprint 291 00:16:56,280 --> 00:17:00,280 Speaker 1: of a pretty chapel and that was in line with 292 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,040 Speaker 1: the holes, and this they figured that that would be 293 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:07,080 Speaker 1: there because it was documented by Jamestown colonist William Stracy 294 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:10,560 Speaker 1: in sixteen ten in his account of the chapel. The 295 00:17:10,600 --> 00:17:12,240 Speaker 1: fourth thing that kind of clued them into the fact 296 00:17:12,320 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: that this was Pocahon's wedding chapel is that the structure 297 00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:19,960 Speaker 1: was located near ware an X or perhaps across, which 298 00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:23,800 Speaker 1: is thought to represent a church site on maps of 299 00:17:23,840 --> 00:17:27,040 Speaker 1: that era. It's marked on a six O eight Zuniga map, 300 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:32,320 Speaker 1: which is a rare firsthand sketch of James Fort and surroundings. Yeah, so, 301 00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 1: so far archaeologists have only excavated about half of the church, 302 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 1: so there's definitely going to be a lot to come 303 00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:43,359 Speaker 1: in eleven um and they're hoping to find a few 304 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:47,000 Speaker 1: different things, namely the identities of the four people buried 305 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,520 Speaker 1: near the altar area. They have some guesses though, based 306 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:55,320 Speaker 1: on date recorded dates of deaths and the status within 307 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:58,159 Speaker 1: the community. And some of their guests are the Reverend 308 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:03,160 Speaker 1: Robert Hunt, who is jamestown first Chaplain, Sir Ferninando Wenman, 309 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:06,800 Speaker 1: who is the Master of Ordinance for Fort James, Captain 310 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:10,280 Speaker 1: Peter Wynn, a sergeant major of the fort, and Captain 311 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:12,879 Speaker 1: Gabriel Archer, who was a member of the colony's first 312 00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:17,760 Speaker 1: governing council. So those are the number four names thrown 313 00:18:17,760 --> 00:18:21,199 Speaker 1: out for who's buried in Pocahona's chapel. It'll be interesting 314 00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:22,920 Speaker 1: to find out who it really is. And it looks 315 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:25,080 Speaker 1: like maybe we can look forward to learning more about that, 316 00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: maybe as soon as next summer. So our final entry 317 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:34,000 Speaker 1: for this list of historical discoveries is on the light side. 318 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 1: It's kind of fun and hopefully it'll get you in 319 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:41,400 Speaker 1: the spirit for ringing in the new year. You said spirit. Yeah, 320 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:44,879 Speaker 1: that's the clue to to what this item has to 321 00:18:44,920 --> 00:18:48,919 Speaker 1: do with UM. There's long been an argument that Stone 322 00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:53,480 Speaker 1: Age farmers grew cereals not just for food, but to 323 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,280 Speaker 1: make beer. And I mean that argument has been around 324 00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:59,439 Speaker 1: for a while, but just this year the archaeologist Brian 325 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:04,159 Speaker 1: Hayden from Simon Fraser University in Canada has started studying 326 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 1: it more carefully and released a report on it. UM 327 00:19:07,359 --> 00:19:10,280 Speaker 1: just trying to figure out what the importance of the 328 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:13,080 Speaker 1: Brew had been for the development of a lot of 329 00:19:13,119 --> 00:19:16,360 Speaker 1: world cultures. So here's a little background on that. The 330 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,840 Speaker 1: Neolithic Arab people in Southwest Asia pioneered the use of 331 00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:23,399 Speaker 1: wild cereals. You would think that they did this to 332 00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:27,399 Speaker 1: have something to eat, right, But actually that wasn't so 333 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:30,679 Speaker 1: much the case. Archaeological evidence says that up until the 334 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:34,119 Speaker 1: Neolithic Age, things like barley and rice weren't really a 335 00:19:34,119 --> 00:19:38,320 Speaker 1: big part of people's diets. Since you have to gather them, 336 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:41,920 Speaker 1: winnow them, hask them, grind them. It's just a lot 337 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:44,640 Speaker 1: of work in general, process and grains to a point 338 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:47,240 Speaker 1: where you can eat them. Yeah. So people probably didn't 339 00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:50,640 Speaker 1: go to that much trouble. Yeah. Um, But Hayden's research 340 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: found that people in Syria would travel up to forty 341 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:57,919 Speaker 1: or sixty miles to get access to grain. So it 342 00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 1: seemed like there must be some motive for obtaining grains 343 00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:06,080 Speaker 1: that had to do with something other than just eating them, 344 00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 1: and that's likely to make beer out of them or 345 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,920 Speaker 1: some sort of alcohol. Because if you needed something fancy 346 00:20:14,119 --> 00:20:18,119 Speaker 1: or ceremonial to serve at your banquet, beer was a 347 00:20:18,160 --> 00:20:22,080 Speaker 1: pretty good bet. Yeah. Beer actually became a big staple 348 00:20:22,119 --> 00:20:24,720 Speaker 1: at feast, along with meat and something starchy like bread 349 00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:28,240 Speaker 1: or porridge. Um, if you're postcapey good beer, you'd probably 350 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:30,479 Speaker 1: be in pretty good standing with them. Yeah, and you 351 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:33,560 Speaker 1: might loosen up a little bit, maybe work out a 352 00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:38,080 Speaker 1: deal or something. You can see why it would be useful. Um. 353 00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:40,680 Speaker 1: Discovery kind of reminded me of the two thousand seven 354 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: discovery of Cash of Mine pottery. Um that I think 355 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,440 Speaker 1: I talked about some in the History of Chocolate episode. 356 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:51,320 Speaker 1: Archaeologists had found theobram mine, which is the chemical calling 357 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:56,040 Speaker 1: card of cacao in this pottery. Um. But the weird 358 00:20:56,080 --> 00:21:00,280 Speaker 1: thing about it is it didn't have classic mix there's 359 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:02,720 Speaker 1: for the chocolate drink. It had the co cow, but 360 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: it didn't have vanilla or honey or spices. It just 361 00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:09,720 Speaker 1: had the cacaw chemical And it meant that these vessels 362 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:14,680 Speaker 1: probably held cacao alcohol, which was this fermented beverage made 363 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:19,119 Speaker 1: from fruit pulp instead of the beans. And maybe they 364 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:21,840 Speaker 1: assume that maybe in the process of making this more 365 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:25,960 Speaker 1: ancient beverage, this alcoholic beverage, somebody discovered that you could 366 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:29,240 Speaker 1: make another drink that it's probably a little tastier out 367 00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 1: of the fermented beans. Pretty smart. Yeah, it's also kind 368 00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,680 Speaker 1: of reminiscent of the whiskey rebellion, Yeah, which has been 369 00:21:35,760 --> 00:21:38,720 Speaker 1: on my list for a long time. Yeah. And the 370 00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: idea there is that because grains are easier to keep, 371 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:44,879 Speaker 1: cheaper to transport, and infinitely more valuable when they've been 372 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:49,200 Speaker 1: processed in alcohol, Um, why not do it that way? Yeah, 373 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:53,720 Speaker 1: So maybe people started domesticating grains so that they could 374 00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:57,399 Speaker 1: make beer. Who knows, Yes, that would definitely be the 375 00:21:57,520 --> 00:22:01,840 Speaker 1: more flavorful alternative I think. But hopefully this has gotten 376 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:04,240 Speaker 1: you in the spirit to go out and have a 377 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:08,360 Speaker 1: good time for New Year's Eve. Put on your dancing shoes. Yes, 378 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,879 Speaker 1: let loose a little bit. And now it's time for 379 00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:17,240 Speaker 1: a listener mail. So our first email comes from Shane 380 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:21,000 Speaker 1: in Ohio, and he wrote that he teaches advanced placement 381 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:25,160 Speaker 1: US history in northern Ohio and he loves the podcast. Um. 382 00:22:25,160 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: He said that he especially enjoyed the Sherlock Holmes and 383 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:31,560 Speaker 1: the Last podcast, and that's partly because he's really into 384 00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,359 Speaker 1: finding Easter eggs and shows, which, um, if you're not 385 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: familiar with Easter eggs, they're like the little things that 386 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:40,359 Speaker 1: if you watch really carefully and probably if you have 387 00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:44,239 Speaker 1: a DVR and can actually pause your TV show, um, 388 00:22:44,359 --> 00:22:48,240 Speaker 1: you'll catch just a little inside um easter eggs for 389 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: hardcore fans. So regarding House and Sherlock Holmes, he wrote, 390 00:22:54,640 --> 00:22:57,159 Speaker 1: there was a little Easter egg whenever they show the 391 00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 1: address that Gregory House lives at to twenty one B. 392 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:05,159 Speaker 1: Baker Street. Yep, the same as Mr Sherlock Holmes. And 393 00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,960 Speaker 1: then um, this was just so sweet. But he wrote, 394 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: if you want to make a history teacher. It's happy 395 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:13,480 Speaker 1: if he can be short of a day at the Smithsonian. 396 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:16,359 Speaker 1: Mentioned any of this in some future podcast, and my 397 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:21,119 Speaker 1: quote History Nerds datus will be forever cemented in my classroom, 398 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:23,480 Speaker 1: which is a great thing. So I hope we've like 399 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:28,400 Speaker 1: boosted your reputation in your classroom. And um enjoy watching 400 00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: your Lost reruns and your House episodes. Yeah, definitely. This 401 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:37,280 Speaker 1: next letter is also Sherlock Holmes related. It's from Chris 402 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:39,960 Speaker 1: and he says this is his first time writing in. 403 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:44,200 Speaker 1: He says, I am a fan of the Sherlock Holmes stories, 404 00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 1: and since you asked for favorite Sherlock stories, I must 405 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:49,440 Speaker 1: mention a favorite that was also one of the ones 406 00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:52,399 Speaker 1: that was never told. Holmes was fond of referring to 407 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:55,320 Speaker 1: adventures that he and Watson had embarked on that weren't 408 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:58,280 Speaker 1: written about, and in the Adventures of the Sussex Vampire, 409 00:23:58,640 --> 00:24:01,399 Speaker 1: Holmes says, mattil to Briggs was not the name of 410 00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:03,720 Speaker 1: a young woman, Watson. It was a ship which is 411 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:07,520 Speaker 1: associated with the giant rat of Sumatra, a story for 412 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: which the world is not yet prepared. How can you 413 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:14,919 Speaker 1: not be intrigued by that giant rats it isn't drinking, 414 00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:18,520 Speaker 1: I think definitely. He also adds, as the other letter 415 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:23,120 Speaker 1: did a couple of House Sherlock associations and he says 416 00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:26,400 Speaker 1: he's pitt fans of both shows and he mentioned the apartment. 417 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,399 Speaker 1: Everybody also mentions that Dr James Wilson and House plays 418 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:32,320 Speaker 1: the part of Dr John Watson. That even give a 419 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:35,639 Speaker 1: nod to it in in universe with House being shot 420 00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 1: by a man named Moriarty and a made up love 421 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:41,720 Speaker 1: interest for House named, of course, Irene Adler, which was 422 00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:44,320 Speaker 1: also a Home's character. So we have a lot of 423 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,160 Speaker 1: homes enthusiast out there. I think we got a lot 424 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:52,760 Speaker 1: of mail about favorite homes stories and just general Sherlock 425 00:24:52,920 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: commentary on the latest show and other favorite theories. Yes, 426 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:00,320 Speaker 1: and we love to get those letters. So if you 427 00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:04,520 Speaker 1: have any comments on previous podcasts or today's podcasts, favorite 428 00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:07,440 Speaker 1: discoveries of two thousand ten that we didn't mention that 429 00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:10,000 Speaker 1: you want to share with us, please write us at 430 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: History Podcast at how stuff works dot com. You can 431 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:16,160 Speaker 1: also visit us on Facebook or a Twitter at Myston History. Yeah, 432 00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:19,399 Speaker 1: and we also have tons of year end wrap up 433 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:23,760 Speaker 1: articles being published right now and as we speak image 434 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:28,480 Speaker 1: galleries of best news stories of and you can search 435 00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:31,880 Speaker 1: for them on our home page at www dot how 436 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:38,760 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. For more on this and thousands 437 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,359 Speaker 1: of other topics, visit how stuff works dot com. To 438 00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: learn more about the podcast, click on the podcast icon 439 00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:47,239 Speaker 1: in the upper right corner of our homepage. The How 440 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:50,119 Speaker 1: Stuff Works iPhone up has a ride. Download it today 441 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:51,080 Speaker 1: on iTunes