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Speaker 4: Hey, Daniel, I heard you grew up in Los Alamos,

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Speaker 4: New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's true. But before you ask, our high

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Speaker 1: school mascot was not the atomic bomb.

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Speaker 4: It wasn't a Tommy or hydrogen. That would be in

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Speaker 4: bad taste.

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Speaker 1: No, but we did bomb in all of our home

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Speaker 1: football games.

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Speaker 4: Ooh, that's a radioactive topic. But I do have a

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Speaker 4: question for you, all right, to the people in Los Alamos.

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Speaker 4: Glow in the dark, you know, because of all that radiation?

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Speaker 1: No, though that would be useful at night. But I

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Speaker 1: do have an extra eyeball that I try to keep

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Speaker 1: closed in the public.

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Speaker 4: Does that give you extra death protection? Or let's you

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Speaker 4: keep an eye on your kids more easily?

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Speaker 1: It lets me see the world in three D?

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Speaker 4: Cool? But I guess that makes getting glasses kind of

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Speaker 4: a pain. I am more hammade cartoonists and the creator

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Speaker 4: of PHP comments.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I don't

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Speaker 1: really glow in the dark.

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Speaker 4: Really what spectrum?

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Speaker 2: Though?

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Speaker 4: Don't you glow in the darkness certain spectrums of flight?

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Speaker 1: No, I absolutely do. I should have said I'm a

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Speaker 1: particle physicist and I do actually glow in the dark,

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Speaker 1: just the way I do and you do, and everybody does?

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Speaker 1: We all glow in the infrared?

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Speaker 4: Yes, if we all had I guess special night goggles.

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Speaker 4: We would all see each other glowing at night.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Or if we had evolved eyeballs that could see

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Speaker 1: in the infrared.

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Speaker 4: Oh, that would be cool. Yeah, we would be able

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Speaker 4: to tell when people are sick and everything right, kind of,

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Speaker 4: they have a fever.

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Speaker 1: That's right, we could spot the virus with our naked eyes.

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Speaker 4: Are you saying everybody has an aura about them? Kind

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Speaker 4: of in some frequencies of light.

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Speaker 1: The physics of auras exactly.

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Speaker 4: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of Iiheart Radio.

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Speaker 1: In which we'd like to talk about the physics of

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Speaker 1: the crazy, the insane, the quantum mechanical, the black holes,

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Speaker 1: the neutron stars, the centers of galaxies. But we also

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Speaker 1: like to talk about the physics of the every day.

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Speaker 1: Doing physics about the universe means understanding everything we see

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Speaker 1: around us, Understanding the microscopic mechanisms that determine everything that

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Speaker 1: happens inside our bodies and outside our bodies.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because physics is all around us. It's not just

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Speaker 4: out there in space and the farthest reaches of the

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Speaker 4: cosmos and black holes and stars and planets. It's also

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Speaker 4: right here, all around us, and the things that you

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Speaker 4: touch every day, and the things that you play with

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Speaker 4: and activate every day, and like you said, in our

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Speaker 4: own bodies as well.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's sort of amazing and beautiful how

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Speaker 1: physics lets us like peel back a layer of reality

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Speaker 1: and see the tiny, little, microscopic things that are causing

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Speaker 1: that behavior. You know, the reasons that metals are shiny,

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Speaker 1: or that liquids flow, or that gases burn. All of

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Speaker 1: its physics at the lowest level, the rules that govern

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Speaker 1: those tiny little particles eventually bubble up and determine basically

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Speaker 1: everything about the universe. And it's cool to go in

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Speaker 1: both directions, to see something you don't understand and take

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Speaker 1: it apart into its microscopic little components, and to go

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Speaker 1: to the other direction and to understand from the bottom

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Speaker 1: up how the rules of the universe determine our experience.

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Speaker 4: Did you say physics is at the lowest levels or

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Speaker 4: at the lowest levels? How is that a little unintentional

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Speaker 4: slip there?

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Speaker 1: That's right. Halloween is coming, and so I have glow

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Speaker 1: in the dark things in my mind.

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Speaker 4: Your kids have those like glow in the dark stars

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Speaker 4: up in their ceilings.

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Speaker 1: They do but they're getting fainter and fainter every year,

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Speaker 1: maybe because of dark energy.

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Speaker 4: Oh, interesting, I don't think that's the thing, is it?

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Speaker 5: Oh?

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Speaker 4: I see? Are you saying that the room is getting

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Speaker 4: bigger and bigger and so therefore the stars are getting

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Speaker 4: fainter and fainter.

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Speaker 1: No, the universe is getting darker and darker because galaxies

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Speaker 1: are accelerating away from us faster and faster every year,

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Speaker 1: and so our actual night sky is getting darker and darker.

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Speaker 1: And my kid's cheap bo glowing the dark stars are

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Speaker 1: also fading, but for a different reason. So they are

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Speaker 1: accidentally scientifically accurate.

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Speaker 4: Well, that is something that is in our everyday lives,

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Speaker 4: especially around this time of Halloween. Glow in the dark.

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Speaker 4: Things things that glow in the dark, that people make,

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Speaker 4: little like ghosts and decorations that glow in the dark.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And if you have physics on the brain,

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Speaker 1: then you look at that and you wonder how does

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Speaker 1: that happen? And I get a lot of questions from

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Speaker 1: listeners who want to understand the very basics of how

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Speaker 1: light works, how photons bows off of things and sometimes

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Speaker 1: reflect and sometimes absorb, and how you get mirrors and

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Speaker 1: why things look like different colors? And this is a

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Speaker 1: very basic question I remember wondering about as a kid,

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Speaker 1: you know, like how light travels and why things are

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Speaker 1: various colors and how that all works.

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Speaker 6: Yeah.

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Speaker 4: I do remember in the mid eighties, like getting my

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Speaker 4: first glow in the dark thing. I think it was

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Speaker 4: a frisbee maybe, or something in a T shirt, and

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Speaker 4: I just remember thinking like, Wow, that's amazing, that's like magic.

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Speaker 4: How does that work?

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Speaker 1: That's right? And the answer is always physics.

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Speaker 4: To say. When I grew up, I stop wondering about

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Speaker 4: it because I just look at that and think, oh,

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Speaker 4: that's just chemistry.

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Speaker 1: Just chemistry, right, All you chemists out there, you just

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Speaker 1: got like totally dissed.

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Speaker 4: I'm bating you to this chemistry.

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Speaker 1: No, it's the wonderful world of chemistry, the magnificent questions

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Speaker 1: answered by chemistry. No, chemistry is too complicated for me.

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Speaker 1: I can't think about all those particles at the same time.

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Speaker 4: Hmmm.

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Speaker 1: I see.

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Speaker 4: You like to drill down to the individual part I.

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Speaker 1: Have utmost respect for chemists and biologists. You can think

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Speaker 1: about such complex systems. I like to take things apart

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Speaker 1: and think about a single particle interacting with one other particle.

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Speaker 4: Well, that is a pretty interesting question, how to glow

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Speaker 4: in the dark? Things glow? And I wish we could

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Speaker 4: we could go back in time and tell my eighties

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Speaker 4: kidself about it. So to the on the podcast, we'll

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Speaker 4: be talking about why do things glow in the dark?

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Speaker 4: And I guess you mean, like certain things? Why do

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Speaker 4: all things blow in the dark, or why do like

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Speaker 4: glow in the dark things.

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Speaker 1: Blow in the Yeah, Well, some things glow in the visible,

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Speaker 1: other things glow in the invisible. And it turns out

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Speaker 1: almost everything in the universe glows in some way or another.

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Speaker 1: And there's a lot of really subtle physics going on

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Speaker 1: about how things absorb light when they decide to give

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Speaker 1: it off, what's going on in between, and whether or

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Speaker 1: not we could use that to understand things like black holes.

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Speaker 4: Interesting. I guess all things glow in the dark are

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Speaker 4: at least all things that have a temperature other than

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Speaker 4: zero kelvin. Right, technically they glow in the dark.

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Speaker 1: Almost almost all things that have a temperature flow are

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Speaker 1: all things interesting?

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Speaker 4: But I guess what we mean today is how do

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Speaker 4: things that glow in the visible light spectrum? Those things

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Speaker 4: that glow without any electricity or any kind of a

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Speaker 4: battery source. How do those glow in the dark?

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Speaker 1: Mm hmm, exactly what is the physics of that?

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Speaker 4: So, as usually you'll be, we're wondering how many people

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Speaker 4: out there had thought about this question and looking at

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Speaker 4: their star stickies in their ceiling or Halloween decorations and

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Speaker 4: wonder what makes something glow in the dark. So Daniel

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Speaker 4: went out there into the wilds of the internet to

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Speaker 4: ask people this question.

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Speaker 1: So thanks everybody who volunteered. And if you would like

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Speaker 1: to participate and hear your voice on the podcast and

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Speaker 1: you think you have some good answers, please write to

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Speaker 1: us two questions at Daniel Njorge dot com. Everybody is

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Speaker 1: very welcome.

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Speaker 4: So think about it for a second. Did you owe

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Speaker 4: a glowworm when you were a kid, and ever wonder

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Speaker 4: how it works. Here's what you've let to say.

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Speaker 6: I'm inclined to say temperature is what makes things blow

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Speaker 6: in the dark, but in case of bioluminescence in like

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Speaker 6: fireflies or something, it's probably something else. It might be

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Speaker 6: something involving some biological compound combined with electricity. I'm not

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Speaker 6: sure how that worked, really, but I'd say temperature is

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Speaker 6: the usual suspect.

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Speaker 5: The first thing that comes to mind is bioluminous sence.

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Speaker 5: I'm sorry if I'm saying that wrong. I don't know

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Speaker 5: how to pronounce that in English correctly. But it's like

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Speaker 5: some fish in the deep water, they create kind of

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Speaker 5: their own light. We also see that sometimes with algae

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Speaker 5: in the ocean, but I don't know how that works.

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Speaker 5: I'm guessing it's a mixture of chemicals.

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Speaker 7: I've never thought about that. I know that there are

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Speaker 7: certain chemical processes that can excite electrons in the correct way,

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Speaker 7: and there's also bioluminescence that some organisms have. I think

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Speaker 7: to glow in the dark, you have to be able

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Speaker 7: to generate your own form of energy and emit that

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Speaker 7: in some way. But I'm not sure of any other specifics.

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Speaker 1: Hmm.

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Speaker 4: Interesting a lot of answers here that point to biology.

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Speaker 4: They skip right over chemistry and went to bioluminescence. Man,

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Speaker 4: that's a double insult there.

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Speaker 1: No, it's all part of the same wonderful spectrum of science.

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Speaker 1: But does make you realize that there are lots of

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Speaker 1: ways that things glow in the dark. You know, there

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Speaker 1: are like algae that glow in the ocean and there

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Speaker 1: are fish, and then there's also you know those watches

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Speaker 1: that have like glow in the dark hands, And I

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Speaker 1: remember as a kid thinking that those were amazing and

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Speaker 1: wondering why they faded as the night went on. It

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Speaker 1: was sort of like they captured some sunlight and they

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Speaker 1: were like slowly releasing it later, Like how do you

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Speaker 1: capture photons? It's like always imagine like are their photons

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Speaker 1: running around in circles inside those little watch hands.

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Speaker 4: And there's also those glow sticks, right, I mean I

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Speaker 4: don't go to a lot of raves, but I've heard

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Speaker 4: that they use glows sticks a lot in those, and

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Speaker 4: there used a lot in like you know, the Halloween too, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, we always deck our kids out with glowing

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Speaker 1: stuff so they don't get run over. So there's lots

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Speaker 1: of ways that you can emit light, you know. I

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Speaker 1: think we should distinguish between things that like just reflect

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Speaker 1: light and things that actually give off their own light.

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Speaker 4: Right, because I guess you know, like the moon doesn't

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Speaker 4: mid light by itself. We only see it at night

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Speaker 4: because it's reflecting light from the sun.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Most of the light that you see is

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Speaker 1: actually reflected, right, All the light from the sun. When

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Speaker 1: you look at the ground, you're looking at reflected light

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Speaker 1: from the sun. The ground is not like glowing in

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Speaker 1: the visible light. And if you turned off the sun,

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Speaker 1: the ground would be dark, right. And the same thing

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Speaker 1: with the moon. The moon has a dark side and

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Speaker 1: a light side, and you only see the light side

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Speaker 1: because you are seeing light reflected off the Moon from the.

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Speaker 4: Sun in the visible light spectrum.

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Speaker 1: Again, right in the visible light spectrum. Yeah, so you

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Speaker 1: know moonlight is actually just sunlight, right, that's been reflected

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Speaker 1: off of the moon. Which makes me wonder about all

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Speaker 1: those creatures that you know, like only can live in

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Speaker 1: the moonlight or whatever, like vampires.

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Speaker 4: Wait, what there are creatures who can only live in

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Speaker 4: the moonlight on the moon or here on Earth?

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Speaker 1: No, midological creatures. Don't vampires turn to stone in sunlight

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Speaker 1: or something?

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Speaker 4: Oh boy, you're really confusing me here today chemistry and

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Speaker 4: biology and mythical creatures and the visible light.

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Speaker 1: We're doing the lass of vampires today. Felks, boy, Daniel

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Speaker 1: takes apart the science of vampires. I know, the sun

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Speaker 1: itself is actually glowing, it's actually emitting light, But the

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Speaker 1: Earth and the Moon and all the planets like when

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Speaker 1: you look at Jupiter, right, that is reflected light from

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Speaker 1: the Sun. Those photons have all shot out from the Sun,

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Speaker 1: hit Jupiter and then come back to your eyeball.

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Speaker 4: Right, yeah, that's pretty cool to think about it. But

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Speaker 4: then do the photons become Jupiter photons? You know, like

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Speaker 4: technically right, it's not the same photons that came from

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Speaker 4: the Sun, Like Jupiter absorbed those photons from the Sun,

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Speaker 4: did something that we might talk about later, and then

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Speaker 4: emitted its own photons.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's complicated. Actually, what happens when a photon hits

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Speaker 1: a surface. It can either get absorbed and then later

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Speaker 1: re emitted, but that you would really call emission, or

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Speaker 1: can actually get reflected right and quantum mechanically to understand

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Speaker 1: what happens during reflection is a whole other rabbit hole,

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Speaker 1: which would take a whole other podcast, which we're planning

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Speaker 1: to do in a few weeks actually. But so those

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Speaker 1: photons are sort of really just still like stellar photons

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Speaker 1: that have been reflected off of Jupiter. If something absorbs

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Speaker 1: the photons and then like gets hotter and emits it,

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Speaker 1: that's really a different kind of process.

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Speaker 4: They are pretty stellar, those photons.

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Speaker 1: They're fantastic, fantastic. But you know, like you see from stars,

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Speaker 1: that's actually emitted from that star, right, those stars are glowing.

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Speaker 1: And so when we say something is glowing, you really

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Speaker 1: mean it's emitting its own photons. It's not just like

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Speaker 1: reflecting somebody else's photons.

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Speaker 4: But today we're sort of talking about things here on

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Speaker 4: Earth that sort of glow in the visible light spectrum,

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Speaker 4: sort of on their own, without any kind of battery

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Speaker 4: or any light reflecting on them. And so we're going

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Speaker 4: to start with things in chemistry and biology because we

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Speaker 4: love chemistry and biology.

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Speaker 1: We do love chemistry and biology and chemists and biologists, right,

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Speaker 1: they're wonderful people.

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Speaker 4: It's funny how we have to say that.

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Speaker 1: I'm not overcompensating at all.

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Speaker 4: I know they're lovely people. But yes, there are things

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Speaker 4: in biology that glow in the dark, like algae, right,

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Speaker 4: and some fungi mm hmm.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely. And so this is what we call bioluminescence. And

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Speaker 1: this is essentially just like some critter that has energy

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Speaker 1: stored inside of it and then releasing that energy in

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Speaker 1: terms of a photon, right, Photons are just like little

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Speaker 1: units of energy, and when a chemical reaction happens and

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Speaker 1: energy is released. It can be released in lots of ways.

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Speaker 1: It can like heat up you know, other molecules, or

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Speaker 1: you can actually also just emit a photon. And so

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Speaker 1: that's what's happening in most cases inside these bioluminescent properties

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Speaker 1: and have a chemical reaction. Actually it's happening. So it's biochemistry,

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Speaker 1: and usually it's like oxygen reacting with this thing called

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Speaker 1: lucifer in. It's some enzyme and there's luciferin and luciferrase,

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Speaker 1: and these things interact with oxygen and then release a

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Speaker 1: photon and form some new chemical compounds.

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Speaker 4: Well, like lucifer like the fallen angel, or like lucid

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Speaker 4: like light.

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Speaker 1: I think there's a connection there. Yeah, I think they

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Speaker 1: have the same root.

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Speaker 4: All right. Interesting, So, like all bioluminescence is evil, is

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Speaker 4: what you're saying. It is luifer or at least this

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Speaker 4: enzyme called luciferse.

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Speaker 1: This is a surprisingly Halloween e themed episode, isn't it.

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Speaker 4: Oh my goodness, are you in costume right now?

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Speaker 1: I'm dressed up as a physicist today.

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Speaker 4: Good let me guess sand all shorts a T shirt

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Speaker 4: or is a T shirt optional?

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Speaker 1: No comment? But you know, This happens in lots of

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Speaker 1: different kinds of creatures. You have like bacteria that can

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Speaker 1: do it. You have bugs that can do it, like fireflies.

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Speaker 1: You have fungi that can do it. A deep sea

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Speaker 1: squids can do it. You've probably seen pictures of those

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Speaker 1: fish that have like a little lantern that they have

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Speaker 1: in front of themselves to attract craters to eat. Yeah.

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Speaker 4: Are you saying that those all work with the same mechanism,

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Speaker 4: the same enzyme or like a similar enzyme.

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Speaker 1: They're all very similar. There's like forty different ways that

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Speaker 1: this has evolved independently, and they all use some variety

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Speaker 1: of a luciferin or a luciferrase, though it varies pretty

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Speaker 1: widely between the species.

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Speaker 4: Well, it's pretty cool, and I think the point is

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Speaker 4: that they're expending energy, right. There's like using oxygen and

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Speaker 4: they're probably using some kind of sugar right to sort

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Speaker 4: of make this chemical reaction work.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, usually it starts out with you know, your typical

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Speaker 1: energy carrying molecule ATP in the body, and then that

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Speaker 1: just converts that energy into something else, which becomes a photon.

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Speaker 4: And I guess a big question is kind of why

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Speaker 4: they do those things. I guess just to sort of

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Speaker 4: see things in the dark or be able to communicate

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Speaker 4: in the dark.

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Speaker 1: It's something that does biologist speculate a lot. In some cases,

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Speaker 1: they do it to communicate like toxicity, the way like

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Speaker 1: a plant might be brightly colored or an insect might

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Speaker 1: be brightly colored to say like hey, watch out, stay

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Speaker 1: away from me. In other cases, they use it to

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Speaker 1: attract prey, like the lantern fish uses it to draw

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Speaker 1: things to it because some microbes are attracted too light.

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Speaker 1: And so there's lots of different reasons. You know, some

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Speaker 1: of them they use it to communicate, like fireflies or

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Speaker 1: you know, for mating dances. So there's a really wide

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Speaker 1: variety of uses across the various creatures that do bioluminess.

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Speaker 4: Interesting and you're saying they all evolve this independently, like

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Speaker 4: they all came up with the same solution, but they

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Speaker 4: hadn't talked to each other about it.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they don't have a single common evolutionary history, which

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Speaker 1: means that it's something that's not that hard to evolve

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Speaker 1: or something that's pretty useful.

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Speaker 4: And it's something I think biologists have sort of learned

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Speaker 4: to hack too, write like they can now like tweak

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Speaker 4: the DNA of a something or bacteria or something and

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Speaker 4: make it glow.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly. It's not that complicated a process, so

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Speaker 1: they can sort of engineer it into something, which means

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Speaker 1: in the future, you know, maybe you'll be able to

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Speaker 1: biohack your body into glowing in the dark if you

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Speaker 1: do want that, or.

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Speaker 4: Your kids, so you can keep trying on Halloween night

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Speaker 4: that would be pretty useful, just like give them a

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Speaker 4: quick drink they glow in the dark.

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Speaker 1: Probably there'll be an app on your phone you can

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Speaker 1: like turn your kid various colors, you know, like where's

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Speaker 1: my kid? Where is the the playground or something?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and you can change their color on the app too.

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Speaker 4: That would be pretty handy.

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Speaker 6: I know.

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Speaker 1: Then hackers take over and everybody's kid is just like

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Speaker 1: blinking constantly. I'd be crazy. It seems like a bad idea.

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Speaker 4: Or are you going to raise and everyone's like, as

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Speaker 4: these funt patterns in their skin.

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Speaker 1: But there are actual technological applications. It turns out that

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Speaker 1: miners knew that some fish had a very faint glow

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Speaker 1: in them, and even after the fish were dead, this

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Speaker 1: process continued in their skins, and so miners used to

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Speaker 1: take dried fish skins down into the minds with them

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Speaker 1: as a sort of very very faint lamp. And your

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Speaker 1: eyeballs are so powerful that even a very small source

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Speaker 1: of light and a deep, deep dark is enough to

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Speaker 1: sort of show you how to get around. And an

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Speaker 1: advantage of course in the deep caves not to have

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Speaker 1: like an open flame something that's consuming oxygen and making smoke.

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Speaker 4: Oh interesting, Yeah, although I imagine you know, taking dead

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Speaker 4: fish into a very close kind cramp quarter, probably it

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Speaker 4: becomes a bad idea in a short while.

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Speaker 1: There's always trade offs, all right.

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Speaker 4: So that's bioluminescence, how living creatures make light in the dark.

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Speaker 4: But there's also sort of the chemistry of it, right,

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Speaker 4: Like we can have glow st eggs, and we can

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Speaker 4: have those sticky things that glow in the dark and

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Speaker 4: blown the dark skulls and at that Halloween.

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Speaker 1: How do those work? There's a lot of ways that

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Speaker 1: you can have chemo luminescence. Essentially, you just need any

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Speaker 1: sort of reaction that releases energy, and sometimes it releases

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Speaker 1: energy in terms of light and not just heat. And

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Speaker 1: so these are pretty simple reactions. What's happening inside those

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Speaker 1: things is you have like a little glass vial that's

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Speaker 1: separating two different chemicals that when they come together, they

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Speaker 1: react and they give off some of their energy. Typically

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Speaker 1: it's like hydrogen peroxide and then some sort of activator chemical.

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Speaker 1: And so you know how you have to like bend

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Speaker 1: those things and snap them so that the two things

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Speaker 1: then mix and form that chemical reaction.

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Speaker 4: Interesting, and so what's happening, Like the molecules of one

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Speaker 4: chemical are reacting with the other molecules, and then somehow

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Speaker 4: that process, as they're rearranged themselves, somehow releases a photon.

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Speaker 1: The end product requires less energy to build than the

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Speaker 1: actual ingredients, and so you've left over energy, right, It's

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Speaker 1: like these two things have like fallen in together into

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Speaker 1: like a little potential. Well, so there's leftover energy which

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Speaker 1: is emitted in terms of a photon, and.

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Speaker 4: So that's chemo and bioluminescence. That's pretty cool, all right.

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Speaker 4: So let's get into the things that glow in the

441
00:20:48,359 --> 00:20:51,600
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Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy

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493
00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:35,840
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact of each and every bite, But

494
00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:38,600
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495
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496
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497
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498
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499
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500
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501
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510
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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about things that glow in the

511
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:39,600
Speaker 4: dark in a fun, fun way, right, not in a

512
00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:40,200
Speaker 4: scary way.

513
00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:43,199
Speaker 1: That's right, and that's sort of joyful. You're gonna eat

514
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,480
Speaker 1: chocolate at the end of this night, halloweeny sort of way.

515
00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:49,320
Speaker 4: Yeah, probably too much. So we talked about animals and

516
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:52,040
Speaker 4: bacteria and fungi that glow in the dark and how

517
00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,640
Speaker 4: to do that with chemicals. But then there's also things

518
00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:56,719
Speaker 4: that seem to glow in the dark without any kind

519
00:24:56,760 --> 00:24:59,919
Speaker 4: of reactive reaction or any kind of consumption of sugar

520
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:02,400
Speaker 4: or energy. Which are you know, glow in the dark

521
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:05,879
Speaker 4: stickers and glow in the dark, you know, decals and

522
00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:07,880
Speaker 4: T shirts and things like that. How did those work?

523
00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:09,280
Speaker 4: Those are more physics y right.

524
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:11,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, these are more physics CD and these are really

525
00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:14,320
Speaker 1: cool because they really are like little batteries. They're like

526
00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:18,000
Speaker 1: storing the energy from the sun and then slowly emitting it,

527
00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:20,800
Speaker 1: slowly releasing it. So it really is sort of cool.

528
00:25:20,840 --> 00:25:22,439
Speaker 1: Like you know how you can charge these up? Right?

529
00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:24,680
Speaker 1: You put it in sunlight and then you rush into

530
00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:27,080
Speaker 1: the closet and it seems to glow really brightly and

531
00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:29,800
Speaker 1: then it fades very gradually, but it takes a long time,

532
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,600
Speaker 1: and so it's I think of it like delayed reflection

533
00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:35,200
Speaker 1: rather than just immediately reflecting all the light from the sun.

534
00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:37,440
Speaker 1: It like it gathers it, it holds it, and it

535
00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:39,360
Speaker 1: sort of meters it out for you, the same way.

536
00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:41,960
Speaker 1: You know, on Halloween you get a huge bucket of candy,

537
00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:43,800
Speaker 1: but your mom only lets you have one or two

538
00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:44,639
Speaker 1: pieces every day.

539
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,520
Speaker 4: We had two very different moms. I guess my mom

540
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:50,959
Speaker 4: was not that concerned about my candy consumption.

541
00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:52,879
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, or did you just eat it all herself?

542
00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:57,040
Speaker 4: We just had no rules, I think, at least I

543
00:25:57,080 --> 00:25:58,400
Speaker 4: don't remember having any rules.

544
00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:00,160
Speaker 1: And is that the way you're raising your kids? Eat

545
00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:01,520
Speaker 1: as much candy as you like whenever you like?

546
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:03,440
Speaker 4: No, of course, you turn into the worst of a

547
00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:06,240
Speaker 4: version of yourself as a parent that we meet her

548
00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:07,160
Speaker 4: at throughout the year.

549
00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:09,240
Speaker 1: All right, well, there you go. That's a good model

550
00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:12,879
Speaker 1: for the phosphorescence process which is happening in glowing the

551
00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:15,560
Speaker 1: dark toys. So what's happening here is that the photon

552
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,320
Speaker 1: is hitting the object and it's in some low energy

553
00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:21,200
Speaker 1: state and absorbs that photon. Right, it doesn't just reflect it,

554
00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:23,960
Speaker 1: it absorbs it, which means that like some electron in

555
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:26,919
Speaker 1: that material now has more energy than it did before.

556
00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:29,600
Speaker 1: And that's not that unusual. But what happens here is

557
00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:33,719
Speaker 1: that the electron doesn't just immediately then release that energy. Instead,

558
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,200
Speaker 1: it gets trapped. It's sort of like you've pushed the

559
00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:38,760
Speaker 1: electron up a hill and then before it can roll

560
00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:41,680
Speaker 1: back down, it gets caught on some ledge or something

561
00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:43,320
Speaker 1: and it has to hang out there for a while,

562
00:26:43,520 --> 00:26:45,639
Speaker 1: and it's very hard for it to get off that ledge.

563
00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:48,200
Speaker 1: And so you have this like pile of electron stuck

564
00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:50,879
Speaker 1: up on that ledge, storing that energy, and occasionally one

565
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:53,120
Speaker 1: will drop down and give off a photon.

566
00:26:53,359 --> 00:26:53,639
Speaker 6: Mm.

567
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,119
Speaker 4: Interesting, And now is it like one photon per atom,

568
00:26:57,400 --> 00:26:59,879
Speaker 4: or like one electron per atom, or can like an

569
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,120
Speaker 4: atoms store multiple photons.

570
00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,240
Speaker 1: You can't really think about it in terms of atoms

571
00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:06,600
Speaker 1: because these are objects. So it's really like a lattice

572
00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:09,199
Speaker 1: and the electrons are not really like held onto an

573
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:13,040
Speaker 1: individual atom. So these electrons are like flowing around this crystal,

574
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:16,320
Speaker 1: this lattice of whatever material it is that you're thinking about.

575
00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 1: And you know, when we think about crystal, you think

576
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,880
Speaker 1: of like a really hard firm object, but really any

577
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:23,199
Speaker 1: solid you can think about in terms of a crystal

578
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:25,920
Speaker 1: or a lattice. It's like a mesh of atoms that

579
00:27:25,960 --> 00:27:29,200
Speaker 1: are all woven together and the electrons jump happily around.

580
00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,160
Speaker 1: And so what happens here is like an individual electron

581
00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:35,280
Speaker 1: gets energy and then it's like flowing freely, but it

582
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:37,960
Speaker 1: can get stuck, like there's a defect in the lattice,

583
00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:40,320
Speaker 1: or you know, whether the bonds are not perfect, or

584
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:42,959
Speaker 1: there's like some doping material some other kind of thing

585
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,639
Speaker 1: which sort of breaks the lattice, and electrons can get

586
00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:47,960
Speaker 1: stuck in those little holes and then they have to

587
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:49,920
Speaker 1: wait for like a little bit of heat or something

588
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:51,680
Speaker 1: else to sort of knock them out of that hole

589
00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,080
Speaker 1: and down to a lower energy so they can give

590
00:27:54,119 --> 00:27:57,080
Speaker 1: off that light, and that's why the light is emitted

591
00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:57,800
Speaker 1: over time.

592
00:27:58,359 --> 00:28:00,919
Speaker 4: Interesting, but then what happens to the photons? Do they

593
00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,840
Speaker 4: like disappear, they get transformed into a different kind of energy.

594
00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:06,800
Speaker 4: What happens to the actual photon, So.

595
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:10,280
Speaker 1: The initial photon, it goes into the energy of the electron, right,

596
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,080
Speaker 1: and then the electron has more energy. It's like whizzing

597
00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:15,639
Speaker 1: around inside the lattice. When we say it's trapped, we

598
00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:19,200
Speaker 1: don't mean it's like physically stuck in a particular physical state.

599
00:28:19,280 --> 00:28:21,960
Speaker 1: We mean that it's like stuck in a higher energy state.

600
00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:25,680
Speaker 1: It like can't release its energy's stuck in a state

601
00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:28,639
Speaker 1: where it's very difficult to transition back down to the

602
00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:31,119
Speaker 1: lower state. You know, you can think about these quantum

603
00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:33,280
Speaker 1: states as sort of like a ladder, but really it's

604
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:36,440
Speaker 1: not always easy to go up or down. The connections

605
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,760
Speaker 1: between these two ladders always require some kind of interaction,

606
00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:42,600
Speaker 1: you know, some sort of forces involved in going from

607
00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:44,520
Speaker 1: one part of the ladder to the other part of

608
00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,480
Speaker 1: the ladder, and sometimes those things are difficult to happen.

609
00:28:47,840 --> 00:28:50,080
Speaker 1: So you can get stuck in an upper state, and

610
00:28:50,440 --> 00:28:53,440
Speaker 1: very slowly the electrons can leak down to the lower state.

611
00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:55,920
Speaker 1: So That's what's happening here, is that the process that

612
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,240
Speaker 1: takes the electron, that lets it release its energy down

613
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:00,720
Speaker 1: to the lower state is rare. It's not like it

614
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:02,800
Speaker 1: could happen all the time, and so a lot of

615
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:06,040
Speaker 1: the electrons are just like, you know, whizzing around really excited,

616
00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:08,240
Speaker 1: like kids that have had too much candy and they

617
00:29:08,320 --> 00:29:10,520
Speaker 1: can't let that energy go. I see.

618
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:13,240
Speaker 4: It's like it captures electrons easily, but it sort of

619
00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:16,040
Speaker 4: doles them out more rarely. And so that's why you

620
00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 4: can sort of store light in a way, like you

621
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:20,600
Speaker 4: charge it in in the sunlight and then you take

622
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:22,840
Speaker 4: it into a dark room and it slowly gives us

623
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:24,800
Speaker 4: those photons that absorb.

624
00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:27,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, Like imagine a huge bowl with a tiny little

625
00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:29,440
Speaker 1: hole at the bottom and you fill it with ping

626
00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:31,239
Speaker 1: pong balls. You're not going to get all the ping

627
00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:33,440
Speaker 1: pong balls out at once. They're all going to dribble

628
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:35,040
Speaker 1: out one at a time because the size of the

629
00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:37,320
Speaker 1: hole is small. And so that's essentially what's happening.

630
00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:39,560
Speaker 4: And so that's how most glow in the dark toys

631
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,000
Speaker 4: and stickers work. They all use the same material or

632
00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:43,640
Speaker 4: are there different materials that do this?

633
00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:45,560
Speaker 1: There are lots of different materials that can do this,

634
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:49,320
Speaker 1: but the process in general is called phosphorescence. It's called

635
00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:52,600
Speaker 1: fluorescence if you just absorb and immediately re emit, and

636
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,520
Speaker 1: it's called phosphorescence if you absorb and you hang on

637
00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:57,640
Speaker 1: to it for a little while and then you emit.

638
00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:00,760
Speaker 1: And so it's phosphorescence that makes like hands on your

639
00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:04,000
Speaker 1: watch glow or your little plastic toy glow or whatever

640
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:06,360
Speaker 1: it is. Anything that needs to be charged by sunlight.

641
00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:07,840
Speaker 1: Is phosphorescence?

642
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:10,080
Speaker 4: Interesting? Is it related to phosphor?

643
00:30:10,440 --> 00:30:13,760
Speaker 1: Yeah? Well, confusingly, something which is a phosphor is anything

644
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:18,640
Speaker 1: which is either fluorescent or phosphorescent. So that's a confusing

645
00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:21,680
Speaker 1: set of names there. But the phosphor is anything essentially

646
00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:22,520
Speaker 1: that just glows.

647
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,560
Speaker 4: And I guess can it trap energy in other ways

648
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:28,640
Speaker 4: or only through sunlight? Like can I stick it in

649
00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:31,000
Speaker 4: the microwave and then it'll glow, or rub it really

650
00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:33,080
Speaker 4: hard or put it over a flame and it'll glow,

651
00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:35,040
Speaker 4: do you know what I mean? Or is it only

652
00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:37,000
Speaker 4: able to store energy from sunlight?

653
00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:39,400
Speaker 1: That's the most efficient way for it to happen, because

654
00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:41,680
Speaker 1: what you want is for the electrons to get their energy.

655
00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:44,520
Speaker 1: You don't want to break up the lattice itself. If

656
00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:46,080
Speaker 1: you put this thing in the microwave, you're going to

657
00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:48,200
Speaker 1: melt it. You're going to change the chemical composition. It's

658
00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:50,600
Speaker 1: no longer going to be that lattice that can hold

659
00:30:50,680 --> 00:30:53,760
Speaker 1: that energy in this particular state and emit it over time.

660
00:30:54,120 --> 00:30:56,160
Speaker 1: So you can destroy it by heating it up. Yes,

661
00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:58,720
Speaker 1: you will be giving energy to those electrons, but the

662
00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:01,760
Speaker 1: whole process relies on the electrons moving through this lattice.

663
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,320
Speaker 1: And if you destroy that lattice, then you've you've messed

664
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:04,600
Speaker 1: it up.

665
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:06,840
Speaker 4: I see. So don't stick your glow in the darks

666
00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 4: in the microwave, is the main takeaway here today.

667
00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:13,600
Speaker 1: That's right. Physics tells you don't micro we've random stuff.

668
00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:16,120
Speaker 4: All right. So those are phosphorescent glow in the dark toys.

669
00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:18,280
Speaker 4: But there are other ways in which physics can make

670
00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:20,080
Speaker 4: you glow in the dark, right, and some of them

671
00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:21,400
Speaker 4: are kind of intense.

672
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:23,760
Speaker 1: That's right. If you have like an old fashion glow

673
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:26,440
Speaker 1: in the dark, watch it might have hands that glow

674
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:29,200
Speaker 1: in the dark all the time without needing to be

675
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:32,400
Speaker 1: charged by sunlight. And that's particular and kind of scary

676
00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:36,600
Speaker 1: process because that's actually radioactive decay. We know that some things,

677
00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:41,400
Speaker 1: some elements are not stable, like uranium. For example, uranium

678
00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:43,320
Speaker 1: hangs out, but it doesn't hang out for the whole

679
00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:46,160
Speaker 1: life of the universe. Eventually it falls apart, and it

680
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,640
Speaker 1: falls apart and gives off some energy. And in some cases,

681
00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:53,560
Speaker 1: when these things decay, they emit very high energy photons

682
00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:58,400
Speaker 1: like cobalt sixty or nickel sixty. These are unstable isotopes

683
00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:00,920
Speaker 1: and when they decay they give off gamma rays.

684
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:03,920
Speaker 4: WHOA. And they used to put this in like regular

685
00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:04,920
Speaker 4: watches for people.

686
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:07,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, regular watches for people, and so you know, they

687
00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:09,760
Speaker 1: wouldn't put like cobalt or nickel, but they would use

688
00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:13,040
Speaker 1: things like radium, which is pretty prevalent, and a little

689
00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:16,680
Speaker 1: bit of radium would give off essentially radiation, and you know,

690
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:20,080
Speaker 1: gamma rays you can't see with your eyes. These are photons,

691
00:32:20,160 --> 00:32:23,360
Speaker 1: but they're very very high energy, which means there's small wavelengths,

692
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:25,280
Speaker 1: so you can't see them. So they would mix this

693
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:28,680
Speaker 1: with something else which can absorb gamma rays and then

694
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:31,880
Speaker 1: emits at a different frequency, so it's called wavelength shifting.

695
00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:35,080
Speaker 1: It like absorbs photons of avoid frequency and then it

696
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,800
Speaker 1: gives off photons of a lower frequency which you can see.

697
00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:41,200
Speaker 1: It's like little physics batteries, right, you know, you have

698
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:44,200
Speaker 1: energy stored in this radium and it's slowly leaking out

699
00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:46,960
Speaker 1: and it gets transformed into visible light that your eyeballs

700
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:47,360
Speaker 1: can see.

701
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:50,840
Speaker 4: WHOA, But aren't these watches dangerous? Like doesn't the raad

702
00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:54,000
Speaker 4: activity give you some sort of mutation in your genes

703
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 4: and stuff like that?

704
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:56,840
Speaker 1: Yeah? Absolutely, And that's why they're not doing it so

705
00:32:56,960 --> 00:32:59,520
Speaker 1: much anymore. You know, these things have been phased out,

706
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,160
Speaker 1: but radium used to be treated a lot more casually.

707
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:05,000
Speaker 1: You know, the experiments that Marie Curi did decades and

708
00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 1: decades ago, and she worked in her lab for a

709
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:10,640
Speaker 1: long time, and now her lab is so radioactive that

710
00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:13,160
Speaker 1: you can't even go inside it. So we're taking radiation

711
00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:15,760
Speaker 1: much more seriously than people used to. And so yeah,

712
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:18,720
Speaker 1: now we don't just like casually paint things with radioactive

713
00:33:18,760 --> 00:33:20,920
Speaker 1: paint because it's basically cancer paint.

714
00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:21,440
Speaker 9: Whoa?

715
00:33:22,040 --> 00:33:25,560
Speaker 4: Or cancer at least in other ways. There are still

716
00:33:25,560 --> 00:33:28,320
Speaker 4: pretty dangerous chemicals and some paint. But I guess the

717
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,600
Speaker 4: question is, like, is all radiation dangerous? Like, if it's

718
00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:34,800
Speaker 4: just radiating photons, that's probably okay, Right, it's like when

719
00:33:34,840 --> 00:33:38,280
Speaker 4: they radiate other heavier particles. That that's the problem, that's

720
00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:39,960
Speaker 4: the part that gives you cancer.

721
00:33:40,040 --> 00:33:42,280
Speaker 1: Right, Well, it depends on whether or not it has

722
00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:45,760
Speaker 1: enough energy to penetrate your skin. Are various kinds of radiation.

723
00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:48,400
Speaker 1: You can radiate electrons, or you can radiate like a

724
00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,160
Speaker 1: helium nucleus, or you can radiate a photon. You might

725
00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 1: think how dangerous could a photon be, But if a

726
00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:55,960
Speaker 1: photon is a gamma ray, which means it has a

727
00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:58,680
Speaker 1: lot of energy, then it can really penetrate your body,

728
00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:02,000
Speaker 1: just like X rays. X rays are also photons, but

729
00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:04,800
Speaker 1: we're very careful with X rays because we know that

730
00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:07,520
Speaker 1: they cause mutations and too many X rays will give

731
00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:10,440
Speaker 1: you cancer. And so you wouldn't want like something on

732
00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:13,120
Speaker 1: your wrist which emits X rays all the time. Gamma

733
00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:15,880
Speaker 1: rays are in the same category. They're ionizing radiation that

734
00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:17,440
Speaker 1: can penetrate your body and they can do.

735
00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:20,120
Speaker 4: Damage right or like UV rays right from the sun.

736
00:34:20,320 --> 00:34:21,640
Speaker 4: That's why you need sunblock.

737
00:34:22,280 --> 00:34:24,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, uv are a little bit lower energy than gamma rays,

738
00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:26,080
Speaker 1: but still dangerous all right.

739
00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:27,920
Speaker 4: So that's another way to have something blow in the

740
00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:31,440
Speaker 4: dark is make it radioactive and have that radioactivity kind

741
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:34,440
Speaker 4: of work it so that it somehow emits visible light photons.

742
00:34:34,640 --> 00:34:36,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's lots of different ways you can take

743
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,080
Speaker 1: advantage of radioactivity. Remember that some of our awesome like

744
00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:42,480
Speaker 1: robotic explorers around the Solar System take advantage of the

745
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:45,120
Speaker 1: same property. They have a chunk of radioactive material which

746
00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:48,320
Speaker 1: is slowly decaying and giving off energy in terms of

747
00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:51,160
Speaker 1: photons or other radiation, which is then captured and turned

748
00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:54,400
Speaker 1: in electricity and powers those rovers and those satellites. So

749
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,000
Speaker 1: it's also kind of awesome. It's just not something you

750
00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:58,440
Speaker 1: should have close to people.

751
00:34:58,360 --> 00:35:00,319
Speaker 4: Right, And those that don't blow in the dark, right

752
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,120
Speaker 4: like during case in all this sort of material inside

753
00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:03,960
Speaker 4: of the battery.

754
00:35:03,760 --> 00:35:05,440
Speaker 1: That's right. I don't think that those things glow in

755
00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 1: the dark. That would be pretty cool, though, glow in

756
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:08,440
Speaker 1: the dark Mars Rover, I.

757
00:35:08,440 --> 00:35:12,560
Speaker 4: Think it has flashlights, so it can't technically glow in

758
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:15,080
Speaker 4: the dark. All right, Well, what's another way in which

759
00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:17,279
Speaker 4: physics can make things glow in the dark.

760
00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:20,080
Speaker 1: As we were saying earlier, almost everything in the universe

761
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,799
Speaker 1: does already actually glow, It just might not be hot

762
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:27,279
Speaker 1: enough to glow in the visible light spectrum. This is

763
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:31,239
Speaker 1: something in physics, we call black body radiation. By black body,

764
00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:33,960
Speaker 1: we just mean something that doesn't reflect any light, which

765
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:36,080
Speaker 1: absorbs all of the energy of the light that hits it,

766
00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:38,719
Speaker 1: and then emits light based on its temperature.

767
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:41,799
Speaker 4: And you're saying, everything in the universe does this, right.

768
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:44,520
Speaker 1: Everything in the universe does this exactly. And it depends

769
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:47,640
Speaker 1: on your temperature. The hotder you are, the higher the

770
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,680
Speaker 1: frequency of the photons you emit. The colder you are,

771
00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:53,680
Speaker 1: the lower the frequency of the photons you emit. And

772
00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:56,760
Speaker 1: that's why, for example, the Earth glows, but it doesn't

773
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,440
Speaker 1: glow in the visible spectrum like the Sun does. The

774
00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:02,440
Speaker 1: Sun very very hot, like fifty five hundred ce on

775
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:05,440
Speaker 1: its surface, and it glows in the visible light. The

776
00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:09,279
Speaker 1: Earth also glows, but only in the infrareds. You need

777
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,400
Speaker 1: like special cameras to see the Earth's glow. And I

778
00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,120
Speaker 1: glow like that's why you can see me in ninth vision.

779
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:17,839
Speaker 1: I look different from things around me because I'm hotter

780
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:21,040
Speaker 1: and the spectrum that I emit has a higher frequency

781
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:23,440
Speaker 1: than like the table next to me or the ground

782
00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:24,000
Speaker 1: beneath me.

783
00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:24,880
Speaker 3: Hmmm.

784
00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:27,759
Speaker 4: Interesting, like so like to an alien who could see

785
00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:30,399
Speaker 4: in the infrared, Earth would look like a star kind

786
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:32,360
Speaker 4: of then one, but it would still glow in the

787
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:33,320
Speaker 4: sky exactly.

788
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,000
Speaker 1: And that's why we build the James web Space Telescope,

789
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:38,200
Speaker 1: which is going to launch very soon and can see

790
00:36:38,239 --> 00:36:40,640
Speaker 1: in the infrared because we want to see those planets.

791
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:43,280
Speaker 1: We don't just want to study things in the universe

792
00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:45,279
Speaker 1: that glow in the visible. We want to see things

793
00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:48,560
Speaker 1: that glow in infrared. So that's an awesome telescope that's

794
00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:51,280
Speaker 1: kept very, very very cold, so it can be sensitive

795
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:55,960
Speaker 1: to these very low energy photons coming from, for example, exoplanets,

796
00:36:56,160 --> 00:36:56,400
Speaker 1: so we.

797
00:36:56,440 --> 00:36:58,680
Speaker 4: Can see how hot those aliens are, whether they're hot

798
00:36:58,800 --> 00:36:58,920
Speaker 4: or not.

799
00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:01,880
Speaker 1: That's right. And you know you know this already because

800
00:37:01,880 --> 00:37:04,799
Speaker 1: you know that things glow different colors as they get hotter.

801
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:07,120
Speaker 1: Like you have a chunk of metal, it can get

802
00:37:07,239 --> 00:37:09,480
Speaker 1: red hot, and then it can get white hot. Right,

803
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:11,520
Speaker 1: So we have a very intuitive sense for how things

804
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:14,680
Speaker 1: glow differently as they get hot. And it just turns

805
00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:17,600
Speaker 1: out that that continues. You know, something gets super duper hot,

806
00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:20,120
Speaker 1: it starts to glow in the UV, or it starts

807
00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:22,960
Speaker 1: to give off X rays. You know why does the

808
00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,320
Speaker 1: gas around a black hole give off X rays Because

809
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:28,200
Speaker 1: it's super duper crazy hot.

810
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:30,600
Speaker 4: Well, I guess the question is what's that mechanism? Like

811
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:33,200
Speaker 4: why is temperature related to the frequency of the light

812
00:37:33,280 --> 00:37:35,640
Speaker 4: that's emitted by something? Or I guess even a step

813
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:38,239
Speaker 4: further back is like why do things that are hot

814
00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:38,799
Speaker 4: glow at all?

815
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:42,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a great question. It's just basically entropy. You

816
00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:44,600
Speaker 1: have a bunch of energy in a small space and

817
00:37:44,680 --> 00:37:47,120
Speaker 1: you have stuff nearby that doesn't have as much energy,

818
00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:49,799
Speaker 1: then that energy is going to transfer. And one way

819
00:37:49,880 --> 00:37:52,680
Speaker 1: for that to happen is for things to emit photons.

820
00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:55,440
Speaker 1: So basically everything that has charged particles inside of it,

821
00:37:55,719 --> 00:37:59,920
Speaker 1: electrons or atoms or whatever, is constantly just giving off photons.

822
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:03,879
Speaker 1: And so if you have something nearby that isn't as hot,

823
00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:06,680
Speaker 1: then it's going to be accepting those photons. So basically,

824
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:09,759
Speaker 1: you know, electrons as they move around are constantly just

825
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:11,680
Speaker 1: radiating away photons m.

826
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:15,040
Speaker 4: Just because they're decaying, like decay. Is it sort of

827
00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:18,319
Speaker 4: like a decaying process, Like the electrons just suddenly like, hey,

828
00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:20,480
Speaker 4: I give up, I'm done with this universe. I just

829
00:38:21,320 --> 00:38:22,919
Speaker 4: chill out in amid of photon.

830
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:24,560
Speaker 1: Sort of, it's sort of like, you know, like a bath,

831
00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:28,120
Speaker 1: you know, electrons aren't just like flying around holding onto

832
00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:30,960
Speaker 1: their energy. They're constantly transferring it back and forth to

833
00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:33,759
Speaker 1: each other and between themselves and the atoms nearby. And

834
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:36,080
Speaker 1: if you're at an edge of an object, then some

835
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: of those photons, instead of getting like absorbed by another

836
00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:41,560
Speaker 1: atom or absorbed by another electron, just fly out into

837
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:44,680
Speaker 1: the universe with the electron or the photon the photon.

838
00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:46,440
Speaker 1: It's sort of like if you're you know, if there's

839
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,800
Speaker 1: a party, everybody's talking to each other. Everybody's sort of

840
00:38:48,840 --> 00:38:51,120
Speaker 1: in the middle of this soup of conversation. If you're

841
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:52,600
Speaker 1: in the outside of the party, you're going to hear

842
00:38:52,640 --> 00:38:54,799
Speaker 1: some of that conversation because some of those voices are

843
00:38:54,840 --> 00:38:57,440
Speaker 1: pointed in your direction accidentally. It's not going to be

844
00:38:57,480 --> 00:38:59,759
Speaker 1: as intense as if you're actually inside of it. But

845
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:03,080
Speaker 1: always leaks out. Energy always spreads out through the universe,

846
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:04,840
Speaker 1: and this is just, you know, another way for that

847
00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:05,279
Speaker 1: to happen.

848
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:07,080
Speaker 4: Yeah, I guess if you're like at the edge of

849
00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:09,120
Speaker 4: that party, not that many people are talking to you,

850
00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:10,920
Speaker 4: so you might be like, yeah, I'll just go home

851
00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:13,440
Speaker 4: and watch some Netflix, and so you leave the party,

852
00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:16,880
Speaker 4: and so like eventually the whole party sort of evaporates, right,

853
00:39:16,960 --> 00:39:17,560
Speaker 4: that's the idea.

854
00:39:17,680 --> 00:39:19,520
Speaker 1: Everybody just goes home and eats their home in candy

855
00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:20,440
Speaker 1: and silence eventually.

856
00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:23,200
Speaker 4: Yeah, so that's kind of what's happening in your body

857
00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:25,200
Speaker 4: right now, which is like, you know, some of the

858
00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:28,120
Speaker 4: atoms and electrons at the surface there are just like

859
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:30,760
Speaker 4: you know, spontaneously giving off photons.

860
00:39:30,880 --> 00:39:33,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a spontaneous process of just like the radiative

861
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:35,320
Speaker 1: distribution of entropy.

862
00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:39,400
Speaker 4: Why does hotter body correspond to a higher frequency of

863
00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:40,239
Speaker 4: the light did you emit?

864
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:43,520
Speaker 1: Because higher frequency is higher energy. So as the body

865
00:39:43,560 --> 00:39:46,279
Speaker 1: gets hotter, right, there's more energy stored inside of it,

866
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:49,440
Speaker 1: then it's possible for it to admit photons at higher energy.

867
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:51,799
Speaker 1: So it's actually a whole spectrum. It's not like there's

868
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:54,320
Speaker 1: a single wavelength emitted by a certain object based on

869
00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:57,200
Speaker 1: a temperature. It's a whole spectrum. Something that's really hot

870
00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:01,160
Speaker 1: emits at low frequencies and at high frequency. Something that's

871
00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:04,239
Speaker 1: cold only emits the lower frequencies because it doesn't happen

872
00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:07,040
Speaker 1: of photons inside of it to emit it the higher frequencies.

873
00:40:07,719 --> 00:40:09,400
Speaker 4: Interesting, So this is where it gets a little bit

874
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:12,239
Speaker 4: confusing too, because sometimes what people call a star is

875
00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:14,320
Speaker 4: really just like a hot body in space.

876
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:17,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The future of our star is to become

877
00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:21,160
Speaker 1: something called a white dwarf. When all the fusion has

878
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:23,600
Speaker 1: finished and it's blown out a huge amount of its

879
00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:26,560
Speaker 1: mass into space, the core of it will collapse into

880
00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:29,680
Speaker 1: a very heavy blob of stuff that's not capable of

881
00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:33,360
Speaker 1: fusing anymore, but it'll still be super duper hot. And

882
00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:35,640
Speaker 1: this is what we call a white dwarf. And you know,

883
00:40:35,719 --> 00:40:37,279
Speaker 1: we call it a star, or some people call it

884
00:40:37,360 --> 00:40:39,800
Speaker 1: a stellar remnant. It's going to be really hot, and

885
00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:42,040
Speaker 1: it's called a white dwarf because it's going to glow

886
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:44,720
Speaker 1: white hot. You know, the thing's going to be tens

887
00:40:44,760 --> 00:40:47,239
Speaker 1: of thousands of degrees and so it's going to be

888
00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:50,279
Speaker 1: glowing into the universe and looking like a star. But

889
00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:53,520
Speaker 1: no fusion is happening inside of it. It's just because

890
00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:56,200
Speaker 1: it's hot, right, It's just glowing because it's hot, the

891
00:40:56,239 --> 00:40:58,319
Speaker 1: same way that like a metal that you've taken out

892
00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:00,600
Speaker 1: of a forge glows because it's hot, or a light

893
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,080
Speaker 1: bulb glows because it's hot.

894
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,480
Speaker 4: Right, and potannically, there is some sort of reaction going on, right,

895
00:41:05,560 --> 00:41:08,200
Speaker 4: Things are breaking down and so that's why it's emitting light.

896
00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:11,600
Speaker 1: Well, it's just sort of this spontaneous redistribution of energy.

897
00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:13,800
Speaker 1: You know, anything that's hot is going to glow and

898
00:41:13,880 --> 00:41:16,520
Speaker 1: give off its energy and cool down essentially. And the

899
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:18,799
Speaker 1: future of these white dwarfs is not that they're going

900
00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:21,320
Speaker 1: to chemically change, right, they have a lump of iron.

901
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,080
Speaker 1: It's gonna stay iron. But they will cool down and

902
00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:27,120
Speaker 1: in trillions of years eventually become black dwarfs.

903
00:41:27,480 --> 00:41:27,640
Speaker 5: Hm.

904
00:41:27,960 --> 00:41:30,399
Speaker 4: Wow, So ironically it'll still have the same meaning.

905
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:32,680
Speaker 1: It'll literally become a black body eventually.

906
00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:34,760
Speaker 4: All right, Well, let's take it up a notch Daniel

907
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:37,759
Speaker 4: and let's talk about bigger and crazier things in the

908
00:41:37,840 --> 00:41:40,440
Speaker 4: universe that glow in the dark, like black holes in

909
00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:42,759
Speaker 4: dark matter. But first, let's take another quick break.

910
00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:48,520
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

911
00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:51,720
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

912
00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:55,840
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

913
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:58,520
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

914
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,920
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambition, which is sustainability goals, including

915
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:05,000
Speaker 1: being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why

916
00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:07,120
Speaker 1: they're working hard every day to find new ways to

917
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:11,480
Speaker 1: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions.

918
00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:14,759
Speaker 1: Take water, for example, most dairy farms reuse water up

919
00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:18,280
Speaker 1: to four times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment,

920
00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:21,239
Speaker 1: washes the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US

921
00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:25,120
Speaker 1: dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that

922
00:42:25,239 --> 00:42:28,160
Speaker 1: turn the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can

923
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:31,000
Speaker 1: power farms, towns, and electric cars. So the next time

924
00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:32,759
Speaker 1: you grab a slice of pizza or lick an ice

925
00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:35,480
Speaker 1: cream cone, know that dairy farmers and processors around the

926
00:42:35,520 --> 00:42:38,960
Speaker 1: country are using the latest practices and innovations to provide

927
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:41,759
Speaker 1: the nutrient dense dairy products we love with less of

928
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:44,880
Speaker 1: an impact. Visit us dairy dot com slash sustainability to

929
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:45,440
Speaker 1: learn more.

930
00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:49,759
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941
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Speaker 7: Guess what Mango?

942
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Speaker 4: What's that?

943
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Speaker 1: Will?

944
00:43:49,840 --> 00:43:52,280
Speaker 9: So iHeart is giving us a whole minute to promote

945
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946
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947
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948
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949
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950
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951
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953
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Speaker 9: Yeah, that's a better idea. So every week on Part

954
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955
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956
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957
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Speaker 6: One?

958
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959
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961
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962
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964
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966
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967
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968
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970
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981
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982
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983
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984
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985
00:45:56,880 --> 00:45:59,319
Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about things that glow into dark,

986
00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:03,279
Speaker 4: and ironically, in this universe, things that have the name

987
00:46:03,640 --> 00:46:05,359
Speaker 4: black and dark also blow in the dark.

988
00:46:06,239 --> 00:46:08,920
Speaker 1: That's right. It's weird to think about black body as

989
00:46:08,960 --> 00:46:11,120
Speaker 1: something that glows in the dark, like the Sun is

990
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,560
Speaker 1: an almost perfect black body. Right. It's just another example

991
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:17,400
Speaker 1: of physics using words that we find familiar in ways

992
00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:18,359
Speaker 1: that make no sense.

993
00:46:18,760 --> 00:46:20,360
Speaker 4: What I mean, the sun is a black body.

994
00:46:20,480 --> 00:46:22,200
Speaker 1: The sun is a black body. What they mean by

995
00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:25,239
Speaker 1: that is that the Sun absorbs almost any light that

996
00:46:25,320 --> 00:46:28,000
Speaker 1: hits it. It doesn't reflect any light. Black body just

997
00:46:28,120 --> 00:46:31,200
Speaker 1: means no reflection. You can absorb light, and you can

998
00:46:31,320 --> 00:46:34,360
Speaker 1: emit light because you're hot, but there's no reflection. So

999
00:46:34,440 --> 00:46:36,680
Speaker 1: when you say we model this as a black body,

1000
00:46:36,760 --> 00:46:38,919
Speaker 1: wech just mean that there's no reflection and the Sun

1001
00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:41,640
Speaker 1: absorbs almost any light that hits it. The Sun is

1002
00:46:41,719 --> 00:46:42,560
Speaker 1: not a good mirror.

1003
00:46:42,760 --> 00:46:44,879
Speaker 4: Yeah, I guess any light that hits it just goes

1004
00:46:44,920 --> 00:46:47,759
Speaker 4: into that crazy plasma that is inside of it right.

1005
00:46:47,880 --> 00:46:50,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, and heats it up and then it will emit again,

1006
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:51,560
Speaker 1: but it's not a reflection.

1007
00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:53,640
Speaker 4: All right, Well, I think you were telling me earlier

1008
00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:55,719
Speaker 4: that black holes also blow in the dark.

1009
00:46:55,920 --> 00:46:58,759
Speaker 1: Black holes do glow, which is super awesome, And people

1010
00:46:58,840 --> 00:47:01,080
Speaker 1: might be familiar with this because the whole idea of

1011
00:47:01,160 --> 00:47:04,239
Speaker 1: Hawking radiation. But I think it's interesting to understand the

1012
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:07,279
Speaker 1: origin of this idea, Like how did Hawking come up

1013
00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:10,320
Speaker 1: with the concept that black holes might give off radiation?

1014
00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:13,480
Speaker 1: And it came from thinking about the temperature of things

1015
00:47:13,880 --> 00:47:17,080
Speaker 1: and how things glow, this connection between how things that

1016
00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:20,360
Speaker 1: have temperature seem to glow. So he and his student

1017
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:23,680
Speaker 1: who's named Beckenstein were thinking about this, like what is

1018
00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:28,759
Speaker 1: the thermodynamics of black holes? And so Hawking's contributions to

1019
00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:31,400
Speaker 1: physics and to black holes is much more than just

1020
00:47:31,560 --> 00:47:34,359
Speaker 1: like realizing that there might be some radiation leaking at

1021
00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:37,480
Speaker 1: the side. Is from thinking about black holes in terms

1022
00:47:37,640 --> 00:47:41,160
Speaker 1: of thermodynamic quantities, like what is its temperature and what

1023
00:47:41,360 --> 00:47:44,799
Speaker 1: is its entropy? And very quickly they realize that black

1024
00:47:44,840 --> 00:47:48,200
Speaker 1: holes have to have some entropy because entropy is conserved.

1025
00:47:48,360 --> 00:47:51,400
Speaker 1: Entry always increases in the universe, and when something falls

1026
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,760
Speaker 1: into a black hole. You can't just like delete its entropy,

1027
00:47:55,040 --> 00:47:57,760
Speaker 1: which means that black holes have to hold some entropy.

1028
00:47:57,840 --> 00:47:59,680
Speaker 1: And if they have the entropy, then they have to

1029
00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:00,520
Speaker 1: have temperature.

1030
00:48:00,719 --> 00:48:03,440
Speaker 4: You're using entropy sort of as a standing for like

1031
00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:04,560
Speaker 4: heat and energy.

1032
00:48:04,640 --> 00:48:07,360
Speaker 1: Well, they're definitely connected, right. Remember, entropy is like a

1033
00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:10,600
Speaker 1: measure of the disorder of a system sort of. It's

1034
00:48:10,640 --> 00:48:14,480
Speaker 1: like the number of ways you can rearrange the microscopic

1035
00:48:14,640 --> 00:48:17,960
Speaker 1: state of an object to be consistent with its macroscopic state.

1036
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:20,960
Speaker 1: And so something that has a lot of temperature is

1037
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:22,520
Speaker 1: going to have a lot of entropy because it'll be

1038
00:48:22,560 --> 00:48:24,640
Speaker 1: a lot of different ways you can rearrange it. And

1039
00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:26,719
Speaker 1: so if you have something and it falls into a

1040
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:29,839
Speaker 1: black hole, it carries with it some entropy. It's sort

1041
00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:32,480
Speaker 1: of like thinking about information, right, you know, where's the

1042
00:48:32,560 --> 00:48:34,920
Speaker 1: information for something that falls into a black hole. It

1043
00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:37,560
Speaker 1: goes into the black hole. So black holes have to

1044
00:48:37,640 --> 00:48:39,960
Speaker 1: have information, and the folks that work on the black

1045
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:44,080
Speaker 1: hole information paradox this question about what happens to information

1046
00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:46,080
Speaker 1: that falls inside the black hole, they tend to think

1047
00:48:46,080 --> 00:48:47,520
Speaker 1: about it in terms of entropy.

1048
00:48:47,640 --> 00:48:50,120
Speaker 4: Also, basically, Hawking said that you know, black holes are

1049
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:51,680
Speaker 4: not just like a spot of nothing.

1050
00:48:51,840 --> 00:48:53,920
Speaker 1: They have something to them, They have something to them,

1051
00:48:54,120 --> 00:48:56,840
Speaker 1: they have some entropy, they have to have some temperature,

1052
00:48:57,160 --> 00:48:59,480
Speaker 1: and if they have some temperature, they have to glow.

1053
00:48:59,680 --> 00:49:04,080
Speaker 1: Because everything in the universe that interacts electromagnetically, right, everything

1054
00:49:04,160 --> 00:49:07,000
Speaker 1: in the universe that has some energy localized into it,

1055
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:09,920
Speaker 1: tends to give off some of that, tends to radiate

1056
00:49:10,040 --> 00:49:12,719
Speaker 1: that away, just like a white dwarf, or just like

1057
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:15,520
Speaker 1: the sun, or just like that piece of metal you

1058
00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:18,240
Speaker 1: stuck in a forge, or just like the Earth, everything

1059
00:49:18,280 --> 00:49:20,480
Speaker 1: should glow. And so to sort of make sense of this,

1060
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:24,279
Speaker 1: mathematically invented this whole field of black hole thermodynamics, and

1061
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,360
Speaker 1: out of it came this concept of Hawking radiation that

1062
00:49:27,480 --> 00:49:30,120
Speaker 1: even black holes give off radiation because they have a

1063
00:49:30,239 --> 00:49:32,279
Speaker 1: non zero temperature. Right.

1064
00:49:32,360 --> 00:49:34,640
Speaker 4: But I guess the problem is that, you know, black

1065
00:49:34,680 --> 00:49:36,640
Speaker 4: holes are supposed to be things out of which nothing

1066
00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:39,160
Speaker 4: can come out. So even if it has you know,

1067
00:49:39,320 --> 00:49:42,440
Speaker 4: information or entroprey or energy inside of it, how does

1068
00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:45,360
Speaker 4: that energy get out if nothing can come out of

1069
00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:45,919
Speaker 4: a black hole?

1070
00:49:46,160 --> 00:49:46,279
Speaker 6: Right?

1071
00:49:46,360 --> 00:49:49,920
Speaker 1: And classically, according to general relativity, which is a classical

1072
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:52,920
Speaker 1: theory meaning that it ignores quantum mechanics, you're right, and

1073
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:56,399
Speaker 1: classical black holes do not emit anything. They're just one

1074
00:49:56,480 --> 00:49:59,879
Speaker 1: way doors of information and objects. And so the way

1075
00:50:00,040 --> 00:50:02,680
Speaker 1: we usually talk about black holes on this podcast is

1076
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:05,239
Speaker 1: in the realm of general relativity, because it's the only

1077
00:50:05,320 --> 00:50:08,520
Speaker 1: idea we have to describe black holes. But we know

1078
00:50:08,880 --> 00:50:12,520
Speaker 1: that general relativity isn't right because general relativity is not

1079
00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:15,680
Speaker 1: consistent with quantum mechanics, which are pretty sure is the

1080
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:18,080
Speaker 1: law of the universe. And so what Hawking tried to

1081
00:50:18,120 --> 00:50:20,840
Speaker 1: do was like take first steps towards a theory of

1082
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:25,360
Speaker 1: quantum gravity, a quantum mechanically consistent description of black holes.

1083
00:50:25,480 --> 00:50:27,080
Speaker 1: He wasn't able to do that. We don't have a

1084
00:50:27,160 --> 00:50:29,200
Speaker 1: theory of quantum gravity. What he did was sort of

1085
00:50:29,239 --> 00:50:31,319
Speaker 1: take general relativity and try to tweak it a little

1086
00:50:31,320 --> 00:50:33,680
Speaker 1: bit to make it a little bit quantum mechanical. It's

1087
00:50:33,719 --> 00:50:36,680
Speaker 1: like semi classical now, and so he's got sort of

1088
00:50:36,719 --> 00:50:40,000
Speaker 1: like a patched up version of a theory of black

1089
00:50:40,080 --> 00:50:43,239
Speaker 1: holes that's not one hundred percent like general relativity, but

1090
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:45,880
Speaker 1: also not fully consistent with quantum mechanics.

1091
00:50:46,120 --> 00:50:47,960
Speaker 4: He still has holes in this theory. That's what you're

1092
00:50:47,960 --> 00:50:49,240
Speaker 4: saying about black holes.

1093
00:50:49,360 --> 00:50:51,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's why For example, we don't have a

1094
00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:56,080
Speaker 1: good microscopic understanding of Hawking radiation. People talk about, you know,

1095
00:50:56,480 --> 00:50:59,239
Speaker 1: virtual particles being produced at the edge of a black hole,

1096
00:50:59,640 --> 00:51:02,160
Speaker 1: and this some hand wavy stories which we've given sometimes

1097
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:04,120
Speaker 1: on this podcast, But the truth is none of those

1098
00:51:04,239 --> 00:51:07,000
Speaker 1: are correct. They're sort of like hand wavy stories. It

1099
00:51:07,080 --> 00:51:09,120
Speaker 1: gives you a sense for what might be happening, but

1100
00:51:09,239 --> 00:51:11,839
Speaker 1: we don't have a good microscopic understanding of what's going

1101
00:51:11,880 --> 00:51:15,360
Speaker 1: on because we don't understand the gravity of quantum particles.

1102
00:51:15,680 --> 00:51:18,880
Speaker 1: So Hawking has sort of like a statistical argument for

1103
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:21,879
Speaker 1: why black holes should emit radiation, which comes from them

1104
00:51:21,920 --> 00:51:25,200
Speaker 1: having temperature and therefore needing to radiate, but he doesn't

1105
00:51:25,239 --> 00:51:28,200
Speaker 1: have like a good quantum description of what's actually happened

1106
00:51:28,239 --> 00:51:30,560
Speaker 1: into these particles near the edge of the black hole.

1107
00:51:30,640 --> 00:51:32,279
Speaker 1: We don't have that because we don't have a theory

1108
00:51:32,320 --> 00:51:34,680
Speaker 1: of quantum gravity. He has sort of like a band

1109
00:51:34,719 --> 00:51:37,160
Speaker 1: aid on top of general relativity that lets him do

1110
00:51:37,280 --> 00:51:40,200
Speaker 1: a few calculations. But you know, later people are going

1111
00:51:40,280 --> 00:51:43,160
Speaker 1: to realize that it's like an approximation of the true theory.

1112
00:51:43,520 --> 00:51:45,799
Speaker 4: So he predicts that black holes will glow in the dark,

1113
00:51:46,560 --> 00:51:48,399
Speaker 4: But we don't know how they would glow in the dark.

1114
00:51:48,920 --> 00:51:50,960
Speaker 4: But have we actually seen a black hole glow in

1115
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:53,320
Speaker 4: the dark or is this all still a prediction.

1116
00:51:53,719 --> 00:51:54,120
Speaker 6: We have not.

1117
00:51:54,360 --> 00:51:57,680
Speaker 1: Nobody's ever observed hawking radiation. Remember, it would be really

1118
00:51:57,760 --> 00:52:01,560
Speaker 1: really faint. Hawking radiation happens it's more dramatically for smaller

1119
00:52:01,640 --> 00:52:04,359
Speaker 1: black holes. So for large black holes, like the few

1120
00:52:04,440 --> 00:52:07,040
Speaker 1: that we have seen, it would be really really faint.

1121
00:52:07,320 --> 00:52:10,000
Speaker 1: And large black holes tend to be surrounded by other

1122
00:52:10,120 --> 00:52:13,239
Speaker 1: things that glow very brightly, like accretion disks a very

1123
00:52:13,360 --> 00:52:15,840
Speaker 1: very hot gas, so it would be very difficult to

1124
00:52:15,920 --> 00:52:18,879
Speaker 1: observe hawking radiation. The best way to do it would

1125
00:52:18,880 --> 00:52:21,040
Speaker 1: be to create a tiny black hole, like a really

1126
00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:23,960
Speaker 1: small one that we could study here in the laboratory

1127
00:52:24,120 --> 00:52:26,880
Speaker 1: before it gobbled up the earth, because it would evaporate

1128
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:28,920
Speaker 1: rather quickly and it would give off a lot of

1129
00:52:28,960 --> 00:52:31,800
Speaker 1: Hawking radiation. So no, we have never seen hawking radiation.

1130
00:52:31,920 --> 00:52:34,320
Speaker 1: So it's still just a theory, but it's very convincing

1131
00:52:34,719 --> 00:52:37,680
Speaker 1: and it lets people do lots of other calculations about

1132
00:52:37,760 --> 00:52:39,560
Speaker 1: black holes, and so it's a whole theory built on

1133
00:52:39,640 --> 00:52:40,080
Speaker 1: top of it.

1134
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,400
Speaker 4: All right, So that's one way in which black holes

1135
00:52:42,560 --> 00:52:44,920
Speaker 4: can technically glow in the dark, but they also sort

1136
00:52:44,960 --> 00:52:46,840
Speaker 4: of glow because they have all this gas around them, right,

1137
00:52:46,920 --> 00:52:48,920
Speaker 4: that emits a lot of radiation.

1138
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:50,239
Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, and so that's sort of like the

1139
00:52:50,280 --> 00:52:53,560
Speaker 1: black hole system. The black hole itself, of course doesn't glow,

1140
00:52:53,719 --> 00:52:56,279
Speaker 1: but the stuff around it that's getting like squeezed by

1141
00:52:56,320 --> 00:52:58,280
Speaker 1: all the energy from the black hole does.

1142
00:52:58,239 --> 00:53:01,000
Speaker 4: Glow all right. And so the other big universe thing

1143
00:53:01,160 --> 00:53:04,960
Speaker 4: that glows is dark matter. Dark matter itself also glows.

1144
00:53:05,080 --> 00:53:07,200
Speaker 4: You're saying, we don't know if dark matter glows.

1145
00:53:07,239 --> 00:53:10,160
Speaker 1: It's really a fascinating question because we say that everything

1146
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:13,560
Speaker 1: in the universe that has a temperature glows, right, But

1147
00:53:14,160 --> 00:53:16,480
Speaker 1: the caveat there is that it has to have some

1148
00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:20,359
Speaker 1: sort of electromagnetic interaction. Like why do things glow, as

1149
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:22,440
Speaker 1: we were saying before us, because the electrons inside them

1150
00:53:22,440 --> 00:53:24,839
Speaker 1: are whizzing around and giving off photons. But if you're

1151
00:53:24,880 --> 00:53:27,759
Speaker 1: made of things that don't interact with photons, like dark matter,

1152
00:53:28,120 --> 00:53:30,800
Speaker 1: then you can't give off photons. So it might be

1153
00:53:30,920 --> 00:53:33,320
Speaker 1: that dark matter has a temperature, like we know it

1154
00:53:33,520 --> 00:53:36,239
Speaker 1: has a temperature, it moves, it has a speed, but

1155
00:53:36,360 --> 00:53:38,200
Speaker 1: it might be that it doesn't glow. It could be

1156
00:53:38,239 --> 00:53:40,920
Speaker 1: the only thing in the universe that has a temperature

1157
00:53:41,160 --> 00:53:42,720
Speaker 1: but doesn't glow. Mmmm.

1158
00:53:43,040 --> 00:53:45,360
Speaker 4: Interesting, right, because it doesn't know how to talk to

1159
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:48,719
Speaker 4: the electromagnetic radiation. It doesn't interact with it or know

1160
00:53:48,840 --> 00:53:51,200
Speaker 4: how to talk in that language or give it off,

1161
00:53:51,280 --> 00:53:53,640
Speaker 4: and so it has all this energy, and so how

1162
00:53:53,719 --> 00:53:56,000
Speaker 4: can it be glowing in a sort of energy sense.

1163
00:53:56,239 --> 00:53:58,759
Speaker 1: It depends on how dark matter interacts. We know that

1164
00:53:58,880 --> 00:54:01,920
Speaker 1: dark matter feels gravity. You can talk to things via gravity.

1165
00:54:02,239 --> 00:54:04,239
Speaker 1: It might be that has some other force, like there's

1166
00:54:04,280 --> 00:54:08,080
Speaker 1: some weird new dark electromagnetic force we never heard before,

1167
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:11,120
Speaker 1: and maybe it can glow using dark photons, right, But

1168
00:54:11,440 --> 00:54:13,880
Speaker 1: that's all speculations, so put that aside for now. We

1169
00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:16,319
Speaker 1: do know that it feels gravity, and so it might

1170
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:20,600
Speaker 1: be that dark matter can glow gravitationally. Right. For example,

1171
00:54:20,880 --> 00:54:23,879
Speaker 1: black holes that interact with each other and combine, they

1172
00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:28,640
Speaker 1: give off gravitational radiation that's gravitational waves, and so dark

1173
00:54:28,719 --> 00:54:30,960
Speaker 1: matter might be able to give off like very faint

1174
00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:34,520
Speaker 1: gravitational waves as it's just sort of sitting around, slashing

1175
00:54:34,560 --> 00:54:37,360
Speaker 1: around the universe. That's sort of like a faint glow,

1176
00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:41,040
Speaker 1: not in photons, but in terms of other kinds of radiation, right.

1177
00:54:40,960 --> 00:54:44,320
Speaker 4: And interesting because I think we can detect gravitational waves,

1178
00:54:44,560 --> 00:54:47,200
Speaker 4: but only from like these incredible events like two black

1179
00:54:47,239 --> 00:54:51,120
Speaker 4: holes colliding, because that's how faint gravitational waves are. Are

1180
00:54:51,160 --> 00:54:53,919
Speaker 4: you saying that dark matter might be giving off also

1181
00:54:54,040 --> 00:54:57,960
Speaker 4: gravitational waves, but they would be so small and indetectable

1182
00:54:58,000 --> 00:54:59,600
Speaker 4: that we would maybe never see them.

1183
00:55:00,239 --> 00:55:03,120
Speaker 1: You and I are giving off gravitational waves. Anybody in

1184
00:55:03,200 --> 00:55:07,000
Speaker 1: the universe that has mass and accelerates gives off gravitational waves.

1185
00:55:07,239 --> 00:55:09,920
Speaker 1: But as you say, because gravity is so weak, that's undetectable.

1186
00:55:09,960 --> 00:55:13,520
Speaker 1: You have to be an incredible mass undergoing incredible acceleration

1187
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:15,480
Speaker 1: to feel those gravitational waves.

1188
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:19,319
Speaker 4: Wait, you and I are glowing in the gravitationals feel, yeah,

1189
00:55:19,680 --> 00:55:21,479
Speaker 4: but only have we moved though, if we stay still,

1190
00:55:21,760 --> 00:55:23,520
Speaker 4: we don't or do it? Or are you saying our

1191
00:55:23,560 --> 00:55:25,560
Speaker 4: atoms are emitting gravitational waves.

1192
00:55:25,360 --> 00:55:27,919
Speaker 1: All of those? Yeah, if we accelerate in any way,

1193
00:55:28,280 --> 00:55:30,520
Speaker 1: then we are giving off gravitational waves. So as we

1194
00:55:30,640 --> 00:55:34,000
Speaker 1: move around the Sun, that's circular motion, that's acceleration. As

1195
00:55:34,040 --> 00:55:36,040
Speaker 1: the Sun moves around the center of the galaxy, it's

1196
00:55:36,160 --> 00:55:39,839
Speaker 1: glowing gravitationally. But these things are very faint, and even

1197
00:55:39,880 --> 00:55:42,120
Speaker 1: the atoms in our body which do that, which accelerate

1198
00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:45,320
Speaker 1: in any way, they give off gravitational radiation. We have

1199
00:55:45,640 --> 00:55:49,320
Speaker 1: a podcast episode you might remember about the cosmic gravitational background.

1200
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:52,720
Speaker 1: It's like the sum of all these little gravitational waves

1201
00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:55,359
Speaker 1: that you can't really discern because they're all so dim.

1202
00:55:55,760 --> 00:55:57,480
Speaker 1: They just add up to like a general hum.

1203
00:55:57,800 --> 00:55:59,239
Speaker 4: But I guess what you're saying is, like, you know,

1204
00:56:00,040 --> 00:56:01,880
Speaker 4: the fact that we have a temperature means that our

1205
00:56:01,960 --> 00:56:06,560
Speaker 4: molecules are vibrating. In that vibration, they are emitting gravitational waves.

1206
00:56:06,680 --> 00:56:10,520
Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, they are very very faint, probably never detectable,

1207
00:56:10,840 --> 00:56:11,920
Speaker 1: but technically, yes.

1208
00:56:12,080 --> 00:56:15,880
Speaker 4: Whoa, that's pretty cool. So we're all hot and glowing

1209
00:56:16,360 --> 00:56:17,280
Speaker 4: in some sense.

1210
00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:19,520
Speaker 1: Exactly, and so even dark matter, which we can see

1211
00:56:19,520 --> 00:56:22,280
Speaker 1: with photons, might be glowing gravitationally.

1212
00:56:22,520 --> 00:56:25,359
Speaker 4: And this also gets into quantum mechanics, right, there's something

1213
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:27,200
Speaker 4: called the ultraviolet catastrophe.

1214
00:56:27,520 --> 00:56:29,879
Speaker 1: Yes, the ultra violet catastrophe was one of the first

1215
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:34,080
Speaker 1: clues that told us about quantum mechanics when people first

1216
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:38,520
Speaker 1: calculated how black bodies might radiate, Like at what frequency

1217
00:56:38,719 --> 00:56:42,080
Speaker 1: should an object radiate given its temperature? They did some

1218
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:46,520
Speaker 1: basic calculations using electromagnetism, and they got these crazy predictions.

1219
00:56:46,840 --> 00:56:49,359
Speaker 1: You know, they predicted, for example, that an object at

1220
00:56:49,360 --> 00:56:52,680
Speaker 1: a thousand degrees kelvin should emit an infinite amount of

1221
00:56:52,840 --> 00:56:55,560
Speaker 1: energy because there's an infinite number of ways for a

1222
00:56:55,640 --> 00:56:58,240
Speaker 1: photon to glow. There's an infinite number of like different

1223
00:56:58,320 --> 00:57:01,400
Speaker 1: wavelengths of photon could have. They fought, and so they

1224
00:57:01,440 --> 00:57:04,200
Speaker 1: got all these crazy numbers, which obviously didn't agree with

1225
00:57:04,280 --> 00:57:06,520
Speaker 1: their experiments. You know, you put something in the toaster,

1226
00:57:06,920 --> 00:57:10,680
Speaker 1: it doesn't like explode with infinite energy, right, the sun

1227
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:12,439
Speaker 1: is not exploding with infinite energy.

1228
00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:15,239
Speaker 4: Well, it depends on what you put into that in

1229
00:57:15,360 --> 00:57:16,160
Speaker 4: the toaster oven.

1230
00:57:16,280 --> 00:57:18,480
Speaker 1: Put in too much Halloween candy and pop rocks, it

1231
00:57:18,600 --> 00:57:19,760
Speaker 1: might explode with energy.

1232
00:57:19,920 --> 00:57:21,640
Speaker 4: Yeah, some mentos, some coke, who knows.

1233
00:57:21,760 --> 00:57:24,440
Speaker 1: But this was known as the ultraviolet catastrophe like one

1234
00:57:24,520 --> 00:57:27,080
Speaker 1: hundred and twenty years ago because people didn't understand why

1235
00:57:27,160 --> 00:57:30,840
Speaker 1: this wasn't happening. The calculation suggested it should. Obviously it wasn't,

1236
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:33,800
Speaker 1: and it wasn't until a young physicist named Max Plunk

1237
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:38,040
Speaker 1: realized that if you made this weird assumption that photons

1238
00:57:38,080 --> 00:57:41,280
Speaker 1: couldn't have just any arbitrary energy, but that they came

1239
00:57:41,360 --> 00:57:43,840
Speaker 1: in steps, that they were like quantized units of energy.

1240
00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:46,240
Speaker 1: Then that killed the problem because it meant that there

1241
00:57:46,280 --> 00:57:49,320
Speaker 1: weren't an infinite number of modes for photons to have.

1242
00:57:49,440 --> 00:57:51,880
Speaker 1: They're just a finite ladder. And the way the math

1243
00:57:51,960 --> 00:57:54,080
Speaker 1: worked out, that meant that it solved the problem and

1244
00:57:54,120 --> 00:57:57,720
Speaker 1: it predicted perfectly the experiments, and so Plank was like, oh, well,

1245
00:57:58,040 --> 00:57:59,280
Speaker 1: maybe things are quantized.

1246
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:03,240
Speaker 4: Interesting. So actually quantum mechanics sort of limits how things

1247
00:58:03,360 --> 00:58:04,960
Speaker 4: glow in the dark, like things would glow in the

1248
00:58:05,040 --> 00:58:06,960
Speaker 4: dark more if it wasn't for quantum mechanics.

1249
00:58:07,040 --> 00:58:10,120
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, quantum mechanics limits how things glow. And things

1250
00:58:10,160 --> 00:58:12,120
Speaker 1: glowing in the dark was one of our very first

1251
00:58:12,240 --> 00:58:15,240
Speaker 1: clues that the universe is quantum mechanical. And it was

1252
00:58:15,280 --> 00:58:18,040
Speaker 1: Einstein actually who recognized this. Plunk just said like, I

1253
00:58:18,080 --> 00:58:20,480
Speaker 1: don't know what this means, but if you make this assumption,

1254
00:58:20,720 --> 00:58:23,400
Speaker 1: the math all works out. And Einstein is thinking, hmm,

1255
00:58:23,560 --> 00:58:25,960
Speaker 1: and he read about the photoelectric effect. Check out a

1256
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:28,440
Speaker 1: whole podcast about the discovery of the photon. It was

1257
00:58:28,480 --> 00:58:30,880
Speaker 1: Einstein who put it all together and said, oh, maybe

1258
00:58:30,960 --> 00:58:34,200
Speaker 1: photons travel in chunks that they are quantized in units.

1259
00:58:34,440 --> 00:58:36,240
Speaker 4: I guess it's all that. This ties it all back.

1260
00:58:36,480 --> 00:58:38,720
Speaker 4: Things glow in the dark at the end of the day.

1261
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:41,840
Speaker 4: It is a very fundamental and quantum mechanical process.

1262
00:58:41,960 --> 00:58:44,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, And asking questions about why things glow and why

1263
00:58:44,920 --> 00:58:46,840
Speaker 1: they don't glow and why they don't explode when you

1264
00:58:46,920 --> 00:58:50,560
Speaker 1: put them in toaster can sometimes reveal crazy secrets about

1265
00:58:50,560 --> 00:58:53,440
Speaker 1: the nature of the universe, like quantum mechanics, and so

1266
00:58:53,560 --> 00:58:56,560
Speaker 1: asking questions about like dark matter glowing and black holes

1267
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:59,120
Speaker 1: glowing might help us in our struggles to understand the

1268
00:58:59,160 --> 00:59:02,120
Speaker 1: big questions of today's physics. What's the universe made out of?

1269
00:59:02,240 --> 00:59:05,320
Speaker 1: And what is the quantum mechanical description of space and time?

1270
00:59:05,720 --> 00:59:07,080
Speaker 4: Yeah, and it sort of I guess it reminds you

1271
00:59:07,160 --> 00:59:09,400
Speaker 4: a little bit that the universe is kind of speaking

1272
00:59:09,440 --> 00:59:12,080
Speaker 4: to us all the time, even in the dark. You know,

1273
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,240
Speaker 4: even in the dark. You know, animals and bacteria and

1274
00:59:15,680 --> 00:59:19,360
Speaker 4: creatures glow, and you can mix chemicals to glow as well.

1275
00:59:19,480 --> 00:59:22,080
Speaker 4: And things out there in space are glowing all the time,

1276
00:59:22,200 --> 00:59:25,240
Speaker 4: and even yourself within you are glowing.

1277
00:59:25,080 --> 00:59:27,480
Speaker 1: That's right. And all those stars out there in the

1278
00:59:27,560 --> 00:59:30,520
Speaker 1: universe that are sending you photons. They're telling you about themselves.

1279
00:59:30,560 --> 00:59:32,960
Speaker 1: They're telling you stories about what they are burning and

1280
00:59:33,040 --> 00:59:35,520
Speaker 1: what they are made out of. The University is like

1281
00:59:35,680 --> 00:59:38,320
Speaker 1: screaming information at us, and to me, the frustrating things

1282
00:59:38,360 --> 00:59:39,840
Speaker 1: that most of the time we aren't listening.

1283
00:59:40,120 --> 00:59:44,440
Speaker 4: Yeah, except they're saying, eat more candy, need more candy.

1284
00:59:45,240 --> 00:59:47,720
Speaker 4: So maybe it's good that we don't listen to them

1285
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:48,320
Speaker 4: all the time.

1286
00:59:48,480 --> 00:59:50,120
Speaker 1: I think you should give your kids an extra piece

1287
00:59:50,160 --> 00:59:51,240
Speaker 1: of candy for this podcast.

1288
00:59:51,520 --> 00:59:54,800
Speaker 4: Oh yeah, I'm sure they sneak some anyways. All right, Well,

1289
00:59:54,840 --> 00:59:57,720
Speaker 4: we hope you enjoyed that, and maybe this Halloween or

1290
00:59:57,880 --> 00:59:59,840
Speaker 4: in general, look at things in the dark a little

1291
00:59:59,840 --> 01:00:03,720
Speaker 4: bit differently because everything is glowing in the dark.

1292
01:00:03,760 --> 01:00:06,280
Speaker 1: And trying to tell you answers to the secrets of

1293
01:00:06,320 --> 01:00:06,880
Speaker 1: the universe.

1294
01:00:07,280 --> 01:00:09,200
Speaker 4: Thanks for joining us, See you next time.

1295
01:00:17,120 --> 01:00:19,920
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1296
01:00:19,960 --> 01:00:23,920
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1297
01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:28,560
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1298
01:00:28,680 --> 01:00:41,640
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1299
01:00:41,680 --> 01:00:43,960
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1300
01:00:44,040 --> 01:00:46,919
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact, but the people in the dairy

1301
01:00:46,960 --> 01:00:50,080
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1302
01:00:50,160 --> 01:00:53,160
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1303
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Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy tackling

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Speaker 1: greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic jesters to turn the

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Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

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Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as Dairy dot COM's Last

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Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more.

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Speaker 2: Our iHeartRadio Music Festival for the Senate Bike Capital One

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01:01:14,360 --> 01:01:19,120
Speaker 2: coming back to Las Vegas. First Weekend full of superstar

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Speaker 2: performances as Rocky Big Sean, Camila kavel toji ULI's Keith Urban,

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Speaker 2: New Kids on the Block, Paramore, Chaboozi, The Black Crows,

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01:01:31,280 --> 01:01:35,880
Speaker 2: The Weekend, Thomas Victoria, Monette, Coldplays, Chris Martin and Moore,

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Speaker 2: stream Live Holy on Hulu and get it us to

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Speaker 2: be there at AXS dot Com.

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Speaker 10: This is Michael Rappaport and I have been professionally podcasting

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Speaker 10: for ten years. The podcast game has changed so much

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Speaker 10: and if you're looking for the most disruptive podcast in

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Speaker 10: the world, that subscribe to the I Am Rappaport Stereo podcast.

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Speaker 10: Today we're talking sports, politics, pop culture, entertainment, in anything

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Speaker 10: that catches my attention. Listen to the im Rappaport Stereo

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Speaker 10: podcast on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you

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Speaker 10: get your podcasts.