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Speaker 1: Hello, everyone, It's October sixt What No, but this is

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Speaker 1: Chuck from the future past telling you to listen to

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Speaker 1: the selects pick for the week Jellyfish colon even cooler

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Speaker 1: than the OCTOPI you decide. Welcome to Stuff You should Know,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with Charles W.

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Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant with Jerry st You should know. Oh man,

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Speaker 1: let's start over all right, Well, that's okay. How you doing.

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Speaker 1: I'm good. I'm jet black still, I'm coming out of

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Speaker 1: it for sure, but yeah, I'm a little jetlike. I

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Speaker 1: just was explaining off Mike that my body is at

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Speaker 1: four thirty or five every morning. Does get up, dummy?

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Speaker 1: It's ten fifteen eleven, And I go, no, it's not.

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Speaker 1: It's dark. No internal struggle. And it's a British voice too.

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Speaker 1: It's like, get up, you need your beans and blood,

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Speaker 1: sausage and import pies. How was that? Oh man, I

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Speaker 1: want another one so bad, you know? Save that? Okay? Uh?

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Speaker 1: My jet leg is not so much pronounced in the morning,

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Speaker 1: it's just at nine thirty at night. I fall over

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Speaker 1: wherever I'm standing or said, you're just like cooking in

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Speaker 1: a walk and you just fall face for it. First

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Speaker 1: you noticed the burned face. Yeah, that's dangerous. Well it

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Speaker 1: hurt pretty bad because that walk grease gets pretty hot,

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Speaker 1: it does walk. What is this? What walks? Who walks? Still? Dude?

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Speaker 1: You kidney? No dark continents of people watch? Oh well sure,

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Speaker 1: but I just I guess I just imagined like wearing

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Speaker 1: a tennis or tied around my back. And I didn't

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Speaker 1: say fond should you're having a fond part of boiling cheese.

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Speaker 1: That's pretty seventies. You know what, if you ever want

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Speaker 1: a fond dupot and like because you think it'd be

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Speaker 1: fun to have a fond party, don't buy one new.

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Speaker 1: Just go to a goodwill. I went for like three dollars. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you mean I have an unused one? Is it pea green?

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Speaker 1: I don't know if I would cook out of a

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Speaker 1: pea green anything? No? Yeah, all right, no, I wouldn't

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Speaker 1: pe green refrigerator. I wouldn't need out of it p

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Speaker 1: green car. I just throw up any time I want

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Speaker 1: to go drop uh, I'll tell you what I am

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Speaker 1: excited about though. Yeah, this is now officially my second

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Speaker 1: favorite seafaring creature after octopus, Yeah for sure. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: this was close to like the jellyfish was really tugging

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Speaker 1: at my heartstrings. Yeah, and the and the octopus just

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Speaker 1: kept saying, you know what, remember me, remember the gramatophores.

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Speaker 1: Watch this bam. It looks at like something completely different.

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Speaker 1: And then I remember it. I was like, all right, octopus,

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Speaker 1: you're right, jellyfish can't do that. I'm Rocky the squirrel. Now,

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Speaker 1: I'm a romance soldier, I'm a cornucopia of vegetables in

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Speaker 1: an oil painting. Uh. They are pretty cool. Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: the jellyfish is really amazing. Yeah. The octopus is though

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Speaker 1: they're like they're doing it on purpose. The jellyfish just

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Speaker 1: accidentally kind of stumbles backwards into awesomeness. You know, well

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Speaker 1: after five million years of practice, maybe seven, Yeah, we'll see.

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Speaker 1: It's amazing. So when you're talking about jellyfish, a lot

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Speaker 1: of people say, well, there's a jellyfish, that's a jellyfish,

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Speaker 1: that's a jellyfish. That lady walking down the street with

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Speaker 1: the leash got a jellyfish on the end of right,

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Speaker 1: and and you would say jellyfish, jellyfish, comb, jelly dog,

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Speaker 1: or weird cat lady who walks her cat. Yeah, that's unwholesome.

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Speaker 1: That's as unwholesome as walking a jellyfish down this street

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Speaker 1: on a leash. So there are such things as comb jellies,

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Speaker 1: and there's jellyfish, and you out there who's lived maybe

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Speaker 1: ten twenty years on this planet or more, we've probably

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Speaker 1: seen them both. But it turns out that they look

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Speaker 1: very similar. But as we're finding out, as we get

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Speaker 1: deeper and deeper into using genetics to do taxonomy rather

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Speaker 1: than our peepers, that doesn't necessarily mean they're related. And

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Speaker 1: actually there's there's some tremendous debate between just how closely

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Speaker 1: related jellyfish and comb jellies are. Tremendous debate. Yes, we're

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Speaker 1: very subdued. It depends on where you are among like

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Speaker 1: fifty people. If you're in the jellyfish department of some

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Speaker 1: like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, I'll bet it gets nuts

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Speaker 1: a little vigorous. Yeah, they down some some old English

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Speaker 1: forty uh right, malt liquor and argue and to get

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Speaker 1: out the brass knuckles about taxonomy. Uh so that the

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Speaker 1: two phila they are different. Uh, we're talking respectively for

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Speaker 1: jellyfish and comb jellies. Uh, nadaria and ton afera. Yeah, nice,

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Speaker 1: and there's seas before. Both of them are both silent,

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Speaker 1: so it looks like centa bites and sephora. Yeah. Cento bytes. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what is that a centerbon? That's no center bites. They

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Speaker 1: were the monsters in hell Raiser. Oh I thought it

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Speaker 1: was like a centabon that was in handy bite sized pieces.

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Speaker 1: That's a cinabyte. These are cento bites. Gotcha? Where where

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Speaker 1: did this research come from? By the way, a big

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Speaker 1: shout out Smithsonian. They have a site called the Ocean

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Speaker 1: Portal amazing that has all sorts of great stuff on it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you can't go wrong with Smithsonian. That's their their logo.

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Speaker 1: There's there's this that forms the basis of this one.

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Speaker 1: But I also want to give a huge shout out

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Speaker 1: to another article I read a while back that I

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Speaker 1: went back and reread. Actually it's called They're taking Over

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Speaker 1: and it was a New York View Books article on it. Yeah. Uh,

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Speaker 1: well reviewed a book on jellyfish, Yes, specifically jellyfish blooms

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Speaker 1: or when you'll see on the news like, oh my gosh,

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Speaker 1: there's five thousand jellyfish right here, right now, or thirty

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Speaker 1: three thousand square miles of jellyfish. But we'll get to that. Yeah, yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: were getting ahead of ourselves. So there's jellyfish and comb

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Speaker 1: jellies and there we don't know if they're related. They

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Speaker 1: look a lot like they're very much. Um, they seem related,

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Speaker 1: So we're gonna talk about both. Yes, right, so let's

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Speaker 1: talk about him, Chuck. All right, Well we'll start off

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Speaker 1: with the body, uh, because well they're kind of all body. Uh.

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Speaker 1: They both jellyfish income jellies have they have a lot

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Speaker 1: of differences, but you know, when you look under the hood,

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Speaker 1: they have a lot of similarities, which is why you

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Speaker 1: would expect when people use their peepers they would just think, well, yeah,

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Speaker 1: of course you have the same look at them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: don't don't think too don't overthink it. That was early science.

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Speaker 1: Don't overthink it. So both of them have a couple

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Speaker 1: of major cell layers, the external epidermis and then the

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Speaker 1: internal one called the gastrodermist. And in between those is

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Speaker 1: what you think of as jellyfish. Yeah, that's the mesoglia, yeah,

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Speaker 1: which is a great name for that, and it's the filling. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's it's nine. And in fact, jellyfish and come jellies

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Speaker 1: are about water. Yeah, seawater actually salt and water. They're

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Speaker 1: basically made up of the sea. I saw it put somewhere. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's amazing. Um. So they have basically one

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Speaker 1: mouth where um stuff goes in and comes out. It's

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Speaker 1: like a U mouth and oral anis basically I don't

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Speaker 1: even know if they refer to it as a mouth.

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Speaker 1: Do they like somewhere in this thing? Didn't they called

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Speaker 1: it literally like a body hole or something. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: it's a pretty basic, basic organism, but it does a

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Speaker 1: lot of things. Yeah, so it's not Yeah, when you

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Speaker 1: think of mouth, you just think eating. Not necessarily, Hey,

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Speaker 1: let's put some sperm and egg in there too. It's

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Speaker 1: like all purpose. Yeah, but they don't necessarily need in

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Speaker 1: a mouth for eating because apparently they can absorb nutrients

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Speaker 1: like just through their skin. Yeah, so they have they

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Speaker 1: don't have a stomach, they don't have intestines, they don't

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Speaker 1: have lungs. They're just like, get in my get in

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Speaker 1: my skin nutrients yeah, and oxygen, And if you think

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Speaker 1: about it, then they don't need lungs. They don't need

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Speaker 1: like a they don't need a mouth, so they don't

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Speaker 1: need to chew. All this stuff requires a lot of energy.

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Speaker 1: They actually are extraordinarily efficient organisms, so they get a

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Speaker 1: lot more energy out of the stuff that they take

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Speaker 1: in than other things, which actually gives them a huge

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Speaker 1: advantages we'll see later. Uh. So the outer cells, they

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Speaker 1: have this epidermis, like we said, and it has what's

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Speaker 1: called a nerve net, and it's just this net of

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Speaker 1: nerves literally, um, and that it's it's it's their nervous

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Speaker 1: system basically, and it's the it's the most basic, Um,

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Speaker 1: I guess, brain like structure of any organism on the planet,

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Speaker 1: of any multicellular organism. I guess that's right. And so

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Speaker 1: in the nerve net, not only does it have nerves,

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Speaker 1: it also has some sort of specialized cells, like some

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Speaker 1: that detect light so they can know that they need

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Speaker 1: to move away from that boat spotlight. Uh, and then

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Speaker 1: some that tell them whether they're moving up or down

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Speaker 1: or whether they're upside down. Yeah, big dummies, that's a

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Speaker 1: that's a big one. You think about it. But I mean,

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Speaker 1: like that's if you don't have eyeballs. No, But this

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Speaker 1: is the weird part. Man, this is so disturbing to me.

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Speaker 1: This is almost as disturbing as squid having beaks. Some

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Speaker 1: types of jellies, box jellies, in particular um box jellyfish

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Speaker 1: have eyes. They have retinas lenses, but they don't have

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Speaker 1: a brain. So scientists are like, how what how are

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Speaker 1: you processing these images that you're clearly taking in and

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Speaker 1: responding to, Like, we've shown you pictures of like um

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Speaker 1: Sheryl lad and you like gave a thumbs up. So

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Speaker 1: obviously you can use these eyes, but how are you

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Speaker 1: sorting these images? You know? Yeah, they think it's that

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Speaker 1: that nerve ring, but they're not sure, right, and that's

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Speaker 1: a ring around Uh, it's concentration of nerves basically that

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Speaker 1: they haven't figured out yet. But they think that's there

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Speaker 1: in is the secret. It would be like, um, it

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Speaker 1: would be like now, I can't come with a good analogy.

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Speaker 1: There's a million of them out there, but I'm not

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Speaker 1: still jet Like I guess I just want to apologize

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Speaker 1: to everybody because that could have been I was on

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Speaker 1: the edge of my seat. Uh. Uh. So comb jellies

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Speaker 1: they have a few things that the regular jelly does

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Speaker 1: not have. Uh. Most notably the comb their name for

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Speaker 1: these uh silia, these giant fuse cilia. There's eight rows

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Speaker 1: up and down their bodies and they basically are their

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Speaker 1: ways of locomotive neck like little bitty oars paddling around

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Speaker 1: in the water. And there are other animals that do this,

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Speaker 1: but the comb jelly is the largest one to do

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Speaker 1: this and to use this kind of locomotion. And it

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Speaker 1: looks like a rainbow if you look one up, but

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Speaker 1: you think it might be bioluminescent, but it's not. It's

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Speaker 1: just light catching the cilia and scattering it. It's beautiful,

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Speaker 1: It is quite beautiful. But that's the thing that that

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Speaker 1: separates comb jellies from jelly jellyfish most um pronounced lee right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because a lot of their activities and just the stuff

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Speaker 1: that they do, it's fairly similar the TV they watch,

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Speaker 1: but their means of locomotion are are really the big,

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Speaker 1: huge distinction. Yeah. The A lot of the comb jellies

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Speaker 1: have a single pair just two tentacles, but it looks

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Speaker 1: like more because they branch out um and they use

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Speaker 1: those like little fishing lines because they have sticky cells

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Speaker 1: uh color blast at the end. And this is different

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Speaker 1: uh big time than jellyfish. They don't sting. No, they

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Speaker 1: use um gluey, which is pretty neat, so you won't

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Speaker 1: be stung by a comb jelly. So just swim up

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Speaker 1: and hug one. They love it when you do that. So. Um,

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Speaker 1: when you think of a jellyfish, like a true jelly

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Speaker 1: is what what they're called. Um there you think of

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Speaker 1: like kind of this bell shaped umbrella shaped thing with

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Speaker 1: the tentacles hanging down. Beautiful. And if it's a jellyfish,

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Speaker 1: that's actually one of two forms that it will take

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Speaker 1: in its lifetime. Right, Um, it's that's the medusa form,

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Speaker 1: and it's it's the adult form. There's a juvenile form

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Speaker 1: called the all up and um. Depending on when it

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Speaker 1: is in its life cycle, it will either be in

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Speaker 1: a medusa form a polyp form. Yeah, and we'll get

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Speaker 1: into the little more of the life cycle. But a

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Speaker 1: polyp can end up becoming a medusa or just might

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Speaker 1: be happy as little polyp and to stay as a

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Speaker 1: poly up and create more meducea. Yeah, and the polyp

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Speaker 1: looks like um, it almost looks like a plant. It

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Speaker 1: looks like a little stalk attached to something, usually the

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Speaker 1: sand or as we'll see, maybe a oil rig out

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Speaker 1: in the middle of the ocean or something, or share

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Speaker 1: a lad. That's right, because she's she's a deep water

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Speaker 1: dweller at this point. Um. So it looks like a

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Speaker 1: little plant. It's got it looks like a little stalk,

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Speaker 1: and then the uh, tentacles are blooming out of it,

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Speaker 1: almost like a flower. Yeah, like anemone or something like that. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And sometimes you see him many many of them together

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Speaker 1: in a colony. You think that's an amazing plant. It's

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Speaker 1: actually a jelly. Yeah, pretty cool if you would be

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Speaker 1: able to tell if you poked it with your finger.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So the size among jellies ants and um

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Speaker 1: comb jellies are I mean, some of are just microscopic,

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Speaker 1: others get pretty big. If there's one called the lion's

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Speaker 1: main jellyfish, which on the whole across like the whole species,

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Speaker 1: they are the largest jellyfish known to humankind. Did you

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Speaker 1: see this thing? Yeah, it looks like photoshop when you

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Speaker 1: see a scuba diver up next to one. It definitely does.

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Speaker 1: Like the bell actually gets to be six ft wide. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And the tentacles are like, um long, fifty ft long,

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Speaker 1: and some some get bigger than that. But that's you know,

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Speaker 1: the average size of one of those. This is pretty neat. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean they're not to be feared. But swimming up

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Speaker 1: to something that large and that kind of creepy looking

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Speaker 1: is not for me, that's all. I'll say. That eats anything,

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Speaker 1: it'll eat anything like people. Yeah, No, I won't need

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Speaker 1: a person. Yeah, I don't know. If they were big enough,

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Speaker 1: it might. All right, So let's talk a little bit

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Speaker 1: about the various types. Um. We'll start with Nadaria, which

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Speaker 1: is the the jellyfish itself, not the comb. There are

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Speaker 1: more than ten thousand species, uh, and about four thousand

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Speaker 1: or fewer actually are what we think of as the

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Speaker 1: true jelly the medusa that we know and love, uh.

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Speaker 1: And within that there are quite a few different types,

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Speaker 1: one of which is the skiff a zoa. And this

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Speaker 1: is the most common true jellyfish that you can imagine.

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Speaker 1: When you picture jelly fish in your mind, you're probably

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Speaker 1: thinking of the skiff a zoa um. The hydrozoa are

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Speaker 1: um impostors. Well, they're they're the ones who they spend

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Speaker 1: most of their time as polyps, right, So the skiff

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Speaker 1: a zoa spend most of their time in the medusas phase.

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Speaker 1: The hydrozoa are the ones that look like plants at

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Speaker 1: the bottom and are just reproducing like mad um, and

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Speaker 1: they actually can come together and create what are called

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Speaker 1: colonial siphon of force. And that's a you know, a

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Speaker 1: Portuguese man of war. Okay, So that is actually not

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Speaker 1: a true jellyfish. It's actually a collection. It's a it's

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Speaker 1: a colony that comes together to act like one large organism, right,

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Speaker 1: and it's made up of persons, so like there's the

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Speaker 1: person that is in charge of digestion, there's the person

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Speaker 1: that's in charge of catching prey. There's the person that's

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Speaker 1: in charge of locomotion. And rather than these things being

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Speaker 1: body parts, they're actually individual organisms that are genetically identical

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Speaker 1: to one another because they all come from the same egg.

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Speaker 1: But they're actually a colony. Does that make sense? Like,

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Speaker 1: imagine if your organs were various actual organisms that came

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Speaker 1: together to make you. It's like the polyphonic spree of

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Speaker 1: the ocean world. Exactly. It's amazing. That's exactly what I

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Speaker 1: was driving at. Uh. Next up we have the Cuba

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Speaker 1: zoa and that's you mentioned the box jellyfish. They look

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Speaker 1: like a box is more squared looking. Those are the

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Speaker 1: most dangerous ones. Yeah. They have the most potent venom

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Speaker 1: and it is stuff not just of jellyfish, of any

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Speaker 1: animal on the planet. Yeah, the sea wasp has the

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Speaker 1: most powerful venom for humans, I should say the sea wasp.

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Speaker 1: And that just awesome sounding. Yeah, it sounds like something

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Speaker 1: you want to avoid at all costs. Yeah. Uh so

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Speaker 1: these guys are the ones that have a more complex

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Speaker 1: nervous system, that have the the eyes right, Yeah, with

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Speaker 1: the corneas and things. So they're the most deadly and

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Speaker 1: they're looking at you. Yeah, they're saying, I'm coming for you.

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Speaker 1: The star o zoa stalk jellyfishes, and they don't float.

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Speaker 1: They are actually like to cling onto things and attached

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Speaker 1: to things, and they are mainly cold water. But all

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Speaker 1: you can find most all kinds are not all kinds.

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Speaker 1: You can find some kind of jellyfish and almost any

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Speaker 1: kind of water, any kind of ocean water in the world. Well,

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Speaker 1: not just that there's some thrive and freshwater. There's a

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Speaker 1: type of jellyfish that is um all over the Great Lakes.

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Speaker 1: It was originally it's native to China, and they think

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Speaker 1: that it was brought over originally from China to England

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Speaker 1: in like a water lily shipment, because it was first

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Speaker 1: discovered in the West in like garden ponds, and it

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Speaker 1: somehow made its way to the Great Lakes. And now

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Speaker 1: there's a freshwater jellyfish that's about I think the size

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Speaker 1: of your thumbnail, depending on what size your thumbnail is

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Speaker 1: in the Great Lakes. That's a jellyfish. And it's a

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Speaker 1: true jellyfish. And we should say also with um jellyfish locomotion,

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Speaker 1: they don't use the silly a like a comb jellyfish

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Speaker 1: does They in Medusa form x banned and contract the

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Speaker 1: bell right, so beautiful. And I was reading I think

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Speaker 1: it was a Scientific American or Popular Science, one of

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Speaker 1: those two all posted on the podcast Pitch, but it

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Speaker 1: was they some researchers examined how jellyfish move and they

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Speaker 1: found that not only are they like um able to

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Speaker 1: move when they when they expand and then contract in

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Speaker 1: the resting motion of their bell, of vortex actually forms

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Speaker 1: in the water above them and moves beneath them and

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Speaker 1: moves them up that way. So they're constantly moving, but

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Speaker 1: they're only exerting like half of the energy needed to

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Speaker 1: move forward. To propel forward or upward. Right, So that's

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Speaker 1: even one more way that they're incredibly efficient type of animal. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: without a brain, they're pretty smart, you know what I mean. Uh,

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Speaker 1: should we take a break? Yeah, all right, we'll take

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Speaker 1: a break, and we're gonna come back and dive into

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Speaker 1: the wonderful world of comb jellies. All right. So we

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Speaker 1: talked about just a few of the standard jellyfish. The

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Speaker 1: comb jellies are way way fewer species of the tina fours. Um,

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Speaker 1: we're talking I think ten thousand for the other this

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Speaker 1: is about a hundred fifty. Yeah, not even hundred fifty. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: But they're saying that it's possible that these are just

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Speaker 1: the ones we are aware of because um, we've encountered

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Speaker 1: them in coastal waters, that they may be way more

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Speaker 1: in deep sea. Yeah, they don't know much about those guys, right, right.

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Speaker 1: And the ones that are in deep see that we've

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Speaker 1: encountered tend to be so fragile that we can't collect them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because they're not tough, because they don't to put up

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Speaker 1: with the you know, their merrids and waves and yeah,

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Speaker 1: they just float out there and yeah, you look at

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Speaker 1: them too hard. And they crumble. Um. So one type

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Speaker 1: of a comb jelly is uh sodipid uh and they

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Speaker 1: are all around their spherical or oval. They have those

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Speaker 1: branch tentacles that we talked about. Those tentacles are a

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Speaker 1: little unique and that they can actually draw them back

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Speaker 1: into the body when it's cold, yeah, which is pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: Really okay, so I believe uh yeah. And they have

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Speaker 1: like sheets on the sides of their mouths that it

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Speaker 1: draws back into which is pretty cool amazing. Um. Then

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Speaker 1: there's low baits uh, which have lobes on the sides,

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Speaker 1: right yeah, um, and that's about it. They have the

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Speaker 1: lobes and that's what they're known for baroids. These are

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Speaker 1: kind of cool. These are the dudes that have no tentacles.

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Speaker 1: So the way they eat is they have a big,

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Speaker 1: big mouth that draws in a lot of stuff and

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Speaker 1: then a very tight, almost zipper like thing that shuts

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Speaker 1: and then they can shut that mouth really hard and

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Speaker 1: just mush all that stuff up. Well. They they have

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Speaker 1: silia inside their mouths that act like teeds that pull

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Speaker 1: their prey apart alive teeth tooth teeth. Yeah, oh man,

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Speaker 1: it's weird. Jet leg um. But the little the teeth

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Speaker 1: just pick it like their prey and just pull them apart.

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Speaker 1: It dissolves them, basically mechanically amazing. Have you ever seen

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Speaker 1: a video of um, the uh, the pelican who's just

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Speaker 1: standing there and there's a pigeon like on the ground

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Speaker 1: right in front of him, and all of a sudden

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Speaker 1: the pigeon the pelican just eats the pigeon, and the

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Speaker 1: pigeons like trying to get out of the pelicans like

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Speaker 1: huge mouth, and the pelicans just sitting there like nothing's happening.

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Speaker 1: And then finally like the pigeon stops moving. It is

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Speaker 1: really disturbing because you you you know, like pelicans don't

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Speaker 1: normally eat live pigeons, so there's like there's something wrong

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Speaker 1: with this pelican or it was just then steely reserve,

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Speaker 1: like no remorse whatsoever. Yeah, it's a it's a disconcerting video,

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Speaker 1: especially if you're a pigeon lover, which I'm not. I'm

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Speaker 1: it sound like I hate pigeons, but you don't want

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Speaker 1: to see him get you know, eaten eaten by a pelican. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's it's weird. It's totally strange. Where do you find

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Speaker 1: this stuff? It's around so weird. I think you may

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Speaker 1: showed me that one. Yeah. You guys always have a

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Speaker 1: lot of weird videos at your fingertips. You and you

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Speaker 1: we were just always talking about, like did you see

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Speaker 1: the one where you know, the pelican ate the pigeon. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess so that's pretty neat. Um Comb jellies distribution wise,

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Speaker 1: they are also all over the oceans. Uh. They do

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Speaker 1: perform a little warmer water though, but you can't find

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Speaker 1: them anywhere, right. Um. So we're talking earlier about the

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Speaker 1: fact that they are from different phyla and that there's this,

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Speaker 1: you know, drunken argument going on among scientists at the

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Speaker 1: Monterey Bay aquari about how how closely related they are. Um.

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Speaker 1: They used to all be described as uh sellin slinarata,

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Speaker 1: which is hollow bellied. Oh yeah, makes sense, But they don't.

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Speaker 1: They don't say that anymore. And if you want to

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Speaker 1: be ridiculed by your peers, call them that. But some

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Speaker 1: people say, you know, their sister groups. Some people say, nope,

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Speaker 1: they're not even that closely related. Uh So the debate

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Speaker 1: rages on. I guess yep. So, Um, what what's interesting

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Speaker 1: is that we even know how long jellies have been

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Speaker 1: around because there they have no solid parts. Yeah, you'd

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Speaker 1: think it'd be hard to find a fossil. They have

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Speaker 1: gelatinous parts, they don't have any hardened parts. Yeah, that

393
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Speaker 1: would be fossilized easily. But there have been some discoveries,

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Speaker 1: some amazing discoveries of jellyfish and um comb jellies from

395
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Speaker 1: about five million years ago. It's the I believe, the

396
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Speaker 1: oldest known specimens found. And there's this one found in

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Speaker 1: Utah because apparently Utah used to be a shallow inland

398
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Speaker 1: sea and it had these jellyfish in it. And I

399
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Speaker 1: guess something happened to this jellyfish. It was crushed by

400
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Speaker 1: a rock, something a lot of pressure, I would think,

401
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Speaker 1: but all of a sudden it just captured it. Because

402
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Speaker 1: it's it's like a perfect it's like a drawing of

403
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Speaker 1: the jellyfish in a rock. Um And it's the oldest

404
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Speaker 1: fossil and it's five million years old. So it was

405
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Speaker 1: a pretty lucky find actually to find this, this jellyfish

406
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Speaker 1: that should not have been fossilized, that was fossilized. So

407
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Speaker 1: we do know that there um about two hundred or

408
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Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty million years older than fish fish

409
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Speaker 1: weren't even around by then. Um, and they think that

410
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Speaker 1: possibly sea comb or jelly comb or sorry, comb jellies

411
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Speaker 1: were Um, it's possible they were the earliest animals to

412
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Speaker 1: branch off, even more even earlier than sponges. Well, didn't

413
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Speaker 1: they find that the jellyfish was the first animal in

414
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Speaker 1: the sea that didn't just float along like a dummy,

415
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Speaker 1: that actually used muscles to swim places. Yeah, and it

416
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Speaker 1: was possible it was the comb jellies that did that.

417
00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:10,800
Speaker 1: So it's possible that comb jellies branched off from the

418
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:13,800
Speaker 1: tree of life, so it's just one type of animal.

419
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,160
Speaker 1: Then all of a sudden, there's a comb jelly. Right,

420
00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:19,199
Speaker 1: what is this black magic you speak of? Right? And

421
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,680
Speaker 1: then maybe the jellyfish at some later point branched off

422
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:25,639
Speaker 1: of the comb jelly right. Um, But either way, it

423
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:28,000
Speaker 1: would have been the comb jelly and or the jellyfish

424
00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:31,160
Speaker 1: that were the first to say we're going this way. Yeah,

425
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:32,720
Speaker 1: you guys are just floating around like a bunch of

426
00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:37,640
Speaker 1: morons waiting for food to hit You were embarrassed for you. Well,

427
00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:42,880
Speaker 1: speaking of food, they are all carnivorous and they eat,

428
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,679
Speaker 1: like you said, they'll eat anything. They love plankton, but

429
00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:50,320
Speaker 1: they eat fish. They eat crustaceans. Some eat other jellyfish,

430
00:26:50,359 --> 00:26:56,119
Speaker 1: which is disgusting. Um, and those uh neumaticist and color blasts,

431
00:26:56,200 --> 00:27:00,880
Speaker 1: the stingers or the glue guns. Um, they are good

432
00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:03,520
Speaker 1: for defense. But uh, there are a hundred and fifty

433
00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:06,960
Speaker 1: animals that also eat the jellies. Fish and sea turtles.

434
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:11,879
Speaker 1: There's the sunfish loves them. Weather back seat turtles love them.

435
00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:15,360
Speaker 1: They they journey to find them. Yeah, that's how much

436
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:20,080
Speaker 1: they love them. The Chinese, Yeah, they eat human beings

437
00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:23,760
Speaker 1: eat jellyfish. Yeah. It's apparently a wedding delicacy in China

438
00:27:24,359 --> 00:27:27,640
Speaker 1: and has been for about fifteen sixteen hundred years. Yeah,

439
00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:35,920
Speaker 1: ours is catered salmon in uh chicken Marbella. Uh yeah,

440
00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:39,679
Speaker 1: fo thousand tons of jellyfish are caught each year in

441
00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:43,400
Speaker 1: fifteen countries, mainly in Southeast Asia's where they're eating these. Yeah,

442
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,760
Speaker 1: but um, I read that Georgia, our state of Georgia,

443
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:52,240
Speaker 1: um has a commercial jellyfish fishery. Really big Gem's jellies

444
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,160
Speaker 1: preserved Moonshina. You totally eat jellyfish? Would sure I would

445
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:02,480
Speaker 1: try it? Yeah, apparently it's also um it's served in Japan. Too,

446
00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:07,480
Speaker 1: it's salted, which would be good. I would try raw.

447
00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:10,600
Speaker 1: I would try raw jellyfish and sushi or something like that,

448
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,840
Speaker 1: but I would guess that salted strips and jellyfish are

449
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:18,280
Speaker 1: probably vastly preferable. I'm not nearly as adventurous as you

450
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:23,720
Speaker 1: with my my mouth and my stomach, but I might

451
00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:27,840
Speaker 1: try jellyfish, even though I'm talking about how much I

452
00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:32,840
Speaker 1: love it. Right, you just cry while you ate? Yeah, exactly.

453
00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:38,720
Speaker 1: You were so beautiful once. Um. Well, I would eat

454
00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:44,760
Speaker 1: um wooly mammoth. Oh yeah, and you like them? Yeah? Uh,

455
00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:47,959
Speaker 1: you gotta bring floss? Would you eat woly mammoth? Supposedly

456
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:50,920
Speaker 1: that does nothing? Have you heard about that? Oh? Yeah?

457
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,600
Speaker 1: Then the new studies its flossing is no good. Well,

458
00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:55,920
Speaker 1: we talked about that. I think what they said. It

459
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,160
Speaker 1: depends on who you talk to. Some people are saying like, no,

460
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:00,560
Speaker 1: they just realize that no one's ever done a scientific

461
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:03,720
Speaker 1: study to back up that flossing is good for you.

462
00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:05,800
Speaker 1: And other people are saying like, no, they did some

463
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:09,479
Speaker 1: studies and found that it doesn't do anything, which I

464
00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:13,400
Speaker 1: cannot believe. We either just talked about this the last

465
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:16,440
Speaker 1: recording session, or we talked about it on stage. We

466
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:18,480
Speaker 1: probably talked about it on stage because it came out

467
00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:20,760
Speaker 1: while we were in the UK. Okay, yeah, all right,

468
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,280
Speaker 1: but the idea that getting rotting food out from between

469
00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,840
Speaker 1: your teeth has no positive health benefits for you is

470
00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:32,600
Speaker 1: just it defies explanation. It was on stage because I

471
00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:35,520
Speaker 1: made a crack about missing my teeth. Oh yeah, I

472
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:39,760
Speaker 1: remember now, uh. Feeding As far as them feeding on

473
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:42,800
Speaker 1: other things, we talked about these tentacles that they have

474
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:48,440
Speaker 1: to capture prey and these nematicists. It's amazing these basically

475
00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:53,239
Speaker 1: they're described in the article as venom bearing harpoons. So

476
00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:57,480
Speaker 1: what happens is there's a cue. Uh it's either something

477
00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:00,560
Speaker 1: has touched them or it's a chemical uh que that

478
00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:03,880
Speaker 1: something is around, and they shoot out this little harpoon

479
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:08,800
Speaker 1: and within seven hundred nana seconds it's spears the prey

480
00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:14,160
Speaker 1: and releases a toxin. Yes, and it's it's frightening. Yeah.

481
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:18,760
Speaker 1: If you um, if you're a fish, you're in trouble.

482
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,320
Speaker 1: If you're another jellyfish, you're in trouble. Something smaller than

483
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,960
Speaker 1: that you're just totally dead. And depending on the jellyfish,

484
00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:27,960
Speaker 1: if you're a human being, you can die as a

485
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:30,920
Speaker 1: matter of fact too. Yes, we talk about that, dude. Yeah,

486
00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:34,320
Speaker 1: so the um there's the sea wasp obviously, which has

487
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:37,360
Speaker 1: the most toxic venom on earth as far as humans

488
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,240
Speaker 1: are concerned. But then there's also another type of um

489
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:43,560
Speaker 1: box jellyfish that are much tinier. I think they're about

490
00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,440
Speaker 1: thumbsized or peanut sized. Yeah, you could. You don't even

491
00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:48,600
Speaker 1: see these things, or if you do see them and

492
00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:50,880
Speaker 1: they brush against you, you're probably not even gonna feel

493
00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:56,480
Speaker 1: the stings called ariicanji, Yeah, which is a an Aboriginal

494
00:30:56,560 --> 00:31:01,080
Speaker 1: word for for this type of jellyfish. Right, there's a

495
00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:05,479
Speaker 1: dude in the sixties, a Westerner who um was like,

496
00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:08,520
Speaker 1: what what is with this jellyfish? I I've heard weird

497
00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:10,400
Speaker 1: things about it. I don't know much about it. I'm

498
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:12,720
Speaker 1: gonna go out and let myself get stung by one.

499
00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,280
Speaker 1: Where did he get killed very easily by something at

500
00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:18,320
Speaker 1: any given point Australia, Yeah, exactly, because they're the ones.

501
00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:20,840
Speaker 1: They've got the sea wasps too, and they have to

502
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:23,160
Speaker 1: do with the sea wasps. Saying these little guys the

503
00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:26,240
Speaker 1: eru kanji. Is that how we agreed we're gonna say it. Yeah,

504
00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:29,600
Speaker 1: iri kanji Iri kanji. So this guy survived, but he

505
00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:34,240
Speaker 1: um not not well, but he had a hard time

506
00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:37,520
Speaker 1: getting to the point where they're like, you're going to survive. Yeah,

507
00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:40,360
Speaker 1: he was lucky to survive. So you get a sting

508
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:43,320
Speaker 1: from one of these things, just a single tannicle, apparently

509
00:31:43,320 --> 00:31:47,080
Speaker 1: in about twenty to thirty minutes, what's called ira Kanji

510
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:50,080
Speaker 1: syndrome starts to sit in and you feel it in

511
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:52,600
Speaker 1: your lower back first, right, Yeah, and you don't know

512
00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:55,120
Speaker 1: you've been stunk. So you're just like, oh, man, like

513
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,120
Speaker 1: I tweaked my back out there in the ocean, and

514
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:02,800
Speaker 1: then things really start going south. Then you go and

515
00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:06,440
Speaker 1: throw up your right kidney. Yeah. And this article you

516
00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:09,760
Speaker 1: said said it feels like someone hits you with a

517
00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:12,560
Speaker 1: baseball bat and your kidneys and then comes to nausea

518
00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:15,840
Speaker 1: and vomiting, which continues every minute or so for around

519
00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:20,160
Speaker 1: twelve hours. Yeah. You get spasms in your arms and legs,

520
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:23,760
Speaker 1: your blood pressure increases, your skin begins to creep. It

521
00:32:23,840 --> 00:32:26,840
Speaker 1: says as if worms are burrowing through it. Yeah. Saw

522
00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:28,880
Speaker 1: I saw a video of a guy who was stung

523
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:31,400
Speaker 1: and he said it felt like someone was pouring acid

524
00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:34,560
Speaker 1: all over my body. Yea from just being brushed by

525
00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:38,600
Speaker 1: this thumb sized, tiny little jellyfish. And then there's this

526
00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:40,920
Speaker 1: is the creepiest thing to me, says. Victims are often

527
00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:44,280
Speaker 1: gripped with a sense of impending doom and begged their

528
00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:49,080
Speaker 1: doctors to kill them. Yeah, can you imagine. And they're

529
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,640
Speaker 1: spreading their range. Actually they found him off the coast

530
00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:56,520
Speaker 1: of Florida. They found him off the coast of South Africa. Jeez. Yeah,

531
00:32:56,840 --> 00:32:59,600
Speaker 1: So yeah, they're not to be messed with, alright, So

532
00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:02,080
Speaker 1: down with your kanji? Right? Have you ever heard that

533
00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:05,840
Speaker 1: you should pee on somebody who's been stung by a jellyfish?

534
00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:09,000
Speaker 1: I've seen friends, so that's not true. And they've actually

535
00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:12,520
Speaker 1: found that could make it worse. Yeah, but there's actually

536
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:15,120
Speaker 1: some science to it. Right, So if you get if

537
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:17,920
Speaker 1: you get stung by a jellyfish, if it's technacle hits you,

538
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,280
Speaker 1: and and you're stung by a nematicist, there may be

539
00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:27,120
Speaker 1: some leftover ones still attached to your arm, right, and

540
00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:29,000
Speaker 1: you want to get rid of those. But if you

541
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:31,040
Speaker 1: get rid of them, if you pour they just fresh

542
00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:36,520
Speaker 1: water on them, you're gonna trigger You're gonna trigger the

543
00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:40,040
Speaker 1: little harpoons inside because they're held in place by a

544
00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:45,120
Speaker 1: specific concentration of salutes. Right, so if you change that

545
00:33:45,240 --> 00:33:48,000
Speaker 1: concentration by hitting it with freshwater, you're gonna set them off.

546
00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:53,080
Speaker 1: You seawater because they're held in check in seawater normally.

547
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:55,040
Speaker 1: So you see water to wash it off, and then

548
00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:57,160
Speaker 1: you take a credit card and scrape the rest of

549
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:01,000
Speaker 1: them off. But some kind of you know, what if

550
00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:02,760
Speaker 1: you if you don't have your credit card on you,

551
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:05,320
Speaker 1: sure if you're not. But supposedly you're supposed to keep

552
00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:08,399
Speaker 1: sand out of it, which is tough to do. Sure,

553
00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:10,520
Speaker 1: I did the beach. I did it. Don't be dumb

554
00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:14,279
Speaker 1: on it. Years back on the what you do in

555
00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:19,359
Speaker 1: the chair, all sorts of weird stuff you remember, all right, Well,

556
00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:22,960
Speaker 1: getting back to the feeding. Uh, we covered the harpoon.

557
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:27,040
Speaker 1: Themis of the jelly, but the comb jelly like we

558
00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:30,680
Speaker 1: talked about earlier that um, this is the neumaticis they

559
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:33,880
Speaker 1: have the glue instead of the venom. So what they

560
00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:35,960
Speaker 1: do is they just send out that fishing line and

561
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,960
Speaker 1: release that sticky glue and it reels whatever it catches

562
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:43,799
Speaker 1: right on into the mouth. Pretty cool, like something being

563
00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:48,080
Speaker 1: sucked towards the death star. Yeah, exact a tractor beam.

564
00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:51,120
Speaker 1: You got caught in attractor beam. Basically, should we take

565
00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:53,920
Speaker 1: a break. Oh wait, there was one other thing, so

566
00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:57,080
Speaker 1: one type of comb jelly. This is so awesome. They

567
00:34:57,080 --> 00:35:02,160
Speaker 1: actually eat true jellies, and then they take their nomadicists

568
00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:06,440
Speaker 1: and use them for their own hunting. How like? How

569
00:35:06,520 --> 00:35:10,200
Speaker 1: so they think they absorbed them and shoot them out

570
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,759
Speaker 1: in their teammates save them? Yeah, they took him in

571
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,680
Speaker 1: their cheek for later. Can they get an unlimited supply

572
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:19,399
Speaker 1: of these? I don't know. It's curious if you could

573
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:22,439
Speaker 1: see one with like three hundred of them. Look, look

574
00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:25,360
Speaker 1: how many I've eaten. It's like, don't be a pig.

575
00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:29,120
Speaker 1: Sure you spit some of those out. Uh now, can

576
00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:31,319
Speaker 1: we take a break? Yes? All right. By the way,

577
00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:34,439
Speaker 1: we just satisfied that one listener because you rejected my break.

578
00:35:35,080 --> 00:35:37,359
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's true. How about that man a lie?

579
00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:39,040
Speaker 1: All right, we'll be back and talk a little bit

580
00:35:39,080 --> 00:36:09,160
Speaker 1: about defense. All right, So I promised talk of defense. Um,

581
00:36:09,280 --> 00:36:12,440
Speaker 1: these things you've probably seen, jellyfish and comb jellies that

582
00:36:12,520 --> 00:36:16,799
Speaker 1: produce light, this bioluminescence. Although when I said earlier, the

583
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:20,080
Speaker 1: comb jelly when it looks colorful, that is not bioluminescence.

584
00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:24,239
Speaker 1: They are still bioluminescent, just not in that way right,

585
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,480
Speaker 1: so confusing. They actually do produce light. Uh, they have

586
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:30,960
Speaker 1: these proteins that have a chemical reaction to produce this

587
00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:34,879
Speaker 1: blue and green light when something might touch it. And yeah,

588
00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:37,719
Speaker 1: like moon jellies are well known for this. Yeah, and

589
00:36:37,719 --> 00:36:40,920
Speaker 1: they're not exactly sure why, but they think that this

590
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:45,720
Speaker 1: could be a defensive mechanism to like either scare someone

591
00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:47,440
Speaker 1: trying to eat you by turning a light on their

592
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:50,520
Speaker 1: face or turning a light on and attracting something larger

593
00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:53,720
Speaker 1: to eat that thing. Either way, they think it's defense.

594
00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:58,520
Speaker 1: And then alternately, some jellyfish have um camouflage actually not

595
00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:01,960
Speaker 1: as good as the US No, no, no, no, not

596
00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:04,680
Speaker 1: at all, but I mean obviously some are are most

597
00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:09,279
Speaker 1: are transparent. It's pretty good camouflage um. And then some

598
00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:12,200
Speaker 1: of the deep sea ones are actually red. They produce

599
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:16,239
Speaker 1: a red pigment and the red apparently is very very

600
00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:19,279
Speaker 1: difficult to see in deep water, which is like two

601
00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:22,840
Speaker 1: or more where there's no light. Yeah, you think it

602
00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:25,520
Speaker 1: would be black, but they say that the red is

603
00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:28,799
Speaker 1: easier to produce and exactly, so black would work. It's

604
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:33,840
Speaker 1: just you try making black pigment. You can't and reds

605
00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,359
Speaker 1: the same down there. Yeah, it's all black. It's all

606
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:40,440
Speaker 1: the same. So um, some of them do that, and

607
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,480
Speaker 1: then others have just red pigment in their gut that

608
00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:47,040
Speaker 1: if they eat a bioluminescent organism, it's not going to

609
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:51,879
Speaker 1: accidentally attract a predator to come check them out. Interesting. See,

610
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:55,319
Speaker 1: this is really the octopus is threatened in my heart

611
00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:58,879
Speaker 1: still a little bit now that I'm talking about this man,

612
00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:03,000
Speaker 1: it's unstable. We'll see. I'll give a final vote at

613
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:06,279
Speaker 1: the end. So to me, this is now we get

614
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:09,799
Speaker 1: to the most amazing part, well, one of the most

615
00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:14,080
Speaker 1: amazing parts about jelly's sexy. Yeah so, which is not

616
00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:18,160
Speaker 1: very sexy, no, although it's like every kind of sex

617
00:38:18,239 --> 00:38:21,600
Speaker 1: you can imagine jellyfish engage in, and not just different

618
00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:29,440
Speaker 1: species like individuals. Some are hermaphroditic, some are sexually divided,

619
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:34,200
Speaker 1: some are a sexual yep, some yeah, some reproduce a

620
00:38:34,320 --> 00:38:37,799
Speaker 1: sexually sometimes in some species like the moon jelly, I

621
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:41,680
Speaker 1: believe they'll all get together in one big mass and

622
00:38:41,760 --> 00:38:44,920
Speaker 1: just start swapping sperms and eggs. Yep, spit them out

623
00:38:44,920 --> 00:38:48,680
Speaker 1: of that mouth, hoole. There, get some boxed wine. The

624
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:52,160
Speaker 1: parties on put on, Michael Bolton, though your house, your

625
00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:56,440
Speaker 1: house keys in a big wooden bowl right now, you

626
00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:01,040
Speaker 1: have it. That's the jellyfish way. Uh So the medusa

627
00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:03,239
Speaker 1: that that you know and love is the main true

628
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:07,839
Speaker 1: jelly They spawn. So what they do is they release

629
00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:10,160
Speaker 1: a bunch of eggs and sperm into the open ocean

630
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:16,160
Speaker 1: a lot of times altogether. And they do this from

631
00:39:16,160 --> 00:39:20,479
Speaker 1: their mouth hole and take it in in their mouth hole,

632
00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:24,799
Speaker 1: and uh, the sperm meets the egg and that's how

633
00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:30,200
Speaker 1: it happens. Yeah, ideally or um in some kinds, the uh,

634
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:34,040
Speaker 1: the eggs stay in the mouth of the female and

635
00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:36,880
Speaker 1: the male just shoots sperm out into the water and

636
00:39:37,160 --> 00:39:40,680
Speaker 1: the sperm find their way into the mouth. It's a

637
00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:44,120
Speaker 1: way to go, yeah, Or they fertilize outside in the water,

638
00:39:44,239 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 1: like you were saying. Um. And then in others there

639
00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:53,279
Speaker 1: they don't even necessarily get together. Yeah, they'll just be

640
00:39:53,680 --> 00:39:56,479
Speaker 1: like a pollop will just be sitting there spewing out

641
00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:00,600
Speaker 1: sperm or eggs. Gam eats like a all day long

642
00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:05,520
Speaker 1: huh one one type spews out like forty through forty

643
00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:09,920
Speaker 1: six thousand a day, every day, all the time. Um,

644
00:40:10,160 --> 00:40:13,680
Speaker 1: And then the whole idea is that eventually maybe it'll

645
00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:16,759
Speaker 1: run into another gam eat and fertilize out. That's the

646
00:40:16,760 --> 00:40:19,920
Speaker 1: comb jelly actually, Oh is that a comb that does that? Okay.

647
00:40:20,360 --> 00:40:22,759
Speaker 1: The polyps are the ones that are a sexual and

648
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,440
Speaker 1: they just bud and divide in half basically to produce

649
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:30,600
Speaker 1: a little identical buddy. And then that can stay a polyp,

650
00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:33,399
Speaker 1: or it can eventually become a medusa. Yeah, because that's

651
00:40:33,440 --> 00:40:36,960
Speaker 1: the thing, like the polyp is a it's a stage

652
00:40:37,239 --> 00:40:40,960
Speaker 1: of a jellyfish, the jellyfish life cycle. It can be

653
00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:45,520
Speaker 1: which can be it? Yeah, you can you can just

654
00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:49,000
Speaker 1: stay a polyp, or you can eventually become a medusa. Yeah,

655
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,920
Speaker 1: And we didn't say that the the Depending on the jellyfish,

656
00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:53,919
Speaker 1: it might live for a few weeks or a year.

657
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,480
Speaker 1: Apparently they do better in captivity and tend to live

658
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,640
Speaker 1: up to several years in captivity. I get the idea.

659
00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:03,880
Speaker 1: They're pretty fragile out there in the ocean. Yeah. Um,

660
00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:08,120
Speaker 1: but they can reproduce so frequently and so early on

661
00:41:08,239 --> 00:41:12,239
Speaker 1: in their life cycle, um that they can populate an

662
00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:16,960
Speaker 1: area very quickly to despite having a very short lifespan. Uh.

663
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,640
Speaker 1: And then in the polyp stage, some species can stay

664
00:41:20,680 --> 00:41:24,239
Speaker 1: there for well, basically almost indefinitely, and just sit there

665
00:41:24,280 --> 00:41:27,480
Speaker 1: and reproduce. There's a type of reproduction in the polyp

666
00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:32,160
Speaker 1: stage where um, it's called strobe lation, and the little

667
00:41:32,160 --> 00:41:35,640
Speaker 1: polyp is sitting there just shooting off these little discs,

668
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:39,000
Speaker 1: ten to fifteen at a time. And they found that

669
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:42,680
Speaker 1: depending on the temperature of the water, um, and the

670
00:41:42,760 --> 00:41:46,560
Speaker 1: warmer the water, the more they strobo late um, they'll

671
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:49,200
Speaker 1: there'll be more and more jellyfish that they just kind

672
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:51,840
Speaker 1: of shoot off like this article put it like shooting

673
00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:55,279
Speaker 1: off clay pigeons, right, and then each one just transforms

674
00:41:55,280 --> 00:42:02,000
Speaker 1: into a medusa. Man, that's amazing. Octopus. Yeah, it's in trouble. Uh.

675
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:08,000
Speaker 1: And then oh, this is super cool. The Tautopsis neutricula.

676
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:12,719
Speaker 1: It is basically immortal. It is a hydrozoan and it

677
00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:16,880
Speaker 1: can actually revert back to the poly up stage after

678
00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:21,800
Speaker 1: the medusa stage through trans differentiation and live forever essentially

679
00:42:21,840 --> 00:42:25,120
Speaker 1: unless it gets killed obviously by something. Uh. And it

680
00:42:25,239 --> 00:42:27,839
Speaker 1: is the only animal that anyone knows of that can

681
00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:34,680
Speaker 1: do this. Yeah, amazing. There's another type of teratopsis to that. Um.

682
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:39,720
Speaker 1: When it dies, it disintegrates, but it sells some cells

683
00:42:40,920 --> 00:42:46,480
Speaker 1: as it's as it's decaying, come back and form another individual. Yea.

684
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:51,680
Speaker 1: So it basically fertilizes itself using its dying body and regenerates.

685
00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:56,400
Speaker 1: This is like, yeah, it's tapped into the force. All right.

686
00:42:56,480 --> 00:43:00,239
Speaker 1: So we talked earlier about these jellyfish blooms, um or

687
00:43:00,280 --> 00:43:08,120
Speaker 1: outbreaks or plagues, worms what else. That's okay, Um, it's

688
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:12,960
Speaker 1: great that these things are proliferating like other species that aren't.

689
00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:15,880
Speaker 1: But it can get out of hand. It can interfere

690
00:43:16,320 --> 00:43:20,720
Speaker 1: with people. Uh, it can interfere with machinery at power

691
00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:25,319
Speaker 1: plants on the coast, cause power outage, outages fisheries. Yeah,

692
00:43:25,360 --> 00:43:26,919
Speaker 1: they can get in the way where people are trying

693
00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,520
Speaker 1: to fish for something else. Ah, they're getting their jellyfish. Yeah.

694
00:43:29,560 --> 00:43:33,280
Speaker 1: And there's been examples of all this stuff happening over time,

695
00:43:33,320 --> 00:43:36,759
Speaker 1: Like they shut down the USS Ronald Reagan once, which

696
00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:40,399
Speaker 1: is a nuclear powered warship, because it got a bunch

697
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:43,919
Speaker 1: of jellyfish got sucked up into the cooling system. Um.

698
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:48,920
Speaker 1: They've shut down power plants in India, in Japan, in

699
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:54,080
Speaker 1: the Philippines. Um. And they think there's there's if there's

700
00:43:54,120 --> 00:43:58,360
Speaker 1: a debate over whether comb jellies and jellyfish are related.

701
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:03,240
Speaker 1: There's a huge bait over whether or not we're seeing

702
00:44:03,239 --> 00:44:10,320
Speaker 1: a natural outcome of uh, just jellyfish life cycles blooms,

703
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:12,920
Speaker 1: like this is just happening. Yeah, is this a normal

704
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,399
Speaker 1: thing or are we humans contributing to it? And if

705
00:44:16,440 --> 00:44:19,680
Speaker 1: we humans are contributing to it, they basically say, there's

706
00:44:19,719 --> 00:44:22,759
Speaker 1: probably one of four ways that this is happening. Yeah.

707
00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:27,919
Speaker 1: One of them is overfishing basically just less competition for food. Uh.

708
00:44:27,960 --> 00:44:32,520
Speaker 1: They they're eating this zooplankton, and if other fish that

709
00:44:32,680 --> 00:44:35,600
Speaker 1: normally eat that aren't there, then the jellyfish like sweet

710
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:39,480
Speaker 1: more for me, think buffet open. Apparently jellyfish students are

711
00:44:39,520 --> 00:44:44,120
Speaker 1: not known to go on diets. They just gorge themselves constantly.

712
00:44:44,160 --> 00:44:48,799
Speaker 1: Really Yeah, what else nutrients? Yeah, when we uh, when

713
00:44:48,840 --> 00:44:53,960
Speaker 1: we release fertilizers from crop land in two areas where

714
00:44:54,040 --> 00:44:57,839
Speaker 1: jellyfish live, we can cause algia blooms. It runs off

715
00:44:57,840 --> 00:45:00,480
Speaker 1: eventually into the sea. Yeah, and it I actually can

716
00:45:00,520 --> 00:45:04,480
Speaker 1: deplete oxygen. So there's two things. One, you've got a

717
00:45:04,640 --> 00:45:08,640
Speaker 1: bunch of zooplankton and phytoplankton, which, um, well, I guess

718
00:45:08,680 --> 00:45:12,839
Speaker 1: they're eating the zooplankton that jellyfish eat, right, and then

719
00:45:13,080 --> 00:45:16,759
Speaker 1: you have lower oxygen, which jellyfish can live in and

720
00:45:16,840 --> 00:45:20,440
Speaker 1: survive in a lot more easily because again they have

721
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:24,560
Speaker 1: a much lower metabolism than most other organisms that they're

722
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:28,959
Speaker 1: competing for food with. So their competition again is dying off.

723
00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:32,359
Speaker 1: While they're just like, this is great, I'll just keep

724
00:45:32,360 --> 00:45:35,080
Speaker 1: eating moral they thank you humans for putting all this

725
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:37,880
Speaker 1: nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. You start to get

726
00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:39,719
Speaker 1: the idea why these things have been around for five

727
00:45:40,160 --> 00:45:43,920
Speaker 1: seven hundred million years. They can compete uh climate change

728
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:47,600
Speaker 1: with the warming ocean. UM. Some of those jellies love it. UH.

729
00:45:47,640 --> 00:45:50,680
Speaker 1: Their embryos and larvae developed better and more quickly, so

730
00:45:50,760 --> 00:45:54,279
Speaker 1: the populations grow more quickly, and a lot of them

731
00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:58,239
Speaker 1: prefer that warmer water, so they say bring it on, yeah,

732
00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:01,799
Speaker 1: and they're actually like it's There was at least one

733
00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:06,480
Speaker 1: study that UM looked at how jellyfish reproduced in warmer

734
00:46:06,520 --> 00:46:11,359
Speaker 1: water and also water that's of higher acidity, which they're

735
00:46:11,360 --> 00:46:16,080
Speaker 1: predicting through ocean acidification UM, which is the result of

736
00:46:16,160 --> 00:46:20,040
Speaker 1: higher c O two increases, and both of those suggests

737
00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:22,360
Speaker 1: that jellyfish are going to do just fine under the

738
00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:25,680
Speaker 1: climate change that we're facing. So cockroaches and jellyfish are

739
00:46:25,719 --> 00:46:28,600
Speaker 1: the only things that are going to be around one day. Uh.

740
00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:33,480
Speaker 1: And then finally what they call ocean sprawl. Um, it's

741
00:46:33,520 --> 00:46:35,439
Speaker 1: you know what, we're building things out in the middle

742
00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:41,040
Speaker 1: of the ocean now, drilling platforms and docks and oil platforms. Uh,

743
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:46,279
Speaker 1: hard structures and jellyfish. The polyps especially that we were

744
00:46:46,280 --> 00:46:50,240
Speaker 1: talking about that they attached to something sand or Cheryl

745
00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:54,160
Speaker 1: lads belly button is not the easiest thing to attach to. Oh,

746
00:46:54,239 --> 00:46:56,880
Speaker 1: Cheryl lad was born without a belly button. That's the

747
00:46:57,000 --> 00:47:00,240
Speaker 1: claim to faint. That was very insensitive of me. Uh,

748
00:47:02,239 --> 00:47:05,279
Speaker 1: you just threw me there. So what they do love

749
00:47:05,320 --> 00:47:08,480
Speaker 1: to attach to is something solid, So they love, Um,

750
00:47:08,719 --> 00:47:11,959
Speaker 1: they love attaching onto the ocean sprawl and oil rigs

751
00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:13,600
Speaker 1: and whatever else is out there, and they do very

752
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,040
Speaker 1: well attached to a firm uh. Not the cher Lads

753
00:47:17,239 --> 00:47:21,560
Speaker 1: belly button isn't firm. It's done existing, certainly not an

754
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:26,720
Speaker 1: iron girder. So. Um, there's this really great story about

755
00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:31,880
Speaker 1: jellyfish and just how quickly they can take over right Um,

756
00:47:31,880 --> 00:47:36,200
Speaker 1: in the Black Sea. When a ship releases its cargo,

757
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:40,520
Speaker 1: is it off the coast of Germany. Yeah, No, that's

758
00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,080
Speaker 1: the North and the Baltic. Okay, don't try and screw

759
00:47:43,120 --> 00:47:45,520
Speaker 1: me up here. This is the Black Sea where they

760
00:47:45,520 --> 00:47:51,320
Speaker 1: make caviar, right, um, And actually there's some like entire

761
00:47:51,480 --> 00:47:55,400
Speaker 1: national economies are based on things like caviar and um,

762
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:59,840
Speaker 1: sardines and anchovies and just all these amazing fish. And

763
00:48:00,360 --> 00:48:04,360
Speaker 1: this ship apparently took on some seawater after it released

764
00:48:04,360 --> 00:48:08,160
Speaker 1: its cargo to keep itself stable, right, And when it

765
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:10,719
Speaker 1: got to the Black Sea, it released it. And one

766
00:48:10,719 --> 00:48:13,200
Speaker 1: of the things that released was this type of jellyfish

767
00:48:13,239 --> 00:48:17,560
Speaker 1: called the sea walnut. And this is a two sounds cute.

768
00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:19,680
Speaker 1: So the first sea walnut makes its way into the

769
00:48:19,680 --> 00:48:24,600
Speaker 1: Black Sea. In two thousand two, the total biomass of

770
00:48:24,719 --> 00:48:28,400
Speaker 1: sea walnuts in the Black Sea, just the Black Sea,

771
00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:33,640
Speaker 1: was ten times the total biomass of all the fish

772
00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:37,600
Speaker 1: that were taken from the world's oceans by commercial fishing.

773
00:48:39,040 --> 00:48:43,239
Speaker 1: It got jellyfied, basically, Yeah. And they were competing with um,

774
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,520
Speaker 1: the the the other fish for the zooplankton and the

775
00:48:47,560 --> 00:48:50,160
Speaker 1: food source and winning big time. And so all these

776
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,000
Speaker 1: fisheries collapsed, all these economies were in trouble, and then

777
00:48:53,239 --> 00:48:56,080
Speaker 1: it just so happened that some other ship had picked

778
00:48:56,160 --> 00:48:58,560
Speaker 1: up a different type of jellyfish that actually was a

779
00:48:58,640 --> 00:49:00,879
Speaker 1: natural predator of the sea wall all night and came

780
00:49:00,920 --> 00:49:03,960
Speaker 1: along and saved the day totally by a stroke of luck.

781
00:49:04,080 --> 00:49:08,600
Speaker 1: To see walnut cracker. Yeah, yep, I did see that.

782
00:49:08,640 --> 00:49:11,160
Speaker 1: Actually you sent me that. That's amazing. Yep. So it

783
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:14,720
Speaker 1: all worked out. Everything about jellyfish is amazing. Yeah, final

784
00:49:14,800 --> 00:49:24,520
Speaker 1: score for me octopus one jellyfish. Whoa, that is close.

785
00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:27,040
Speaker 1: It is nice. Just one three pointer at the end

786
00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:31,960
Speaker 1: could have won it, but it didn't. Nope, it rimmed out.

787
00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:35,719
Speaker 1: So if you want to know more you got anything else? Nope.

788
00:49:35,800 --> 00:49:38,600
Speaker 1: You want to know more about jellyfish and comb jellies

789
00:49:38,640 --> 00:49:40,760
Speaker 1: and that kind of stuff, You can type those words

790
00:49:40,760 --> 00:49:43,359
Speaker 1: into the search part how stuff works dot com. And

791
00:49:43,640 --> 00:49:48,520
Speaker 1: since I said search parts time for listener mail, that's right,

792
00:49:48,560 --> 00:49:51,799
Speaker 1: it's three pm, which means, uh, our bedtime is just

793
00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:57,560
Speaker 1: in about four short hours. Um. I actually tried to

794
00:49:57,600 --> 00:49:59,440
Speaker 1: go to bed before my one year old daughter the

795
00:49:59,480 --> 00:50:03,400
Speaker 1: other night. Yeah, and I said, no, that's bad parenting.

796
00:50:03,560 --> 00:50:07,000
Speaker 1: Sure you just so you put yourself to bed. Oh wait,

797
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:08,880
Speaker 1: And she finally drifted off at like a thirty and

798
00:50:08,920 --> 00:50:11,960
Speaker 1: I was out at eight thirty two. Um, all right,

799
00:50:12,360 --> 00:50:16,360
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this you help me get married? Hey, guys,

800
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:20,000
Speaker 1: so recently got married to my beautiful wife, congratulations, with

801
00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:22,360
Speaker 1: whom I've been with for over eight years. While the

802
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:25,520
Speaker 1: prospect of being married to her never frightened me at all,

803
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:27,600
Speaker 1: the thought of having to be in the center of attention,

804
00:50:28,080 --> 00:50:31,080
Speaker 1: professing my love to my then fiance in front of

805
00:50:31,120 --> 00:50:32,600
Speaker 1: all of our guests and try not to look like

806
00:50:32,640 --> 00:50:37,240
Speaker 1: a dummy during the ceremony was how do you say, nauseatingly, frightening, terrifying.

807
00:50:37,239 --> 00:50:41,719
Speaker 1: Excuse me, Um, yeah, Stephen was not He's not a

808
00:50:41,719 --> 00:50:44,919
Speaker 1: public speaker, I don't think. However, during the hours leading

809
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:46,920
Speaker 1: up to the ceremony, I kept my mind occupied by

810
00:50:46,960 --> 00:50:50,239
Speaker 1: listening to the melodious tones of your voices teaching me

811
00:50:50,280 --> 00:50:53,640
Speaker 1: about well, some things I really don't remember. Honestly, I

812
00:50:53,680 --> 00:50:56,640
Speaker 1: was a little occupied. So we were literally just like,

813
00:50:58,280 --> 00:51:02,280
Speaker 1: what is it called a s mr, Yeah, just his tones.

814
00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:06,040
Speaker 1: He didn't even know what we were talking about. It

815
00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:08,640
Speaker 1: was just the sounds of our voices suited him, which

816
00:51:08,719 --> 00:51:11,840
Speaker 1: is very nice. Yeah, it is nice. Regardless, guys. Everything

817
00:51:11,880 --> 00:51:14,600
Speaker 1: ultimately went very well and we are both now very

818
00:51:14,640 --> 00:51:17,640
Speaker 1: happy to be together for good and to not have

819
00:51:17,880 --> 00:51:20,560
Speaker 1: to plan a wedding again. Thank you for helping me

820
00:51:20,560 --> 00:51:24,319
Speaker 1: get through the worst of my pre wedding anxiety. I

821
00:51:24,320 --> 00:51:26,160
Speaker 1: I's gonna say the worst day of my life at first.

822
00:51:27,719 --> 00:51:30,360
Speaker 1: And for making such a terrific podcast. And that is

823
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:34,640
Speaker 1: Stephen Hall, who's a PhD candidate in pharmacology. Well thanks

824
00:51:34,680 --> 00:51:42,760
Speaker 1: a lot, Stephen, congratulations. Send us some as annex poppet

825
00:51:42,760 --> 00:51:46,360
Speaker 1: in the mail. He's a candidate, a PhD candidate, he

826
00:51:46,360 --> 00:51:48,440
Speaker 1: doesn't have access to that kind of stuff. Well, I

827
00:51:48,520 --> 00:51:50,719
Speaker 1: guarantee you he won't be a candidate anymore if he

828
00:51:50,760 --> 00:51:55,280
Speaker 1: starts sending us. There's mailing people pharmacutic give him his badge, Steven,

829
00:51:55,320 --> 00:51:57,960
Speaker 1: don't listen to Chuck. If you want to get in

830
00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:00,600
Speaker 1: touch with us for any reason whatsoever, you can tweet

831
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:02,400
Speaker 1: to us at s y s K podcast. You can

832
00:52:02,440 --> 00:52:04,799
Speaker 1: join us on Facebook dot com, slash Stuff you Should Know.

833
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:07,640
Speaker 1: You can send us an email to stuff podcast at

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com, and as always, joined us

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Speaker 1: sort at home on the web. Stuff you Should Know

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Speaker 1: dot Com. Stuff you Should Know is a production of

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Speaker 1: iHeart Radio's How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the iHeart radio, app, Apple podcasts, or

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Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.