1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:17,079 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. This is 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:20,639 Speaker 1: part two of our Unearthed episode for the first three 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:23,799 Speaker 1: months of two where we talk about things that have 6 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:27,400 Speaker 1: been literally and figuratively unearthed. This time around, we have 7 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: some edibles and potables. You have some shipwrecks, got some 8 00:00:31,480 --> 00:00:33,600 Speaker 1: other stuff. We're going to start off with that catch 9 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:37,559 Speaker 1: all category of pot poury for some things that I 10 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,839 Speaker 1: found and that we're interesting but did not have success 11 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:46,559 Speaker 1: categorizing into a unified hole. So the first of those. 12 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:51,840 Speaker 1: In March, Scotland's First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, apologized on behalf 13 00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,360 Speaker 1: of the government for the nation's witch hunts that took 14 00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 1: place between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly four thousand 15 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 1: people were accused of witchcraft in Scotland during those centuries, 16 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:06,280 Speaker 1: the vast majority of them women. Many of the accused 17 00:01:06,319 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: were tortured, and about two thirds of them were executed. 18 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: In a statement before Parliament, Sturdon said, in part quote, 19 00:01:13,520 --> 00:01:16,399 Speaker 1: as first Minister on behalf of the Scottish government, I 20 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: am choosing to acknowledge that egregious historic injustice and extend 21 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:25,360 Speaker 1: a formal posthumous apology to all those accused, convicted, vilified, 22 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:29,280 Speaker 1: or executed under the Witchcraft Act of fifteen sixty three. 23 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:33,080 Speaker 1: Next up, archaeologists in Switzerland believe they have found the 24 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: remains of one of the last Roman gladiator arenas ever constructed. 25 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 1: This find came during construction of a new boat house. 26 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: This arena was shaped like an oval and located in 27 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:47,280 Speaker 1: an abandoned quarry, and the team believes it was built 28 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:51,400 Speaker 1: in the fourth century. In addition to its relative recency, 29 00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: this would have been on the very outskirts of the 30 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: Roman Empire. Finds at the site include two large gates, 31 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:02,000 Speaker 1: the stadium's walls, which of evidence of being plastered, and 32 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:06,680 Speaker 1: evidence of wooden grand stands. In another Roman find, there 33 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: are flat bottomed conical pots that were widely used in 34 00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire, and there's been some debate about what 35 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:17,720 Speaker 1: they were used for. According to research published in the 36 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,079 Speaker 1: Journal of Archaeological Science reports at least some of them 37 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,519 Speaker 1: were used as chamber pots, which they determined thanks to 38 00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:28,160 Speaker 1: the presence of whip worm eggs and residues that were 39 00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:31,520 Speaker 1: on the insides of the pots. Uh if you go 40 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:33,239 Speaker 1: look this up, I will just say I found the 41 00:02:33,280 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: way they described those residues particularly gross. We have talked 42 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:44,200 Speaker 1: about evidence of intestinal parasites in various contexts before on Unearthed, 43 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:46,000 Speaker 1: but this is the first time that they have been 44 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: found inside of these Roman ceramic vessels. In anthropologist Alfred 45 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 1: Kroeber wrote that the makmam alone E tribe was quote 46 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: extinct for all practical purposes. A conclude san that the 47 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:06,160 Speaker 1: tribes members stridently resisted. The maechma Alonei Tribal Council eventually 48 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 1: embarked on a collaborative research project to trace living members 49 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:14,240 Speaker 1: genetic links to their ancestors in the San Francisco Bay area. 50 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,920 Speaker 1: This followed the announcement of a proposed educational facility that 51 00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:23,399 Speaker 1: was likely to uncover human remains belonging to maechma Aloney ancestors. 52 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:26,880 Speaker 1: The resulting study was published in the Proceedings of the 53 00:03:26,960 --> 00:03:30,920 Speaker 1: National Academy of Sciences, and it found clear genetic connections 54 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 1: between eight present day tribal members and twelve people from 55 00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: two settlements who lived between the years four nine d 56 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: b C and thirteen forty five CE. So this confirms 57 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,720 Speaker 1: the Maechma Aloney tribes ancestral connections to what's now the 58 00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 1: San Francisco Bay area, and it challenges conclusions from other 59 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:56,200 Speaker 1: archaeological research that used language patterns and artifacts to suggest 60 00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:59,200 Speaker 1: that they arrived in the area much more recently, more 61 00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:02,920 Speaker 1: like between the five dred and one thousand UM Malecma 62 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:06,840 Speaker 1: Maloney family histories and government and church records had also 63 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 1: contradicted that conclusion that they were more recent in the area. 64 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:14,880 Speaker 1: In addition to this research originally being initiated by the 65 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:19,400 Speaker 1: tribal community, including approving the study design for the genomics research, 66 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:22,760 Speaker 1: tribal members were actively involved in the field work that 67 00:04:22,839 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: was part of this project, including being the primary excavators 68 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: any time burial sites were being uncovered. In the words 69 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:33,720 Speaker 1: of study co author Brian Bird Quote, this was a 70 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: rare collaborative, community engaged research project, with tribal members and 71 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:41,480 Speaker 1: archaeologists working side by side for more than a year 72 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:45,440 Speaker 1: of field work, resulting in a tremendous repatriation of knowledge 73 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,760 Speaker 1: to the descendant community. We're going to talk about this 74 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: whole idea a little bit more in the behind the 75 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:54,960 Speaker 1: scenes on Friday. Uh For now, though, we will move 76 00:04:55,080 --> 00:04:57,920 Speaker 1: on to some edibles and potables, which are always one 77 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:01,800 Speaker 1: of my favorite categories. According to research published in the 78 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:05,919 Speaker 1: journal Antiquity, some hollow rods that were believed to be 79 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:08,960 Speaker 1: poles for a canopy or maybe some kind of scepter, 80 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:14,160 Speaker 1: might really be five thousand year old drinking straws. This 81 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:17,960 Speaker 1: conclusion is thanks to the discovery of barley residue on 82 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,560 Speaker 1: the inside of one of the straws. There are eight 83 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:24,599 Speaker 1: of these. They're pretty long, about a meter long each, 84 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:27,520 Speaker 1: and some of them are decorated with bull figuring. So 85 00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,839 Speaker 1: the idea is that these very long straws were probably 86 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: used to drink beer from communal bulls. I feel like 87 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:40,520 Speaker 1: every t bar that has done like the big large 88 00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:44,479 Speaker 1: terreen of cocktail with big straws into it, it was 89 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:51,800 Speaker 1: just re enacting this without knowing it. Moving on, we 90 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 1: know that people have been using the pigment from wild 91 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:58,120 Speaker 1: saffron for at least fifty thousand years. It appears in 92 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:01,680 Speaker 1: cave paintings and what's now a rock. Saffren is also 93 00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:07,040 Speaker 1: mentioned in Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian texts, but unlike wild saffron, 94 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: domesticated saffron can't reproduce on its own it requires human 95 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:14,719 Speaker 1: help to separate out its underground corms, which are like 96 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 1: little plant bulbs. So there's been some questions when was 97 00:06:18,640 --> 00:06:22,360 Speaker 1: saffron both a pigment and a spice, when was that domesticated? 98 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:26,360 Speaker 1: And according to research published in the journal Frontiers Implants Science, 99 00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:31,040 Speaker 1: saffron was first domesticated much more recently, about seventeen hundred 100 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:34,800 Speaker 1: years ago in Greece. Researchers came to this conclusion by 101 00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:39,159 Speaker 1: looking at Minoan artwork that seems to depict domesticated saffron, 102 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: as well as doing research into the plant's genome. Researchers 103 00:06:43,680 --> 00:06:47,279 Speaker 1: have found evidence that broomcorn millet was grown in Mesopotamia 104 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: much earlier than was previously thought. Millet is typically a 105 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:54,480 Speaker 1: summer crop, but it also needs some rainfall to thrive, 106 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:59,359 Speaker 1: and mesopotamia summers were typically very dry, so millet was 107 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 1: believed to have and introduced only after large scale irrigation 108 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:07,359 Speaker 1: systems were built in the mid first millennium BC. But 109 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: a team from Rutgers University has looked at microscopic plant 110 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 1: remains from an archaeological site called Kanamassi, and they found 111 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:20,800 Speaker 1: evidence of millet dating back to before those irrigation systems 112 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:23,760 Speaker 1: were built, so this suggests that local people might have 113 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:27,120 Speaker 1: worked out their own methods for doing irrigation and sustaining 114 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:30,400 Speaker 1: summer crops rather than just following the lead of the 115 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:34,680 Speaker 1: more massive irrigation projects. It seems like we have had 116 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:37,680 Speaker 1: a whole lot of wineries on the last few installments 117 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,880 Speaker 1: of an Earth. But this time archaeologists working ahead of 118 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:44,360 Speaker 1: a road project in Bedfordshire, England, have found evidence of 119 00:07:44,360 --> 00:07:47,520 Speaker 1: a malting oven and charred spelt grains that have been 120 00:07:47,560 --> 00:07:50,600 Speaker 1: allowed to germinate, which were likely used in the brewing 121 00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 1: of beer. This oven was found on the site of 122 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,440 Speaker 1: a farmstead that's believed to have been used before and 123 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 1: during the Roman era. What they haven't found, at least 124 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:02,920 Speaker 1: not yet, is a facility which would have been needed 125 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:06,480 Speaker 1: to brew them malted grain into beer. Yeah, it's probably 126 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: what the grain was used for, but in terms of 127 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: where they were doing that, not sure yet. Moving on 128 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:16,880 Speaker 1: back in nineteen o six, the Italian Archaeological Mission found 129 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: the tomb of Ka, an architect and his wife Merit 130 00:08:20,640 --> 00:08:23,720 Speaker 1: that was near lux Or, and at the time it 131 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:27,920 Speaker 1: was pretty common for archaeologists and researchers to open jars 132 00:08:27,960 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: and other vessels that they found a little bit like 133 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:32,840 Speaker 1: the unwrapping of the mummies that we talked about in 134 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: Part one. The team in this case, though, kept the 135 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: various mpora and other containers that they found in this 136 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,440 Speaker 1: too mostly sealed up, and a lot of them are 137 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:46,439 Speaker 1: still sealed up. So to find out what they contained, 138 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: researchers from the University of Pisa have used their smell 139 00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:54,760 Speaker 1: I love this me too. They did this by placing 140 00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:59,640 Speaker 1: sealed jars and open vessels in sealed plastic bags. After 141 00:08:59,679 --> 00:09:02,680 Speaker 1: a few days, they used a mass spectrometer to identify 142 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:06,319 Speaker 1: the volatile molecules that had collected in the bags. They 143 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:09,440 Speaker 1: were able to identify some compounds from two thirds of 144 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:12,440 Speaker 1: the objects they tried to test. They found molecules that 145 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,640 Speaker 1: were associated with beeswax, dried fish and fruit, and our 146 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:20,760 Speaker 1: last food fines before we take a quick break. Archaeological 147 00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:24,439 Speaker 1: work in San Francisco has unearthed evidence that people were 148 00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:28,480 Speaker 1: eating imported Atlantic cod during the gold Rush in the 149 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 1: eighteen fifties. They came to this conclusion after studying eighteen 150 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: cod bones and figuring out whether those fish had been 151 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,840 Speaker 1: caught from the waters around San Francisco or from somewhere else. 152 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:44,360 Speaker 1: Five of the bones were from Atlantic cod. They were 153 00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:48,800 Speaker 1: probably salted and dried before being transported across North America. 154 00:09:49,240 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: This was not entirely surprising. There are invoices and newspapers 155 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:56,040 Speaker 1: from the time that mentioned Atlantic cod, but this is 156 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:59,720 Speaker 1: some physical evidence of the fish itself. This find came 157 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: about during archaeological work that was working alongside construction, something 158 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:06,280 Speaker 1: that comes up all the time on on Earth, but 159 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:08,840 Speaker 1: we've never really talked about what that work is like. 160 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:12,280 Speaker 1: Kale Brunner, who worked at the site, described it this way. 161 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:15,640 Speaker 1: Quote compliance work is challenging in a lot of ways 162 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:18,080 Speaker 1: because you don't really get a lot of control over 163 00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:21,480 Speaker 1: the excavations, and this case was kind of an extreme 164 00:10:21,559 --> 00:10:25,480 Speaker 1: example of that. The field work conditions were overwhelming, and 165 00:10:25,559 --> 00:10:29,400 Speaker 1: I was the only archaeologist on site. They were fortunately 166 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 1: only excavating dirt in one location at a time, so 167 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: I only had one piece of machinery to be watching, 168 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:40,240 Speaker 1: but we were hitting archaeologically significant material constantly. It was 169 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:43,920 Speaker 1: two years essentially of monitoring that kind of activity and 170 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:48,120 Speaker 1: documenting as rapidly as possible everything that was being uncovered. 171 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:51,160 Speaker 1: We're going to take a quick sponsor break before we 172 00:10:51,200 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: get us some books and letters like the Edibles and Potables. 173 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:06,800 Speaker 1: The books and letters are one of the favorite categories 174 00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:08,360 Speaker 1: of mine, and we have a few of those this 175 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 1: time around. First, the University of Lester's Dickens Code project 176 00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:16,840 Speaker 1: has been trying to decipher various materials that Charles Dickens 177 00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:22,319 Speaker 1: either wrote or dictated in a shorthand system based on britigraphy. 178 00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:26,679 Speaker 1: This system combines abbreviations and symbols, and it can be 179 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:31,000 Speaker 1: pretty complex on its own. To make things more complex, 180 00:11:31,080 --> 00:11:34,360 Speaker 1: Dickens also changed the system as he was using it. 181 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:39,400 Speaker 1: In the University of Lester offered a prize of three 182 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:43,080 Speaker 1: hundred British pounds to anybody who could decipher a one 183 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:47,439 Speaker 1: page letter that was in the collection of the Morgan Library. 184 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: More than one thousand people entered this contest and the 185 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:55,280 Speaker 1: winner was technical support specialist Shane Baggs, who deciphered more 186 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:58,920 Speaker 1: symbols than any other entrant. The second place winner was 187 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:03,480 Speaker 1: cognitive science student Ken Cox. The letter in question pertains 188 00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:06,439 Speaker 1: to a dispute between Dickens and The Times of London, 189 00:12:06,679 --> 00:12:10,120 Speaker 1: which had rejected an advertisement that Dickens had wanted to run. 190 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:13,480 Speaker 1: Yeah this is even though they named two winners. It 191 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:15,640 Speaker 1: was a collaborative work in a lot of ways, like 192 00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:18,960 Speaker 1: there were Reddit communities where people talked about with this 193 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: with each other. The university also did a lot of 194 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: deciphering workshops online for people who were interested in that 195 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,240 Speaker 1: kind of stuff. This project is still ongoing. There's still 196 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,199 Speaker 1: more stuff that Dickens wrote that's not decoded. There are 197 00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:36,560 Speaker 1: still decoding challenges and resources available. That this prize itself 198 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:40,720 Speaker 1: was I think a one time thing, though. Marcello Bolognari 199 00:12:40,840 --> 00:12:43,520 Speaker 1: at the State Archive of Venice has found a will 200 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:47,000 Speaker 1: that suggests that Marco Polo had a previously unknown daughter, 201 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:51,360 Speaker 1: and Yeas and ye C's will was written on July seven, 202 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: nineteen and asked her father Marco to deliver it to 203 00:12:55,679 --> 00:12:59,600 Speaker 1: the priest notary Pietro Paiano. She named her father, her 204 00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 1: husband Nicoletto, and another relative named Stefano as executors. We 205 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:08,280 Speaker 1: really do not know much about and yes a other 206 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:12,880 Speaker 1: than she's a previously unknown daughter of Marco Polo. It 207 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:15,960 Speaker 1: is likely though, that she was dying when she wrote 208 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:20,559 Speaker 1: her will. In addition to those executors that she mentioned, 209 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:26,360 Speaker 1: she also mentions three children, Barbarella, Papin and Franccino. She 210 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 1: also mentions the children's tutor and their grandmother and the 211 00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:33,240 Speaker 1: family maid. And yes, it would have been born before 212 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:36,520 Speaker 1: Marco Polo's marriage to do Nata Badoor, with whom he 213 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:40,160 Speaker 1: had three known daughters. But we don't know whether and 214 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:42,959 Speaker 1: yes it was born out of wedlock, or whether Marco 215 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,760 Speaker 1: had been married to her mother and perhaps was widowed. 216 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:51,200 Speaker 1: Many question marks. Yeah, but pretty cool that now we 217 00:13:51,240 --> 00:13:53,320 Speaker 1: know about a daughter that we didn't know about before. 218 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,880 Speaker 1: For our last find in books and letters. Ecologists have 219 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:02,520 Speaker 1: developed models that helped them estimate how many rare species 220 00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:06,000 Speaker 1: have been lost based on the survival rates of animals 221 00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:09,439 Speaker 1: that are still here, and an international team of researchers 222 00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:11,920 Speaker 1: has used that same basic idea to try to figure 223 00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:16,880 Speaker 1: out how many medieval manuscripts have survived until today. Their 224 00:14:16,960 --> 00:14:22,200 Speaker 1: conclusion was that more than nine of medieval European manuscripts 225 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:27,040 Speaker 1: containing narrative literature has been lost. This actually lines up 226 00:14:27,080 --> 00:14:30,320 Speaker 1: with some earlier estimates that used other methods to approach 227 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:34,760 Speaker 1: the same question. This project also involved estimating how many 228 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:40,720 Speaker 1: works have been written in six languages Dutch, French, Icelandic, Irish, English, 229 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: and German, and according to their estimates works in some 230 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:47,720 Speaker 1: languages may have fared better than in others. They estimated 231 00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:50,480 Speaker 1: that less than thirty nine percent of works in English 232 00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:55,400 Speaker 1: have survived, but seventy seven percent and eight of Icelandic 233 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:59,800 Speaker 1: and Irish works did, respectively. One possible reason is that 234 00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:02,440 Speaker 1: tended to be more copies of each work in both 235 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:05,600 Speaker 1: Iceland and Ireland, meaning that the work itself was more 236 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:08,840 Speaker 1: likely to survive as the manuscripts containing it were destroyed 237 00:15:08,920 --> 00:15:11,680 Speaker 1: or lost or their paper was recycled for some of 238 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:16,040 Speaker 1: their purpose. Possible reasons for the lower survival rates of 239 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:20,160 Speaker 1: works in English, especially works of fiction and English, included 240 00:15:20,240 --> 00:15:23,960 Speaker 1: the dissolution of the monasteries and a perception that works 241 00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: in English weren't as notable or high quality as works 242 00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:31,080 Speaker 1: in other languages. The Norman Conquest may have played a 243 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,000 Speaker 1: role as well, because when the team looked at works 244 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:38,040 Speaker 1: of fiction that were written in Norman French alongside works 245 00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:41,240 Speaker 1: that were written in English, the survival numbers were more 246 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:44,760 Speaker 1: comparable to what they saw in some other languages. This 247 00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: was published in the journal Science under the title Forgotten 248 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:52,239 Speaker 1: Books The Application of Unseen Species Models to the Survival 249 00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:57,400 Speaker 1: of Culture. Moving on to art and architecture. Archaeologists in 250 00:15:57,440 --> 00:16:01,120 Speaker 1: Croatia who have been working at a hotel construction site 251 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:05,440 Speaker 1: have found a partial statue believed to depict the goddess Venus. 252 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,960 Speaker 1: It's about eighteen hundred years old and made of marble, 253 00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,920 Speaker 1: and the part that has survived, or at least that 254 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: they found at this point, stretches from about the knees 255 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: to just below the ribs. I found pictures of this 256 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:23,440 Speaker 1: a little creepy to look at, uh When it was intact, 257 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,560 Speaker 1: this was probably about two meters tall, and it's believed 258 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,360 Speaker 1: that it used to stand on a pedestal in a villa. 259 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: Fragments of what may have been the statues base were 260 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:35,200 Speaker 1: found nearby, and this seems to have been a pretty 261 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 1: wealthy person's villa. Other finds at the site include a 262 00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 1: sewage canal, a mosaic covered wall, pottery, luxury tableware, and 263 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: marble flooring. In other venus news, although this is a 264 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 1: different type of venus, researchers may have figured out the 265 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:56,240 Speaker 1: origin of an eleven centimeter figuring of a woman known 266 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 1: as the Villendorf Venus, named after Villendorf, Austria, where it 267 00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:03,640 Speaker 1: was found in nineteen o eight. This figuring is about 268 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:06,879 Speaker 1: thirty thousand years old, and it is made from olite, 269 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:10,800 Speaker 1: which isn't found in the area. After making high resolution 270 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,719 Speaker 1: tomographic images of the figurine and using micro computed tomography 271 00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:17,679 Speaker 1: to look at its interior, they concluded that it likely 272 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:21,639 Speaker 1: came from northern Italy, although they're similar material that doesn't 273 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,200 Speaker 1: quite match up as well in parts of Ukraine. Their 274 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:29,240 Speaker 1: findings suggested the venus or the material it was carved from, 275 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:32,399 Speaker 1: traveled either around or over the Alps to get from 276 00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:36,719 Speaker 1: Italy to Austria, demonstrating just how mobile people could be 277 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:43,200 Speaker 1: thirty thousand years ago. There's a whole category of figurines 278 00:17:43,320 --> 00:17:46,600 Speaker 1: from this time period that usually are depictions of women. 279 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:52,440 Speaker 1: They're grouped together as venuses. Next up, art historian Christopher 280 00:17:52,520 --> 00:17:56,480 Speaker 1: Wright bought a painting in London for sixty five pounds 281 00:17:56,480 --> 00:17:59,439 Speaker 1: in nine seventy, believing that it was a copy of 282 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:03,160 Speaker 1: a painting by Flemish Baroque artist and Tune van Dyke. 283 00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:06,800 Speaker 1: New research, though, has suggested that it might actually be 284 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,760 Speaker 1: the real thing and not a copy. The work in 285 00:18:09,920 --> 00:18:14,119 Speaker 1: question is a portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia, Archduchess of 286 00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:17,720 Speaker 1: Austria and a friend who saw it suggested that Wright 287 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:21,840 Speaker 1: might want to have it evaluated after noticing that the 288 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,879 Speaker 1: hands and the painting had been painted particularly well. That 289 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,000 Speaker 1: was something that suggested that it might really be Van 290 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:32,080 Speaker 1: Dyke's own work and not a copy. This identification has 291 00:18:32,119 --> 00:18:35,679 Speaker 1: come after a three year study and restoration of the artwork, 292 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:39,480 Speaker 1: but it's still considered to be tentative. It's not confirmed yet. 293 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:43,760 Speaker 1: For our last find, archaeologists have found what maybe the 294 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:47,920 Speaker 1: oldest ochre workshop in East Asia. This site dates back 295 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,439 Speaker 1: about forty thousand years and it includes evidence of a fire, 296 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:56,439 Speaker 1: nearly four hundred stone artifacts and chunks of ochre. Although 297 00:18:56,480 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: we've usually talked about ochre in connection with rock paintings 298 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:03,040 Speaker 1: and other artwork, it's not entirely clear what this particular 299 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:06,720 Speaker 1: ochre may have been used for. Paleolithic people's may have 300 00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:10,160 Speaker 1: also used it as a sunscreen or an insect repellent, 301 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:15,239 Speaker 1: or even as an ingredient in making adhesives. Now moving on, 302 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:20,040 Speaker 1: we have four different finds that were all made from stone. First, 303 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:23,040 Speaker 1: a team from the University of Aberdeen has found a 304 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:27,119 Speaker 1: large stone covered in Pictish symbols. This is one of 305 00:19:27,160 --> 00:19:31,639 Speaker 1: about two hundred known Pictish symbol stones that probably dates 306 00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:34,720 Speaker 1: back to the fifth or sixth century. A lot of 307 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 1: the stones that have been unearthed so far were unearthed accidentally, 308 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:42,280 Speaker 1: like a farmer uncovered it while plowing, which means that 309 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,479 Speaker 1: the area around the stone has usually been pretty heavily 310 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:49,960 Speaker 1: disturbed by the time archaeologists have gotten there. In this case, though, 311 00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 1: they found this stone as part of an organized study 312 00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:57,119 Speaker 1: that started after noninvasive imaging suggested that there might be 313 00:19:57,359 --> 00:20:00,360 Speaker 1: evidence of a settlement in this area. There's a lot 314 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,240 Speaker 1: more for archaeologists to be able to go through in 315 00:20:03,359 --> 00:20:06,600 Speaker 1: that earth that hasn't been disturbed yet, so this slab 316 00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:09,760 Speaker 1: now has been taken to a conservation lab in Edinburgh 317 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:15,200 Speaker 1: for further study. Back in archaeologists found a round carved 318 00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:18,920 Speaker 1: stone in East Yorkshire, but to find wasn't announced until 319 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:22,439 Speaker 1: February of this year. This was carved from chalk and 320 00:20:22,520 --> 00:20:26,080 Speaker 1: it's roughly shaped like a drum. It resembles three other 321 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:29,359 Speaker 1: similar carvings, known as the Folkton Drums, which were found 322 00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:34,399 Speaker 1: about fifteen miles away back in nine so this carving 323 00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:38,360 Speaker 1: is about five thousand years old. It was found alongside 324 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,000 Speaker 1: the remains of three children and there are three small 325 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:45,600 Speaker 1: holes carved into the top of this thing that they're 326 00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:49,000 Speaker 1: calling a drum. Researchers believe there's three holes may somehow 327 00:20:49,040 --> 00:20:52,000 Speaker 1: represent the three children that this was apparently buried with. 328 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:56,639 Speaker 1: Research into the children's remains is still ongoing, including determining 329 00:20:56,640 --> 00:20:59,199 Speaker 1: whether they are related to one another. A lot of 330 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:04,320 Speaker 1: pictures of the include a bone pin that was found 331 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:08,560 Speaker 1: in the same place that looks almost like a drumstick. 332 00:21:09,359 --> 00:21:12,440 Speaker 1: It's not a drumstick. If you feel like at pictures 333 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:15,240 Speaker 1: it makes it look like this was literally a drum 334 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:18,360 Speaker 1: that people played like an instrument. It's it's a carved 335 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:21,280 Speaker 1: rock that is shaped a lot like a snare drum. 336 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:25,680 Speaker 1: In other news, researchers have documented sixty five large sandstone 337 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:30,360 Speaker 1: jars across four sites in Assam, India. These jars are 338 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:34,199 Speaker 1: probably at least years old, and they resemble jars that 339 00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: have been found in Laos and Indonesia. The region of Laos, 340 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:40,879 Speaker 1: known as the Plane of Jars, has thousands of them. 341 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:45,560 Speaker 1: Systematic research into these jars in India started in about 342 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: and research published in March Documents a survey that was 343 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:54,760 Speaker 1: done in Although researchers worked with local communities to find 344 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: these jars, the people who are living in the area 345 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,200 Speaker 1: today are not the same ethnic group as the people 346 00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:02,600 Speaker 1: who would have made these jars more than two thousand 347 00:22:02,680 --> 00:22:06,400 Speaker 1: years ago. There's a lot that is still unknown about them. 348 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:10,159 Speaker 1: Local people have described finding jars that still contained what 349 00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:13,280 Speaker 1: looked like cremated remains, so it's possible that they had 350 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: a funerary purpose. And our last stone item before we 351 00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:21,200 Speaker 1: take a break, archaeologists in Oman have found a four 352 00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:25,159 Speaker 1: thousand year old stone board game. The slab is carved 353 00:22:25,160 --> 00:22:27,800 Speaker 1: into a grid and it has holes that people may 354 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,840 Speaker 1: have used to keep their game pieces in. That's the 355 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:35,680 Speaker 1: like the most logical use for the little holes. We're 356 00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: going to take a quick sponsor break and then be 357 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:51,240 Speaker 1: back with some shipwrecks. We're gonna close out this installment 358 00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 1: of Unearthed with a whole bunch of shipwrecks that were 359 00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:58,600 Speaker 1: not Shackleton's Endurance, because we talked about that already first. 360 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:03,840 Speaker 1: In February, the Australian National Maritime Museum announced that a 361 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:09,200 Speaker 1: shipwreck at underwater archaeological site r I two three nine 362 00:23:09,359 --> 00:23:14,440 Speaker 1: four is His Majesty's Bark Endeavor, which Captain James Cook 363 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: took to the South Pacific in the eighteenth century after 364 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:21,199 Speaker 1: Cook's voyage, the ship was sold and later on the 365 00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:24,840 Speaker 1: British Royal Navy used it to transport Hessian mercenaries during 366 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:29,320 Speaker 1: the American Revolution. It was renamed the Lord Sandwich and 367 00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: it later became a prison ship, and in seventeen seventy 368 00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,800 Speaker 1: eight the British scuttled it and twelve other ships in 369 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:41,320 Speaker 1: an attempt to black Newport Harbor in Rhode Island. Various 370 00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,720 Speaker 1: divers and underwater archaeologists have thought this wreck was the 371 00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:48,879 Speaker 1: Endeavor for years, but when the Australian National Maritime Museum 372 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: made its announcement, researchers from the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology 373 00:23:52,760 --> 00:23:57,679 Speaker 1: Project immediately expressed doubts. Researcher Cathy Abbess, who works with 374 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,359 Speaker 1: the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project, also said the Australian 375 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:04,400 Speaker 1: Museum's announcement was a breach of the contract it had 376 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:09,119 Speaker 1: in place with the archaeology Project. Meanwhile, a researcher with 377 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:13,360 Speaker 1: the museum said that contract had expired back in November. Yeah, 378 00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:16,640 Speaker 1: there were a lot of news articles about this report 379 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,200 Speaker 1: and then also a lot of news articles about the 380 00:24:19,320 --> 00:24:22,680 Speaker 1: argument about the report. It is not the first time 381 00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:25,640 Speaker 1: that doubts have been raised about wreckage that had been 382 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:29,439 Speaker 1: identified as coming from the Endeavor, though part of a 383 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:33,239 Speaker 1: ship's stern post that was sent to space aboard the 384 00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:37,440 Speaker 1: Space Shuttle Endeavor later turned out to definitely be from 385 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:42,560 Speaker 1: a totally different ship. Whoops, the face that you made 386 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:48,320 Speaker 1: was amazing. Um. This dispute seems to be unresolved as 387 00:24:48,359 --> 00:24:51,200 Speaker 1: of when we're recording this. This is also an example 388 00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:55,160 Speaker 1: of how some recks can be challenging to identify. Shackleton's 389 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 1: Endurance had the name Endurance clearly visible, which made it 390 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:03,399 Speaker 1: pretty obvious, but only about of this wreck is still there, 391 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,959 Speaker 1: so the identification is based on the location and size 392 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:09,959 Speaker 1: of the wreck. A comparison of surviving pieces to records 393 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,159 Speaker 1: of the Endeavor and would samples that suggests that it 394 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:17,280 Speaker 1: was built in Europe, not the United States. Moving on, 395 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:21,480 Speaker 1: marine archaeologists working off the western coast of Sweden have 396 00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: found the previously unknown wreckage of a medieval cog that 397 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:29,040 Speaker 1: is a style of ship that was common after about 398 00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:32,320 Speaker 1: the twelfth century. This is believed to be one of 399 00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:36,159 Speaker 1: the oldest cogs found so far in Europe. According to 400 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:39,199 Speaker 1: analysis of the tree rings and the lumber, it was 401 00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:41,920 Speaker 1: made from oaks that were cut down between twelve thirty 402 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:46,720 Speaker 1: three and twelve forty. Seams in between the ship's planks 403 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,560 Speaker 1: were sealed with moss, which was pretty typical for this 404 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:52,359 Speaker 1: type of vessel. There's also some evidence that there was 405 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: a fire aboard. That's not clear what the cause of 406 00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:57,679 Speaker 1: the fire was, but it may have been a factor 407 00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:02,440 Speaker 1: in why this boat sank. Researchers have been studying sheep, pig, 408 00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:05,520 Speaker 1: and cow bones from shipwrecks off the coast of Western 409 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:08,760 Speaker 1: Australia to try to learn more about how they've changed 410 00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:12,439 Speaker 1: through long term exposure to the sea. They've studied bones 411 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:16,080 Speaker 1: from four underwater archaeological sites, one being the wreck of 412 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:18,760 Speaker 1: the Batavia, which we have talked about on the show before. 413 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:22,080 Speaker 1: The bones the team has been studying have been submerged 414 00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:24,399 Speaker 1: in the water or buried in sediment for more than 415 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:27,520 Speaker 1: a hundred years, and it's hoped that what they've learned 416 00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:29,760 Speaker 1: can be applied to the study of bones from other 417 00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,879 Speaker 1: wrecks in the future. So far, they've identified a set 418 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:37,560 Speaker 1: of what they've called geochemical fingerprints that helped trace the 419 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:41,680 Speaker 1: changes that happened to skeletal remains over time. They've also 420 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 1: studied how single celled organisms dissolved the spaces inside submerged bones, 421 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:51,119 Speaker 1: and they've analyzed how bones can be eroded by things 422 00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: like bacteria and barnacles. According to research published in a 423 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,720 Speaker 1: Journal of Archaeological Science, reports, timbers from a shipwreck that 424 00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:02,600 Speaker 1: was unearthed in a storm in eighteen sixty three are 425 00:27:02,680 --> 00:27:05,600 Speaker 1: probably from a ship known as the Sparrow Hawk, which 426 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: was driven aground during a storm in sixteen twenty six. 427 00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:12,040 Speaker 1: The Sparrow Hawk has been believed to be the source 428 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:15,000 Speaker 1: of these timbers for quite some time, based on where 429 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:18,000 Speaker 1: on Cape cod the wreckage was found and how historical 430 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:21,439 Speaker 1: documents described the location of the wreck, but this is 431 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:25,080 Speaker 1: the most conclusive evidence so far to back that identification. 432 00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:29,280 Speaker 1: Up Tree ring data and radiocarbon dating suggests that the 433 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,760 Speaker 1: timbers used to build the boat were cut down in 434 00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,720 Speaker 1: southern England between fifteen fifty six in sixteen forty six. 435 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,720 Speaker 1: The timbers are currently in storage at Pilgrim Hall Museum 436 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:45,200 Speaker 1: in Plymouth, Massachusetts. A recovery operation is ongoing in Majorca 437 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:49,639 Speaker 1: at a site known as the se Fontinelle Wreck. This 438 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:53,320 Speaker 1: ship think about sevent dred years ago, probably while it 439 00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:55,320 Speaker 1: was anchored in the Bay of Palma, and it was 440 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,800 Speaker 1: carrying a load of m for a that were filled 441 00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:01,600 Speaker 1: with things like olive oil and why and fermented fish sauce. 442 00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:04,440 Speaker 1: And then it was mostly buried in the sand until 443 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,960 Speaker 1: about three years ago when it emerged during a storm. 444 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:11,680 Speaker 1: Since this wreck was covered up for most of that time, 445 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,159 Speaker 1: most of the cargo has remained untouched and is in 446 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:18,159 Speaker 1: pretty good condition. The inscriptions are still visible on some 447 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:21,440 Speaker 1: of the jars. In March, it was reported that divers 448 00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:24,679 Speaker 1: had brought up about three hundred amphora and other objects, 449 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,520 Speaker 1: including a leather shoe, an oil lamp, a cooking pot, 450 00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:32,240 Speaker 1: and one of only a handful of Roman carpenter's drills 451 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,920 Speaker 1: that has been found in the region. But team is 452 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,760 Speaker 1: at work trying to figure out how to recover the 453 00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:41,160 Speaker 1: wreck itself, which is only about fifty meters off of 454 00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:44,720 Speaker 1: a popular beach. Wreckage of a two hundred seven year 455 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: old whaling ship called the Industry has been found in 456 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:50,880 Speaker 1: the Gulf of Mexico. The ship sank in a storm 457 00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:55,480 Speaker 1: on May eighteen, thirty six. This is the only whaling 458 00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: vessel to have been lost in the Gulf of Mexico 459 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:01,800 Speaker 1: between the seventeen eighties and the eighteen seventies. Yeah, a 460 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,280 Speaker 1: lot of vessels were lost during those years, but not 461 00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:08,680 Speaker 1: necessarily in this spot. And according to news reporting from 462 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: the time, another whaling vessel rescued the crew, who later 463 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:17,600 Speaker 1: returned to Westport, Massachusetts. And if that town name sounds familiar, 464 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,560 Speaker 1: it maybe because that was the home of previous podcast subject, 465 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:25,720 Speaker 1: Paul Cuffey. Cuffey's son William was a navigator on the 466 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: industry and his son in law, Pardon Cook, was one 467 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:32,000 Speaker 1: of the ship's officers. We got several notes from listeners 468 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:36,200 Speaker 1: about this one. Archaeologists in Iraq have excavated a four 469 00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:38,960 Speaker 1: thousand year old boat near the ancient city of Uruk. 470 00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:42,760 Speaker 1: The boat was made from plant material like wood, palm leaves, 471 00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 1: or reads, which is then totally covered in bitumen. The 472 00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,600 Speaker 1: plant material is gone now only its imprints are left 473 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:52,960 Speaker 1: behind in the bitumen, but the bitumen covering is still there. 474 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:57,000 Speaker 1: It's the cool way to make a boat, right, I 475 00:29:57,280 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: like it's This boat is about seven meters long and 476 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:03,640 Speaker 1: one point four meters wide, and part of it had 477 00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: been exposed through erosion. Nearby traffic was making that erosion 478 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:10,760 Speaker 1: worse and that's what led to the decision to excavate 479 00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:14,080 Speaker 1: and preserve the boat. It has been taken to the 480 00:30:14,120 --> 00:30:17,320 Speaker 1: Iraq Museum in Baghdad with the goal of preserving it 481 00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:21,160 Speaker 1: and eventually putting it on display. And now for something 482 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 1: shipwreck adjacent. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has 483 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: been deepening the Savannah River Channel at Savannah Harbor, and 484 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:32,120 Speaker 1: as part of that process they have pulled twelve Revolutionary 485 00:30:32,160 --> 00:30:36,000 Speaker 1: War eric cannons up from the floor. That's in addition 486 00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:38,720 Speaker 1: to three that were previously hauled up about a year ago. 487 00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:42,560 Speaker 1: At first, it was believed that these three cannons might 488 00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:46,600 Speaker 1: have been from the HMS Rose, which the British scuttled 489 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:49,120 Speaker 1: to try to block the Savannah River Channel during the 490 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:53,480 Speaker 1: Revolutionary War, but the research later confirmed the rows had 491 00:30:53,520 --> 00:30:56,680 Speaker 1: been sunk further upstream and that its cannons had been 492 00:30:56,720 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: removed first. So work is still ongoing to try to 493 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:04,880 Speaker 1: match these particular cannons to any specific wreck and on 494 00:31:04,880 --> 00:31:08,000 Speaker 1: one last sort of random thing to end on, an 495 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:12,760 Speaker 1: international interdisciplinary team has analyzed a pair of three thousand 496 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,640 Speaker 1: year old trousers found in China's to Rim Basin. These 497 00:31:16,680 --> 00:31:19,440 Speaker 1: were found on a naturally mummified body known as the 498 00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 1: turfin man, and they have been described as the world's 499 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:26,000 Speaker 1: oldest pants. It turns out that a lot went into 500 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:30,800 Speaker 1: making them. Making these pants required three different weaving techniques, 501 00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:34,960 Speaker 1: one that reinforced the knees, another that created a thicker waistband, 502 00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: and a third that gave the crotch and seats some stretch. 503 00:31:38,480 --> 00:31:42,040 Speaker 1: The pants are also decorative, covered in zigzag stripes and 504 00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:46,239 Speaker 1: geometric patterns. All this together suggests that the weavers who 505 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:49,280 Speaker 1: were dressing the turf and man had far reaching connections 506 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:53,760 Speaker 1: through nomadic herders and traders. Similar weaving and decorative patterns 507 00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:56,600 Speaker 1: are found in far flung parts of Asia at about 508 00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,960 Speaker 1: the same time. Yeah, if you're imagining that that law 509 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:04,240 Speaker 1: long ago, people's pants would involve just like hacking something together. 510 00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:11,000 Speaker 1: He looked like they were very functional, very specifically designed 511 00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:15,000 Speaker 1: to be well suited to somebody who rode on a 512 00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:19,560 Speaker 1: horse a lot of the time. Uh, pretty cool, They 513 00:32:19,560 --> 00:32:22,680 Speaker 1: are cool. It's I um. I think of them very 514 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,520 Speaker 1: similar to the way you see like sometimes they're called 515 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:28,080 Speaker 1: tech pants or skate pants today, where it's like there 516 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:30,240 Speaker 1: will be a little extra quilting in areas where you 517 00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:33,240 Speaker 1: may hit things, or like I think This would be 518 00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:37,280 Speaker 1: a great, um, fun and weird project if you wanted 519 00:32:37,320 --> 00:32:41,480 Speaker 1: to do a little historical stitching make your version of 520 00:32:41,520 --> 00:32:44,959 Speaker 1: Turf and Man's Pants. Sounds good to me. It's on 521 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:51,480 Speaker 1: my list us. That's our Unearthed for this quarter of 522 00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:54,479 Speaker 1: the year. We will be back towards the summertime with 523 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:56,840 Speaker 1: some more. In the meantime, I have some listener mail. 524 00:32:57,600 --> 00:33:00,720 Speaker 1: It's from Jenna. It's about an episode that how we researched, 525 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:02,960 Speaker 1: but it's about something that I said, so it's sort 526 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:08,560 Speaker 1: of is a bridge. Uh. Jenna wrote, Hello, Tracy and Holly. 527 00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:12,120 Speaker 1: I recently wrote about Caesar Salad, and I have another 528 00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:15,080 Speaker 1: story that will hopefully give you a chuckle. Like many. 529 00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:18,240 Speaker 1: I also read Tests of the Derbervilles in my sophomore 530 00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:21,080 Speaker 1: high school class. Every person in the class read it 531 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:23,479 Speaker 1: and discussed it, but we hated it so much, and 532 00:33:23,480 --> 00:33:26,520 Speaker 1: we're apparently convincing enough in our opinions that the teacher 533 00:33:26,640 --> 00:33:30,400 Speaker 1: removed it from the curriculum for the next year. I 534 00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:33,719 Speaker 1: don't remember much about it except that I disliked it 535 00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:37,120 Speaker 1: and thought Tess was a flat uninteresting character. Hopefully Tracy 536 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,360 Speaker 1: isn't too jealous of our success. Here's more picks of 537 00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:42,640 Speaker 1: my cats because they're the best, and I know how 538 00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:45,960 Speaker 1: much you guys love many panthers. Best Jenna p. S. 539 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:48,000 Speaker 1: I was just at Disney World and thought of you guys, 540 00:33:48,080 --> 00:33:51,360 Speaker 1: especially Holly while on the Haunted Mansion. Until death do 541 00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:55,560 Speaker 1: us part um. Thank you, Jennifer this. The subject line 542 00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:58,840 Speaker 1: of this email was test of the Dunkervilles, which made 543 00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:03,600 Speaker 1: me laugh a lot. Um And also, man, I I 544 00:34:03,680 --> 00:34:07,080 Speaker 1: love that this class was able to convince a teacher 545 00:34:07,120 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: to make a change to the curriculum, because I still 546 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:13,600 Speaker 1: am like, what what was I supposed to get out 547 00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,400 Speaker 1: of reading tests at the Durbervilles in the tenth grade 548 00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:19,560 Speaker 1: that could not have been achieved by reading something that 549 00:34:19,719 --> 00:34:26,040 Speaker 1: maybe felt more relevant to a tenth grader in northwest 550 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:35,040 Speaker 1: North Carolina in or whatever year that was. Uh So, anyway, 551 00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:36,840 Speaker 1: thanks so much for this, and thank you for the 552 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:41,120 Speaker 1: cat pictures. I just sort of feel like anytime somebody 553 00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:45,439 Speaker 1: sends us pictures of their of their black cats, their 554 00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:50,680 Speaker 1: cats and my cats are friends. I just like mentally, 555 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,920 Speaker 1: in my in my head, my cats are friends with 556 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:59,400 Speaker 1: all other black cats. So thank you for that. Um. 557 00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:02,240 Speaker 1: If you would to write to us about this or 558 00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:05,880 Speaker 1: any other podcast or at History podcast at i heeart 559 00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:11,440 Speaker 1: radio dot com. You can also follow us on social 560 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:15,000 Speaker 1: media where at Missed in History. That's where you'll find 561 00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:19,400 Speaker 1: find us on Facebook, Twitter, pintereston Instagram. You can subscribe 562 00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:21,799 Speaker 1: to our show on the I heart Radio app or 563 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:29,439 Speaker 1: wherever you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed 564 00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:31,920 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 565 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,080 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart 566 00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:38,239 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 567 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:38,960 Speaker 1: favorite shows.