1 00:00:02,840 --> 00:00:06,880 Speaker 1: From Mediators World News Headquarters in Bozeman, Montana. This is 2 00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:11,360 Speaker 1: Cal's weekend review, presented by Steel. Steel products are available 3 00:00:11,400 --> 00:00:15,160 Speaker 1: only at authorized dealers. For more, go to Steel Dealers 4 00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:22,600 Speaker 1: dot com. Now here's your host, Ryan cal Callahan. Over 5 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:25,119 Speaker 1: to the early fishing desk, and we're not talking about 6 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: being out on the water by five am. A team 7 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: of German and Israeli scientists recently published conclusive evidence that 8 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 1: human beings were fishing with hook and line at least 9 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: twelve thousand years ago. Nineteen bone fish hooks were recovered 10 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 1: at a human settlement on Hula Lake in modern day Israel, 11 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:50,240 Speaker 1: along with six groove stones that the scientists believed were 12 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:54,560 Speaker 1: used as sinkers. Many anthropologists had believed that almost all 13 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: groups without industrial production only used bow and arrows and 14 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:03,360 Speaker 1: spears to fish, or passive strategies like basket traps or weirds. 15 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:06,920 Speaker 1: You know, were as a structure of stones or posts 16 00:01:06,959 --> 00:01:09,840 Speaker 1: across the flow of a river that divert fish into 17 00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: a holding area where you can easily get to them 18 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 1: fish in a barrel type situation. Fish hooks at archaeological 19 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:20,319 Speaker 1: sites have been rare or non existent before now, but 20 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:23,440 Speaker 1: the biggest problem of studying ancient tools is the fact 21 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:26,520 Speaker 1: that they were almost all made of materials that decompose, 22 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,680 Speaker 1: so saying for sure that ancient people did or didn't 23 00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:32,760 Speaker 1: have a certain kind of tools extremely difficult, something we 24 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:37,119 Speaker 1: are constantly reminded of with the march of technological advancements 25 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:42,720 Speaker 1: discovered surrounding Neanderthal However, in this case, the ideal preservation 26 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:45,120 Speaker 1: of the Hula site and the large number of hooks 27 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:48,880 Speaker 1: suggests that this technology was widespread in the region at 28 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:52,639 Speaker 1: this time, not just unique to this site and these people. 29 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:56,480 Speaker 1: These hooks are beautifully made. You can see the love 30 00:01:56,880 --> 00:02:00,440 Speaker 1: or maybe hunger that went into carving them. Each one 31 00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: is a different shape and size, clearly designed for very 32 00:02:03,840 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: specific species and conditions. In fact, fish remains from the 33 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:11,080 Speaker 1: same site show that people were eating species that are 34 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:14,640 Speaker 1: smaller than your hand, along with giant carb over six 35 00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:18,120 Speaker 1: and a half feet long, proving that nothing was ever 36 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 1: as simple as a ten car rod. A few of 37 00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:24,760 Speaker 1: the hooks have features that are pretty unfamiliar even to 38 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: the modern angler. For instance, a couple of specimens have 39 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: a barb not just at the point of the hook, 40 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:33,840 Speaker 1: but also on the outside throat where the hook begins 41 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:35,920 Speaker 1: to curve back towards the shaft. That would be like 42 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: the bottom end of the j In theory, that second 43 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:42,080 Speaker 1: barb is there to obstruct the rotation of the hook 44 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:45,000 Speaker 1: and keep it in if you're not like there to 45 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: physically set the hook, It's like once a fish eats it, 46 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:51,280 Speaker 1: to set it and forget it hook. How's that again? 47 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: These hooks are made from carved animal bone or board teeth, 48 00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: not your high tensile carbon steel. Imagine the finesse it 49 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 1: takes to be able the set of bone hook to 50 00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 1: feel how to apply pressure at just the right speed 51 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:07,520 Speaker 1: so that a sudden jerk doesn't break the line or 52 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: the hook, knowing that if you break a hook, you 53 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 1: have to sit and carve another. Because the bone hooks 54 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 1: weren't strong enough to have eyes for a line to 55 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 1: tie into, they instead have grooves and bulges for the 56 00:03:19,480 --> 00:03:22,639 Speaker 1: line to wrap around, and the researchers even found traces 57 00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:26,440 Speaker 1: of glue used to keep line attached. The scientists found 58 00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:29,200 Speaker 1: plant fiber residue on the bends of the hooks, leading 59 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: the team to believe that these anglers were using artificial lures. 60 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:35,280 Speaker 1: They may have even been able to put your fly 61 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,640 Speaker 1: tying to shame. It does my heart good to know 62 00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:42,160 Speaker 1: that the arms race around fish started so long ago. 63 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:45,720 Speaker 1: Next time someone says to me, my god, you have 64 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:49,320 Speaker 1: a lot of stuff, I'll be like, bro, you don't 65 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: have a clue how far we've come, or just how 66 00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:57,120 Speaker 1: refined my pile is. Took twelve thousand years of research 67 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:01,880 Speaker 1: and development to get here, and proud of this week. 68 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:06,480 Speaker 1: We've got poachers, living defences, grizzlies and so much more. 69 00:04:06,520 --> 00:04:10,120 Speaker 1: But first I'm gonna tell you about my week, and 70 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:13,920 Speaker 1: my week is about to get interesting. I'm writing this 71 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,520 Speaker 1: one in week in advance, so I can, you know, 72 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:18,440 Speaker 1: get out there and do some more walking around for 73 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:22,479 Speaker 1: deer and elk. Big update for those who listen and 74 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 1: pay attention. My buddy Tyler, the dude who drew that 75 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: moose tag and we spent all the time looking for moose. 76 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:31,480 Speaker 1: That guy has put in who knows how many hours 77 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:35,799 Speaker 1: in pursuit of filling this coveted tag, but at least 78 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:41,240 Speaker 1: some portion of more than forty plus days, including two 79 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:46,120 Speaker 1: full week long hunts. He's been using horses, foot power, 80 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,440 Speaker 1: the can am and he finally connected with a bull. 81 00:04:51,240 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: I haven't seen a picture yet. He passed up a 82 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: ton of opportunities. Things started out real slow, then got 83 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:01,000 Speaker 1: real hot, and then petered out neck to nothing, not 84 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:05,160 Speaker 1: seeing any moose but a bull that old Kai deemed 85 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:08,560 Speaker 1: acceptable finally stuck his neck out with only one week 86 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: of the season left, Bowl down. Congrats, buddy. Not a 87 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:17,359 Speaker 1: lot of folks have that much stick tuitiveness, and not 88 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:20,360 Speaker 1: a lot of people talk about the anxiety involved with 89 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:24,280 Speaker 1: drawing these highly coveted tags, and those that do talk 90 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:26,520 Speaker 1: about it, folks don't give a lot of sympathy to 91 00:05:27,279 --> 00:05:30,720 Speaker 1: heavy is the head that where's the crown? I suppose 92 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: let me play a sad song for you in the 93 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:38,039 Speaker 1: world's smallest violin. Also, if you're listening to this, you've 94 00:05:38,080 --> 00:05:43,200 Speaker 1: just survived Thanksgiving and Black Friday, and Tuesday is Giving 95 00:05:43,279 --> 00:05:46,800 Speaker 1: Tuesday where you should consider taking a look at conservation 96 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:51,320 Speaker 1: organizations to donate to. There are a ton out there. 97 00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: There's a bunch that I highly recommend. Here in Montana, 98 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: you got your Public Land and Water Access Association. That's 99 00:05:58,680 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: a very small, highly efficient nonprofit that just fights the 100 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:08,080 Speaker 1: legal battles that come when people who do not think 101 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: of folks other than themselves post public property and try 102 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 1: to keep people out of it. You know who you are. 103 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:19,640 Speaker 1: You're not cool. The Teddy Roosevelt Conservation Partnership, back Country 104 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:24,479 Speaker 1: Hunters and Anglers, Pheasants Forever, great organizations that work hard 105 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:29,400 Speaker 1: on behalf of access, habitat and wildlife. As you know, 106 00:06:29,839 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 1: we gotta sell a lot of stuff to keep this 107 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,400 Speaker 1: show rolling. So if you use the code C A 108 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: L that's cal at the Meat Eater dot com, you'll 109 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:42,960 Speaker 1: get free shipping and ten percent off every purchase. We'll 110 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:46,200 Speaker 1: go to back Country Hunters and Anglers December six through 111 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:50,039 Speaker 1: a bunch of us who do this podcast thing have 112 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:54,799 Speaker 1: individual codes, and we've all selected nonprofits that we like. Collectively, 113 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 1: we're gonna kick some butt on behalf of conservation. So 114 00:06:57,440 --> 00:07:00,200 Speaker 1: if you're still spending money ramping up to Christmas, do 115 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:04,159 Speaker 1: it in a way that supports everybody moving on to 116 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:09,520 Speaker 1: the poaching desk. And Idaho man pleaded guilty last week 117 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: to two felonies related to the sale and possession of 118 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: animal parts. Yan bo Fong traveled to Montana in two thousand, 119 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: seventeen and eighteen with the intent of purchasing twenty four 120 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:25,040 Speaker 1: bear pause, eleven bear gall bladders, seven bobcats, three mount lions, 121 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:28,920 Speaker 1: three bears, one bear skin with attached feet, two deer, 122 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: and one elk. In total, he was willing to spend 123 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:35,640 Speaker 1: thirty eight hundred dollars on the hall. Unfortunately for him, 124 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: he wasn't dealing with a poacher, but with an undercover 125 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 1: Montana game warden. Fong agreed to plead guilty to one 126 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:45,960 Speaker 1: felony count of unlawful sale of a game animal and 127 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,920 Speaker 1: one felony count of unlawful possession, shipping or transportation of 128 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:53,520 Speaker 1: a game animal or fur bearing animal. In exchange, the 129 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,360 Speaker 1: state will dismiss two counts of unlawful sale of a 130 00:07:56,360 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: game animal and two counts of unlawful possession shipping or 131 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:03,360 Speaker 1: tray insportation. A judge still needs to issue a sentence, 132 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:06,920 Speaker 1: but prosecutors are recommending that Fong spent five years in 133 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:10,200 Speaker 1: the state prison, pay a fifteen thousand dollar fine, and 134 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: have his hunting, fishing, and trapping privileges revoked for six years. 135 00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: According to The Missoulian, some folks might think that's a 136 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:21,000 Speaker 1: harsh penalty for wildlife violations. I'm not one of them, 137 00:08:21,040 --> 00:08:23,600 Speaker 1: but if that's your frame of mind, you should know 138 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 1: that this guy appears to have been a knowing serial offender. 139 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:30,760 Speaker 1: The Idaho State Journal reports that undercover agents told the 140 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: fall that the animals were not legally hunted or tagged, 141 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,240 Speaker 1: and that's selling the animals and parts is illegal. In 142 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:41,800 Speaker 1: other words, Fong knew he was engaged in illegal activity. 143 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 1: He's also been charged with nearly one hundred wildlife related 144 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 1: crimes in two additional states. In California, he's being charged 145 00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: with four felony counts of selling, purchasing, or possessing bare 146 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:58,000 Speaker 1: body parts, bear gall bladders, and bare paws. He's also 147 00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:03,440 Speaker 1: facing fifteen misdemeanor charges for importing or possessing deer, red abalone, 148 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:08,480 Speaker 1: blue fin tuna, yellow fin tuna, yellow tail, ivory, prong horn, antelope, 149 00:09:08,559 --> 00:09:13,200 Speaker 1: mountain lion, bobcat, bear bear, cub elk, golden eye, and 150 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: wild duck. Uh wild duck must be a catch all 151 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:26,679 Speaker 1: phrase in this instance. And that's just in California. In Idaho, 152 00:09:26,840 --> 00:09:30,640 Speaker 1: he's being charged with an astounding seventy five misdemeanors in 153 00:09:30,679 --> 00:09:34,679 Speaker 1: two separate cases. These charges relate to the illegal purchase 154 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:38,160 Speaker 1: of twenty five bear gall bladders, one whole black bear, 155 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: one bobcat, and other unspecified wildlife. You may be asking 156 00:09:43,679 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: why all the bear gall bladders? According to the l 157 00:09:46,960 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 1: A Times, bear gall bladders are used for medicinal purposes 158 00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:53,360 Speaker 1: in Asia and can be sold for upwards of three 159 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:57,560 Speaker 1: thousand dollars. A Peace National Geographic reports that bear bile 160 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 1: has been medically proven to dissolve gall stones and treat 161 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,440 Speaker 1: liver disease, but they command such a high price on 162 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:07,240 Speaker 1: the black market because they're also thought to cure a 163 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: wide variety of illnesses with less scientific backing. These include 164 00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:15,880 Speaker 1: everything from cancer to colds, two hangovers. I have put 165 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:18,840 Speaker 1: myself in the pain cave more than I care to 166 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:22,440 Speaker 1: admit to, but a three thousand dollar hangover is a 167 00:10:22,520 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: level and never reached. The bear paws and other animal 168 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:30,280 Speaker 1: parts Fong likely sold in his restaurant, The Bamboo Garden 169 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:34,520 Speaker 1: and Pocatello, Idaho. He reportedly told investigators that he offered 170 00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:37,520 Speaker 1: the bear and mountain lion meat free to the tour 171 00:10:37,559 --> 00:10:40,960 Speaker 1: guide and bus people, and that Chinese people like the 172 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,679 Speaker 1: animal meat. Fong has pleaded not guilty to the charges 173 00:10:44,679 --> 00:10:48,080 Speaker 1: in California and Idaho. The Idaho State Journal reports that 174 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:51,680 Speaker 1: the case in that state may be mediated before trial. 175 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:55,800 Speaker 1: If you are waiting for any direct commentary on this 176 00:10:55,920 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: particular case, Wait no longer. Wildlife sales need a willing 177 00:11:02,840 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: buyer and a willing seller. As I have said before, 178 00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: the market drives the transactions from kill to consumer, whether 179 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:15,840 Speaker 1: it be through restaurant or apothecary. If Fong's target demographic 180 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 1: was Asian tour groups, we have to take into consideration 181 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:23,000 Speaker 1: that in some circumstances, the buyers are coming from a 182 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:27,439 Speaker 1: part of a country with active wildlife markets. They expect 183 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:31,000 Speaker 1: to find native wildlife for sale. They likely do not 184 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: get a list of items not to buy while in 185 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:39,880 Speaker 1: America on vacation. If they do, it probably includes things like, um, 186 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:44,240 Speaker 1: I don't know, heroin, illicit drugs, things of that nature. 187 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:46,720 Speaker 1: I really don't know, but I'm sure it does not 188 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: say ask at every meal how the animal was sourced. 189 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:54,439 Speaker 1: If it is actual wildlife, do not buy it and 190 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:58,280 Speaker 1: call the game warden. Some things just don't translate. In 191 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: order to stop the demand the opportunity that Fong and 192 00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 1: others are exploiting, it would be a great idea to 193 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:10,199 Speaker 1: contact the tour groups directly, get some additional educational policies 194 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,400 Speaker 1: in place, maybe a nice little e read about the 195 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:17,000 Speaker 1: over hunting and exploitation of wildlife in America that led 196 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,440 Speaker 1: to the Lazy Act of nine, our first federal law 197 00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:24,240 Speaker 1: aimed at the protection of wildlife. Under the Lazy Act, 198 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:28,240 Speaker 1: it is unlawful to import, export, cell acquire, or purchase 199 00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:32,439 Speaker 1: fish and wildlife or plants that are taken, possessed, transported, 200 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: or sold either in violation of US or Indian law, 201 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:40,719 Speaker 1: or in interstate or foreign commerce involving any fish, wildlife, 202 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:44,760 Speaker 1: or plants taken, possessed, or sold in violation of state 203 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:48,640 Speaker 1: or foreign law, I'm not making excuses for anyone. I'm 204 00:12:48,679 --> 00:12:51,360 Speaker 1: just saying when you are traveling out of country or 205 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:55,120 Speaker 1: even out of state, things get confusing, especially when stops 206 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:58,760 Speaker 1: along the Yellowstone Tour are literally covered in animal parts 207 00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:03,720 Speaker 1: for sale and hides, skulls, etcetera. And here's a quick 208 00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:05,720 Speaker 1: side note for you. The first time I was ever 209 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:09,080 Speaker 1: paid for an animal part, a neighbor of my grandparents 210 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: gave me five dollars for a mule deer hid I found. 211 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: Ever since then, I picked up antlers and had quite 212 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:17,360 Speaker 1: a few years where my income was boosted by an 213 00:13:17,360 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 1: extra thousand bucks or so. All that sweet under the 214 00:13:20,920 --> 00:13:26,240 Speaker 1: table cash I cut him into dog choose these days. Anyway, 215 00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:29,560 Speaker 1: we all know that people in large groups are subject 216 00:13:29,679 --> 00:13:33,320 Speaker 1: to group think. They follow along and are just not 217 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:36,839 Speaker 1: all that smart as herd animals. So the tour bus 218 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,200 Speaker 1: drops you at Fong's restaurant, You eat what is provided 219 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 1: and don't think twice about it, even if you know better, 220 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:48,280 Speaker 1: because hey, you've been eating trout, elk and bison from 221 00:13:48,320 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: part concessionaires your whole trip. But who does know better? 222 00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:57,000 Speaker 1: For certain, it's Fong, and he deserves some time the 223 00:13:57,040 --> 00:14:00,439 Speaker 1: pokey to think about his actions, and whoever is working 224 00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:03,160 Speaker 1: with these tour groups needs to make sure that game 225 00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: laws are probably communicated. I have a hard time believing 226 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,559 Speaker 1: that Fong just asked anyone who looked Chinese if they 227 00:14:10,559 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: wanted gall ladder, you know, because you just happened to 228 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:17,319 Speaker 1: have some on hand. Doesn't work that way. Bad things 229 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:21,640 Speaker 1: happen when we mix wildlife and the open market, I guess, 230 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:25,840 Speaker 1: in this case the black market supply demand and the 231 00:14:25,920 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: hunt for the highest bidder. Moving on, but sticking with 232 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:38,560 Speaker 1: Bears Grizzly three, the Jackson Hole cover girl of sorts 233 00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: Easy Breezy Beautiful has started getting into more and more 234 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:46,080 Speaker 1: trouble out in Wyoming since the summer three and her 235 00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 1: four cubs have spent more time outside of Grand Titawn 236 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: National Park than inside it, migrating further south than ever 237 00:14:52,960 --> 00:14:56,920 Speaker 1: before through several populated areas. This has led to almost 238 00:14:56,960 --> 00:15:01,160 Speaker 1: continuous conflict with humans. Mama and Does have destroyed five 239 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:05,760 Speaker 1: apiaries which are you know, the Fancy Jackson Hallway of 240 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:10,000 Speaker 1: Santa Bee Hive, rated livestock feed at least five times, 241 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:13,640 Speaker 1: and hit garbage and compost piles in between. We have 242 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:18,280 Speaker 1: reported on Three several times, noting that until now she 243 00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: has been miraculously good at living close to humans while 244 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 1: avoiding conflict with them, threading her way through traffic jams, 245 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 1: looking both ways before crossing roads, and largely avoiding destructive behavior. 246 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:33,920 Speaker 1: Biologists suspect that this has partly been a strategy to 247 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:37,720 Speaker 1: discourage male grizzlies from pursuing her and killing her cubs, 248 00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:41,560 Speaker 1: and in some ways that has worked. So far. She 249 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:44,880 Speaker 1: has sixteen cubs and grand cubs to show for it. 250 00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: Another quick side note for you, I once walked into 251 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,680 Speaker 1: a full blown elk rhut fest in Idaho. Bulls bugle 252 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: in everywhere, chasing cows. The bulls were responsive to every 253 00:15:55,520 --> 00:15:58,880 Speaker 1: bugle and cow sound that I made, but would not 254 00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:02,400 Speaker 1: come to the call and get within bow range until 255 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: I put on my big boy pants and started making 256 00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:09,480 Speaker 1: big boy bugles. Then the bulls went quiet, but a 257 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:13,040 Speaker 1: very tired cow, a cow who had been chased all 258 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,520 Speaker 1: over hell and gone by a bull, turn and ran 259 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:20,440 Speaker 1: right to me. I swear she stopped in front of 260 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:25,200 Speaker 1: me and said, get this guy off my butt. Will Yeah, 261 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,720 Speaker 1: And I did real long winded way of saying, I 262 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,320 Speaker 1: believe that life on the urban interface could very well 263 00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:35,480 Speaker 1: be a strategy for Mom to help those cubs survive, 264 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:37,800 Speaker 1: because the boards don't want to come in there and 265 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:40,840 Speaker 1: get whacked by a truck or you know, taken out 266 00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:45,680 Speaker 1: for other conflict reasons. Anyway, this people centric strategy of 267 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:50,480 Speaker 1: has come at a cost regardless. At least three of 268 00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:53,400 Speaker 1: her cubs have been killed due to human conflict, and 269 00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:56,920 Speaker 1: this recent spree has park officials going to extreme lengths 270 00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,840 Speaker 1: to prevent a similar outcome for her. Several times this month, 271 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:04,160 Speaker 1: the five bears have been hazed with non lethal cracker shells, 272 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:07,359 Speaker 1: and US Fish and Wildlife recently collared two of the 273 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 1: cubs so that the group is easier to track. Hillary Cooley, 274 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:14,720 Speaker 1: the US Fish and Wildlife Grizzly Bear Recovery coordinator said 275 00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:17,640 Speaker 1: the tracking would help the service stay one step ahead. 276 00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:21,560 Speaker 1: She said and quote, it would be very problematic if 277 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:27,320 Speaker 1: a famous bear with her four yearlings start breaking into buildings. 278 00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:30,680 Speaker 1: We can't let it get there. Last year they didn't 279 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:34,280 Speaker 1: then until January. We are committed to trying everything we 280 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:38,080 Speaker 1: can to get them there safely. The longer three and 281 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:41,479 Speaker 1: her cubs spend around people getting easy calories from bee 282 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:44,400 Speaker 1: hives and garbage cans, the harder it is to ever 283 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:48,440 Speaker 1: get them back to the hard work of elk, berries, moths, beetles, 284 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 1: and the rest of the conflict free diet. Dan Thompson, 285 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,200 Speaker 1: head of Wyoming Game and Fish is Large Carnivore Division, 286 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:59,520 Speaker 1: told the AP she's teaching four two hundred pound bears 287 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: that this is how you get food. Will be busy 288 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:05,920 Speaker 1: with them next spring. I guarantee it that will be 289 00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:10,560 Speaker 1: especially true when the cubs leave side and strike out 290 00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:13,440 Speaker 1: on their own. I don't enjoy saying what I'm about 291 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,000 Speaker 1: to say, but I wonder if it will take the death, 292 00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:21,760 Speaker 1: the public death of Grizzly a quote famous bear for 293 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:24,600 Speaker 1: things around the g y E to actually change and 294 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:28,119 Speaker 1: by things, I mean human behavior. I remember a great 295 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:31,720 Speaker 1: conversation which may have been fueled by a few beers, 296 00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:34,679 Speaker 1: that took place maybe five or six years ago with 297 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:40,119 Speaker 1: wildlife professionals around Jackson. My favorite quote from this evening kids, 298 00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,840 Speaker 1: cover your ears, cal These bears around here are habituated 299 00:18:44,920 --> 00:18:49,000 Speaker 1: as ship end quote. According to the Jackson Whole News 300 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 1: and Guide a Paris remember that fancy word for beehive 301 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:56,040 Speaker 1: in t Town County are not legally required to install 302 00:18:56,080 --> 00:18:59,680 Speaker 1: bear protection, no word on what chicken coops are required 303 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:03,800 Speaker 1: to do, and livestock operations aren't required to lock up feed. 304 00:19:04,359 --> 00:19:08,280 Speaker 1: There are officially established bear conflict zones in the county 305 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:11,720 Speaker 1: that require bear proof garbage cans and bird feeders, but 306 00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:16,120 Speaker 1: those rules have never been enforced because county personnel are spread. Then, 307 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:20,360 Speaker 1: several years ago, an advisory board formed by Titan County 308 00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:24,640 Speaker 1: urged lawmakers to get on it, make garbage storage statutes 309 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:29,719 Speaker 1: apply countywide and past new regulation governing pet and livestock feed, 310 00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: bee hives, chicken coops, and other bare buffets. But those 311 00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:37,120 Speaker 1: recommendations were never made into law, and although commissioners are 312 00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:42,400 Speaker 1: reportedly reconsidering the measures, it's still status quo. And let's 313 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:46,360 Speaker 1: not forget the lady in the Solitude subdivision who couldn't 314 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: be penalized for feeding bears molasses and grain out of 315 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:53,160 Speaker 1: tree stumps because she said she was feeding moose, which 316 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,960 Speaker 1: is legal. Would that particular statute remain on the books 317 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,879 Speaker 1: if Famous Bear three had to be you thanized on 318 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:04,400 Speaker 1: that lady's back porch. According to the Jackson Whole News 319 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 1: and Guide, sixty grizzlies have died already this year in 320 00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:12,320 Speaker 1: the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. That's sixty with UH six and 321 00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:15,400 Speaker 1: a zero. As a side note, back when we thought 322 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,879 Speaker 1: we had a grizzly hunting season in the works, Wyoming's 323 00:20:18,880 --> 00:20:23,879 Speaker 1: proposed quota was twenty four bears, Idaho's was one, and 324 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:28,080 Speaker 1: Montana likely would have been somewhere in between. As of 325 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:32,200 Speaker 1: this recording, Mama and cubs were reportedly headed back north 326 00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:35,840 Speaker 1: toward Grand Teton National Park, and biologists hope they keep 327 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:38,879 Speaker 1: going and take advantage of the leftovers from the recent 328 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:43,000 Speaker 1: elk reduction hunt there. Hopefully their diets can readjust from 329 00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:46,879 Speaker 1: city grub to something more rustic. I'm glad we're talking 330 00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:50,240 Speaker 1: about the danger she's in due to a history of 331 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 1: bad human behavior. But the problem is bigger than one 332 00:20:53,640 --> 00:21:01,960 Speaker 1: famous bear. Moving on, scientists have developed living be fences 333 00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:05,600 Speaker 1: to keep a certain powerful and charismatic species out of 334 00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:10,119 Speaker 1: farmer's fields. That's right, the ives strung between posts that 335 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:14,720 Speaker 1: swarm elephants trying to reach the free food. This scenario, 336 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:18,960 Speaker 1: if maybe not the animal involved, sounds familiar to you 337 00:21:19,080 --> 00:21:23,160 Speaker 1: frequent weaken review listeners. Human beings and their crops expand 338 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:27,600 Speaker 1: into animal's habitat. That species gets habituated to the easy calories. 339 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:30,879 Speaker 1: The ensuing conflict leads to animals who just want to 340 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:34,080 Speaker 1: eat being shot, and humans then try to find an 341 00:21:34,119 --> 00:21:37,439 Speaker 1: effective barrier to keep the animals out, in this case 342 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:47,080 Speaker 1: a b fence. If you are into cartoons old ones, 343 00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:51,040 Speaker 1: you must be thinking, what about fences made of mice? Well, 344 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:56,520 Speaker 1: that's ridiculous. Rapid human population growth in sub Saharan Africa 345 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,440 Speaker 1: has created more and more friction zones for people in 346 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:03,240 Speaker 1: packet are On top of poaching, farmers desperate to protect 347 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:07,400 Speaker 1: their crops are an additive cause of falling elephant numbers. 348 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:10,359 Speaker 1: But even the strongest barbed wire is not going to 349 00:22:10,440 --> 00:22:14,200 Speaker 1: keep two tons of elephant out. Electric fences are effective, 350 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:18,200 Speaker 1: but very hard to maintain, especially in remote areas. There 351 00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:21,560 Speaker 1: had to be a better solution. In two thousand seven, 352 00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:25,879 Speaker 1: zoologist Lucy King published a study demonstrating that elephants show 353 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:29,720 Speaker 1: a strong and consistent aversion to bees. Bees have been 354 00:22:29,760 --> 00:22:32,800 Speaker 1: known to sting elephants around the eyes, behind the ears, 355 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,160 Speaker 1: and even inside the mouth and trunk. I don't even 356 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:39,600 Speaker 1: have a trunk, but it sounds horrible. One time I 357 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:41,920 Speaker 1: drank a bee that had slipped in my pop can 358 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,960 Speaker 1: as a kid, and I'll tell you that left and impression. 359 00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:49,960 Speaker 1: King and her colleagues at the nonprofit Save the Elephants 360 00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:53,119 Speaker 1: decided to try connecting a series of bee hives between 361 00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:57,440 Speaker 1: posts around an agricultural field, and sure enough, the elephants 362 00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:00,679 Speaker 1: headed towards the crops, hit the wires, stir up the swarm, 363 00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:05,280 Speaker 1: and fled almost immediately. Save the Elephants quickly rolled out 364 00:23:05,280 --> 00:23:08,479 Speaker 1: a defence program across Africa and India, and there are 365 00:23:08,520 --> 00:23:12,800 Speaker 1: now almost ten thousand defence systems in place. In two 366 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,800 Speaker 1: thousands seventeen, King showed that defence is installed at ten 367 00:23:16,920 --> 00:23:20,840 Speaker 1: farms close to elephant habitat and Kenya deterred elephants eighty 368 00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:23,640 Speaker 1: percent of the time In order to extend the range 369 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:27,359 Speaker 1: of the barriers, decoy hives minus the bees were also 370 00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:30,560 Speaker 1: hung in between the real ones. Of course, much like 371 00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:34,440 Speaker 1: three strand barbed wire, a living fence of bees isn't 372 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:39,879 Speaker 1: entirely fool proof, be leave it or not. The honey 373 00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:43,280 Speaker 1: inside the hives sometimes gets rated by hungry baboons and 374 00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: badgers if not adequately protected. Dry weather can cause bees 375 00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:51,240 Speaker 1: to migrate away from the farms to forest with more vegetation, 376 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:55,919 Speaker 1: and droughts can wipe out entire hives. In response, scientists 377 00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:59,639 Speaker 1: are experimenting with speakers that play recordings of swarming bees, 378 00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:02,919 Speaker 1: and farmers are also planting crops that elephants turn up 379 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:07,680 Speaker 1: their noses, that including chilis, turmeric, ginger, and onions, which, 380 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,760 Speaker 1: as I'm listening, sounds like the exact type of farm 381 00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: i'd rade. It's like a darn goood curry in the ground. 382 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:19,879 Speaker 1: What deters one animal attracts another. The defenses also have 383 00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,720 Speaker 1: more advantages than just elephant to terrence. The resulting honey 384 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:28,240 Speaker 1: provides another income source for farmers anyway. That's the buzz 385 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:31,040 Speaker 1: on that one. If only it worked on grizzlies or 386 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:35,960 Speaker 1: even here in Montana, staying at the back of darm desk. 387 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,240 Speaker 1: A recent study in the journal Science showed that intensive 388 00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:42,640 Speaker 1: ivory poaching in Mozambique from the seventies through the nineties 389 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:47,399 Speaker 1: led to the evolution of more elephants without tusks. Now, 390 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:50,480 Speaker 1: if you thought that only male elephants had tusks, this 391 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:53,760 Speaker 1: is in fact about the ladies. It was the females 392 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:58,320 Speaker 1: of this particular population who evolved increased tusk less ness. 393 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:03,560 Speaker 1: Try saying that three times fast test lessness. Anyway, this 394 00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:06,880 Speaker 1: Mozambique herd took such a hit because ivory was used 395 00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:09,440 Speaker 1: to raise funds for the country's civil war, and when 396 00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:13,119 Speaker 1: elephants were studied before the war, under nineteen percent of 397 00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:18,240 Speaker 1: females reached maturity without developing tests. There have been female 398 00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:22,560 Speaker 1: elephants born since the civil war and widespread poaching has 399 00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:26,119 Speaker 1: stopped in the area. However, in that group, a full 400 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:30,320 Speaker 1: thirty three percent don't have tusks. This effect of human 401 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,200 Speaker 1: hunting activity on natural selection has also played out closer 402 00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,320 Speaker 1: to home. A two thousand three study published in the 403 00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:40,879 Speaker 1: journal Nature demonstrated a decline in the horn size of 404 00:25:40,960 --> 00:25:43,800 Speaker 1: big horn sheep in Alberta, Canada over a thirty year 405 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:47,600 Speaker 1: period as a result of hunting consistently removing the rams 406 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:51,480 Speaker 1: with the largest headgear before their prime breeding years. Even 407 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:56,160 Speaker 1: Charles Darwin, Mr. Natural Selection himself commented on this dynamic, 408 00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:59,439 Speaker 1: observing that hunters in Scotland had a bad habit of 409 00:25:59,560 --> 00:26:03,840 Speaker 1: quote steadily killing the finest stags, thus causing the whole 410 00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:07,320 Speaker 1: race to degenerate. If you are up in your tree 411 00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: stand right now listening to this and biting your lip 412 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:14,679 Speaker 1: about taking that sixteen pointer, you shouldn't worry. A species 413 00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:18,720 Speaker 1: has to pass through an extremely narrow population bottleneck with 414 00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:22,120 Speaker 1: a very clear selection pressure to see such an effect, 415 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:26,800 Speaker 1: and good wildlife management exists to mitigate such effects. The 416 00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: Mozambique elephants went from a population of twenty hundred pre 417 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:35,879 Speaker 1: Civil war to just two hundred by the early two thousands, 418 00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:39,960 Speaker 1: and not having tusks was in this case a very 419 00:26:40,040 --> 00:26:43,399 Speaker 1: good survival strategy. Now, I don't want to end on 420 00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:45,399 Speaker 1: a bad note here, so I'm gonna give you some 421 00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:50,439 Speaker 1: hot elephant tusk tips. You may think that your teeth 422 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: bear no resemblance to elephant us and really they don't, 423 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:57,920 Speaker 1: but tusks are just massive incisors. If you feel your 424 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:00,480 Speaker 1: incisors with your tongue right now, you will see there 425 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: a little longer than the teeth on either side of them. 426 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: The longest elephant tusk ever recorded was almost eleven and 427 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,040 Speaker 1: a half feet long. Now the Guinness Book of World 428 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:16,840 Speaker 1: Records has recognized a dentist from Offenbach for pulling a 429 00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: thirty seven millimeter tooth out of the mouth of a 430 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:24,400 Speaker 1: patient who had complained about severe pain. That's an incisor 431 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,320 Speaker 1: about yeah, we'll say one and a half inches long. 432 00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:32,359 Speaker 1: The heaviest elephant tusk was two hundred and sixty four 433 00:27:32,560 --> 00:27:37,560 Speaker 1: point five pounds. The heaviest elephant ever recorded was twenty 434 00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:41,480 Speaker 1: six thousand, four hundred and fifty five pounds. That's about 435 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:46,119 Speaker 1: one hundred ninety three average sized humans or you know, 436 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:49,879 Speaker 1: three blue whale tongues. That's all I've got for you 437 00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:53,240 Speaker 1: this week. Thank you so much for listening. As per usual, 438 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:56,119 Speaker 1: if you need some help cleaning up the yard or 439 00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:59,600 Speaker 1: getting a tree out of the driveway, go to www. 440 00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:03,760 Speaker 1: Dots steal dealers dot com and find a local, knowledgeable 441 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:06,320 Speaker 1: steel dealer near you. They'll get you set up with 442 00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:08,280 Speaker 1: what you need and you won't go home with what 443 00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:12,800 Speaker 1: you don't need. Also, please right in to a s k, 444 00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:15,960 Speaker 1: C a L that's asked Cal at the meat eater 445 00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:18,280 Speaker 1: dot com and let me know what's going on in 446 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:21,040 Speaker 1: your neck of the woods. Thanks again and I'll talk 447 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:29,480 Speaker 1: to you next week.