1 00:00:04,600 --> 00:00:07,640 Speaker 1: So you always hear people say things like I got 2 00:00:07,640 --> 00:00:10,239 Speaker 1: in a car accident and the whole thing seemed to 3 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 1: happen in slow motion. I saw the hood crumple and 4 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: the rear view mirror fall off, and I was watching 5 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:20,720 Speaker 1: the other driver's expression. And it's the same thing with 6 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:26,040 Speaker 1: gunfights or skiing accidents or motorcycle crashes. But from a 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:31,040 Speaker 1: neuroscience perspective, is it true that time slows down? And 8 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 1: how could you test that? And why does your drive 9 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:36,159 Speaker 1: to work on the first day seemed to take a 10 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:39,160 Speaker 1: long time, but after a while it takes no time 11 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:41,519 Speaker 1: at all. And why do the years seem to go 12 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:47,600 Speaker 1: by faster as we get older? Welcome to inner Cosmos 13 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:52,280 Speaker 1: with me, David Eagleman. I'm a neuroscientist and an author 14 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:57,400 Speaker 1: at Stanford University, and I've spent my whole career studying 15 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:01,959 Speaker 1: the intersection between how the rain works and how we 16 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:11,360 Speaker 1: experienced life. The first time I experienced time slowing down, 17 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 1: I was eight years old. It was a Saturday, and 18 00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:17,800 Speaker 1: my brother and I left the house to find something 19 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:20,800 Speaker 1: to do, and on the way out the door, our 20 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 1: father warned us not to go near the house under construction, 21 00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:27,680 Speaker 1: and so we told him we wouldn't, and being children, 22 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:29,880 Speaker 1: we of course went straight to the house under construction. 23 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: So we poked around like kids do, and eventually we 24 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 1: found a ladder and we went up onto the roof, 25 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:40,480 Speaker 1: and from there one could enjoy a wonderful view of 26 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 1: the mountains of Albuquerque, New Mexico. And my brother wandered 27 00:01:44,920 --> 00:01:47,120 Speaker 1: off to explore some other part of the roof, and 28 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: I stepped forward to stand at the edge. Now I 29 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 1: didn't know what tar paper was. I didn't know that 30 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: it was stiff and that it extended past the edge 31 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,400 Speaker 1: of the roof on center construction. So when I thought 32 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:04,880 Speaker 1: I was stepping to the roof's edge, I was actually 33 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:08,639 Speaker 1: stepping on the tar paper, and I began to fall. 34 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 1: As I fell, I thought about grabbing for the roof's edge, 35 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: but some part of my brain recognized I was too 36 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:25,680 Speaker 1: late for that. So I found myself in a spread 37 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:30,680 Speaker 1: eagle position, looking way down to the red brick floor below, 38 00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:34,320 Speaker 1: And as I fell towards what was likely to be 39 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 1: my death, I was thinking calmly about how similar my 40 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:43,239 Speaker 1: fall was to that scene in Alice in Wonderland when 41 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: she falls down the rabbit hole. It was totally calm 42 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:51,240 Speaker 1: and peaceful. I didn't have any fear or panic. I 43 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: was just thinking about a moment from a children's story. 44 00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:01,160 Speaker 1: So it won't surprise you that I lived. But it 45 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: did surprise my parents and the emergency room physicians because 46 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:08,840 Speaker 1: I'd fallen twelve feet and landed on my face, on 47 00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:12,519 Speaker 1: my nose, and I'd lost consciousness and a lot of blood, 48 00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:15,520 Speaker 1: and I'd shattered all the cartilage in my nose. But 49 00:03:15,639 --> 00:03:19,320 Speaker 1: what stayed with me wasn't anything about that or the pain. 50 00:03:19,480 --> 00:03:24,480 Speaker 1: It was a fascination with what had happened. So fast 51 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:27,640 Speaker 1: forward seven years later, I'm in high school physics, and 52 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:31,360 Speaker 1: I learned the formula D equals one half at squared, 53 00:03:31,400 --> 00:03:34,560 Speaker 1: and that allows me to calculate how long the fall took. 54 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:39,120 Speaker 1: And I realized the fall had only taken point six 55 00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:42,880 Speaker 1: of a second. What that couldn't be right. It seemed 56 00:03:42,880 --> 00:03:46,320 Speaker 1: to have taken so much longer. So fast forward some 57 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: more years and I become a neuroscientist, and my graduate 58 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:53,120 Speaker 1: thesis was a large computational model of a chunk of 59 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: brain tissue and the signaling that happens in there. But 60 00:03:56,240 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: the experience of my falls mysteriously long duration never left me. 61 00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: So once I became faculty, I started looking into this 62 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:10,080 Speaker 1: and I started collecting stories from people. So I'm going 63 00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:14,120 Speaker 1: to start with one from a police officer. So one 64 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: morning he got radio that two suspects were heading his 65 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:22,159 Speaker 1: way in a police car chase and that he should 66 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:25,039 Speaker 1: position his car in the middle of the road to 67 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,800 Speaker 1: stop them. So he does that, and he sees the 68 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:31,359 Speaker 1: car coming in from the distance, and he stands in 69 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,000 Speaker 1: the middle of the street and raises his hand for 70 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: them to stop, but they just keep coming, and they're 71 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:41,120 Speaker 1: coming right at him. So he draws his revolver and 72 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,159 Speaker 1: he points it at the driver with the intention of 73 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,799 Speaker 1: shooting him through the windshield. And the car is so close, 74 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:51,840 Speaker 1: and for him, it seemed like time went into slow motion. 75 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:56,799 Speaker 1: And here's how he reports his thoughts. Now, wait a second, 76 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 1: these are three fifty seven hollow points, and they should 77 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:04,599 Speaker 1: go right through the glass. But since the glass is angled, 78 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:08,159 Speaker 1: what if it ricochets off the glass and kills someone 79 00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: on the second story of that house over there. Anyway, 80 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:14,640 Speaker 1: he suddenly realizes that the car is almost on top 81 00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:17,320 Speaker 1: of him, so he jumps out of the way, and 82 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:20,240 Speaker 1: at the same motion he squeezes off around at the 83 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:24,600 Speaker 1: driver's door, bang, and as the car goes by, he 84 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 1: then pulls off a second round bang, and then as 85 00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:30,160 Speaker 1: the car is almost all the way past him, he 86 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:34,360 Speaker 1: feels his finger pull off the third shot bang, and 87 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 1: he assumes that he'd fired at the rear window, but 88 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:42,080 Speaker 1: he noticed that the glass hadn't broken, and so he 89 00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:45,159 Speaker 1: starts to worry that maybe he'd missed, and maybe he'd 90 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:49,640 Speaker 1: shot a bystander down the road, and so he immediately 91 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: is thinking about how his career might be over, And 92 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:56,520 Speaker 1: so his partner comes running up to him, and in 93 00:05:56,560 --> 00:06:01,400 Speaker 1: the conversation afterwards, he realizes that his partner had witnessed 94 00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:06,160 Speaker 1: a very different event. His partner said that the entire 95 00:06:06,279 --> 00:06:10,800 Speaker 1: incident from the car approaching to when it went by, 96 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:14,839 Speaker 1: took maybe all of three seconds. And his partner said 97 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:18,120 Speaker 1: that the three shots sounded like bang bay bang, but 98 00:06:18,200 --> 00:06:22,160 Speaker 1: it didn't feel that way to the officer firing the shots. 99 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:24,800 Speaker 1: It seemed like he had taken a lot of time 100 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 1: to think about ricocheting, about people sitting in their living rooms, 101 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: about whether the shot had hit the back window, about 102 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 1: whether the shot would possibly hit a guy in a 103 00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:38,919 Speaker 1: bar or some distance away, and in his mind the 104 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:45,279 Speaker 1: shots went bang bang bang, as though everything were happening 105 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:49,359 Speaker 1: at a much slower pace. So how is it that 106 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:52,920 Speaker 1: a bang bang bang from one guy is perceived by 107 00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:56,400 Speaker 1: someone else's bang bay bang? How does that happen? Now? 108 00:06:56,440 --> 00:06:58,840 Speaker 1: Here's another story from a doctor who got in a 109 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 1: motorcycle accident. So he's going forty five miles an hour 110 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,720 Speaker 1: down the road. A car pulls out of the driveway 111 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: and he comes off his bike and he hits the 112 00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 1: road and he rolls four or five times, and time 113 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: appears to slow down, and he feels like he's rolling forever. 114 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:23,200 Speaker 1: So after he rolls twice, he thinks, gad, when am 115 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: I ever going to stop rolling? So it seemed like 116 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: time had slowed down for him. And when he was 117 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:31,760 Speaker 1: thinking about this later, he estimated it would take him 118 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:34,480 Speaker 1: about two and a half or three seconds to think 119 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:37,960 Speaker 1: that particular thought, and so that provided him with a 120 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:42,640 Speaker 1: timescale of the amount of time that a single roll 121 00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:47,679 Speaker 1: seemed to take. So when he calculated this later in retrospect, 122 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 1: he determined that the whole event seemed to have taken 123 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:54,360 Speaker 1: about fifteen seconds, but it couldn't have taken any longer 124 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:58,320 Speaker 1: than five or Another report I collected was from a 125 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 1: mother who saw her three year old child fall into 126 00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: the shallow part of a lake at a little distance 127 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:08,560 Speaker 1: away at a park. So, like any parent would, she 128 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,720 Speaker 1: started immediately sprinting towards the lake, but it seemed to 129 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:16,160 Speaker 1: take forever to reach there. Now, her child was fine, 130 00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:18,840 Speaker 1: and in fact it didn't take her that long, but 131 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:23,160 Speaker 1: she was haunted by remembering her thoughts during what seemed 132 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: like a painfully slow process of reaching her child. And 133 00:08:27,880 --> 00:08:32,839 Speaker 1: this impression that time runs slowly is not an uncommon occurrence. 134 00:08:33,280 --> 00:08:37,440 Speaker 1: Other people I interviewed describe things like car accidents where 135 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:41,360 Speaker 1: they watched the whole event unfold slowly with a kind 136 00:08:41,360 --> 00:08:47,240 Speaker 1: of inevitability, the car sliding towards them impacts and the 137 00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:51,080 Speaker 1: door crushes and so on, Or the victim of a 138 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: mugging describing the way that the mugger reaches into his 139 00:08:54,360 --> 00:08:58,520 Speaker 1: jacket to draw a weapon, or a person who's been 140 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 1: in an accident with a skateboard going towards the parked car. 141 00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:06,080 Speaker 1: All of these things involve very short time windows that 142 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:10,680 Speaker 1: for some reason seem very lengthy, and these people, like me, 143 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:14,520 Speaker 1: reported that the sensation of time had seemed to proceed 144 00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:18,600 Speaker 1: more slowly than normal, And so these reports made it 145 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 1: seem possible to me that the brain has a capacity 146 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,880 Speaker 1: to operate at a higher frame rate, which is how 147 00:09:26,920 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: filming slow motion in the movies works. You capture information 148 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,880 Speaker 1: at a higher frame rate and then you play it 149 00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:37,320 Speaker 1: back at normal speed. But what if there was another 150 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: possibility here? What if, for example, it's a trick of memory, 151 00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:45,440 Speaker 1: such that you're laying down denser memories and when you 152 00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:49,680 Speaker 1: read it back out, your brain's only conclusion is, well, 153 00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:53,520 Speaker 1: if I have that much memory, that must correspond to 154 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:56,920 Speaker 1: five seconds, when in fact it only lasted one second. 155 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:00,400 Speaker 1: So I wanted to understand what was happening here the brain, 156 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:05,079 Speaker 1: So I scoured the neuroscience literature, but it turned out 157 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,960 Speaker 1: no one had ever put the question of slow motion 158 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:12,600 Speaker 1: perception to the test. Why not, Well, it's because it 159 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:17,880 Speaker 1: would require placing volunteer subjects in life threatening situations, which 160 00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,320 Speaker 1: is not a clear path to tenure for an academic. 161 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:26,560 Speaker 1: But without a rigorous scientific experiment, I realized it was 162 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:31,000 Speaker 1: difficult to know how to interpret these experiences, including my own, 163 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 1: from a neuroscience point of view, and I was obsessed 164 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: with figuring out how to test this first I needed 165 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:48,840 Speaker 1: something scary, so I packed up stop watches and pads 166 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:51,200 Speaker 1: of paper, and I took all the members of my 167 00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:55,200 Speaker 1: laboratory to Astro World, which was the local amusement park, 168 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: and we set out to find the most terrifying roller coaster. 169 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:07,280 Speaker 1: We had a fantastic time as a group, and we 170 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: did a lot of laughing, but at the end of 171 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,800 Speaker 1: the day we couldn't find anything frightening enough to give 172 00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:17,320 Speaker 1: us the impression that time had moved in slow motion. 173 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:23,160 Speaker 1: We needed something more terrifying, so we kept looking, and 174 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: three weeks later, and three hundred miles away, we found it. 175 00:11:28,080 --> 00:11:37,520 Speaker 1: SCAD diving Now SCAB stands for suspended catch air device. 176 00:11:38,360 --> 00:11:42,600 Speaker 1: Imagine a huge metal tower. It's one hundred and fifty 177 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:46,520 Speaker 1: feet tall. It's kind of like a poor man's Eiffel Tower, 178 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:50,480 Speaker 1: and you step on a small platform that pulls you 179 00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:54,319 Speaker 1: up like a small elevator, and you find yourself standing 180 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,520 Speaker 1: at the very top of the tower, looking down on 181 00:11:57,559 --> 00:12:01,920 Speaker 1: the city. Now, you put a big leather harness on 182 00:12:01,960 --> 00:12:05,120 Speaker 1: your back, and then you click the front of your 183 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:09,200 Speaker 1: harness into a bolet hook. You position yourself so that 184 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:12,520 Speaker 1: you're hanging from the hook, cradled in that piece of 185 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: leather dangling in the air with a net one hundred 186 00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:23,199 Speaker 1: and fifty feet below you, and then the hook releases 187 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:30,040 Speaker 1: and you are in free fall backwards, looking at the sky, 188 00:12:30,760 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 1: falling backwards, not even able to see where the net 189 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:38,440 Speaker 1: is or how much time you have left. When you 190 00:12:38,520 --> 00:12:42,560 Speaker 1: finally hit the net below, you're going seventy miles an hour, 191 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:48,360 Speaker 1: and the net catches you softly and you finally breathe again. 192 00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: This was sufficiently scary. Now I'm going to get back 193 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 1: to the experiment in just a moment, but first I 194 00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: want to specify that this isn't your typical in the 195 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: lab science experiments. So I had to do a lot 196 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:05,120 Speaker 1: of convincing to get the university to sign off. It 197 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:10,480 Speaker 1: took me seven months, but we were finally ready. So 198 00:13:10,559 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: before we tested anyone, I took the plunge myself three 199 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:17,480 Speaker 1: times in a row, and I can tell you that 200 00:13:17,559 --> 00:13:22,640 Speaker 1: each time was equally terrifying as the previous. There's no 201 00:13:22,840 --> 00:13:26,080 Speaker 1: getting used to falling backwards from a height like that. 202 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:29,679 Speaker 1: It goes against every Darwinian instinct that you have in 203 00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:33,720 Speaker 1: terms of staying alive. But back to the question, we've 204 00:13:33,760 --> 00:13:37,600 Speaker 1: now found something sufficiently scary. How do we do the 205 00:13:37,679 --> 00:13:42,000 Speaker 1: experiment to see if people are overclocking or having a 206 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: faster frame rate in the moment. So in my lab 207 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:51,800 Speaker 1: we engineered a wristband that we called the eagle eye, 208 00:13:52,280 --> 00:13:56,320 Speaker 1: or more technically the perceptual chronometer, which is just a 209 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:59,720 Speaker 1: fancy way of saying something that can measure the speed 210 00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:03,200 Speaker 1: of your perception, in other words, how fast you're taking 211 00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: in information from the world. So picture this. It's like 212 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 1: a watch with a big face, and it has a 213 00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:16,560 Speaker 1: rectangular screen of small LED lights. So we can display 214 00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:18,960 Speaker 1: a number on it, let's say the number twenty seven, 215 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:23,240 Speaker 1: by turning on the LEDs that make that number. But 216 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 1: here's the trick. We now switch the lights so that 217 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,280 Speaker 1: in the next moment, all the LEDs that are on 218 00:14:30,440 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: turn off, and all the ones off turn on, So 219 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:36,920 Speaker 1: that still shows you a twenty seven. But now it's 220 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:39,840 Speaker 1: like a negative photograph where the background is lit but 221 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,120 Speaker 1: the number isn't, so you can still easily read that 222 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 1: as twenty seven. Now what we do is we alternate 223 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,400 Speaker 1: the positive and negative images rapidly, so all the lights 224 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 1: are blinking on and off and at a fast pace. 225 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:55,640 Speaker 1: You can still easily see that the number being displayed 226 00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:58,440 Speaker 1: is twenty seven, But if we make it just a 227 00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:01,520 Speaker 1: little bit faster than that, you can't see any number 228 00:15:01,520 --> 00:15:05,080 Speaker 1: at all, because the speed is such that the positive 229 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:08,600 Speaker 1: and negative images fuse together, and it looks like just 230 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:11,160 Speaker 1: a bunch of LEDs that are on, and you can't 231 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,840 Speaker 1: distinguish that number twenty seven from any other number that 232 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: might be displayed. So this speed is known as the 233 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 1: flicker fusion frequency. Things are flickering so fast that they 234 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:27,880 Speaker 1: all fuse together. Perceptually, now we know that even though 235 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:31,160 Speaker 1: you can't see the number anymore, there are cells in 236 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:35,120 Speaker 1: your visual cortex that can follow flicker at much higher 237 00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:38,840 Speaker 1: rates than your consciousness can. So the question was this, 238 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:43,320 Speaker 1: if you're in a terrifying event, can you actually see 239 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:46,680 Speaker 1: in slow motion like Neo in the matrix who sees 240 00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:50,960 Speaker 1: in bullet time, and can you therefore distinguish the flashing 241 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:53,840 Speaker 1: numbers at a faster rate than you would be able 242 00:15:53,880 --> 00:15:57,320 Speaker 1: to normally. In other words, we set the pace of 243 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:01,840 Speaker 1: alternating lights just faster than you can normally see, just 244 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:06,400 Speaker 1: beyond the flicker fusion frequency. So if your vision speeds 245 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:09,680 Speaker 1: up like a slow motion camera taking in more frames 246 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: per second, then you should be able to report the 247 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:16,720 Speaker 1: number that was being flashed. If, on the other hand, 248 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:20,400 Speaker 1: you're not actually seeing in slow motion but instead just 249 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:24,360 Speaker 1: laying down more memory, you'd be no faster at reading 250 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 1: the display and it wouldn't look like anything to you. 251 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:31,760 Speaker 1: So we got twenty three volunteer participants to do the fall, 252 00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:35,840 Speaker 1: and here's how it works. Imagine you're the volunteer. First, 253 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:41,720 Speaker 1: we measure your flicker fusion threshold under a normal relaxed circumstances, 254 00:16:41,760 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: in other words, how fast I can alternate these numbers 255 00:16:45,560 --> 00:16:49,640 Speaker 1: before you can't see them anymore. Then we put you 256 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:54,680 Speaker 1: on the platform that's winched fifteen stories up above the ground. 257 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:59,280 Speaker 1: You strap the perceptual chronometer to your wrist, and then 258 00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:02,760 Speaker 1: you're attacked to this bolet hook that's dangling way above 259 00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:06,320 Speaker 1: the net, and we set the speed of alternation of 260 00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:09,320 Speaker 1: the lights to just slightly faster than you can see 261 00:17:09,359 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 1: any number on there, and you're instructed to keep your 262 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:15,960 Speaker 1: eyes on your wrist in front of you. And then 263 00:17:16,119 --> 00:17:22,560 Speaker 1: at a moment you're not expecting the hook releases during 264 00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:26,119 Speaker 1: the fall, your only job is to identify the random 265 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,720 Speaker 1: number flashing on the watch. That's it. If you're having 266 00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:34,159 Speaker 1: higher temporal resolution. During the free fall, the rate of 267 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:38,040 Speaker 1: alternation should appear slowed, which would allow you to read 268 00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:42,399 Speaker 1: the numbers that would otherwise be unreadable. But that was 269 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: only one part of the experiment. After the fall, we 270 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:51,880 Speaker 1: had participants retrospectively reproduce how long they're fall took using 271 00:17:51,880 --> 00:17:55,200 Speaker 1: a stop watch. So you think back on your fall 272 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,560 Speaker 1: and you start the stopwatch when you picture the hook 273 00:17:58,640 --> 00:18:01,919 Speaker 1: being released, and you stop when you think you hit 274 00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:06,120 Speaker 1: the net, so you're reproducing it in your mind. And 275 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:08,639 Speaker 1: then what you also do is you watch other people 276 00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:12,359 Speaker 1: take the fall and you reproduce that memory on your 277 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 1: stop watch as well, so the moment they were released 278 00:18:15,320 --> 00:18:18,399 Speaker 1: to the moment they hit the net in your memory. 279 00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:22,200 Speaker 1: And what we found here, consistent with the verbal reports, 280 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:25,840 Speaker 1: is that everyone estimates to the duration of their own 281 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:29,920 Speaker 1: fall to be longer than when they're remembering someone else's 282 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,400 Speaker 1: fall the same fall. On average, people felt that their 283 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,960 Speaker 1: own falls took at least thirty percent longer. But the 284 00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:42,320 Speaker 1: surprise came with the results from the perceptual chronometer. No 285 00:18:42,359 --> 00:18:45,119 Speaker 1: one was able to read the numbers in free fall 286 00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:47,920 Speaker 1: at a faster rate than they could when they were 287 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,080 Speaker 1: standing calmly on the ground. And it is not because 288 00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:53,760 Speaker 1: they closed their eyes or didn't pay attention. We monitored 289 00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:58,880 Speaker 1: for that carefully, but because they couldn't, after all, see 290 00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:04,040 Speaker 1: time and slow motion. So despite my subjective experience of 291 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:07,760 Speaker 1: falling from the roof, I hadn't after all seen my 292 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:12,320 Speaker 1: surroundings in bullet time like NEO. Now, this wasn't necessarily 293 00:19:12,359 --> 00:19:15,720 Speaker 1: the result I was expecting. So we analyzed this data 294 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:18,000 Speaker 1: every which way to make sure there wasn't a mistake, 295 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:22,359 Speaker 1: and there wasn't. People weren't actually seeing in slow motion, 296 00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:25,840 Speaker 1: and this was the first step to realizing the link 297 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:32,399 Speaker 1: between time and memory. The reason participants reported a longer 298 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:36,320 Speaker 1: duration for their own fall, even though they were seeing 299 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:41,200 Speaker 1: no faster than normal, comes down to a walnut sized 300 00:19:41,240 --> 00:20:06,440 Speaker 1: area of the brain called the amygdala. When there's an 301 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:11,679 Speaker 1: emergency situation, the amygdala kicks into high year and it 302 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:15,000 Speaker 1: commandeers the resources of the rest of the brain and 303 00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:19,840 Speaker 1: it forces everything to attend to the situation at hand. Now, 304 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:22,840 Speaker 1: what's emerged in neuroscience in the last few decades is 305 00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:26,920 Speaker 1: that when the amigdala gets involved, memories are laid down 306 00:20:27,119 --> 00:20:30,879 Speaker 1: on a secondary memory system. This is not your normal 307 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:33,959 Speaker 1: memory system, for everyday stuff which is taken care of 308 00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: by the hippocampus, but a secondary track because that's what 309 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:45,119 Speaker 1: memories are. Four. In an emergency situation, when everything is 310 00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:47,399 Speaker 1: hitting the fan, that's when you want to make sure 311 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:50,679 Speaker 1: that you write down all the details for future reference. 312 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:55,960 Speaker 1: Now here's the key. When you play these memories back out, 313 00:20:56,760 --> 00:21:00,960 Speaker 1: your brain interprets the higher density of data as a 314 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:08,240 Speaker 1: longer duration. So under normal everyday circumstances, most of what 315 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: happens to you passes right through your system and very 316 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 1: little gets retained. You don't remember much of anything about 317 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:18,240 Speaker 1: the details of who you passed on the street today, 318 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:21,520 Speaker 1: or all the billboards you saw on your drive, or 319 00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:23,720 Speaker 1: the color of the car in front of you, or 320 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:25,520 Speaker 1: who is in front of you in line at the 321 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:30,120 Speaker 1: coffee shop, or much else. When you're judging how long 322 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 1: something lasted, the only way you can do it is 323 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: by looking back and essentially counting up memories. Your brain 324 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:40,800 Speaker 1: doesn't get time information for free. It's not like it 325 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:43,960 Speaker 1: has a built in clock. It's made up of billions 326 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,200 Speaker 1: of cells and that's all it has to work with. 327 00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:54,720 Speaker 1: So through experience it figures out how to make correlations. 328 00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: If I have this much memory I can draw on, 329 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:02,119 Speaker 1: then that event must have lasted ten seconds, or ten months, 330 00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:05,800 Speaker 1: or ten years. And in this way, duration is always 331 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:10,400 Speaker 1: a retrospective estimate and is totally dependent on how much 332 00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:15,680 Speaker 1: memory you have, what landmarks you can identify in your 333 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:20,800 Speaker 1: memory landscape. And this is why time and memory are linked. 334 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:25,400 Speaker 1: But here's what's really important to know about this consciousness. 335 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:28,920 Speaker 1: Your experience of the world right now, it's always a 336 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:34,800 Speaker 1: story that's told retrospectively. You're not conscious of anything in 337 00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: the moment in real time. But consciousness is always about 338 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:42,240 Speaker 1: your brain asking itself what does happened? What has happened? 339 00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: And it pulls the appropriate signals from whatever is available 340 00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:50,440 Speaker 1: to answer that question. So the reason that police officer 341 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:55,000 Speaker 1: remembered his gunshots as being far apart in time is 342 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: because he was laying down so many details of the footage, 343 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:03,360 Speaker 1: so many memories. The car is approaching him, he jumps 344 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:05,880 Speaker 1: out of the way, he hits the ground, he's shooting 345 00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:09,159 Speaker 1: at the side, he shoots at the back window, the 346 00:23:09,240 --> 00:23:13,960 Speaker 1: closeness of the squealing tires, one hundred other details. All 347 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: that gets stored by this emergency memory storage system. And 348 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:22,359 Speaker 1: so when his brain says, what has happened? What has happened? 349 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:26,160 Speaker 1: He has such a density of memory that his brain 350 00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:30,160 Speaker 1: concludes naturally that the event must have been spread out 351 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: over a long time. And the same goes for that 352 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:38,360 Speaker 1: doctor in the motorcycle accident. In a normal five seconds 353 00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: of riding along on the road, not much as getting 354 00:23:41,359 --> 00:23:44,520 Speaker 1: written down in your memory. But when you're on the road, 355 00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:48,800 Speaker 1: rolling on the asphalt, and possibly about to die, your 356 00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 1: brain is keeping track of everything it can. So when 357 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,919 Speaker 1: your brain says what just happened, it has such a 358 00:23:56,119 --> 00:24:01,359 Speaker 1: density of memories that it assumes the event lasted long. Now, 359 00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:04,959 Speaker 1: getting back to the test that I conducted. After I 360 00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: published these results, several people independently said to me, Hey, 361 00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:12,520 Speaker 1: I read your paper, but I think you're wrong because 362 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:16,919 Speaker 1: I know that I experienced the car accident in slow motion. 363 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:20,560 Speaker 1: So I just asked them, look, the person who was 364 00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:23,560 Speaker 1: sitting next to you on the passenger seat, did it 365 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:29,960 Speaker 1: really sound like they were saying, Because if not, then 366 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,440 Speaker 1: you weren't actually experiencing the world in slow motion. And 367 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,480 Speaker 1: they have to allow that if time were really stretched out, 368 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:41,080 Speaker 1: everything would have to be in slow motion like a movie. 369 00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,800 Speaker 1: So I want to add there are some interesting exceptions 370 00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:48,960 Speaker 1: to the slow motion effect. It only happens in certain circumstances, 371 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:52,919 Speaker 1: and the reason is because it depends on whether or 372 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:57,639 Speaker 1: not you are expecting or foreseeing the disaster that's heading 373 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:00,959 Speaker 1: your way. This is what I call the sliding on 374 00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:05,080 Speaker 1: ice towards a brickwall phenomenon. If you're in that situation 375 00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:09,119 Speaker 1: and you see what's coming, then all of your attention 376 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:13,520 Speaker 1: is riveted on the details, and so as we just saw, 377 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 1: you're capturing them for later analysis in your memory. So 378 00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:21,720 Speaker 1: you have the retrospective impression that it all must have 379 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:27,040 Speaker 1: taken a long time. But interestingly, when something unexpected happens, 380 00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:30,080 Speaker 1: when you don't see it coming at all, you don't 381 00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:33,480 Speaker 1: have time to put your attentional systems on it and 382 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:36,919 Speaker 1: write down the memories, and in retrospect, it seems like 383 00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:40,280 Speaker 1: it happened with no time at all. Once, when I 384 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:43,919 Speaker 1: was biking, my front tire went into a pothole and 385 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,879 Speaker 1: I went flying over the handlebars. But I don't remember 386 00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: anything from the event because the whole thing came as 387 00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:51,919 Speaker 1: a surprise. I didn't see it coming. And this is 388 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:55,480 Speaker 1: what happens when people are t boned in their car 389 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:59,359 Speaker 1: by a vehicle that they didn't see the event doesn't 390 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:02,800 Speaker 1: seem to run slow motion, but instead it's as though 391 00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:06,359 Speaker 1: time is gone. They were driving along through the intersection, 392 00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:09,280 Speaker 1: and in the next moment their car was pinned up 393 00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:13,480 Speaker 1: against the lamp post without any notion of what the 394 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 1: heck just happened. So I noticed when I interviewed people 395 00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:21,120 Speaker 1: that they described all the predictable things as though they 396 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:24,560 Speaker 1: happened in slow motion because they had so many detailed 397 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:29,399 Speaker 1: memories about them. But they don't describe the airbags coming 398 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: out in slow motion because that happens totally unexpectedly. Now, 399 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:36,240 Speaker 1: let me get back to the big question. What is 400 00:26:36,280 --> 00:26:39,879 Speaker 1: this link between time and memory have to do with 401 00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:46,719 Speaker 1: our normal lives. Well, this is why time seems to 402 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,439 Speaker 1: speed up for all of us as we get older. 403 00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:53,760 Speaker 1: We all have the impression that a childhood summer seemed 404 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:57,840 Speaker 1: to last forever, But when you're older, the summers are 405 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:01,479 Speaker 1: here and then they're gone, and years zip by and 406 00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:06,040 Speaker 1: decades zip by. Well, now you know why. It's because 407 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 1: the job of the brain is to build an internal 408 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 1: model of the world out there. Your brain is locked 409 00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:16,800 Speaker 1: in silence and darkness inside your skull, and all it's 410 00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:20,200 Speaker 1: trying to do is understand the structures of the world 411 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:23,879 Speaker 1: so it can operate in it better, and whenever it 412 00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:28,280 Speaker 1: encounters a surprise, it writes that down and it makes 413 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,879 Speaker 1: changes to your circuitry. But as you go through life 414 00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:36,639 Speaker 1: and your brain develops better models of the world, less 415 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:41,080 Speaker 1: and less carries much surprise. And this is why you 416 00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:44,560 Speaker 1: lay down fewer memories as you age. It's because you've 417 00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:48,280 Speaker 1: seen that situation before, and you've met that personality before, 418 00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:52,200 Speaker 1: and you've done that job before, and so the memories 419 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:56,600 Speaker 1: that you lay down are much thinner, they're more impoverished. 420 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,920 Speaker 1: But in contrast, when you're in your childhood, everything is new, 421 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:05,359 Speaker 1: and so the richness of that of your memories gives 422 00:28:05,359 --> 00:28:09,520 Speaker 1: you the impression of increased duration. When you are looking 423 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:12,320 Speaker 1: back at the end of a childhood summer, it seems 424 00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,400 Speaker 1: to have lasted for such a long time because everything 425 00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:18,200 Speaker 1: was new. But when you're looking back at the end 426 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:22,560 Speaker 1: of an adult summer, it seems to have disappeared rapidly 427 00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,840 Speaker 1: because you haven't written much down in your memory. So 428 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:31,600 Speaker 1: I don't recommend emergency situations, but it sure does make 429 00:28:31,640 --> 00:28:35,600 Speaker 1: you operate like you're a child again. So here is 430 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:41,880 Speaker 1: the take home lesson. We have to seek novelty because 431 00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:44,680 Speaker 1: this is what lays down new memories in the brain. 432 00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,320 Speaker 1: So one thing I do every day that I can, 433 00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:51,400 Speaker 1: I drive home a different route from work. It's not 434 00:28:51,480 --> 00:28:54,640 Speaker 1: that hard and it doesn't take much longer, but it 435 00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:58,040 Speaker 1: allows me to see things in a fresh way. Most 436 00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:00,280 Speaker 1: of us have had the experience that when you drive 437 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:02,800 Speaker 1: to work for the first time, it seems to take 438 00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:05,160 Speaker 1: a really long time, but after that it shrinks. And 439 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:10,520 Speaker 1: it's because you're becoming an automatized zombie and you're just 440 00:29:10,760 --> 00:29:14,160 Speaker 1: running this program unconsciously of driving to work. You're not 441 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:18,120 Speaker 1: noticing new things anymore. And another thing I try to 442 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:22,400 Speaker 1: do is rearrange my office every month or so. It's 443 00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:24,840 Speaker 1: really easy. You just push your desk over to the 444 00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:27,880 Speaker 1: other side. You maybe swap the artwork on the walls, 445 00:29:27,960 --> 00:29:30,960 Speaker 1: things like that. These are easy things to do. One 446 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:35,200 Speaker 1: thing that I recommend is tonight brush your teeth with 447 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:38,280 Speaker 1: your other hand. It's not that hard to do, but 448 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:42,800 Speaker 1: it will make you seem as though you are extending 449 00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 1: your time a bit because you're forcing your brain off 450 00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:50,280 Speaker 1: its hamster wheel of doing things a particular way every day. 451 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:52,320 Speaker 1: And by the way, if you wear a watch or 452 00:29:52,360 --> 00:29:55,040 Speaker 1: a fitbit switch it to the other hand, so that 453 00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:57,760 Speaker 1: when you are looking at it, it's not just an 454 00:29:57,760 --> 00:29:59,640 Speaker 1: automatic thing, but it's something you have to put a 455 00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:03,440 Speaker 1: little bit of attention towards. So all these kind of things, 456 00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,400 Speaker 1: any version of this, it's the best thing that you 457 00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: can do to perceptually extend your life. That's all for 458 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:18,880 Speaker 1: this week. To find out more and to share your thoughts, 459 00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:22,800 Speaker 1: head over to eagleman dot com, slash Podcasts, and you 460 00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:26,560 Speaker 1: can also watch full episodes of Inner Cosmos on YouTube. 461 00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:29,520 Speaker 1: Subscribe to my channel so you can follow along each 462 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:33,600 Speaker 1: week for new updates until next time. I'm David Eagleman, 463 00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:35,600 Speaker 1: and this is the Inner Cosmos.