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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all were rerunning two episodes today, which means that

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Speaker 1: you'll hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson enjoy

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Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this Day in History Class from

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of

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Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class. It's the show where

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Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with

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Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and

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Speaker 1: it's January seventh. Famed contralto Marian Anderson became the first

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Speaker 1: black performer to take the stage at the Metropolitan Opera

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Speaker 1: on this day in nine. She had been born in Philadelphia.

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Speaker 1: Her mother had been a school teacher, Her father delivered

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Speaker 1: ice and cole, and she and her two sisters were

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Speaker 1: all very musically talented, but Marian especially really stood out.

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Speaker 1: Her church congregations started teaching her more about music at

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Speaker 1: a very young age, and at the age of four,

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Speaker 1: team she was moved from the children's choir at the

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Speaker 1: Union Baptist Church into the adult choir. She had a

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Speaker 1: really astounding vocal range, and she also had the ability

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Speaker 1: to read the music and sing whatever part was needed

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Speaker 1: right there in the moment. Her church congregation recognized that

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Speaker 1: she had just astonishing musical abilities, and they started a

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Speaker 1: fund to pay for her to get private music lessons.

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Speaker 1: She was able to find a number of voice instructors

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Speaker 1: over the years, including some who were so impressed with

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Speaker 1: her talent that they agreed to teach her for free,

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Speaker 1: but most of Philadelphia's conservatories would not admit her because

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Speaker 1: of her race. At the age of seventeen, she won

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Speaker 1: a contest to perform with the New York Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra.

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Speaker 1: That performance happened in August. She made her European debut

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Speaker 1: ten years later at the Paris Opera House. By this point,

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Speaker 1: she was showing her range, not just in terms of

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Speaker 1: the no that she could sing, but also singing in

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Speaker 1: different styles of music and different languages, singing everything from

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Speaker 1: spirituals to classical music to folk songs all across the board.

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Speaker 1: And she was also really determined. She broke her ankle

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Speaker 1: just before she was to debut at Carnegie Hall in

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Speaker 1: New York, and she did her entire performance standing on

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Speaker 1: one leg, balancing herself against a piano, using her dress

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Speaker 1: to cover up the fact that she was in a

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Speaker 1: cast that was in ninety five, and a year later

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Speaker 1: she became the first black person to perform at the

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Speaker 1: White House. In nineteen thirty nine, one of the more

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Speaker 1: dramatic events of her life took place. She was supposed

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Speaker 1: to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, d C. But

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Speaker 1: the Daughters of the American Revolution, which owned the hall,

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Speaker 1: refused to allow her to do it. This was one

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Speaker 1: of the more obvious instances of racism in her career,

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Speaker 1: but it was not remotely the only one. While she

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Speaker 1: was traveling around the United States, she was routinely turned

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Speaker 1: away from restaurants and hotels because of her race. Southern

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Speaker 1: newspapers also shied away from calling her miss as they

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Speaker 1: would call a white woman. After the d a R

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Speaker 1: refused to let her perform at Constitution Hall, Eleanor Roosevelt,

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Speaker 1: who had been the first lady during that performance in

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Speaker 1: the White House, resigned her position at the d a

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Speaker 1: R publicly. A number of other prominent women publicly resigned

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Speaker 1: as well in outrage, and a Marian Anderson Committee formed

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Speaker 1: in response to all of this. That committee and Eleanor

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Speaker 1: Roosevelt worked together to arrange a concert at the Lincoln

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Speaker 1: Memorial instead. Seventy five thousand people attended, and one of

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Speaker 1: the people who's reported to have heard this and the

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Speaker 1: broadcast was Martin Luther King, Jr. Who later cited it

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Speaker 1: as an inspiration. Marian Anderson continued to perform. She took

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Speaker 1: the stage at the Metropolitan Opera on January seventh. As

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Speaker 1: I said at the top of the show, she had

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Speaker 1: a standing ovation before she even began singing in her

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Speaker 1: role in that night's performance, which was the Sorceress Ulrica

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Speaker 1: in the Verity opera Balo Maschera. She continued to perform.

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Speaker 1: She continued to receive so many accolades, including being awarded

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Speaker 1: the Presidential Medal of Freedom over the next ten years.

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Speaker 1: She published her autobiography called my Lord, What a Morning

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Speaker 1: in ninety seven, and she became a u N Goodwill

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Speaker 1: Ambassador the next year. She also gave benefit concerts for

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Speaker 1: civil rights organizations and sang at the March on Washington

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Speaker 1: for Jobs in Freedom. She retired after her last performance

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Speaker 1: at Carnegie Hall in nineteen sixty five, and she died

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Speaker 1: on April eighth of nineteen nine. You can learn more

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Speaker 1: about her in the August one episode of Stuff You

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Speaker 1: miss in History Class. Thanks to Casey Pegraham and Chandler

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Speaker 1: Mayze for their audio work on this show. You can

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Speaker 1: subscribe to This Day in History Class and Apple podcast,

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Speaker 1: Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and We're Real

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Speaker 1: to get your podcasts, and you can tune in tomorrow

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Speaker 1: for another first this time I'm within the world of

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Speaker 1: lgbt Q history. Hey everyone, I'm Eves and welcome back

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Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a podcast where we

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Speaker 1: unwrap a piece of history candy every day. The day

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Speaker 1: was January seven, nineteen seventy nine. Vietnamese troops occupied pnom Pin,

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Speaker 1: the capital of Cambodia, and overthrew pole Pots regime. Under

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Speaker 1: pole Pots administration, millions of Cambodians died through forced labor

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Speaker 1: or genocide. The communist movement in Cambodia emerged in nineteen

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Speaker 1: thirty when Cambodia was a French protectorate and part of

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Speaker 1: French Indochina. The Indo Chinese Communist Party was active across

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Speaker 1: French Indochina and then Cambodia. In nineteen fifty one, the

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Speaker 1: party set up the Commune People's Revolutionary Party or kp

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Speaker 1: r P. Leaders of the Khmer Rock or the anti

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Speaker 1: colonial resistance movement helped found the KPRP. Cambodia gained independence

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Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty three. In nineteen sixty the KPRP was

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Speaker 1: renamed the Workers Party of Campuchea, and six years later

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Speaker 1: it was renamed the Communist Party of Campuchea. Nuancea and

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Speaker 1: sell Off Sar later known as pol Pot, emerged as

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Speaker 1: leaders in the party. Followers of the party became known

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Speaker 1: as a Khmer Rouge, a term coined by the Prince

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Speaker 1: of Cambodia, Na Dam Suke. Driven by communist ideals, the

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Speaker 1: Khmer Rouge army operated mainly in remote, jungle and mountain

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Speaker 1: areas in northeast Cambodia. They advocated for an aquarian society,

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Speaker 1: one party rule, and abolition of private property. They also

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Speaker 1: rejected urban and western influences and encouraged nationalism. The camer

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Speaker 1: Rouge led resistance efforts against Sianuke, whose authoritarian rule inspired

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Speaker 1: some opposition, but Sianuke also had plenty of supporters and

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Speaker 1: was popular among people in the countryside, and the camer

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Speaker 1: Rouge initially made little headway in their insurgent efforts. At

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Speaker 1: the time, Vietnam, one of Cambodia's neighboring countries was embroiled

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Speaker 1: in war. An influence in Cambodia was sought after by

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Speaker 1: the communist and anti communist powers. Cambodia was officially non

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Speaker 1: aligned regarding the Vietnam War, but in the nineteen sixties,

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Speaker 1: Sienu cut ties with the US and the North Vietnamese Army,

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Speaker 1: and South Vietnamese insurgents operated from Cambodian border areas and

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Speaker 1: the port of Sianukeville. At this point, the pretense of

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Speaker 1: Cambodia neutrality clearly dissolved. The US ordered a bunch of

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Speaker 1: bombing attacks in Cambodia in the late nineteen sixties, targeting

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Speaker 1: the viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. In nineteen seventy,

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Speaker 1: pro American Cambodian politician Lawnnall and Sien Nukes other opponents,

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Speaker 1: had the Prints deposed as head of state. The US

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Speaker 1: back Camare Republic, led by law Noll, was proclaimed later

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Speaker 1: that year. Sienn aligned with the Camere Rouge, and support

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Speaker 1: for the Camere Rouge began to pick up. War broke

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Speaker 1: out in Cambodia. US air strikes continued throughout the early

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventies, killing combatants and civilians alike, while Vietnamese communists

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Speaker 1: aided the Camere Rouge and capturing the countryside. The US

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Speaker 1: stopped the aerial attacks in nineteen seventy three, but continued

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Speaker 1: aiding law Noll's government. Civil war between the Camere Rouge

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Speaker 1: and government forces continued until nineteen seventy five, when the

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Speaker 1: Camere Rouge entered Panompin and over threw the pro US

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Speaker 1: military regime. Pol Pot became the government it's prime minister.

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Speaker 1: As soon as the Khmer Rouge took power, they evacuated

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Speaker 1: cities and forced people into the countryside to start agricultural work.

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Speaker 1: Pol Pot admired the way the tribes and the outskirts

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Speaker 1: of Cambodia's jungles lived, and he set about a brutal

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Speaker 1: overhaul of Cambodian society. The country was renamed Democratic Campuchea.

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Speaker 1: The Khmer Rouge shut down banks and abolished the national

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Speaker 1: currency and free markets. Buddhism and other religions were denounced.

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Speaker 1: Artwork was destroyed, families were broken up, Foreigners were expelled.

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Speaker 1: People who worked in the rural farming communes forced to

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Speaker 1: cultivate rice died from disease starvation and abuse. Intellectuals, people

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Speaker 1: in the middle class, people associated with the previous government,

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Speaker 1: and ethnic and national minorities were killed. Lack of food, drugs,

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Speaker 1: and medical care in the country led to more deaths.

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Speaker 1: It's estimated that the Khmer Rouge killed between one and

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Speaker 1: two million people during their rule. The Khmer Route also

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Speaker 1: launched incursions into Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. On January seventh,

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventy nine, Vietnamese troops responded by capturing Panompin, toppling

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Speaker 1: Pol Pot's regime and establishing a moderate communist government. The

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Speaker 1: camer Rouge fled, but re established forces in Thai territory.

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Speaker 1: Survivors of the Camere Rouge called for reparations in justice,

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Speaker 1: but war and turmoil continued in Cambodia. Vietnamese troops withdrew

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Speaker 1: from Cambodia in nineteen eighty nine. Pol Pot continued to

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Speaker 1: leave the Camere Rouge as an insurgent movement until nineteen

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Speaker 1: after he died in the movement crumbled. Some of the

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Speaker 1: movements other leaders were convicted of war crimes, crimes against humanity,

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Speaker 1: and genocide in trials by the Camere Route tribuneal I'm

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Speaker 1: Eve Jeffco and hopefully you know a little more about

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Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. You can find us

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Speaker 1: on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t d i h

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Speaker 1: C Podcast. If emails your thing, send us a note

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Speaker 1: at this day at I heeart media dot com. Thanks

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Speaker 1: again for listening. We'll see you same place tomorrow. For

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Speaker 1: more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app,

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