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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You missed in History Class the production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome

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Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry.

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Speaker 1: I started talking immediately as I could see that Holly

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Speaker 1: was taking a drinking water. So not long ago on

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Speaker 1: the podcast, we talked about the sit in movement in

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Speaker 1: the United States of the nineteen sixties, and today we're

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Speaker 1: kind of coming back to that theme with an addition

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Speaker 1: of six Impossible episodes. For listeners who are new to

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Speaker 1: our show. This is when we take a shorter look

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Speaker 1: at six topics that, for one reason or another, we

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Speaker 1: can't quite tackle as a standalone episode. That can be

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Speaker 1: for all kinds of reasons, including how much information is

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Speaker 1: available and how broad the topic itself is. This time

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Speaker 1: we are looking at what I'm just calling other ins,

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Speaker 1: so other direct action demonstrations and some protests that have

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Speaker 1: some similarities to that sit in movement that we talked

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Speaker 1: about earlier. A couple of today's topics might have worked

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Speaker 1: as whole episodes, but I really like having them as

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Speaker 1: part of this collection because together they illustrate a wide

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Speaker 1: variety of ways that these kinds of demonstrations have worked

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Speaker 1: in the United States. They point out some similarities and

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Speaker 1: differences in these movements, so we're keeping them all together today.

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Speaker 1: And our first event took place in Alexandria, Virginia. A

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Speaker 1: lot of articles about it today call it the Alexandria

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Speaker 1: Library sit in, but accounts and newspaper reports from the

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Speaker 1: time described it as a sit down strike. On August one, nine,

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Speaker 1: a group of young black men tried to get library

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Speaker 1: cards at the whites only library on Queen Street in Alexandria, Virginia,

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Speaker 1: which is the Kate Waller Barrett Branch Library today. Their

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Speaker 1: names were William Evans, Otto L. Tucker, Edward Gaddis, Morris Murray,

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Speaker 1: and Clarence Strain, and they were all between the ages

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Speaker 1: of nineteen and twenty two. So they each came into

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Speaker 1: the library one at a time and asked Alice Green,

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Speaker 1: who was the assistant librarian on duty, if they could

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Speaker 1: register for a library card. She told each of them

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Speaker 1: know that the library was for whites only, and then

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Speaker 1: from there each of them would pick a book from

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Speaker 1: the stacks and then sit down at a table to

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Speaker 1: read it, or at least to try to read. Later

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Speaker 1: on some of them gave interviews where they talked about

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Speaker 1: being way too nervous to actually concentrate on what was

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Speaker 1: on the page, so once one person had gotten a

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Speaker 1: book and sat down, the next person would come in

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Speaker 1: and do the same thing. With five black men sitting

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Speaker 1: at five different tables in the library and refusing to leave,

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Speaker 1: Green wasn't sure what to do. She sent the librari's page,

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Speaker 1: William Adam, to the home of the head librarian, Catherine Scoggin,

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Speaker 1: to tell her what was going on. Scoggin went to

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Speaker 1: city Hall to discuss what was happening with the city

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Speaker 1: planner and the chief of Police. Soon police were on

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Speaker 1: the scene of the library. Ay and a sixth participant

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Speaker 1: in this who was fourteen year old Bobby Strange, had

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Speaker 1: been tasked with keeping watch over the library and then

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Speaker 1: going to get Attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker, known as sw

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Speaker 1: from his law office, which was nearby when the police

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Speaker 1: got there. S. W. Tucker had graduated from Howard University

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Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty three, studied law on his own, and

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Speaker 1: passed the Virginia Bar Exam at the age of only twenty,

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Speaker 1: a year too young to actually be sworn in. He

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Speaker 1: had arranged the sit down strike at the library, and

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Speaker 1: his brother Otto, was one of the people sitting in

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Speaker 1: back in, s W and Otto had been arrested after

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Speaker 1: refusing to give up their seat on a trolley to

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Speaker 1: a white passenger, so they already had some experience in

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Speaker 1: civil disobedience. S W and a friend had also been

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Speaker 1: denied library cards shortly after the library opened. He was

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Speaker 1: hoping to use that as part of a court case

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Speaker 1: to force the library to integrate. The sit in was

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Speaker 1: part of that plan as well. S W. Tucker had

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Speaker 1: also have gotten a photographer to document the scene, and

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Speaker 1: that photographer captured a picture of the demonstrators being escorted

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Speaker 1: out of the building by police. What you won't see

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Speaker 1: if you look at this photo online is that by

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Speaker 1: the time that happened, a crowd of about three hundred

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Speaker 1: angry spectators, along with some other reporters, had also gathered

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Speaker 1: around the building. The demonstrators were charged with disorderly conduct,

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Speaker 1: and Tucker arranged for their release from jail. In terms

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Speaker 1: of Tucker's legal action, the library was taxpayer funded and

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Speaker 1: black residents paid taxes but weren't allowed to use it,

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Speaker 1: so his hope was that the courts would force the

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Speaker 1: library to allow equal access to black residents, but rather

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Speaker 1: than integrate the library, the city of Alexandria rushed through

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Speaker 1: approvals for a new library for black patrons, the Robert H.

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Speaker 1: Robinson Library, which opened on February four. When S. W.

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Speaker 1: Tucker got a letter inviting him to register for a

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Speaker 1: library card at that branch, he ands with a refusal,

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Speaker 1: insisting that he issued the card he had already applied

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Speaker 1: for at the library that had already existed. He went

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Speaker 1: on to write, quote, continued delay beyond the close of

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Speaker 1: this month and issuing me a card for use of

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Speaker 1: the library on Queen Street will be taken as refusal

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Speaker 1: to do so, whereupon I feel justified in seeking aid

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Speaker 1: of court to enforce my right. Tucker went on to

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Speaker 1: become the lead lawyer for the Double A CP in Virginia.

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Speaker 1: During his legal career, he argued before the U. S.

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Speaker 1: Supreme Court several times, including in the attempts to overturn

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Speaker 1: public school segregation in Virginia. Today, an elementary school in

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Speaker 1: Alexandria is named in his honor, and the former Robinson

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Speaker 1: Library is the Alexandria Black History Museum. In October nine

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Speaker 1: a judge dismissed the disorderly conduct charges against the young

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Speaker 1: men who sat in, which had never come to trial.

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Speaker 1: So one of the really interesting things about this sit

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Speaker 1: in is that it used the same strategy that then

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Speaker 1: double a CP and our civil rights organizations were using

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Speaker 1: really extensively later on. It's not like nobody had ever

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Speaker 1: thought to do this, but he was sort of doing

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Speaker 1: something that would become a really huge part of the

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Speaker 1: movement later, and that was pairing direct action with legal action.

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Speaker 1: The Alexandria sit in pre dated the parts that we

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Speaker 1: really think of as the most active parts of the

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Speaker 1: civil rights movement, but this strategy was really similar to

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Speaker 1: a lot of what was going on later on. Next up,

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Speaker 1: we have a relatively early moment in the movement for

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Speaker 1: lgbt Q rights in the US, back when it was

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Speaker 1: more commonly known as the homophile movement. The Madachine Society

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Speaker 1: was one of the earliest gay rights organizations in the

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Speaker 1: United States. One documented as being older is Chicago Society

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Speaker 1: for Human Rights, which was founded into We covered that

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Speaker 1: on the show In the Machine. Society was first founded

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Speaker 1: in Los Angeles in nineteen fifty one, and then other

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Speaker 1: chapters formed in other cities around the US after that,

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Speaker 1: and in nineteen sixty six, members of New York City's

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Speaker 1: Manachine Society challenged regulations that prohibited gay men from being

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Speaker 1: served alcohol in New York's bars. Those regulations came from

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Speaker 1: the New York State Liquor Authority in the form of

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Speaker 1: a requirement that bar patrons had to display quote orderly conduct.

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Speaker 1: In the liquor Authority's view, homosexuality was inherently disorderly. Although

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Speaker 1: the policy didn't specifically mention sexual orientation, police frequently rated

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Speaker 1: bars that were believed to have a gay clientele, and

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Speaker 1: bars posted signs saying that men had to be facing

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Speaker 1: the bar while drinking. This was part of an overall

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Speaker 1: climate of homophobia, stigmatization, and harassment, and it was not

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Speaker 1: unique to New York. Other states had similar policies, some

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Speaker 1: of which specifically referenced homosexuality. On April one, nineteen sixty six,

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Speaker 1: three Matachine Society members went to bars in New York

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Speaker 1: City with the hope of being denied service so that

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Speaker 1: then they could file suit and try to get that

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Speaker 1: policy overturned. They included Dick Leish, who was the head

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Speaker 1: of the New York chap of the Machine Society, as

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Speaker 1: well as Craig Rodwell and John Timmins. A fourth man,

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Speaker 1: Randy Wicker, also joined them as they went on. They

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Speaker 1: had informed reporters of what they were doing ahead of time,

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Speaker 1: and they called it a sip in. This turned out

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Speaker 1: to be a little easier said than done them. The

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Speaker 1: men's first choice had been a bar that had a

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Speaker 1: sign posted in the window that said if you're gay,

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Speaker 1: go away, but as soon as the staff there realized

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Speaker 1: that there were reporters on the premises, they closed down

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Speaker 1: for the day. At their next stop, the men told

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Speaker 1: the bartender that they were homosexual, but that they would

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Speaker 1: not be disorderly, and they asked to be served, and

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Speaker 1: in that case the bartender served them, which is what

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Speaker 1: happened at their next stop as well. There are interviews

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Speaker 1: I think it was with Dick Leish where he was

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Speaker 1: talking about at this point they were like, we have

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Speaker 1: we've got to get turned down at the next bar,

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Speaker 1: or we're gonna have to table this for later because

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Speaker 1: we're going to be like too inebriated to make the

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Speaker 1: argument that we're not disorderly. So they finally wound up

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Speaker 1: at a bar called Julius Is in Greenwich Village, which

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Speaker 1: they thought would be hyper sensitive to their presence there

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Speaker 1: because it had recently been rated by police the same

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Speaker 1: as before. They sat down at the bar. They told

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Speaker 1: the bartender that they were gay, but they were going

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Speaker 1: to remain orderly, and they said that they wanted to

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Speaker 1: be served. The bartender had already put glasses in front

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Speaker 1: of them and covered them with his hands, saying I

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Speaker 1: can't serve you. Then this led to a dramatic photo

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Speaker 1: captured by Fred mcdera of the Village Voice, with a

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Speaker 1: three Mann coats and ties facing the bartender and the

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Speaker 1: bartender covering their glasses. With the help of the A c.

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Speaker 1: L U, the men filed legal action against the State

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Speaker 1: Liquor Board and the bar. New York City's Commissioned on

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Speaker 1: Human Rights got involved with it as well, so under

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Speaker 1: the threat of a lawsuit, the Liquor Board changed the policy.

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Speaker 1: Then in nineteen sixty seven, which was just a few

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Speaker 1: years later, a New York Court of Appeals issued a

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Speaker 1: ruling in the case Kerma Restaurant Corporation Versus State Liquor Authority,

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Speaker 1: and that court ruling specifically said that homosexuality was not

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Speaker 1: inherently disorderly. That ruling did not end discrimination at New

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Speaker 1: York's bars. Though the Stonewall riots started after a police

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Speaker 1: raid on June nineteen sixty nine, that was another two

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Speaker 1: more years after that appeals court ruling had happened. We

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Speaker 1: are going to take a quick sponsor break before we

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Speaker 1: go on to some more actions. The Machine Society sit

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Speaker 1: in we talked about a moment ago was inspired by

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Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties civil rights sit ins that we just

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Speaker 1: covered on a podcast, and that was also true of

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Speaker 1: our next active protest, which is the fissions that took

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Speaker 1: place in the Pacific Northwest in the nineteen fifties and

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Speaker 1: sixties and beyond. But the context for that protest stretches

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Speaker 1: all the way back to the nineteenth century. Isaac Ingles

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Speaker 1: Stevens became governor of what was then Washington Territory in

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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty three. One of his objectives as governor was

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Speaker 1: to secure as much land as possible from the indigenous

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Speaker 1: tribes and nations who were living in the Pacific north West.

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Speaker 1: As we discussed in our recent two partner on the

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Speaker 1: occupation of Alcatraz, he did this through treaties, and these

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Speaker 1: treaties detailed the terms under which the Native nations ceded

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Speaker 1: land to the United States. These treaties ultimately assigned more

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Speaker 1: than nine of the total land to the United States,

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Speaker 1: with the rest being established as a reservation land. At

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Speaker 1: least thirteen tribes and nations were signatories to these treaties,

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Speaker 1: including the Nsqually, the Pulp, and the muccle Shoote, although

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Speaker 1: the exact number is a little complicated because Stevens treated

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Speaker 1: individual villages as separate tribes when he was negotiating these treaties,

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Speaker 1: under the idea that a smaller group would have less

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Speaker 1: negotiating power. These treaties covered a lot of points in

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Speaker 1: the relationship between the Indigenous nations and the United States,

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Speaker 1: but one important point was fishing rights. While there were

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Speaker 1: multiple treaties at work, they all had similar language. Here

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Speaker 1: the quote right of taking fish at all usual and

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Speaker 1: accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to set Indians

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Speaker 1: in common with all citizens of the territory, So the

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Speaker 1: Native nations, I mean this has been the case with

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Speaker 1: all of the Native American history that we talked about

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Speaker 1: on the show. Like they a lot of these treaties

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Speaker 1: were heavily skewed in favor of the United States versus

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Speaker 1: the indigenous tribe or nation. In this case, though all

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Speaker 1: of the nations involved refused to sign the treaties without

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Speaker 1: that point about fishing rights, because not only was fishing

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Speaker 1: a major source of food, but the fish and the

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Speaker 1: act of fishing also held religious and spiritual significance. And

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Speaker 1: from Stevens point of view, he was totally willing to

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Speaker 1: make that concession for very pragmatic reasons, because if the

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Speaker 1: indigenous people did not retain their fishing rights, then the

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Speaker 1: government was going to be obligated to provide them with

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Speaker 1: some other kind of food source. At first, the indigenous

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Speaker 1: nations were able to exercise their rights to fish in

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Speaker 1: the waterways around the Pacific Northwest using their traditional methods,

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Speaker 1: which included using gillnets, which are like underwater walls made

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Speaker 1: of netting. There just weren't that many non indigenous people

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Speaker 1: in the Pacific Northwest yet, and at first those who

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Speaker 1: were there were more interested in other industries like lumber.

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Speaker 1: But as the non indigenous population started to grow, Indigenous

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Speaker 1: people started having more trouble exercising those rights, and that

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Speaker 1: also was true as federal policy toward indigenous people went

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Speaker 1: through all of those shifts that we talked about in

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Speaker 1: the Occupation of Alcatraz episodes, the state of Washington started

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Speaker 1: to interpret that treaty language is meaning that the Indigenous

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Speaker 1: people had fishing rights only on their reservations, and that

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Speaker 1: was in defiance of some federal court rulings which weren't

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Speaker 1: always totally clear and decisive, but they generally upheld the

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Speaker 1: Native people's rights to fish in other waterways as well.

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Speaker 1: These restrictions made it increasingly difficult for Indigenous people in

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Speaker 1: the Pacific northwest of Fish the best runs for salmon

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Speaker 1: and steelhead trout were outside of the reservation's boundaries. On

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Speaker 1: top of that, during the period of allotment, the reservations

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Speaker 1: themselves got smaller. Then, when the federal government implemented its

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Speaker 1: termination policies, which were supposed to get rid of the

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Speaker 1: reservations and make Native people quote subject to the same

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Speaker 1: laws and entitled to the same privileges and responsibilities as

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Speaker 1: are applicable to other citizens of the United States, the

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Speaker 1: state of Washington and to a lesser extent, Oregon became

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Speaker 1: increasingly focused on enforcing fishing and conservation laws, specifically when

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Speaker 1: violated by Native people, even though those treaties were still

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Speaker 1: in place. Yeah, it's like the state laws were contrary

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Speaker 1: to the treaty language, but the treaties had not been

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Speaker 1: abolished in any way. They were still in effect. Running

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Speaker 1: alongside all of this was a perception among predominantly white

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Speaker 1: sport fishers that the indigenous people were what was to

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Speaker 1: blame for declining populations of salmon and steelhead trout, and

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Speaker 1: this was in defiance of actual data. Between nine fifty

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Speaker 1: eight in nineteen sixty seven, Indigenous people caught six and

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Speaker 1: a half percent of the catch in the Pacific Northwest.

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Speaker 1: White sport fishers caught twelve point two percent, and then

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Speaker 1: commercial fishing operations took all the rest. More than eighty

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Speaker 1: percent of the catch was through commercial fishing operations, not

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Speaker 1: through indigenous people or sport fishers doing their own thing.

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Speaker 1: I can tell you firsthand that that belief persisted into

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Speaker 1: the seventies when I lived there as a kid. That

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Speaker 1: does not surprise me at all. I remember hearing neighbors,

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Speaker 1: adult neighbors discuss how they wanted to go fishing, but

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Speaker 1: then said very disparaging things about the native population and

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Speaker 1: how they had ruined it for everyone. Yeah, we we

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Speaker 1: talked in our behind the scenes after the Greensboro Lunch

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Speaker 1: Counter sit in his episode about how like we'll be

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Speaker 1: doing research on something and the whole topic is angering,

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Speaker 1: but then there will be one element that just is

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Speaker 1: particularly viscerally angering. And the things that were said about

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Speaker 1: like the Indigenous people are trying to get something for nothing,

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Speaker 1: Like I got so angry over and over in this

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Speaker 1: part of it. And eventually the only safe place for

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Speaker 1: an Indigenous person to fish in the Pacific Northwest was

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Speaker 1: on a reservation. Outside a reservation, Indigenous fishers were being harassed,

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Speaker 1: arrested and jailed and having their equipment confiscated by police,

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Speaker 1: including their boats. Plus outside of the reservations, nets and traps,

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Speaker 1: which were part of traditional indigenous fishing practices were outlawed.

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Speaker 1: So this was still a few years away from the

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Speaker 1: occupation of Alcatraz and the rise of an inter tribal

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Speaker 1: movement for Indigenous rights that we just discussed back in

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Speaker 1: November and the Pacific Northwest in the nineteen fifties and

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Speaker 1: early sixties, most tribal leaders were taking a more conciliatory

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Speaker 1: approach to things. The National Congress of American Indians was

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Speaker 1: explicitly not in favor of the direct action methods that

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Speaker 1: the civil rights movement was using, finding them really to

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Speaker 1: be too aggressive and contradictory to Indigenous culture. So like

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Speaker 1: there was a a banner hanging from their headquarters at

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Speaker 1: one point that said something along the lines of like

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Speaker 1: an Indigenous people don't demonstrate, Like they were not in

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Speaker 1: favor of sit ins or marches or any of those

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Speaker 1: kinds of things at this point as a trend among leadership,

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Speaker 1: but not everyone agreed. In nineteen sixty four, the Survival

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Speaker 1: of the American Indian Association s a i A was established,

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Speaker 1: with a focus on direct action and civil disobedience. One

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Speaker 1: of the organization's demonstrations was a series of fishings around

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Speaker 1: the Pacific Northwest. They were not the first people to

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Speaker 1: do this. For example, Robert Stiacum was arrested while fishing

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Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty four, and he hoped that his arrest

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Speaker 1: would lead to a court ruling that would clarify the

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Speaker 1: Indigenous Nation's treaty rights. Unfortunately, his criminal record went well

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Speaker 1: beyond this act of civil disobedience. That whole story is

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Speaker 1: outside the scope of this episode. So these fishings, arranged

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Speaker 1: by the s A I started on February twenty seven,

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixty four, and they continued well into the nineteen seventies,

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Speaker 1: sometimes times as individual fishing events and sometimes as prolonged

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Speaker 1: demonstrations that established encampments with fishing going on throughout that

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Speaker 1: whole time. The demonstrators had legal and strategic advice from

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Speaker 1: Jack Tanner, who was the director of the Tacoma, Washington

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Speaker 1: chapter of the Double A c P. They also had

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Speaker 1: the attention of celebrity supporters, including Marlon Brando, who was

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Speaker 1: arrested at a fishing on March second of nineteen sixty four,

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Speaker 1: but wasn't ultimately charged with a crime. These fishing's attracted

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Speaker 1: a lot of criticism, at least at first. Many indigenous

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Speaker 1: leaders disagreed with the strategy entirely, preferring to focus on compromise.

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Speaker 1: Jack Tanner's colleagues in the civil rights movement criticized his involvement,

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Speaker 1: saying it was taking his focus away from Black Americans.

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Speaker 1: The Washington State Sportsmen's Club, which was a lobbying organization

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Speaker 1: that had a lot of influence over the State Game Department,

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Speaker 1: described Native people as trying to flaunt the rules and

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Speaker 1: get special privileges on December six, nine four, they issued

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Speaker 1: a statement encouraging the state to get rid of all

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Speaker 1: fishing regulations quote to allow such waters to become barren

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Speaker 1: until such time as the Congress of the United States

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Speaker 1: or the courts of our Land sets up enforceable regulations

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Speaker 1: that will allow the state to carry on a reasonable

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Speaker 1: fisheries management program. This was kind of a burn it

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Speaker 1: all down mentality. Overall, the white media portrayed the Indigenous

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00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:29,199
Speaker 1: protesters as backward and lawless, so non violence was a

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Speaker 1: core part of the strategy for the civil rights movement

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00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:34,480
Speaker 1: and the United States for a lot of the time,

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Speaker 1: but that wasn't really entirely the case in the fishing movement.

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Speaker 1: The demonstrators were repeatedly targeted by game wardens and by police,

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Speaker 1: including being beaten with clubs and sprayed with tear gas.

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Speaker 1: On December seven, police making an arrest rand demonstrators canoe

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Speaker 1: with their boat, which jumped to the demonstrators into the water.

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Speaker 1: It is not entirely clear whether that was an accident

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Speaker 1: or intentional. At some encampments, Native people carried firearms to

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Speaker 1: defend themselves, and at others they fought back with things

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00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:09,640
Speaker 1: like stones and paddles. After a brawl on October thirteenth

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Speaker 1: of nineteen sixty four, the a c l U agreed

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Speaker 1: to defend some of the demonstrators. At first, the a

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Speaker 1: c l YOU really focused on people who had been

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Speaker 1: charged with interfering with police, and then they later expanded

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Speaker 1: it to include defending people who were arrested for fishing,

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Speaker 1: as was the case with the occupation of Alcatraz. This

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Speaker 1: turned into an inter tribal movement, with supporters from other

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Speaker 1: Native nations traveling to the Pacific Northwest from other parts

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Speaker 1: of North America to support the demonstrators. The movement also

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Speaker 1: gradually gained more support among non Indigenous people, including members

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Speaker 1: of the American Friends Services Committee and the Black Panther Party.

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Speaker 1: In September of nineteen sixty eight, a massive protest was

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Speaker 1: planned that pulled together all these populations. It was supposed

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Speaker 1: to involve five days of fishing, but it went on

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Speaker 1: for more than forty. This movement continued into the nineteen seventy's.

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Speaker 1: On June seventeenth of nineteen seventy, the Washington State Sportsman's Club,

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Speaker 1: which was still insisting that Indigenous people were trying to

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Speaker 1: get undeserved special privileges at the expensive white sport. Fishers

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Speaker 1: filed a lawsuit, but the judge did not find in

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Speaker 1: their favor. At the judge found in favor of the

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Speaker 1: Indigenous Nations, granting a fifteen day window in which net

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Speaker 1: fishing would be allowed in the Puyallup River. By that point,

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Speaker 1: more tribal leadership had started to support these protests. On

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Speaker 1: February nineteen seventy one, the s a i A asked

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Speaker 1: the U. S. Attorney General to file suit against the

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Speaker 1: state of Washington for violating the treaties that the Native

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Speaker 1: nations had signed all the way back in the nineteenth century.

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Speaker 1: Judge George Bolt issued his decision on February twelfth, nineteen

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Speaker 1: seventy four. This came to be known as the Bolt Decision,

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Speaker 1: and it was one of a series of court cases

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Speaker 1: that were all part of this. It ruled that the

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Speaker 1: Native tribes that were party to those treaties were entitled

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Speaker 1: to fifty percent of the available catch, including fishing outside

385
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Speaker 1: their reservations. That was way better than the six and

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00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:10,280
Speaker 1: a half percent that they had actually been fishing according

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Speaker 1: to that earlier data. Um This was regarded as a

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Speaker 1: huge wind for the indigenous people, but of course it

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00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:21,639
Speaker 1: did not fix everything. Non indigenous fishers were outraged and

390
00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:25,120
Speaker 1: tried to stage their own fishings as like a counter demonstration.

391
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Speaker 1: The ruling also didn't apply to landless indigenous nations or

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Speaker 1: ones that had not been party to those earlier treaties,

393
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Speaker 1: and that included the Duwamish, Chinook, and Snohomish people's Native

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Speaker 1: nations in the Pacific Northwest are also still reliant on

395
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Speaker 1: fishing for food, and the populations of those fishes continued

396
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Speaker 1: to decline through the effects of commercial fishing, habitat loss,

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Speaker 1: increasing ocean temperatures, all kinds of other factors. Back in

398
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Speaker 1: we did an episode on Ed Roberts and the independent

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Speaker 1: Living movement which evolved in Berkeley, California in the nineteenth

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00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:03,840
Speaker 1: sties and seventies. Before this point, a lot of disability

401
00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:07,480
Speaker 1: advocacy had really been focused on parents and caregivers of

402
00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:12,119
Speaker 1: disabled people rather than on disabled people's own self advocacy.

403
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:16,399
Speaker 1: The Independent living movement really shifted that focus more towards

404
00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:20,280
Speaker 1: self determination and self advocacy. So this kind of language

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00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:23,679
Speaker 1: about independence has been evolving in more recent years to

406
00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:27,399
Speaker 1: include the idea of interdependence, because really all of us

407
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:30,159
Speaker 1: depend on other people in some ways, and when it

408
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,080
Speaker 1: comes to disability, a lot of times that interdependence is

409
00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:37,239
Speaker 1: really stigmatized. Obviously, that's a brief sum up, not the

410
00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:41,040
Speaker 1: entirety of the philosophy at this point, but in terms

411
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Speaker 1: of the nineteen sixties and seventies, this move toward independence

412
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:49,040
Speaker 1: and away from pity and paternalism was just huge. One

413
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Speaker 1: of the moments that came up in that episode is

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Speaker 1: the passage of section five oh four of the Rehabilitation

415
00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:57,280
Speaker 1: Act in nineteen seventy three and the sit in that

416
00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:59,479
Speaker 1: followed it, But we didn't really spend much time on

417
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Speaker 1: that at all. So Section five oh four was the

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Speaker 1: first federal law regarding civil rights for people with disabilities.

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Speaker 1: It read quote, no otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the

420
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Speaker 1: United States shall, solely on the basis of his handicap,

421
00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:18,199
Speaker 1: be excluded from the participation, be denied the benefits of,

422
00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:22,120
Speaker 1: or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity

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Speaker 1: receiving federal financial assistance. So that sounds pretty great, but

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Speaker 1: this law was just the starting point, like, how do

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00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:32,640
Speaker 1: you define, to use the language of the law, what

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Speaker 1: handicapped means, What did or didn't classify as discrimination. Federal

427
00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:42,600
Speaker 1: agencies needed to create their own regulations regarding how Section

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00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:46,000
Speaker 1: five oh four would actually be implemented and enforced. And

429
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Speaker 1: this applied to every federal agency but the Department of Health, Education,

430
00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,359
Speaker 1: and Welfare or h g W. I don't know if

431
00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:57,560
Speaker 1: maybe people say that HUGH that was selected as the

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Speaker 1: lead agency. They were to set their regulations first, and

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Speaker 1: then the other agencies would follow. But between nineteen seventy

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Speaker 1: three and nineteen seventy seven nothing happened. Attorneys from the

435
00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,439
Speaker 1: Office for Civil Rights drafted regulations and sent them to

436
00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:17,080
Speaker 1: h g W, but rather than publishing them for public comment,

437
00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:20,040
Speaker 1: the Department sent them to Congress, and then Congress sent

438
00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:22,600
Speaker 1: them back. It went on for so long that in

439
00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:25,960
Speaker 1: the meantime, President Richard Nixon, who had signed it into law,

440
00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:29,080
Speaker 1: was impeached, and then his successor, Gerald Ford, had been

441
00:25:29,119 --> 00:25:33,000
Speaker 1: replaced by Jimmy Carter. By that point, disability rights activists

442
00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:36,280
Speaker 1: were demanding for the regulations that the Office for Civil

443
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,960
Speaker 1: Rights had drafted be put into place. Instead, the Carter

444
00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:43,720
Speaker 1: administration set up a task force to study and revise them,

445
00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,440
Speaker 1: and that task force did not include any disabled members.

446
00:25:48,160 --> 00:25:51,000
Speaker 1: It became clear that this study and revision process was

447
00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:53,760
Speaker 1: going to weaken the proposed regulations that the Office for

448
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,720
Speaker 1: Civil Rights had recommended back in nineteen seventy three, so

449
00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:00,919
Speaker 1: the American Coalition of Citizens with disabilit Ladies decided to

450
00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:04,480
Speaker 1: take action. They gave the h e W an ultimatum

451
00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: either h g W Secretary Joseph Califano would sign the

452
00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:13,680
Speaker 1: regulations as written by April four n or activists would

453
00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:17,000
Speaker 1: start sitting in at h g W offices on April five.

454
00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,960
Speaker 1: April fourth came and went, and on April five, demonstrators

455
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,880
Speaker 1: took over the federal buildings that housed eight different regional offices.

456
00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:27,720
Speaker 1: Most of these sit ins lasted for a day or two,

457
00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:30,840
Speaker 1: but in San Francisco, more than a hundred people sat

458
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:34,520
Speaker 1: in for twenty six days. Unlike some of the other

459
00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:36,679
Speaker 1: sit ins that we've talked about, they didn't show up

460
00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:39,640
Speaker 1: during business hours and leave when h g W closed

461
00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:43,359
Speaker 1: for the day. Activists took over the building and stayed,

462
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:46,520
Speaker 1: which was really possible thanks to the involvement of lots

463
00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:50,440
Speaker 1: of other organizations, including civil rights and gay rights groups,

464
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:54,919
Speaker 1: church organizations, and politicians who were on the demonstrator's side.

465
00:26:55,680 --> 00:26:59,119
Speaker 1: In San Francisco, Glide Memorial Church and the Black Panther

466
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:02,560
Speaker 1: Party prod aided meals. Over the course of the sit

467
00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:06,360
Speaker 1: in in San Francisco, conditions in the building became increasingly difficult.

468
00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:11,000
Speaker 1: Supporters had donated things like mattresses and a shower attachment

469
00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:13,280
Speaker 1: that could be used with a sink faucet, but people

470
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:15,560
Speaker 1: had to sleep in shifts because there were not enough

471
00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:20,320
Speaker 1: sleeping spaces. The building's rest rooms overall were not accessible.

472
00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:23,480
Speaker 1: Nobody had any privacy, and in some cases it wasn't

473
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:27,520
Speaker 1: just uncomfortable, it was potentially life threatening. For example, people

474
00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:31,720
Speaker 1: who used catheters or ventilators didn't necessarily have caregivers or

475
00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:34,280
Speaker 1: other people on hand who knew how to operate and

476
00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:37,600
Speaker 1: care for these devices. Eventually, a delegation from the San

477
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,639
Speaker 1: Francisco sit in was selected to travel to Washington, d C.

478
00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:45,080
Speaker 1: To meet with legislators. People donated funds for plane tickets

479
00:27:45,119 --> 00:27:48,800
Speaker 1: for people who could travel by air. The International Association

480
00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:51,959
Speaker 1: of Machinists rented a moving truck with a lift and

481
00:27:52,080 --> 00:27:56,480
Speaker 1: used it to transport people who used wheelchairs. Once in Washington,

482
00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:59,520
Speaker 1: they met with senators to go over the original regulations

483
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:04,320
Speaker 1: point by point, Answering senators objections one by one. I

484
00:28:04,359 --> 00:28:08,199
Speaker 1: cannot imagine how uncomfortable this trip was, especially for the

485
00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:12,320
Speaker 1: people who were literally in a moving van. Like my

486
00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:15,000
Speaker 1: mom uses a wheelchair that she can't really transfer out

487
00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:17,560
Speaker 1: of to get into a vehicle, so like there's a

488
00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:20,679
Speaker 1: special vehicle with a ramp and tie downs for her chair, like,

489
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:23,960
Speaker 1: and that is not a comfortable trip. A lot of

490
00:28:23,960 --> 00:28:27,880
Speaker 1: the time, this was literally a moving van with no windows,

491
00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:32,919
Speaker 1: driving people across the country. Yeah. Secretary Califano finally signed

492
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:37,640
Speaker 1: these regulations on April nineteen seventy seven. They included general

493
00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:43,320
Speaker 1: provisions along with regulations on employment practices, program accessibility, primary

494
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:49,400
Speaker 1: and secondary education, post secondary education, health welfare and social services,

495
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,280
Speaker 1: and government procedures. Overall, this was a major success for

496
00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:57,080
Speaker 1: the disability rights movement, but at the same time, enforcement

497
00:28:57,160 --> 00:29:00,480
Speaker 1: was a huge issue. Opponents argued that the work and

498
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,840
Speaker 1: expense involved made the regulations impractical or impossible to implement.

499
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:08,360
Speaker 1: The regulations also served as a template for the Americans

500
00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:12,240
Speaker 1: with Disabilities Act, which became law in nine, but actually

501
00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:15,280
Speaker 1: implementing that has been a struggle as well, even now

502
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:19,600
Speaker 1: decades later. Yeah, I remember there being headlines. I feel

503
00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:22,480
Speaker 1: like it was late last year about, uh, maybe we

504
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,680
Speaker 1: don't need to implement this because it's just too expensive,

505
00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:29,640
Speaker 1: and people were like, you have had thirty years. I

506
00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:35,680
Speaker 1: have feelings about this too. We should also note that,

507
00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:38,280
Speaker 1: as is the case with any group, disabled people are

508
00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:42,680
Speaker 1: not a monolith, and accessibility looks really different for different disabilities.

509
00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:46,600
Speaker 1: Different parts of the community have different perspectives depending on

510
00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:49,800
Speaker 1: all kinds of issues. During the five oh four set in,

511
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,360
Speaker 1: for example, some members of the deaf community felt like

512
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,280
Speaker 1: they were excluded, and the deaf community also thought that

513
00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:59,160
Speaker 1: some of the regulations, like a requirement for educating disabled

514
00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,640
Speaker 1: children and streams with their non disabled peers whenever possible,

515
00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:07,040
Speaker 1: could threaten deaf culture. That said, though beyond the regulations,

516
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:09,400
Speaker 1: activists who were part of these sit ins have also

517
00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:13,320
Speaker 1: talked about their role in shifting non disabled people's perceptions

518
00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:16,760
Speaker 1: of disability. In the words of Judas Human, who was

519
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:19,240
Speaker 1: part of the sit in and as an international disability

520
00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:22,440
Speaker 1: rights advocate today, quote, through the sit in, we turned

521
00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:26,920
Speaker 1: ourselves from being oppressed individuals into being empowered people. We

522
00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:30,920
Speaker 1: demonstrated to the entire nation that disabled people could take

523
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,960
Speaker 1: control over our own lives and take leadership in the

524
00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 1: struggle for equality. She went on to say, quote, we

525
00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:42,040
Speaker 1: overcame years of parochialism. Uh. If you're curious, there was

526
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:45,560
Speaker 1: an episode of Drunk History on this that cast disabled

527
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:47,920
Speaker 1: people in the roles of all the five or four protesters,

528
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:55,160
Speaker 1: which shouldn't sound like some kind of accomplishment, but it is. Sadly. Yes, yes,

529
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:58,680
Speaker 1: there was a lot in this middle act of the show.

530
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:08,120
Speaker 1: So we're going to take a quick sponsor break to

531
00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:11,479
Speaker 1: return to our six and possible episodes. The idea of

532
00:31:11,560 --> 00:31:14,600
Speaker 1: respectability has come up in a lot of our episodes

533
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,520
Speaker 1: on the civil rights movement in the United States. It

534
00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:20,480
Speaker 1: came up in uh, in our recent episode on the

535
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:22,640
Speaker 1: Greensboro sit ins and the other sit ins. It's come

536
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:25,320
Speaker 1: up in today's shows so far, even when we haven't

537
00:31:25,360 --> 00:31:28,440
Speaker 1: called it out specifically. A lot of these demonstrations that

538
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:30,920
Speaker 1: we have talked about have involved people who took a

539
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,440
Speaker 1: lot of care to always be very polite and very

540
00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:37,440
Speaker 1: well dressed. And this has been a strategy and a

541
00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:41,600
Speaker 1: lot of social movements, but it's definitely not the only strategy,

542
00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:44,680
Speaker 1: which is really illustrated by what we're about to talk about.

543
00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:47,720
Speaker 1: The first official reporting of what came to be known

544
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:51,640
Speaker 1: as acquired immune deficiency syndrome came in the Morbidity and

545
00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:54,800
Speaker 1: Mortality Weekly Report, which is a publication of the US

546
00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:58,760
Speaker 1: Centers for Disease Control. It described an unusual outbreak of

547
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:02,520
Speaker 1: pneumosis just pneumo in five previously healthy gay men in

548
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:07,080
Speaker 1: Los Angeles, and that was on June five. In just

549
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:11,560
Speaker 1: five years following that, more than twenty eight thousand cases

550
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:13,960
Speaker 1: of AIDS were reported in the United States and more

551
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,480
Speaker 1: than twenty four thousand, five hundred people had died. By

552
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:21,120
Speaker 1: the end of nineteen eighty six, there was no approved

553
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,200
Speaker 1: treatment for HIV, which is the virus that causes AIDS

554
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:27,320
Speaker 1: in the United States. The US federal government had been

555
00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:30,720
Speaker 1: incredibly slow to respond, and at that point President Ronald

556
00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:33,880
Speaker 1: Reagan had not made any public statements on the crisis

557
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:38,000
Speaker 1: at all. A really lengthy drug approval process also meant

558
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,680
Speaker 1: that people with HIV were dying while they waited for

559
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:43,680
Speaker 1: access to drugs that were already extending people's lives in

560
00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:46,720
Speaker 1: other countries. People who were affected by this, who had

561
00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:49,880
Speaker 1: either contracted HIV or who knew and loved people who did,

562
00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:53,760
Speaker 1: were outraged. This was particularly true among gay men, who

563
00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:58,160
Speaker 1: were disproportionately affected. In response, to all of this, Larry

564
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,080
Speaker 1: Kramer and other activists for the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power,

565
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:06,719
Speaker 1: or act UP on March twelfth in New York City.

566
00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:10,200
Speaker 1: Its purpose was to use direct action to force the government,

567
00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:15,720
Speaker 1: drug companies, public health agencies, insurance companies, everyone involved in

568
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:19,840
Speaker 1: the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV and AIDS to

569
00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:24,440
Speaker 1: get moving immediately. So act UP still exists today and

570
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:27,480
Speaker 1: is still directly involved in AIDS advocacy because this is

571
00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:31,440
Speaker 1: not over. Throughout its existence, the organization has become known

572
00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:34,959
Speaker 1: for demonstrations that are angry and aggressive and militant and

573
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:39,880
Speaker 1: just viscerally affecting. As one example, act UP has organized

574
00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:42,880
Speaker 1: marches to Washington, d C. In which people have scattered

575
00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:45,720
Speaker 1: the ashes of loved ones who died from AIDS related

576
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:49,680
Speaker 1: diseases on the White House lawn. Some who have participated

577
00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:51,520
Speaker 1: in these marches have said that if that is not

578
00:33:51,720 --> 00:33:54,440
Speaker 1: enough to prompt the government to act that they would

579
00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:57,760
Speaker 1: start using bodies. One of act ups tactics has been

580
00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:01,840
Speaker 1: the die in in which demonstrators lie down unmoving, usually

581
00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:06,120
Speaker 1: in a public space, sometimes in roadways, blocking traffic. This

582
00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,880
Speaker 1: is part of actives very first protest on March twenty

583
00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:13,600
Speaker 1: when seventeen people lay down in the intersection of Broadway

584
00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:17,000
Speaker 1: and Wall Street in New York City outside Trinity Church.

585
00:34:17,480 --> 00:34:20,600
Speaker 1: At this demonstration, the protesters had a very clear set

586
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:22,799
Speaker 1: of demands that they had written up ahead of time.

587
00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:27,240
Speaker 1: They wanted the FDA to immediately release potentially life saving drugs,

588
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:31,440
Speaker 1: to eliminate double blind studies in which HIV positive patients

589
00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:35,040
Speaker 1: were given placebos, and to make these drugs affordable. They

590
00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:40,359
Speaker 1: also demanded a massive public education campaign, protections against discrimination

591
00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:43,120
Speaker 1: for people who are being treated for AIDS, and quote

592
00:34:43,120 --> 00:34:48,720
Speaker 1: immediate establishment of a coordinated, comprehensive and compassionate national policy

593
00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:52,440
Speaker 1: on AIDS. Okay, when it comes to those drug standards,

594
00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:56,080
Speaker 1: in general, people think of controlled studies and double blind

595
00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:59,040
Speaker 1: trials as helpful in making sure that the drugs that

596
00:34:59,120 --> 00:35:02,120
Speaker 1: make it to market are safe and effective. We talked

597
00:35:02,120 --> 00:35:03,920
Speaker 1: about some of that in our two part episode on

598
00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:06,960
Speaker 1: the litamide. But in the early nineteen eighties, the FDA

599
00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:10,719
Speaker 1: approval process took up to nine years. That was much

600
00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:14,799
Speaker 1: longer than people lived after being diagnosed with HIV, especially

601
00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:18,040
Speaker 1: before the test for the disease was approved in nine five.

602
00:35:19,120 --> 00:35:22,040
Speaker 1: Since there had been very little public education on the disease.

603
00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:27,000
Speaker 1: Most people were diagnosed after contracting an opportunistic infection, at

604
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:30,160
Speaker 1: which point they just did not have long to live. Yeah,

605
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:32,400
Speaker 1: people like people couldn't wait that long. And then also

606
00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:34,840
Speaker 1: the idea that somebody could be in a study, like

607
00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:36,920
Speaker 1: somebody who was HIV positive could be in a study

608
00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:39,560
Speaker 1: where they would be given up placebo, like, they didn't

609
00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:42,080
Speaker 1: have time to wait until that study was over to

610
00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:44,239
Speaker 1: find out whether they could get the actual drug or not.

611
00:35:45,320 --> 00:35:48,760
Speaker 1: So on September fourteenth nine, act UP held a rally

612
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:51,480
Speaker 1: and die in outside of the New York Stock Exchange

613
00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:55,800
Speaker 1: to protest pharmaceutical company Burrows Welcome, which manufactured a z T,

614
00:35:56,360 --> 00:35:58,600
Speaker 1: which by that point was the only drug in the

615
00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:02,319
Speaker 1: United States that was approved to treat HIV. Demonstrators had

616
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:04,480
Speaker 1: also made their way into the building and dropped a

617
00:36:04,480 --> 00:36:08,440
Speaker 1: banner from a balcony that said cell Welcome. So one

618
00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:11,200
Speaker 1: of the things they were protesting was how expensive brows

619
00:36:11,239 --> 00:36:14,000
Speaker 1: Welcome had made a z T, So not long after

620
00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:16,920
Speaker 1: the demonstration, they lowered the price for a year of

621
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:20,360
Speaker 1: a z T treatment, which had originally been ten thousand

622
00:36:20,360 --> 00:36:24,320
Speaker 1: dollars per patient per year, to six thousand, four hundred dollars.

623
00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:28,560
Speaker 1: Act ups very aggressive advocacy on this has often been

624
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:32,240
Speaker 1: credited with prompting the change, although Burrow's Welcome has maintained

625
00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:35,000
Speaker 1: that they had already been planning to do it. Because

626
00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:38,920
Speaker 1: of their tactics and the stigma surrounding both homosexuality and AIDS,

627
00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:44,080
Speaker 1: act UPS actions have been inherently controversial. One particular die

628
00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:49,360
Speaker 1: in was particularly divisive. In December, act UP and Women's

629
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:55,120
Speaker 1: Health Action mobilization demonstrated inside St. Patrick's Cathedral during high Mass.

630
00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:59,400
Speaker 1: They were both there to protest John Cardinal O'Connor, Archbishop

631
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,799
Speaker 1: of New York, who was influential in city politics and

632
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:07,640
Speaker 1: who opposed things like sex education, abortion access, AIDS education,

633
00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:10,960
Speaker 1: and condom distribution. Yeah, a lot of that also applied

634
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:15,080
Speaker 1: to the Catholic Church in general. So this demonstration included

635
00:37:15,080 --> 00:37:18,680
Speaker 1: ade in in the cathedral's aisles. More than forty people

636
00:37:18,719 --> 00:37:21,840
Speaker 1: were arrested, with some of the demonstrators being carried out

637
00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:25,880
Speaker 1: of the cathedral on stretchers. Act UP had initially intended

638
00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:29,040
Speaker 1: this demonstration to be somewhat quiet, to sort of go

639
00:37:29,120 --> 00:37:32,040
Speaker 1: into the church have they're dying in the aisles without

640
00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:35,360
Speaker 1: otherwise causing a lot of disruption, But as it developed,

641
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:40,120
Speaker 1: Michael Petrellis loudly blew a whistle and shouted, you're killing us,

642
00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:42,640
Speaker 1: and that tipped the protest into something that became a

643
00:37:42,680 --> 00:37:46,480
Speaker 1: lot more chaotic. People were offended not only at the

644
00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:49,120
Speaker 1: disruption of the church services, but also because one of

645
00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,920
Speaker 1: the demonstrators, Thomas Keane, through a host wafer from the

646
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,359
Speaker 1: Communion service on the floor. He later said that he

647
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:58,920
Speaker 1: did not realize how offensive that would be to Catholics

648
00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:02,160
Speaker 1: who believed the the Communion host was the body of Christ.

649
00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:05,440
Speaker 1: Even within act UP, some people began to argue that

650
00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:09,239
Speaker 1: the tone of these demonstrations was turning off potential supporters.

651
00:38:09,719 --> 00:38:14,040
Speaker 1: So overall, these demonstrations have been credited with like getting

652
00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:19,400
Speaker 1: more effective AIDS policy happening more quickly, and as we

653
00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:22,279
Speaker 1: said earlier, act UP is still using Dian's as a

654
00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:27,279
Speaker 1: protest tool like today. On October four, there was a

655
00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:30,040
Speaker 1: die in at the New York Public Library after they

656
00:38:30,080 --> 00:38:34,480
Speaker 1: put up an exhibit titled why we Fight Remembering AIDS Activism.

657
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:37,840
Speaker 1: One of act ups slogans at that event was AIDS

658
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,320
Speaker 1: is not history, because this idea that we were remembering

659
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:43,920
Speaker 1: activism sort of suggest that we are done with it

660
00:38:43,960 --> 00:38:49,520
Speaker 1: now and We're not. Another took place on January one,

661
00:38:49,680 --> 00:38:53,080
Speaker 1: after the inauguration of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio,

662
00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,399
Speaker 1: because at that point act UP had been trying to

663
00:38:55,440 --> 00:38:58,960
Speaker 1: meet with him about his AIDS platform for months without success.

664
00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:02,560
Speaker 1: Act UP repeated the AIDS is Not History theme at

665
00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:06,040
Speaker 1: the Whitney Museum in eighteen after the museum arranged a

666
00:39:06,160 --> 00:39:10,279
Speaker 1: retrospective of the work of David boina Rovitch, who was

667
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:13,920
Speaker 1: an act UP member before his death in nine act

668
00:39:14,080 --> 00:39:17,320
Speaker 1: UP again felt that the Whitney's presentation made it seem

669
00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:20,080
Speaker 1: as though the AIDS epidemic was in the past rather

670
00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:24,920
Speaker 1: than being a critical current issue. Okay, so the last

671
00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:28,399
Speaker 1: one the teaching movement during the Vietnam War. This one

672
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:30,680
Speaker 1: is a little bit different. It wasn't exactly a direct

673
00:39:30,719 --> 00:39:33,440
Speaker 1: action meant to force the US government to end its

674
00:39:33,480 --> 00:39:37,640
Speaker 1: military involvement in Vietnam. Instead, it was an educational tool

675
00:39:37,680 --> 00:39:41,200
Speaker 1: that inspired people to take on direct actions of their own. So,

676
00:39:41,280 --> 00:39:44,960
Speaker 1: for context, during the nineteen sixty four presidential election, part

677
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:48,560
Speaker 1: of Lyndon Baines Johnson's campaign was a peace platform, so

678
00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:52,560
Speaker 1: people thought he was going to end American involvement in Vietnam.

679
00:39:52,719 --> 00:39:55,640
Speaker 1: But on February thirteenth of nineteen sixty five, which was

680
00:39:55,760 --> 00:39:59,560
Speaker 1: less than a month after being inaugurated, Johnson authorized a

681
00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,399
Speaker 1: bomb campaign that was known as Operation Rolling Thunder, as

682
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,520
Speaker 1: well as combat troop deployments to Vietnam. And there had

683
00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:08,960
Speaker 1: been American personnel and Vietnam before that, but not in

684
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:12,360
Speaker 1: a combat capacity. People who had voted for him, thinking

685
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:14,759
Speaker 1: that he was going to end American involvement in the war,

686
00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:18,760
Speaker 1: felt really betrayed. That spring, the Faculty Committee to Stop

687
00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:21,840
Speaker 1: the War in Vietnam at the University of Michigan was

688
00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:25,680
Speaker 1: discussing ways to demonstrate against the war and against what

689
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:29,960
Speaker 1: they saw as the militarization of their academic disciplines. As

690
00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:33,279
Speaker 1: one example, social scientists had been recruited to work on

691
00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:38,000
Speaker 1: a military funded counterinsurgency program called Project Camelot, which was

692
00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:42,120
Speaker 1: meant to study cultures primarily in Latin America. And of course,

693
00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:44,920
Speaker 1: people in hard science fields had seen the development of

694
00:40:44,960 --> 00:40:48,680
Speaker 1: weapons like the atomic bomb. Academics had also seen their

695
00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:51,600
Speaker 1: work branded as a communist threat during the Cold War,

696
00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,400
Speaker 1: with accusations that they were indoctrinating students against the United States.

697
00:40:56,440 --> 00:41:01,839
Speaker 1: There was a lot going on with the education community. Yeah,

698
00:41:01,880 --> 00:41:06,279
Speaker 1: and at first these particular professors and other educators were

699
00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:09,640
Speaker 1: focused on a walkout in which classes would be canceled

700
00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:13,880
Speaker 1: and faculty would instead give anti war lectures somewhere off campus.

701
00:41:13,880 --> 00:41:16,719
Speaker 1: But people raised some concerns about whether that was in

702
00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:20,320
Speaker 1: the best interests of students and whether people would perceive

703
00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:23,160
Speaker 1: it as the professor's not being committed to their work.

704
00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:26,680
Speaker 1: And a staff meeting on March seventeenth, after a lot

705
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,800
Speaker 1: of debate about this whole walkout and strike idea, anthropologist

706
00:41:30,920 --> 00:41:35,040
Speaker 1: Marshall Salons said, I've got it. They say we're neglecting

707
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:38,800
Speaker 1: our responsibilities as teachers. Let's show them how responsible we feel.

708
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:42,399
Speaker 1: Instead of teaching out, we will teach in all night.

709
00:41:42,960 --> 00:41:45,200
Speaker 1: This led to the first teaching and held from eight

710
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:50,480
Speaker 1: pm on March until eight am the following morning. It

711
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:53,600
Speaker 1: was held in Angel Hall Auditorium, although the crowd was

712
00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:56,200
Speaker 1: so large that it spilled out to other parts of

713
00:41:56,200 --> 00:42:00,120
Speaker 1: the campus, including the library steps. More than two and

714
00:42:00,239 --> 00:42:03,600
Speaker 1: people attended, with about five hundred still there when the

715
00:42:03,680 --> 00:42:07,440
Speaker 1: last lecture started. Women enrolled at the university had a

716
00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:09,840
Speaker 1: curfew at the time, but it was waived so that

717
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:13,960
Speaker 1: they could attend In addition to the faculty involvement, Students

718
00:42:13,960 --> 00:42:16,720
Speaker 1: for a Democratic Society were also part of the event.

719
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,279
Speaker 1: This event included lectures and discussions that were meant to

720
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:24,000
Speaker 1: educate attendees on things like the military industrial complex and

721
00:42:24,120 --> 00:42:27,799
Speaker 1: Cold War rhetoric, and US foreign policy, the effects of

722
00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:31,880
Speaker 1: weapons like napalm and phosphorus bombs. There were at least

723
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:35,520
Speaker 1: two different bomb threats during the event, with police clearing

724
00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:39,000
Speaker 1: the building after one of them, and counter demonstrators were

725
00:42:39,040 --> 00:42:42,719
Speaker 1: inside and outside the building shouting pro war slogans like

726
00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:46,520
Speaker 1: better dead than Red. Two days later, another teaching was

727
00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:51,360
Speaker 1: held at Columbia University in New York City. More teachings followed,

728
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:55,640
Speaker 1: and on April seventeenth, ninetive and inter university Committee for

729
00:42:55,640 --> 00:43:00,000
Speaker 1: a Public Hearing on Vietnam was established. Participating schools include

730
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:04,319
Speaker 1: to the University of Chicago, m I T, University of Wisconsin,

731
00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:09,000
Speaker 1: Wayne State University, and Washington University in St. Louis. The

732
00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:12,760
Speaker 1: committee published a pamphlet called The Meaning of the National Teaching.

733
00:43:13,160 --> 00:43:16,600
Speaker 1: It began quote the teachings were born in protest against

734
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,040
Speaker 1: the United States policy in Vietnam. However, they are vehicles

735
00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:23,040
Speaker 1: for a larger purpose. There are a means of discussion

736
00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:28,120
Speaker 1: and debate without which democracy lacks significance. On May fifteenth,

737
00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:32,200
Speaker 1: that National Teaching was held in Washington, d C. This

738
00:43:32,320 --> 00:43:34,520
Speaker 1: was an all day event that was also broadcast on

739
00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:38,200
Speaker 1: more than two hundred radio stations. It included discussions about

740
00:43:38,280 --> 00:43:41,960
Speaker 1: US policies and context of the war, along with debates

741
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:46,520
Speaker 1: between supporters and opponents of US policy toward Vietnam. National

742
00:43:46,560 --> 00:43:50,040
Speaker 1: Security Adviser mc george Bundy was supposed to be at

743
00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:52,640
Speaker 1: the National Teaching, but he canceled at the last minute

744
00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:55,360
Speaker 1: for a trip to the Dominican Republic that was described

745
00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:57,840
Speaker 1: as urgent. Yeah, of course, there are people who wondered

746
00:43:57,840 --> 00:44:01,200
Speaker 1: if that was a convenient excuse or in actual urgency.

747
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:05,080
Speaker 1: On one and twenty two, the largest teaching in this

748
00:44:05,160 --> 00:44:08,400
Speaker 1: movement was held at the University of California at Berkeley,

749
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:12,400
Speaker 1: with thirty thousand people in attendance. The committee had followed

750
00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:15,520
Speaker 1: up with mc george Bundy repeatedly after his cancelation at

751
00:44:15,520 --> 00:44:18,319
Speaker 1: the National Teaching uh The committee's hope was that they

752
00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:21,200
Speaker 1: would schedule some kind of opportunity for the debate and

753
00:44:21,239 --> 00:44:23,839
Speaker 1: discussion that he was supposed to have been a part of,

754
00:44:24,239 --> 00:44:27,120
Speaker 1: and that did finally happen with a televised event in July.

755
00:44:27,520 --> 00:44:32,360
Speaker 1: The teaching movement didn't really last beyond nineteen five. Over time,

756
00:44:32,440 --> 00:44:35,359
Speaker 1: people started to become concerned that it had shifted from

757
00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:39,800
Speaker 1: being an explicitly anti war movement about educating people to

758
00:44:39,960 --> 00:44:43,000
Speaker 1: one that was more focused on a debate between two sides.

759
00:44:43,560 --> 00:44:47,280
Speaker 1: As the anti war movement became more radical, activists started

760
00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:50,880
Speaker 1: seeing the teachings as too conservative. At the same time,

761
00:44:51,160 --> 00:44:53,920
Speaker 1: the teaching movement is marked as a critical moment in

762
00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:58,160
Speaker 1: the early anti Vietnam War movement. Carl Oglesby of Students

763
00:44:58,160 --> 00:45:00,880
Speaker 1: for a Democratic Society called it as droke of genius.

764
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:03,120
Speaker 1: That quote put the debate on the map for the

765
00:45:03,160 --> 00:45:06,480
Speaker 1: whole academic community. And you could not be an intellectual

766
00:45:06,520 --> 00:45:09,600
Speaker 1: after those teachings and not think a lot and express

767
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:14,840
Speaker 1: yourself and defend your ideas about Vietnam. According to Martial Salads,

768
00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:17,759
Speaker 1: it also shifted some of the counterculture movement from one

769
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:21,440
Speaker 1: that was ideologically pacifist and pro civil rights to one

770
00:45:21,480 --> 00:45:24,960
Speaker 1: that was overtly political and more likely to take direct action.

771
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,440
Speaker 1: I think this is I mean, there's so much um

772
00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:34,439
Speaker 1: discussion of the anti war movement during Vietnam which could

773
00:45:34,440 --> 00:45:37,960
Speaker 1: be really divisive, and I don't know if could be

774
00:45:38,080 --> 00:45:40,400
Speaker 1: was even a strong enough word, Like it was really

775
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:44,360
Speaker 1: divisive and became really militant in a lot of places. Um.

776
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,279
Speaker 1: And so this to me feels like this kind of

777
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:51,919
Speaker 1: nice precursor that was about basically educating people about all

778
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:54,239
Speaker 1: of the context, like all the context for it was

779
00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:57,160
Speaker 1: happening in Vietnam, all the context for what it could

780
00:45:57,200 --> 00:46:00,839
Speaker 1: mean in like the world of global story, all of

781
00:46:00,880 --> 00:46:04,400
Speaker 1: that that then like went on to inspire people to

782
00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:07,040
Speaker 1: take direct action. Do you have a little bit of

783
00:46:07,080 --> 00:46:09,640
Speaker 1: listener mail? I do. I do have a little listener mail.

784
00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:12,520
Speaker 1: I feel like this episode of runs a little long sometimes,

785
00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:15,600
Speaker 1: so I picked something really quick. Uh. It is from Miriam,

786
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,000
Speaker 1: who's one of several people who wrote to us about this.

787
00:46:18,480 --> 00:46:21,960
Speaker 1: Miriam says, I love your podcast and all your fabulous ideas.

788
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,520
Speaker 1: I wanted to let you know that there is a

789
00:46:24,640 --> 00:46:28,560
Speaker 1: show where someone steals art and cultural pieces and returns

790
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:31,960
Speaker 1: them to rightful owners. Well sort of. Check out the

791
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,040
Speaker 1: new animated reboot of Carmen San Diego. My kids love

792
00:46:35,120 --> 00:46:37,240
Speaker 1: this show, and while I'm pretty partial to the original,

793
00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:39,359
Speaker 1: it's a fun twist and a little cathartic to think

794
00:46:39,360 --> 00:46:42,120
Speaker 1: of somewhere out there righting wrongs. I can't wait to

795
00:46:42,120 --> 00:46:44,760
Speaker 1: hear what you ladies come up with next piece, Miriam.

796
00:46:45,080 --> 00:46:47,560
Speaker 1: So that was from It was in reference to the

797
00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:51,239
Speaker 1: behind the scenes of our two part episode on Lord

798
00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:54,720
Speaker 1: Elgin and the parthenon Marbles, where Holly talked about wanting

799
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:58,040
Speaker 1: to have a show where people uh steal things and

800
00:46:58,120 --> 00:47:00,960
Speaker 1: return them um mirror. I did not write to us

801
00:47:00,960 --> 00:47:03,000
Speaker 1: about this, but someone else did, so I just wanted

802
00:47:03,040 --> 00:47:05,440
Speaker 1: to note that at three different points in that outline,

803
00:47:05,560 --> 00:47:11,719
Speaker 1: somehow I managed to type the year eighteen hundred one

804
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:18,680
Speaker 1: eight zero zero as eight one eight eight zero. It's

805
00:47:18,880 --> 00:47:22,120
Speaker 1: clear from context that that was a typo, I think,

806
00:47:23,120 --> 00:47:25,680
Speaker 1: but since I did manage to either make it three

807
00:47:25,719 --> 00:47:30,239
Speaker 1: times or it was a copy paste issue from me

808
00:47:30,360 --> 00:47:32,200
Speaker 1: like picking up the date at one point in that

809
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:34,960
Speaker 1: outline of putting it in other places. Anyway, if you

810
00:47:35,040 --> 00:47:37,120
Speaker 1: heard that and you were like, what are you talking about, Tracy,

811
00:47:37,360 --> 00:47:42,360
Speaker 1: my fingers uh ran a foul of the correct numbers um.

812
00:47:42,440 --> 00:47:44,160
Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us about this

813
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:46,600
Speaker 1: or any other podcast or a history podcast at i

814
00:47:46,680 --> 00:47:49,279
Speaker 1: heeart radio dot com. If you have heard an old

815
00:47:49,280 --> 00:47:51,600
Speaker 1: episode where you heard the old email address, and you

816
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:53,680
Speaker 1: sent us something to the old email address, you don't

817
00:47:53,680 --> 00:47:55,160
Speaker 1: need to re send it to the new one. Will

818
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:57,600
Speaker 1: still get it to the old one for some unforeseeable

819
00:47:57,640 --> 00:48:00,759
Speaker 1: amount of time. Um like me have had a few

820
00:48:00,760 --> 00:48:02,799
Speaker 1: people that have sort of forwarded us the email from

821
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:05,319
Speaker 1: the old email address. That's not a problem. But you

822
00:48:05,320 --> 00:48:08,720
Speaker 1: don't have to. It'll be fine. We'll still get it. Um.

823
00:48:08,840 --> 00:48:10,880
Speaker 1: So that's History Podcast at i heart radio dot com,

824
00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:13,240
Speaker 1: and then we're all over social media at miss in History.

825
00:48:13,239 --> 00:48:17,320
Speaker 1: That's where you'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram.

826
00:48:17,360 --> 00:48:20,120
Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on Apple, podcast,

827
00:48:20,239 --> 00:48:22,200
Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, and anywhere else to get

828
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:29,800
Speaker 1: your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a

829
00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:33,440
Speaker 1: production of I heart Radios How Stuff Works. For more podcasts.

830
00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:36,759
Speaker 1: For my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

831
00:48:36,920 --> 00:48:38,840
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.