1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,720 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,760 --> 00:00:12,960 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh 3 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:15,400 Speaker 1: Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and that means 4 00:00:15,440 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: it's time for stuff you should know that itchy screezy 5 00:00:19,079 --> 00:00:26,080 Speaker 1: seezy scratchy addition, not scheezy. No, that's not itchy scratchy 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: sneezy edition. That's what I mean. There you go. It's 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:30,880 Speaker 1: funny how you can mix words together come up with 8 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:34,400 Speaker 1: other words. You didn't mean to say, Jerry's eyes are 9 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,519 Speaker 1: at itching. Yeah, well we should say. We were just 10 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:39,840 Speaker 1: talking about the pollen count here in Atlanta. That's pretty 11 00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 1: much all we ever talked about. Ever when the camera's 12 00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: not honor that mikes aren't recording that in Coca Cola. 13 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:49,680 Speaker 1: Oh you know how everyone comes to Atlanta and they're like, oh, 14 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 1: every street's named Peachtree. Let's go drink a coke because 15 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: so's the only two things we've ever had. Alright, Sorry, 16 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 1: that's fun. So you want to talk about pollittin Moore 17 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 1: it's low right now in Atlanta thirty nine that's moderate. Yeah, 18 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:06,800 Speaker 1: well low for us, right, but like according to the 19 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:09,920 Speaker 1: pollen scale they scale that they used to count pollen 20 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,920 Speaker 1: and then designated somewhere along the pollen spectrum. Thirty nine 21 00:01:13,959 --> 00:01:18,440 Speaker 1: is considered moderate, not even low moderate. When it's really 22 00:01:18,480 --> 00:01:21,800 Speaker 1: bad here in Georgia, it gets to about nine thousand. 23 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:26,160 Speaker 1: Those are the few weeks that the the streets run 24 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:30,319 Speaker 1: yellow with. When it rains with yellow water, it looks 25 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:32,959 Speaker 1: like p yep, your car is totally covered in it. 26 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: You're covered in it. It's just everywhere everywhere. Yeah, but 27 00:01:36,680 --> 00:01:38,880 Speaker 1: now we're about to tell everybody we're basically going to 28 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:42,880 Speaker 1: turn everybody into a palenologist. Yeah, to an extent, should 29 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,679 Speaker 1: be a big fan after this an amateur palenologists. I 30 00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:48,320 Speaker 1: think about a third of all the plants and vegetables 31 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 1: and fruits and vegetables we eat, are you know here 32 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:55,760 Speaker 1: thanks to pollen. So if you like eating food, yeah, 33 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: it doesn't come in a box, thank you pollen. Is 34 00:01:58,600 --> 00:02:01,360 Speaker 1: it just a third that pollinate or a third that 35 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: are just angiosperms or gymna sperms? That wow, what's up 36 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:11,360 Speaker 1: with the other two thirds? Well, you know, bananas, they're 37 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:15,280 Speaker 1: clones of one another. There's like that, there's the one. 38 00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:18,720 Speaker 1: There's like I think a thousand varieties of bananas, And 39 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: thanks by the way, to damn interesting for this information. 40 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:24,880 Speaker 1: But there's like a thousand varieties or species of bananas, 41 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:27,600 Speaker 1: but each one, like if you eat like a type 42 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:30,200 Speaker 1: of just one of those species of bananas, you're eating 43 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:33,200 Speaker 1: an exact clone of every other banana in that species, 44 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:37,680 Speaker 1: because many thousands of years ago, humans just stumbled upon 45 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:42,560 Speaker 1: the banana, which is the hybrid of two basically inedible 46 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:46,280 Speaker 1: fruits that came together to form the delicious banana, but 47 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:49,360 Speaker 1: made them sterile. All banana plants are sterile, and the 48 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:52,120 Speaker 1: only way that they're allowed to propagate is by human hand. 49 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 1: They're delicious. I did a Don't be dumb about that? Yeah, 50 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: well you just did it again. Yeah, you can check 51 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:00,600 Speaker 1: out Don't be dumbs on our website Stuff you should 52 00:03:00,639 --> 00:03:04,679 Speaker 1: know dot com. Wow, all right, anyway, pollen, Yes, it's 53 00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: been around for a while. Um. I know. In our 54 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: b podcast we talked about how bees and and pauling 55 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: kind of emerged side by side a hundred million years ago, 56 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:17,920 Speaker 1: but Paullen actually goes further back than that. In this article, 57 00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: it says about three five million years ago is when 58 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:26,160 Speaker 1: the plants started getting clever and spreading their seed literally 59 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:29,919 Speaker 1: using pollen different techniques, and I think the um the 60 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:34,360 Speaker 1: gymnast sperms were first, I believe so. Uh yeah. And 61 00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:36,680 Speaker 1: the author of the article here points out that the 62 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 1: reason why it evolved was so plants didn't have to 63 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: be dumb and rely on water to carry their junk 64 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,360 Speaker 1: to fertilize other junk. You know, they're like, how about 65 00:03:48,360 --> 00:03:51,840 Speaker 1: wind or how about that bat a beetle? Yeah, or 66 00:03:51,880 --> 00:03:55,920 Speaker 1: how about that bird pooping it out? That's right? Yeah? Um? 67 00:03:56,040 --> 00:04:00,840 Speaker 1: And like I said, I think Paullen Green's plants spread 68 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:06,480 Speaker 1: their seed. Literally, plant pollen is what amounts to plant sperm. Yeah, 69 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 1: It's like I always go to the kids science pages 70 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: to research. First off, I mean they're good, they're they're colorful. 71 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:16,560 Speaker 1: Uh yeah. If we want to pollination very simply, you know, 72 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:20,159 Speaker 1: people reproduce. Animals reproduce, they need male and female parts. 73 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:23,240 Speaker 1: Plants and flowers are no different. They need male parts 74 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:27,000 Speaker 1: to connect with the female parts to make an egg. 75 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:30,720 Speaker 1: And in this case, pollination is how it's done. Basically, 76 00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:33,160 Speaker 1: how that sperm, the pollen reaches that egg, which is 77 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:37,600 Speaker 1: the ovule, right, and once they get together, magic happens. 78 00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:39,839 Speaker 1: That's right. But let's talk about the way it looks 79 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 1: first of all. Yeah, there's like there's a lot of 80 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:47,520 Speaker 1: different looks to pollen depending on the plant um and 81 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:51,279 Speaker 1: all of these variations. It can be like a cone 82 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:53,680 Speaker 1: literally a pine cone. Yeah, it looks at you know, 83 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:56,440 Speaker 1: just look up microscope pollen on Google Images and you'll 84 00:04:56,440 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 1: see all sorts of weird colorful shapes and sizes. Some 85 00:05:00,440 --> 00:05:05,520 Speaker 1: look like blowfish. Yeah, others look like spot nick really yeah, 86 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:11,279 Speaker 1: I didn't see this spot Some have ribbed edges for 87 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: and all of these adaptations are or mutations, I guess 88 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:20,159 Speaker 1: they became adaptations allow that pollen to kind of better 89 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:22,000 Speaker 1: ensure that it's going to be carried to where it 90 00:05:22,040 --> 00:05:24,600 Speaker 1: needs to go. Yeah, it has a purpose. It's not 91 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 1: just like, hey, this one would look neat if it 92 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:31,440 Speaker 1: looks like a starfish in the end. Some have wings 93 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:34,800 Speaker 1: kind of what amount of basically wings because they're carried 94 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: on the wind. Oh yeah, yeah, like dandelion pollen, it's 95 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:42,640 Speaker 1: carried on the wind. True. Well, dandelion's self polling night too. 96 00:05:42,680 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 1: We'll get to that though. Yeah. They're slippery little guys. 97 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 1: They are. They're also high and phytonutrients as well. Yeah, 98 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:57,040 Speaker 1: dandelion greens are O the stems, No, the leaves, oh, 99 00:05:57,080 --> 00:05:59,480 Speaker 1: the little leaves, the yellow part. So here here's the 100 00:05:59,520 --> 00:06:01,840 Speaker 1: rule of thumb. There's a New York Times article that 101 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:05,000 Speaker 1: came out very recently about phyto nutrients and how we 102 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,240 Speaker 1: basically bred them out of our food, and um, the 103 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: rule of thumb is the the bit, the bitterer or 104 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:16,720 Speaker 1: more bitter the plant, the higher it is in phytonutrients. 105 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:20,279 Speaker 1: Phyto nutrients have kind of a bitterest, stringent taste, and 106 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: we tend to not really like that, so we stopped 107 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,120 Speaker 1: eating those things over time, replace them with sweet things 108 00:06:26,160 --> 00:06:29,000 Speaker 1: that aren't necessarily good for us, like you know, potatoes 109 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:32,120 Speaker 1: and other starches. Ye, well, bitter things can also kill you, 110 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:36,200 Speaker 1: that's probably why. Maybe, So that's that's a pretty good point. 111 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: But bitter stuff that you know won't kill you. Dandelion 112 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:42,360 Speaker 1: leaves go out and needs some right now. But back 113 00:06:42,400 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: in the day, I bet people are like that tastes 114 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:47,279 Speaker 1: bad and it killed tuk tuk, So let's just not 115 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:52,800 Speaker 1: eat it right exactly? Alright, So should we talk about pollination? 116 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:55,600 Speaker 1: Talked a little bit about pollen. Yeah, now we need 117 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:58,280 Speaker 1: to talk about how plants make little baby plants, right, 118 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,480 Speaker 1: and it's it's pretty simple, like I said, the male 119 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,279 Speaker 1: part and have you. Uh, it really helps to follow 120 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: along if you go to a handied andy little visual 121 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:12,320 Speaker 1: aid I found, because they really break down the male 122 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: parts and the female parts. The female is the has 123 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: the pistol and that's p I S T I L. 124 00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:22,200 Speaker 1: And within that you have the ovary, which are you know, 125 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: sits down low in the plant, and the style which 126 00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: is a long ah thin h appendage. I guess that 127 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:33,440 Speaker 1: contains pollen tubes. And then at the top you have 128 00:07:33,480 --> 00:07:35,800 Speaker 1: your stigma, which is gonna catch the pollen. Yeah, and 129 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 1: that's the female part, right, that's the lady. Don't be 130 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: confused because it is phallic in nature. Yeah, true, but 131 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: it's still the female part. And the male has the 132 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:46,440 Speaker 1: filament which is a long stem, and then the anther 133 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 1: at the top which holds all the pollen. And that's 134 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,240 Speaker 1: pretty much the long and short of the parts. And 135 00:07:53,400 --> 00:07:56,360 Speaker 1: is that just angiosperms that you're describing or is that 136 00:07:56,480 --> 00:08:00,760 Speaker 1: all all? I think these are just the and a sperms. Well, 137 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:03,720 Speaker 1: we should say quite explicitly that there's basically two ways 138 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:07,960 Speaker 1: that plants can pollinate. There's gymnasperms and angiosperms, And the 139 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,280 Speaker 1: big difference between the two is that gymnasperms literally that 140 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: means naked seed, which, by the way, gymnasium is means 141 00:08:16,480 --> 00:08:19,640 Speaker 1: place to be naked canasium in German. Did you know that? 142 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:24,880 Speaker 1: So gymnasperms naked seed. There's nothing protecting the seed once 143 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: it's once it's produced, and a seed is just a germ, 144 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:32,480 Speaker 1: a fertilized ovum or ovule, right um, Angia sperms produce 145 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:35,640 Speaker 1: something to protect that seed, whether it's a shell like 146 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: a nut or fruit like an apple with the seeds inside, 147 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: because an apple is just a an enlarged ovule ovary 148 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: and the seeds are the fertilized though. Well, you can 149 00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:53,480 Speaker 1: also pollinate, across pollinate or self pollinate, right, those are 150 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:56,880 Speaker 1: the other two differences. So you're saying, what what dandelions 151 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:00,240 Speaker 1: self pollinate? Well, they can do both, um, but do 152 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:03,160 Speaker 1: have a little a cool little feature. They basically grow up. 153 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 1: You know, this is when there's still the little yellow flower. 154 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:09,839 Speaker 1: They have these little florets that grow up. If you look, well, 155 00:09:09,880 --> 00:09:11,760 Speaker 1: you probably can't see if you look really really close, though, 156 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:15,680 Speaker 1: these little florets that grow up and as it grows 157 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:19,680 Speaker 1: it carries uh, the pollen on its little stem and 158 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,040 Speaker 1: then eventually gets to a point where it doesn't start 159 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,400 Speaker 1: grow growing up anymore, and it splits and then starts 160 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:30,640 Speaker 1: curling back on itself to uh, you know, no way. 161 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: It picks up its own pollen from its own style, 162 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:37,440 Speaker 1: and it's self pollination. It's not gross or like perverted. 163 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: There's a there's a lot of them. There's a lot 164 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:45,319 Speaker 1: of plants out there though, that have mechanisms to prevent 165 00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 1: them from self pollinating. It couldn't can't be good or bad. 166 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 1: That's what I couldn't figure out. Well, the plants somewhere 167 00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:52,800 Speaker 1: along the way figured out like, hey, the wider the 168 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:55,640 Speaker 1: gene pool, the better off we are, because the more 169 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:59,680 Speaker 1: room there is for adaptation mutations and than adaptations. Right. Yeah, 170 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:03,800 Speaker 1: But in here the author said ideally it cross pollinates. 171 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: But I don't think that's the case always. Well, it's 172 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,400 Speaker 1: the ideal, it's just some doing some don't write. I mean, 173 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:11,120 Speaker 1: if you look at it, like from just an animalistic 174 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:17,520 Speaker 1: or an organism viewpoint, right like with us, if you 175 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:20,000 Speaker 1: just get a bunch of Mennonites together and they just 176 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: reproduce with one another, there's going to be defects that 177 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: just are propagated throughout this this little gene pool. But 178 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:29,920 Speaker 1: if the Mennonites spread out into the you know, larger 179 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:33,800 Speaker 1: country as a whole, those defects are going to you know, 180 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:37,880 Speaker 1: I guess we kind of watered down by the size 181 00:10:37,920 --> 00:10:39,319 Speaker 1: of the gene pool. I think it's the same thing 182 00:10:39,360 --> 00:10:43,040 Speaker 1: with self pollinating and cross pollinating. Yeah, because it's interesting 183 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: because things like peanuts or self pollinators and that's why 184 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: they thrive. But corn has a mechanism to not allow 185 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:56,360 Speaker 1: itself to self pollinate. Like there. I think the sperm 186 00:10:56,480 --> 00:11:00,160 Speaker 1: is ready at a different time than the ovule is 187 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:02,760 Speaker 1: ready to accept it, So it's it's a timing thing. 188 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,320 Speaker 1: The thing is, peanuts would probably be able to talk 189 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:07,960 Speaker 1: if they didn't self pollinate, and they sound like Jimmy 190 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 1: carter um. So there's a lot of mechanisms that plants 191 00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:17,199 Speaker 1: have to prevent themselves from self pollinating. Um some. Some 192 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 1: might have either just male plants and just female plants. 193 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:26,840 Speaker 1: UM some maybe uh where the male part if the 194 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 1: plant has both male and female flowers, for example, yes, 195 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: they they the the male flower might come out before 196 00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:39,320 Speaker 1: the female flower on the same plant, so that they're not. 197 00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: The timing is off a little bit. Um, and then 198 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: there's some they're just like they'll they'll signal a biochemical marker. 199 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:48,600 Speaker 1: If pollen from the same plant gets near the ovule, 200 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:53,320 Speaker 1: it'll just basically turn barren. So it just is incapable 201 00:11:53,360 --> 00:11:56,160 Speaker 1: of fertilizing itself, or like corn where the timing is 202 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:59,520 Speaker 1: thrown off. So they rely on cross pollination, right, which 203 00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: is pretty cool. So let's let's get explicit again here 204 00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:07,560 Speaker 1: gymnaspers naked seed. How does this happen? Like it? We'll 205 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:12,080 Speaker 1: use the example of a pine, a lob lolly pine. 206 00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:15,480 Speaker 1: It's fun to say, um, but it's a conifer. Conifers 207 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:19,800 Speaker 1: are ancient. I believe they were the first pollinating plant. Yeah, 208 00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:22,920 Speaker 1: I think so. Nice. So let's talk about it. Well, 209 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,400 Speaker 1: the pine cones, they're they're little male pine cones, a 210 00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:28,240 Speaker 1: little female pine cones. Might not realize that you've got 211 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,120 Speaker 1: quite a show going on in your backyard at certain 212 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,400 Speaker 1: times of the year. Um. And basically, if once you 213 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:36,480 Speaker 1: get the two together, you get a male pine cone 214 00:12:36,520 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: and a a female pine cone together, the male pine cone fertilized, well, 215 00:12:42,840 --> 00:12:46,280 Speaker 1: the pollen comes in contact with an ovule and the 216 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:48,240 Speaker 1: pollen starts to go to town. It absorbs a bunch 217 00:12:48,280 --> 00:12:50,360 Speaker 1: of water. Well, the female pine cones a little sticky too. 218 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:52,880 Speaker 1: That helps, by the way, it does, helps collect the pollen. 219 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:56,840 Speaker 1: Right um, So the female or the the pollen, the male, 220 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:00,840 Speaker 1: the male part of the pine cone germinates and it 221 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,520 Speaker 1: starts growing. It's called a pollen tube, which basically allows 222 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:09,040 Speaker 1: this pollen to directly fertilize the ovule. Once that happens, 223 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: the ovule basically becomes a seed, and the seed is 224 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: released from the pine cone. They go everywhere and then 225 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:20,400 Speaker 1: they're eaten by birds and pooped out elsewhere, carried along 226 00:13:20,640 --> 00:13:24,520 Speaker 1: in the there trampled by a rhinoceros who knows which 227 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 1: just got loose from the zoo. But then that seed 228 00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:29,839 Speaker 1: is carried along, but it's not protected by anything. It's 229 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:33,960 Speaker 1: just a seed and hence a naked seed. Hence gymnasperms, 230 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:39,959 Speaker 1: So angiosperms, they have kind of like a similar process, 231 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:43,000 Speaker 1: whereas there's a pollen tube that's grown and the male 232 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,200 Speaker 1: pollen has to come in contact with the female pollen 233 00:13:45,240 --> 00:13:47,400 Speaker 1: and all that. And we're talking about flowers in most 234 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:49,920 Speaker 1: cases here with andrew sperms, they're the only ones that 235 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:52,960 Speaker 1: flower and produce fruit. So when you think about your 236 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:56,600 Speaker 1: garden with the honey bee and all, that's right. So 237 00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,240 Speaker 1: that's a non naked seed and that's the that's where 238 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: the fruit comes in or the shell comes and there's 239 00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:07,839 Speaker 1: Andrew's firms have developed a mechanism to protect the seed 240 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 1: to better ensure survival and if you think about it, 241 00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:16,800 Speaker 1: to entice the things that transport these seeds to go 242 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: ahead and do their thing. Yeah, there's like every flower 243 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:24,320 Speaker 1: has some sort of cool shape or scent or color 244 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:29,480 Speaker 1: or something that matches with some little insect or bird 245 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,840 Speaker 1: or bat that's gonna be enticed. Like the bumblebee in 246 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:35,040 Speaker 1: the fox glove, they go hand in hand because it 247 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: fits up. They're just perfect. And it has a little 248 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: colorful landing strip on the bottom pedal to guide the 249 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: bumblebee in and it's just like nature's it's just like harmonious. 250 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:50,560 Speaker 1: There's that one orchid that I believe Darwin predicted the 251 00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: existence of a type of hummingbird that had a very 252 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:56,760 Speaker 1: long curled beak right that it co evolves with it, 253 00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:01,120 Speaker 1: and he was absolutely correct. Members in that movie ad Yeah, 254 00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:03,840 Speaker 1: that's a great movie. Um, and then uh, you can 255 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:06,960 Speaker 1: learn a lot from that movie. Yeah, yeah, anything that 256 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:12,760 Speaker 1: what's his name? Charlie Kaufman writes, well, researched um. The 257 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:15,840 Speaker 1: fruit is another thing too. Animals love to eat fruit. 258 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:19,440 Speaker 1: The fruit is basically once the fruit piece of fruit 259 00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:22,120 Speaker 1: drops to the ground, that means those seeds are ready 260 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:25,080 Speaker 1: to go. They're ready to become seedlings. But first they 261 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:26,960 Speaker 1: need a fox to eat the apple, carry it in 262 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 1: its stomach over you know, several meters or miles or whatever, 263 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:35,360 Speaker 1: and then poop it out. And then you have seeds 264 00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:39,320 Speaker 1: that are basically just planted. That's amazing. They take purchase 265 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:44,520 Speaker 1: and a new tree begins where his seed her insides 266 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:47,120 Speaker 1: where a rocky place where seed you can find nor purchase. 267 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,240 Speaker 1: So pollen grains um are actually created. I guess we 268 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:55,320 Speaker 1: should step back a second and talk about myosis. That's 269 00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:58,280 Speaker 1: the cells are dividing and growing. Eventually you get a 270 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:01,240 Speaker 1: little pollen. Uh, it looks like a little dust spec 271 00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:04,560 Speaker 1: to our eyeball, but it's contains the sperm. Is not 272 00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:09,800 Speaker 1: actually the sperm. It contains the sperm therein and uh, 273 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: the pollen is in pollen sacks at the end of 274 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:14,680 Speaker 1: the stamen, which we talked about and that little two 275 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:20,400 Speaker 1: lobed ant uh almost at antler antherer and then eventually 276 00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:24,160 Speaker 1: it'll find its way to the stigma and travel down 277 00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,560 Speaker 1: to the ovary. And and in the case of angiosperms, 278 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:30,320 Speaker 1: there are two sperm that are used. I don't think 279 00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 1: we said in the case of gymnosperms, it's only one 280 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:35,160 Speaker 1: of the sperm is used, right, Yeah, in a in 281 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,520 Speaker 1: a pollen sact, there's two sperm, but you just need 282 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,880 Speaker 1: one for the gymnasperm for the anti sperm unit to yeah, 283 00:16:40,960 --> 00:16:43,240 Speaker 1: because one is actually fertilizing the egg and the other 284 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 1: is developing into endo sperm together alongside and what will 285 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,480 Speaker 1: eventually be the seed. And if you think that sounds gross, 286 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:55,520 Speaker 1: like the gymnos sperm, I'm sorry. The endosperm is like 287 00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 1: a protein basically to keep it all alive. Yeah, that 288 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:03,320 Speaker 1: keeps the seedling happy, healthy. So when you're eating corn, 289 00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:05,800 Speaker 1: you're actually eating the indo sperm. Each corn kernel is 290 00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:10,160 Speaker 1: actually you know, it's like that starchy indo sperm which 291 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:14,640 Speaker 1: the seed loves to eat itself. And that's true. Um, 292 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:19,080 Speaker 1: So we talked about bees, we talked about birds, foxes, 293 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:23,119 Speaker 1: mentioned poop a couple of times. Yeah, and you were 294 00:17:23,160 --> 00:17:27,680 Speaker 1: saying that, like basically every every flowering plant especially has 295 00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 1: some sort of mechanism to attract at least one kind 296 00:17:31,359 --> 00:17:36,159 Speaker 1: of um bug or animal that's been proven to help 297 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: pollinate transport this pollen. And so I mean, for the 298 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:41,800 Speaker 1: most part, we enjoy them, like you like the scent 299 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:47,879 Speaker 1: of you know, a good flower, right, sure, but you 300 00:17:47,960 --> 00:17:51,480 Speaker 1: might not like the Devil's Tongue, yeah, which is a 301 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:56,720 Speaker 1: sumatran plant that apparently reads so badly smells like a 302 00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:01,280 Speaker 1: decomposing flash. Basically, basically, did you this thing? I've seen 303 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:04,920 Speaker 1: it before. You actually remarkable like two feet and it's 304 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:08,720 Speaker 1: it's like it it basically um flowers or blooms like 305 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:12,199 Speaker 1: once every like ten years or twenty years something like that. Right, 306 00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: I'm not sure if it's the same one I'm thinking 307 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: of things, but it's sink right, And the reason why 308 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:20,359 Speaker 1: it's stinky is because it pollinates with the help of 309 00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:25,040 Speaker 1: a type of carrion beetle that's attracted to decomposing flesh. 310 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:27,560 Speaker 1: So the plant attracts this beetle that likes to eat 311 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:32,720 Speaker 1: decomposing flesh by putting out the smell of decomposing flesh 312 00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:36,040 Speaker 1: that's so gross. Yeah, but it's pretty spectacular. It is, 313 00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:38,600 Speaker 1: you know, yeah, in the philodendron, something you might have 314 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:40,560 Speaker 1: in your house. It actually does the same thing, but 315 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,520 Speaker 1: it doesn't stink always. Um. There's actual chemical reaction that 316 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:47,119 Speaker 1: takes place and heats it up to omit this odor 317 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,600 Speaker 1: that the beetle is attracted to, which sounds pretty gross too, 318 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:53,479 Speaker 1: but it all works, and I would google that. Um 319 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: the sumatra and devil stung. It's pretty cool looking. Like 320 00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:00,160 Speaker 1: the flower itself is two feet It's not like, oh, 321 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:03,199 Speaker 1: what a long stem, it's just as huge flower. It's amazing. 322 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:06,679 Speaker 1: And then you're also saying, like, was it foxglove that 323 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:11,280 Speaker 1: provided a landing strip for bumblebees? Yeah, So flowers in 324 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:15,159 Speaker 1: general typically have certain types of um like their color 325 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: will be based on the kind of creature that um 326 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:23,359 Speaker 1: that that helps pollinate it, whether it's diurnal meaning it 327 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:25,879 Speaker 1: it's awake during the day or nocturnal meaning it's awake 328 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:27,919 Speaker 1: at night, right, right, I guess that's in case of 329 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:30,359 Speaker 1: like bats and stuff like that. Yeah, and then our 330 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:33,879 Speaker 1: old friend nectar is a big lure and basically nectar 331 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:38,159 Speaker 1: is around right just because it tastes delicious and is 332 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:43,439 Speaker 1: enticing from Yeah, it's basically like a little enticement like 333 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,400 Speaker 1: you said, for like a bee or something or a bird. Yeah, 334 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: come get it, because it's placed by the stamen that's right, 335 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:54,679 Speaker 1: or the way that the the anthers are situated, just 336 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:57,320 Speaker 1: the way they're placed in the flower. If it gave 337 00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:00,119 Speaker 1: it an advantage to bump up against that bee, then 338 00:20:00,119 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 1: it's gonna be successful in the long run and live 339 00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:07,200 Speaker 1: out as a species as nice stuff. That is pretty good. So, Chuck, 340 00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:09,600 Speaker 1: we've reached a point where, um, I mean, ever since 341 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: we started selectively breeding plants, domesticating crops that's pretty right. 342 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,560 Speaker 1: Or hey, I like this banana um or that's hardy 343 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,840 Speaker 1: and it grows in my awful hot area that I 344 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:26,879 Speaker 1: live in. Many reasons to do so, right, Um, you know, 345 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:31,520 Speaker 1: we we wanted to keep plants, We wanted to keep 346 00:20:31,560 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: the bad stuff out, keep the good ones we wanted in. 347 00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:38,159 Speaker 1: But it never became more crucial, um until we started 348 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:42,119 Speaker 1: genetically modifying crops. And now all of a sudden, not 349 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 1: only are the corporations saying like, hey man, you can't 350 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:48,520 Speaker 1: cross pollinate with our stuff for else that's patent infringement, 351 00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:52,120 Speaker 1: and nearby farmers says I'm not using your seeds as 352 00:20:52,160 --> 00:20:55,880 Speaker 1: the bees. You can't blame me. And the farmers who 353 00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:58,640 Speaker 1: don't want to know most stuff in their crops say, 354 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:01,200 Speaker 1: hey man, you need to keep your crops over there 355 00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:04,520 Speaker 1: because I don't want your GMO crowd in here. I 356 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:08,480 Speaker 1: have an organic farm exactly, and you're just blowing by 357 00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,440 Speaker 1: the wind. It's a touchy subject. We should do that. 358 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: It's I agree. The idea of like patenting jeans in 359 00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: general and they alone like crops is it's really interesting. Um, 360 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:23,920 Speaker 1: but there's been some pretty clever, simple ways of getting 361 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:28,280 Speaker 1: around this problem. It's posed by pollination of GMO crops 362 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:33,400 Speaker 1: with non gmo crops. Yeah. Well, distance is obviously one thing. 363 00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:37,080 Speaker 1: Don't put my farm near your farm. But they have 364 00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:38,720 Speaker 1: to do all kinds of studies to see how the 365 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,040 Speaker 1: wind reacts and how like how far does that be fly? Yeah, 366 00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:44,520 Speaker 1: and they found in uh, in certain parts of Africa, 367 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:49,000 Speaker 1: these will go about four miles three kilometers that's their 368 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 1: range for food. That's you know, that's a lot. But 369 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:54,959 Speaker 1: I mean, just using that kind of thinking with all 370 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,919 Speaker 1: process though, like okay, well this you know, there's this 371 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,240 Speaker 1: guy's growing this over here, so I can't of this 372 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:04,440 Speaker 1: here right, That will prevent that kind of pollination though. Yeah. 373 00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:06,919 Speaker 1: Another thing they can do is, uh, sort of like 374 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:10,080 Speaker 1: with the corn, they can time their crop rotation to 375 00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: time out so where they're flowering at different times and 376 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:16,640 Speaker 1: not interfering with one another. But um, it's a touchy subject. 377 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:19,200 Speaker 1: Like from what I understand, there's a lot a lot 378 00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 1: more going on then you know, is preferred by like 379 00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:27,919 Speaker 1: the organic farmers of the world, and in't the GMOs. 380 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:32,320 Speaker 1: They can then say that you're infringing just because they 381 00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:36,920 Speaker 1: cross pollinated to their crop, even though you didn't buy 382 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 1: their seeds or even want their seeds. If a bee 383 00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:46,199 Speaker 1: carries there, there's seeds, there's crops falling over to your crops, 384 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 1: and you start to develop plants that have the characteristics 385 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:54,720 Speaker 1: that's patented. According to the corporations, you're infringing on their patent. 386 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:57,760 Speaker 1: It's very tricky ground, there isn't it. I don't think 387 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:00,719 Speaker 1: it's triggy ground. If you ask me, you should not 388 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:04,000 Speaker 1: be allowed to have a patent on any living organism. Yeah, 389 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, though, that's my opinion. It 390 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:10,280 Speaker 1: gets tricky, uh in courts and studies and corporations, and 391 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:15,480 Speaker 1: of course they tend to side on the corporation's side. Typically. 392 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:20,199 Speaker 1: Let's do that one though soon GM. Yeah all right, Um, 393 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:22,560 Speaker 1: so let's say, for Paullen, if you're interested in how 394 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,840 Speaker 1: pollen causes allergies, and you should listen to our how 395 00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:28,159 Speaker 1: Allergies Work episode. That was pretty good. Ye I was 396 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:32,160 Speaker 1: gonna recommend that. Nice work. Um, thanks man. So, uh, 397 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:34,280 Speaker 1: if you want to learn more about pollen in the meantime, 398 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:35,959 Speaker 1: you can type that word in the search bar how 399 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,840 Speaker 1: stiff works dot com. Since I said search bar, it's time, 400 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:46,879 Speaker 1: of course for a message break. And now how about 401 00:23:46,880 --> 00:23:52,399 Speaker 1: some listener mail. Yeah, uh, whip correction. It's been blowing 402 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:55,960 Speaker 1: up lately. Oh man, I'm sorry. You know it's craziest. 403 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,600 Speaker 1: That's the second time I've done that, and a podcast 404 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:01,760 Speaker 1: on that same same thing. I don't remember what the 405 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:03,720 Speaker 1: other podcast was, but I've mentioned it before and we've 406 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:06,360 Speaker 1: gotten tons of corrections about it, and I didn't learn 407 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:09,000 Speaker 1: my lesson. Well, this guy was really nice about it, 408 00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:11,840 Speaker 1: so I'm gonna read his. And it's an important correction 409 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:15,879 Speaker 1: because anytime you're talking about drugs. So to recap in 410 00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:19,280 Speaker 1: the PTSD podcast, we got the two drugs beta blocker, 411 00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:25,360 Speaker 1: called propan and all, which helps with PTSD, confused with propofol, 412 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:28,800 Speaker 1: which is what killed Michael Jackson. And so this is 413 00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:31,880 Speaker 1: from Chris. He's a big fan. He's listened to every 414 00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: episode on his commute in southern California, which we know stinks. 415 00:24:37,119 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: So he said what we just said about the getting 416 00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:41,639 Speaker 1: the drugs confused. He seconds, see how you guys can 417 00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:44,000 Speaker 1: mix it up because the names are very similar, but 418 00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:49,160 Speaker 1: they're significantly different. Obviously, propan and All is relatively mild 419 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:53,520 Speaker 1: and um commonly prescribed, and very little potential for overdose, 420 00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:57,000 Speaker 1: while propofol is a very powerful drug, extremely high potential 421 00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:01,720 Speaker 1: for overdose, and rarely administrated outside of strictly monitored medical settings. 422 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:05,440 Speaker 1: It is actually a hypnotic agent that must be administered intravenously. 423 00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,960 Speaker 1: Because we talked about Michael Jackson's drip. Uh and is 424 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:13,119 Speaker 1: often used in conjunction with general anesthetics. Like most general aesthetics, 425 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:18,080 Speaker 1: it's steep dose response curve significantly increases the risk of overdose, 426 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,440 Speaker 1: where the effective dose is only slightly below a lethal dose. 427 00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,400 Speaker 1: That's kind of scary, Yeah, it really is. I mean, 428 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:27,120 Speaker 1: like when you're when you're on that, like you're right 429 00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,360 Speaker 1: along the border. Yeah, Well, he says, Michael Jackson's case 430 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 1: is extremely rare, as he was essentially exposing himself to 431 00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:36,800 Speaker 1: risk similar to those associated with general anesthetics used during 432 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:40,399 Speaker 1: surgery with a higher potential for overdose and death on 433 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 1: a daily basis for a relatively trivial purposes, which were 434 00:25:45,359 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: in this case is insomnia. Yeah, but from what I understand, 435 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,480 Speaker 1: he had like years long insomnia. Like this guy was 436 00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: not sleeping at all, Like they would they wouldn't. They 437 00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 1: would give him everything first and then they try that 438 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:03,680 Speaker 1: last resort and like sometimes it's still wouldn't work. Really, Yeah, 439 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: he was really in bad shape at the end. Well, 440 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:09,480 Speaker 1: he probably had a resistance to certain ship things like that. 441 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:12,080 Speaker 1: Uh So, Chris goes on to say, I'm not certain 442 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:15,160 Speaker 1: about the exact amount of risk posed by propofile administration, 443 00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:17,159 Speaker 1: but I believe the risk of death is something on 444 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,720 Speaker 1: the order of tenths of a percent, meaning he would 445 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: have died according to the statistical model, within a couple 446 00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: of years of daily use, like British guaranteed. Frankly, he 447 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:29,680 Speaker 1: would have been better off using heroin that whole time. 448 00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:33,399 Speaker 1: In spite of his ironically strict yet poorly informed anti 449 00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:37,000 Speaker 1: drug stance. So that's from Chris. Thanks Chris, that was 450 00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:39,920 Speaker 1: a genuinely awesome email. That was good. Um, and I'm 451 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,119 Speaker 1: sorry everybody freaking so wrong. Well, I mean the names 452 00:26:43,119 --> 00:26:45,480 Speaker 1: are just confusing, yeah, but I mean one's like a 453 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:47,919 Speaker 1: blood pressure medicine. The other one's like pretty much a 454 00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:50,400 Speaker 1: general anesthetic. I know. But what gets me is that 455 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:53,919 Speaker 1: half of the emails were like, well, yeah, they just 456 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:55,399 Speaker 1: sound alike, so you cooke did it in Half of 457 00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:58,000 Speaker 1: them were like those drugs couldn't be any more different, 458 00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:01,200 Speaker 1: like you really thought that, you know. It's just it's 459 00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:04,359 Speaker 1: like a verbal pipeo and key chuck. Yeah, thanks for 460 00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:08,240 Speaker 1: letting me off anyway. Uh, if you have a correction 461 00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:10,960 Speaker 1: for us, we really do like to get those. We 462 00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:13,639 Speaker 1: like to know what we're talking about. Sometimes we get 463 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,600 Speaker 1: we get things wrong, sometimes I get things wrong, but 464 00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: we do want to be corrected in the nicest way 465 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:25,119 Speaker 1: possible because that's usually who gets their letter read right exactly. Yeah. 466 00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: You can tweet to us at s Y s K podcast. 467 00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,240 Speaker 1: You can join us on Facebook dot com slash stuff 468 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:32,159 Speaker 1: you should know. You can send us an email to 469 00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:35,440 Speaker 1: Stuff Podcast at Discovery dot com, and you can join 470 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:37,920 Speaker 1: us at our home on the web, the greatest website 471 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:42,800 Speaker 1: in the history of humanity. Stuff you should know. All 472 00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:52,000 Speaker 1: one word dot com for more on this and thousands 473 00:27:52,000 --> 00:28:00,000 Speaker 1: of other topics because it how stuff works. Dot com 474 00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:03,479 Speaker 1: m with over a hundred thousand titles to choose from. 475 00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:06,560 Speaker 1: Audible dot com as a leading provider of downloadable digital 476 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,879 Speaker 1: audio books and spoken word entertainment. Go to Audible podcast 477 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:13,840 Speaker 1: dot com slash no stuff, k n o w S 478 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:16,280 Speaker 1: t u f F to get a free audio book 479 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,159 Speaker 1: download of your choice when you sign up today.