Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, what's your favorite part of the pizza. Oh,
Speaker 1: I'm all about the crust. The crust makes the pizza.
Speaker 1: You're crust guy. Huh, Well, it turned out that's just
Speaker 1: like a planet. All the interesting stuff in a planet
Speaker 1: like ours happens on the crust. That's where the good
Speaker 1: stuff is, right. You know that totally makes sense because
Speaker 1: I can't count the number of times I've burnt my
Speaker 1: tongue on the hot lava of tomato sauce on pizza.
Speaker 1: It's like a molten core, all that cheese exactly exactly,
Speaker 1: and you always want to bite it before it's cooled
Speaker 1: off and turned into a nice place to live. You know,
Speaker 1: you always got to get in there. But you know,
Speaker 1: you're right, the crust is very important, and you know
Speaker 1: that's where you hold the pizza. That's where we hold
Speaker 1: onto our planet. So it's it's a big deal. Yeah.
Speaker 1: What about what about the cheese stuff crust? It's like
Speaker 1: a crust in a crust. Yeah, what is the what
Speaker 1: is the geological analogy of cheese stuffed crust? Right, that's
Speaker 1: like underwater, that's like a sub subterranean lakes or something
Speaker 1: of cheese. Yeah, well, I'm like those intolerant. So Hi,
Speaker 1: I'm Orge and I'm Daniel, and welcome to our podcast,
Speaker 1: Pizzas in the Universe. Daniel and Jorge explain what makes
Speaker 1: a pizza a pizza and what doesn't make a pizza.
Speaker 1: We have no idea. We do have some idea based
Speaker 1: on my deep expertise of being a particle physicist. I'm
Speaker 1: here to expound on what's a pizza and what's not
Speaker 1: a pizza. Now, welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge
Speaker 1: Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio in
Speaker 1: which we find topics here, there, everywhere and break them
Speaker 1: down so that you can understand them while you enjoy
Speaker 1: your pizza. That's right. We're also the authors of the
Speaker 1: book We have No Idea, which you can find in
Speaker 1: bookstores and online or just borrow from your grandma because
Speaker 1: she read it and she loved it. She loved it,
Speaker 1: she told us. Are you in touch with everybody's grandma?
Speaker 1: I'm in touch with the cosmic grandma. Like the you
Speaker 1: like the idea of imagining all of a sudden imagining
Speaker 1: some like you know underground Internet Grandma network that you've
Speaker 1: typed into. It's just a giant book. Club. Basically, can
Speaker 1: you mobilize them in emergencies to do something important? Yes,
Speaker 1: there's I have a big red button here, he says,
Speaker 1: Raise grandma army. Yeah, somebody's hungry quick, somebody hasn't had lunch,
Speaker 1: somebody's looking thin. Cook. Cook. But not today, We're going
Speaker 1: to not talk about something that's out there in the
Speaker 1: universal mystery. But today we're going to focus on a
Speaker 1: question very near us and actually underneath you. That's right.
Speaker 1: Today we're going to talk about where we all live,
Speaker 1: the place that you call home. Today's topic is what's
Speaker 1: inside the Earth or what is the Earth made out of?
Speaker 1: We we live on it, we walk in it, we
Speaker 1: running it, we swim in it. But do how many
Speaker 1: people know what this giant ball that we're riding around
Speaker 1: space on is made out of? Yeah? It's a special place.
Speaker 1: I mean, as far as we know so far, it's
Speaker 1: host to all life that we've ever seen. Right, everything
Speaker 1: anybody has ever touched or tasted has been on Earth.
Speaker 1: So it's an important place. You know. It's the spaceship
Speaker 1: we are riding through the universe on, and there's a
Speaker 1: lot going on, right, you can't just ignore it, especially
Speaker 1: for those of us living in California. You know, we're
Speaker 1: wondering about like earthquakes and all sorts of crazy stuff,
Speaker 1: So it's important to know what's going on inside the earth. Yeah,
Speaker 1: magnetic fields and having to move around and shielding us
Speaker 1: from cosmic rays. It's all because of what's going on inside.
Speaker 1: Mm hmmm um. You know, continental drift and super volcanoes
Speaker 1: and all sorts of stuff. If the Earth was just
Speaker 1: a quiet lump of rocket, wouldn't be quite so exciting
Speaker 1: to live on. Yeah. And lava, of course, lava. Who
Speaker 1: doesn't love a lava? Who doesn't love a love a lamp?
Speaker 1: You know? I was teaching ones and I usually like
Speaker 1: to open my class with asking people for random questions,
Speaker 1: you know, get them warmed up, and who's gonna totally
Speaker 1: random question? Right? And somebody wants to asked me what
Speaker 1: does lava taste like? That is a good random question.
Speaker 1: I said pain, Pure pain tastes like pain, tastes like
Speaker 1: charred tongue. No, I said pineapples. It tastes like pineapples,
Speaker 1: does it? I have no idea what lava tastes like. No,
Speaker 1: in like the bill of second between lava, like scorching
Speaker 1: your tongue. Um it probably you just taste like rock, right,
Speaker 1: It's just probably like living a rock, salty, salty, exactly metallic. Yeah,
Speaker 1: So people out there, do not do this investigation. Do
Speaker 1: not approach lava, do not play with lava, do not
Speaker 1: lick lava. Um I probably doesn't taste like pineapple maybe
Speaker 1: in Hawaii actually, And so we got into this question
Speaker 1: a little bit, Daniel, because we were wondering, we were
Speaker 1: thinking about ideas with this up for an episode, and
Speaker 1: we were wondering, what would happen if you dug a
Speaker 1: hole through the entire Earth and jumped into it? Right,
Speaker 1: that's a that's a pretty weird question. Yeah, And you know,
Speaker 1: this is the kind of thing you see in science
Speaker 1: fiction all the time, you know, journey to the Center
Speaker 1: of the Earth, and um I was watching gravity falls
Speaker 1: and they have the bottomless pit, you know, they jump
Speaker 1: in and fall forever. And so it's a trope that
Speaker 1: you see a lot of times. You know, people wonder
Speaker 1: like can you get into the center of the Earth,
Speaker 1: And so it's a fun It's also a fun physics
Speaker 1: question I ask in my freshman physics class sometimes, like
Speaker 1: what would happen if you drill the hole all the
Speaker 1: way through the earth and then jumped inside. You know,
Speaker 1: so for from the point of view of like gravitation. Yeah,
Speaker 1: but you know, I'm an engineer, so I kind of
Speaker 1: got hung up on the question of how you would
Speaker 1: even make that whole or could you have a tunnel
Speaker 1: that goes through the center of the earth? And would
Speaker 1: you let us to the question what what is inside
Speaker 1: the earth? What's going on? What would you drill a
Speaker 1: hole through? Yeah? Exactly is it hard or easy? Do
Speaker 1: you like dig down a hundred meters and then you
Speaker 1: know it's just like a big pile of soft stuff,
Speaker 1: or is it like diamond down there, or you know
Speaker 1: it's impossible to dig into? Yeah, this is pretty interesting stuff. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so we might get to that question of what would
Speaker 1: happen if you jump through a whole the go through
Speaker 1: the entire earth. But but today's episode, we'll we'll talk
Speaker 1: about the earlier question, which is what is the earth
Speaker 1: made out of? That's right, We'll take you on a
Speaker 1: tour from the very top all the way to the
Speaker 1: very center of the earth. Yeah, and as usual, we
Speaker 1: were wondering how many of you out there know the
Speaker 1: answer to this question? How many people know what's inside
Speaker 1: to earth? And so Daniel went out there as usual,
Speaker 1: out into the street and ask people, random strangers what
Speaker 1: they thought was inside to Earth. Here's what people had
Speaker 1: to say. Is the Earth just one big rock or
Speaker 1: is it more complex under our feet? There are more
Speaker 1: complex features below our feet and something fel like the mantle,
Speaker 1: um core, cross shoe as lissile spear, messile scree or
Speaker 1: something like that. I know that there's it's not just
Speaker 1: a big rock, but yeah, I don't know the components
Speaker 1: of what they send it. Well. I think there's like
Speaker 1: different layers of rocks. But that's it, okay, like different,
Speaker 1: just different layers and different just difficult that the Earth
Speaker 1: it's not just one of big rock, Okay, it's like
Speaker 1: layers and like there's like dirt rock, gravel, and thought
Speaker 1: it's up and they're like for some reason, like my
Speaker 1: mind went to like minecraft. So then like the should
Speaker 1: be like lava area across is like made out of
Speaker 1: like different minerals, like different rocks. And well around the earth,
Speaker 1: the first layers the crust, then um there's soft softer
Speaker 1: more hot rock um and there are two layers of
Speaker 1: magma um at the center of the core of the Earth. Well,
Speaker 1: it sounds like most people, um just sort of guess
Speaker 1: that they just made out of rock and dirt and
Speaker 1: some lava. Yeah, a lot of people know there's like
Speaker 1: rock and dirt and gravel. And I love the people
Speaker 1: who refer to Minecraft as their their reference. But you know,
Speaker 1: there's there's some evidence they're like, you know, Minecraft is
Speaker 1: a little bit educationally, you dig down deep enough in
Speaker 1: Minecraft and you get to Magma, So yeah, good job Minecraft. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and zombies, and that's what that's what I know about minecrafts. Also, Minecraft,
Speaker 1: you know, says that the universe is pixelated, and I'm
Speaker 1: pretty sure they get that right. Also, so you know,
Speaker 1: the physics of Minecraft is really pretty solid, interesting, just
Speaker 1: maybe a few orders of magnitude exactly. They need a
Speaker 1: few more bits, you know, it's not an eight bit
Speaker 1: universe we live in. Well, there's the idea that we
Speaker 1: maybe we are all in a video game, right, that's true. Yeah,
Speaker 1: we could certainly be in a simulation. Um My kids
Speaker 1: watched Ready Player one last week and they looked at
Speaker 1: it and they were like, whoa, that's pretty cool. He
Speaker 1: can almost live inside that game. And then you could
Speaker 1: see the idea of being formed in their minds. Wait,
Speaker 1: what if we were inside a game right now? Really?
Speaker 1: Whoa And they weren't even stoned. I promise they weren't
Speaker 1: even stone. They came up with that question totally sober. Well,
Speaker 1: that's a that's a topic of a podcast we already recorded,
Speaker 1: is that are we living in a video game? But
Speaker 1: today's we're going to focus on what's in what's in
Speaker 1: the earth. So take us through, Dannuel. If we start
Speaker 1: where we are now, sitting or standing or right on,
Speaker 1: and we go down, what what do we hit first? Well,
Speaker 1: the thing to remember is that the Earth is huge, right,
Speaker 1: So it seems like almost flat because the curvature is
Speaker 1: so small. That's just because the Earth is enormous, right,
Speaker 1: And so remember as we take our tour down to
Speaker 1: the center of the Earth, the scale of things from
Speaker 1: us all the way down to the center is thousands
Speaker 1: of kilometers, right. So that amazes me already when I
Speaker 1: learned that the crust, this part that we stand on,
Speaker 1: you know, the part that's like rock and whatever, that's
Speaker 1: only like fifty kilometers thick, and it varies under the ocean,
Speaker 1: it's even thinner, you know, the top amount everest. Of
Speaker 1: course it's thicker, but it's like a tiny little shell.
Speaker 1: It's like an eggshell around a yoke. And that's the
Speaker 1: part that we live on. What do you mean, So
Speaker 1: the first layer underneath our feet is called the crust?
Speaker 1: Is that the official physics name? The crust, that's the
Speaker 1: official physics slash pizza name. Yeah, it's the crust. That's
Speaker 1: when you grab onto the planet from you know, what,
Speaker 1: what what could you have instead of a crust? Well,
Speaker 1: if you were like on you put her. For example,
Speaker 1: Jupiter doesn't have a crust. It has like a metallic
Speaker 1: hydrogen core and then like helium rain and then like
Speaker 1: you know, liquid hydrogen oceans. And you know, there's no
Speaker 1: like firm place you can really land. There's no rock
Speaker 1: on Jupiter. It's just we're pretty lucky to be a
Speaker 1: rocky planet that has some crust to it. Yeah, Jupiter
Speaker 1: is just kind of like a big blob of wet stuff.
Speaker 1: It's it's like a sun that never took off right um.
Speaker 1: And and you know, earlier in Earth, in the life
Speaker 1: of Earth, when it was really really young, it was
Speaker 1: just basically a ball of magma, and so the surface
Speaker 1: was all you know, hot molten rock. There was no
Speaker 1: cold crust to walk on Earth, and so the Earth
Speaker 1: yeah verver early on. Oh we form from but I
Speaker 1: thought we formed from like bits of stuff out there
Speaker 1: in space. How did it try into a big ball
Speaker 1: of lava? Yeah, so we did form from big from
Speaker 1: bits of stuff. Right, that's rewind a few billion years,
Speaker 1: and you have like a huge cloud of gas and dust, right,
Speaker 1: and rubble that's all left over from other stars that
Speaker 1: have that you know, had you know, billions of years
Speaker 1: to burn and and then explode and spew their stuff
Speaker 1: into space, and then gravity gradually gathers it back together.
Speaker 1: And then gravity made the Sun, and he gathered all
Speaker 1: the extra bits together into the planets. And the gravitational pressure, right,
Speaker 1: the collision between the stuff and the pressure pulling this
Speaker 1: stuff together, that's what That's what creates a lot of
Speaker 1: the heat. Also, there's when you have a really hot
Speaker 1: stuff inside the Earth and you have things like uranium
Speaker 1: and all sorts of other stuff emitting radiation. So it
Speaker 1: makes the Earth hot. Right. The gravitational pressure and the
Speaker 1: radiation from the core made the young Earth very very
Speaker 1: nasty and hot and wet. So no place you can
Speaker 1: go for a nice walk. It's it's being squeezed down in. Okay.
Speaker 1: So the first layer is this good thing you call
Speaker 1: the crust, and it's made out of just like rocks,
Speaker 1: and like the same rocks we see on the surface. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean it is the surface, right, and it goes
Speaker 1: down about you know, thirty five kilometers fifty kilometers depends
Speaker 1: on exactly where you are. And people have tried I
Speaker 1: love this. People have tried to dig through the crust
Speaker 1: right to see like how far could we go? How
Speaker 1: deep could we can we dig? You know? And um,
Speaker 1: the Russians actually have won that race back when there
Speaker 1: was a Soviet Union. They dug a shaft which was
Speaker 1: I think twelve kilometers down, so it's like, you know,
Speaker 1: maybe a third or a fourth of the way through
Speaker 1: the crust. It was almost like a pin preak. It did.
Speaker 1: They didn't really get through the crust. Yeah, And you know,
Speaker 1: all of these things, these little holes we're talking about
Speaker 1: the size of the crust, even like the peak of
Speaker 1: Mount Everest, all these things are tiny features compared to
Speaker 1: the size of the earth. As you're saying, it's like
Speaker 1: a pin prick. And you remember if you held the
Speaker 1: Earth in your hand. None of the features on the
Speaker 1: Earth would even be recognizable. They might not even be observable.
Speaker 1: You could probably run your thumb over the Earth and
Speaker 1: not even tell where Mount Everest was. It would be
Speaker 1: like it would look shiny, like a shiny marble, Yeah, shiny,
Speaker 1: slightly wet marble exactly, um and so, and and the
Speaker 1: outer layers this crust which is only you know, thirty
Speaker 1: to fifty kilometers thick, so it's really pretty thin. So
Speaker 1: we would see like just regular dirt and rocks and
Speaker 1: stuff for fifty kilometers. That's a lot that I mean,
Speaker 1: that's like from yeah, I know, and it's it's this
Speaker 1: conflict in scales, right, Like fifty kilometers seems like a lot,
Speaker 1: and we try to dig through it and it's too far, right,
Speaker 1: and so on one hand, it feels like a lot.
Speaker 1: On the other hand, it's a tiny little fraction. But
Speaker 1: this is the kind of thing you discover when you
Speaker 1: were exploring physics and space and the universe, right, all
Speaker 1: these conflict in scales, Like the Earth is huge, but
Speaker 1: actually it's tiny compared to the Sun, which is huge good,
Speaker 1: which is actually tiny you compared to the galaxy, right,
Speaker 1: It's one of the things I love about physics. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and maybe you can drive fift kilometers in your car
Speaker 1: in less than an hour, but if you try to
Speaker 1: dig fifty kilometers down, it would take you a little
Speaker 1: bit longer. Yeah. I don't even know how they did it.
Speaker 1: This this hole that they dug in the Soviet Union,
Speaker 1: that's twelve kilometers deep. It's only like twenty something centimeters wide, right,
Speaker 1: so they have to have like a crazy drill bit
Speaker 1: and you know, they probably had a really long extension chord,
Speaker 1: like a twelve kilometer extension chords, you know what I mean,
Speaker 1: probably had like Christmas lights and everything. They're using every
Speaker 1: extension chord. And then probably they were in the Soviet Union.
Speaker 1: That's why they went broke. They're like, everybody, don't use
Speaker 1: any electronics, give us your chord. In Russia, whole drills
Speaker 1: you I don't even know what that means exactly. So
Speaker 1: the crust is fifty kilometers thick. We've only barely pricked
Speaker 1: the like the outer bits of it, right, the deepest
Speaker 1: minds hardly scratched the surface. And it's a tiny fraction
Speaker 1: of the size of the Earth. Wow, it's just like
Speaker 1: a little x X shell really exactly. It's like if
Speaker 1: you ordered a pizza and the crust was like almost invisible,
Speaker 1: like you could just barely grab it before you got
Speaker 1: the tomato sauce, right, it would be like a I
Speaker 1: hate it when they cut pieces and squares because then
Speaker 1: you get pieces without crust. You hate that. That's the
Speaker 1: best way to cut pizza. What are he's talking about? No,
Speaker 1: they you don't get any crust. I thought you were
Speaker 1: a crust man. Oh yeah, but you have crust on
Speaker 1: the bottom. I mean that's how the crust is for
Speaker 1: to hold up the pizza. The part of the crust
Speaker 1: without tomato and cheese is wasted to dry. I thought, okay, well,
Speaker 1: well there'll be another episode. Daniel and Horry argue, aby pizza. Okay,
Speaker 1: so let's say you you dig through fifts down and
Speaker 1: you break through the crust. What what what do you?
Speaker 1: What do you find? Then you get to something they
Speaker 1: call the mantle, and the mantle is basically rocks that
Speaker 1: are being squeezed really hard, you know, by gravitational pressure
Speaker 1: by the crust on top of it, and they're like
Speaker 1: not fluid but not exactly solid. It's like a bunch
Speaker 1: of rocks that are rubbed together really hard and and um,
Speaker 1: they can slide around a little bit. Wait, what do
Speaker 1: you mean fluid? They're like, um, like grains of sand
Speaker 1: is fluid or or like really the rocks themselves deform
Speaker 1: and and and flow. I think it's a little bit
Speaker 1: of both. I think it's a little bit like the
Speaker 1: way glaciers flow. Right. You hear about glaciers like flowing
Speaker 1: across the surface of the earth and carving out mountains, right,
Speaker 1: and then you go visit a glacier and it's just
Speaker 1: a big piece of ice and you're like, how is
Speaker 1: this thing flowing? Right? Well, it flows very slowly, um,
Speaker 1: you know, like uh, like glass flows or something like
Speaker 1: if you went up to it and touch it, it
Speaker 1: would look feel solid, but over time it would be deforming.
Speaker 1: And you know, I think there's elements of it that
Speaker 1: are more liquid and elements elements of it that are
Speaker 1: more solid. Right. That's why we have magma that creeps
Speaker 1: up through holes in the crust and turns into lava
Speaker 1: when it's abused out in volcanoes. By the way, huge
Speaker 1: Internet debate over whether what to call magma and what
Speaker 1: to call lava. Is there really that's what you mean.
Speaker 1: People are you? You mean? People are you in the
Speaker 1: internet over things that are not that important? Someone on
Speaker 1: the internet was wrong. I can't go to sleep. It's
Speaker 1: magma when it's still underground, and as soon as it
Speaker 1: comes above ground, then you call it lava. So if
Speaker 1: you say that a volcano pews out magma, you're gonna
Speaker 1: go like a thousand people online telling you you're wrong,
Speaker 1: that's actually lava or underground. Well, let's let's be sure
Speaker 1: here to to not anger anyone on the internet. That's
Speaker 1: not the point of this podcast is to annoy people
Speaker 1: and piss them off. So the dismantle, this kind of
Speaker 1: liquid rock um is super thick, you're telling me earlier. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's like almost three kilometers thick. So it's a huge
Speaker 1: chunk of the earth. Right, it's much much thicker than
Speaker 1: the crust. So if you were to somehow be able
Speaker 1: to dig all the way through the crust, right, which
Speaker 1: seems almost impossible, you can get to the mantle, and
Speaker 1: the mantle is like, is really thick. So that's a
Speaker 1: huge part of the drilling. If you wanted to get
Speaker 1: down to the center of the earth, you'd be like
Speaker 1: drilling from Florida to California. Yeah, but it'd be super
Speaker 1: hot and super high pressure the whole time, right, So
Speaker 1: it's not just like a nice drive across country, right,
Speaker 1: it's really difficult environment. You need a lot of extension
Speaker 1: cords air conditioning, that's right. And it's because the mantle
Speaker 1: is not actually solid that we have earthquakes and tectonic
Speaker 1: activities and mountains and stuff like that. It's always shifting
Speaker 1: and moving mm hmmm. Yeah. You can sort of think
Speaker 1: of the crust has broken into pieces that are floating
Speaker 1: in slow motion on top of this, you know, semi liquid,
Speaker 1: semi solid mantle magma business, right, slide around and bang
Speaker 1: into each other. And all the interesting stuff that happens
Speaker 1: on the surface is because of that action. I see,
Speaker 1: because you're saying it's like the crust is pretty solid,
Speaker 1: so we are kind of like floating icebergs kind of, right,
Speaker 1: so that the crust is solid, but the rocks underneath
Speaker 1: is fluid. And so when you move these like solid pieces,
Speaker 1: that's when you get the crunching and the earthquakes. M
Speaker 1: And it's pretty thick, which is good because you wouldn't
Speaker 1: want to drive, you know, an entire tectonic plate through
Speaker 1: something like you know, as as thin as water, um
Speaker 1: and things, we get pretty crazy. This mantle is really thick.
Speaker 1: It's like ten to the ten times thicker than tar, right,
Speaker 1: so it's not something that you can easily sluice through
Speaker 1: like dancer. Yeah, they have some measure of thickness, you know,
Speaker 1: the viscosity. Basically, it's more viscous than tar by a
Speaker 1: factor of ten to the ten. Oh, I see, I
Speaker 1: see viscus. Okay, it's it's not um. If you had
Speaker 1: a bowl of it, how long would it take a
Speaker 1: drop to form and drop out? Actually, that's fascinating. Have
Speaker 1: you seen this experiment, the tar pitch experiment. Yeah? Yeah,
Speaker 1: like it it um. It's like something so thick it
Speaker 1: just hangs there for a long time. Yeah. It takes
Speaker 1: like a you know, two decades for a drop to
Speaker 1: form and fall. And they've been doing the experiment for like,
Speaker 1: I don't know, eighty years or something, and in eighty
Speaker 1: years they had like four four drops fall, and every
Speaker 1: time one is about to fall, everybody's like super excited
Speaker 1: about it. Anyway, this stuff is is much thicker. We
Speaker 1: take billions of years for a single drop to form Oh.
Speaker 1: So let's say so we were we're digging our our
Speaker 1: tunnel through the center of the Earth. We would dig
Speaker 1: a tunnel and we would be safe. We wouldn't move
Speaker 1: with it, like with the tunnel closing on itself or something. Well,
Speaker 1: there's a lot of pressure, right, Yeah, it's really thick,
Speaker 1: you're right, so it might hold itself up. But there's
Speaker 1: also a huge amount of pressure. Right, there's tons and
Speaker 1: tons and tons of stuff bearing down. So I think
Speaker 1: that that tunnel would have to be really strong to survive.
Speaker 1: And that's my bone with like all those movies about
Speaker 1: Journey to the Center of the Earth, I'm like, where's
Speaker 1: all the stuff? You know? It always seems to be
Speaker 1: like fluffy empty space, like they're just like digging through
Speaker 1: styrofoam peanuts or something. But in reality, if you if
Speaker 1: you dug a truck tunnel, like the walls would cave
Speaker 1: in really quickly because it's under so much pressure. Right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: you need some super material to stabilize the walls. Yeah,
Speaker 1: at of antium probably. All right, let's keep digging down,
Speaker 1: but first let's take a quick break. All right, So
Speaker 1: we're digging through to the center of the Earth, and
Speaker 1: we we passed the crust, and we passed the mantle.
Speaker 1: We're now about three thousand kilometers into the earth, and
Speaker 1: then we things change right after the mantle. Now we
Speaker 1: hit a new layer which is called the liquid outer core. Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1: And you might wonder, like why do they give these
Speaker 1: things different names? Is the Earth really just continuous? And
Speaker 1: this is just like scientists putting labels on stuff, because
Speaker 1: scientists love putting labels on stuff, like is there a boundary? Really?
Speaker 1: Like it doesn't to do the things suddenly changed when
Speaker 1: you keep digging, they kind of do. Yeah, there really
Speaker 1: are surfaces there, right, Like things do change. The mantle
Speaker 1: really is different from the crust, and the crust and
Speaker 1: the mantle is really also different from this from this core,
Speaker 1: both the liquid outer core and then the solid intercore.
Speaker 1: There really is a change there, which is fascinating. Right,
Speaker 1: Why isn't it continuous? Why isn't it smooth? Why are
Speaker 1: there these edges? But there are? And so you get
Speaker 1: to this place where it's like liquid rock, you know,
Speaker 1: it's like molten metal and rock. It's like incredible because
Speaker 1: it's so hot and undre's so much pressure that basically
Speaker 1: all the rocks melt, right, and you get lava. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's right. And remember magma magma, magma magma. Dude, there's
Speaker 1: no lava that. And so it's really hot and really dense,
Speaker 1: and so you've got this liquid metal and and all
Speaker 1: sorts of rock and all this stuff mixing around in there, right,
Speaker 1: it's it's like super duper danse right. Yeah, it's you're saying.
Speaker 1: It's it's a rams per cubic meter cub oh, I
Speaker 1: see ten thousand, So it's like five tons or so
Speaker 1: in a in a in a suitcase size. Yeah, well
Speaker 1: do you have a cubic meter size suitcase? Wow? I
Speaker 1: really don't want to travel with you. Man, it's only
Speaker 1: a cubic meter. I think you could probably fit your
Speaker 1: whole family into a cubic meter man, yes, definitely a
Speaker 1: lot um. Anyway, it's pretty dense down there, it's pretty hot,
Speaker 1: it's pretty nasty, and but that's important. Right. If it
Speaker 1: wasn't liquid down there, then you couldn't get all sorts
Speaker 1: of interesting stuff happening, like magnetic fields. Oh that this
Speaker 1: is where the magnetic field comes from. Is this liquid
Speaker 1: molten core? It's really a layer, right, because were still
Speaker 1: not down to the core. That's right, this is the
Speaker 1: liquid outer core. And um, we don't really understand the
Speaker 1: earth magnetic field very well. And for those of you
Speaker 1: interested in that, we have a whole awesome podcast episode
Speaker 1: just about the magnetic field. But a critical thing for
Speaker 1: having a magnetic field is having a conducting fluid, so
Speaker 1: a fluid that can conduct electricity and move around. And
Speaker 1: so we think that like currents in this inner bits,
Speaker 1: inner liquid bits of the Earth are what provides the
Speaker 1: basically the motion for the magnetic field of the Earth. Oh,
Speaker 1: it acts like a giant um like a giant solenoid
Speaker 1: kind of right, like a giant. It's like a more
Speaker 1: a giant electro magnet. You know, there's currents and they're
Speaker 1: spinning and that generates a magnetic field, which causes more currents,
Speaker 1: which causes more spinning, which causes more magnetic fields called
Speaker 1: the dynamo. It's pretty cool. Wow. It's like it's like
Speaker 1: we do, haven't. It's like we have an engine in
Speaker 1: the middle of Earth. Yeah, we do exactly, and it's
Speaker 1: a geological sized engine, right, I mean building something that
Speaker 1: big would be incredible, right. This is these are structures
Speaker 1: that are powered and that are operating and are bigger
Speaker 1: than anything humans have ever constructed, right, so we should
Speaker 1: definitely be in all of them. Wow. Okay, and then
Speaker 1: if we if you make it through and it's and
Speaker 1: again it's just like rock, But what does that mean?
Speaker 1: Rock like an iron or metal like everything is just
Speaker 1: kind of mixed in there. So it's mostly iron, and
Speaker 1: there's a bunch of magnesium mixed in there also, and
Speaker 1: then there's you know, just some rocks which you know,
Speaker 1: silicate rocks and this kind of stuff. And remember where
Speaker 1: all this comes from. Right? Where does all this iron
Speaker 1: come from? It comes from the heart of a burning star. Right.
Speaker 1: All of this was created infusion inside a star somewhere
Speaker 1: else billions of years ago, which was then flung through
Speaker 1: space and gathered back together. You know, the Earth doesn't
Speaker 1: make any of these metals. There's no fusion happening here.
Speaker 1: So everything that the Earth is made out of, that
Speaker 1: you and me are made out of, had to be
Speaker 1: formed somewhere else and then exploded through base. Wow, Like
Speaker 1: there was an event sometime ago that created a whole
Speaker 1: earthful of these metals. Yeah, exactly, Um, and huge quantities. Right,
Speaker 1: It's not like you've got to scoot a spoonful of
Speaker 1: iron here, like you have enormous amounts, and it's not
Speaker 1: it's not also a coincidence that it's iron. It's not random.
Speaker 1: Iron is the point where fusion stops being energetically favorable. Right.
Speaker 1: It's the point in a star where squeezing things together
Speaker 1: to make something heavier stops releasing energy, and then it
Speaker 1: costs energy to make things heavier. So iron is sort
Speaker 1: of the natural endpoint for fusion inside stars, which is
Speaker 1: why you find so much of it, right, And so
Speaker 1: you that's why most rocky planets out there would be
Speaker 1: made out of iron. Right. I'm not sure about that,
Speaker 1: but I think there must be a lot of iron
Speaker 1: out there and rocky planets. Okay, so we're now about
Speaker 1: almost six thousand kilometers into our tunnel to the center
Speaker 1: of the Earth and bringing up snacks. Did you did
Speaker 1: you pack one cubic meter? No, we're just going for
Speaker 1: a Daniel. We're just going. We're holding our our hunger here.
Speaker 1: It's like a diet trip. We're like, we're weight trip
Speaker 1: to the center of the Earth. We're hoping there's a
Speaker 1: McDonald's down down there at the center. Actually to spoil
Speaker 1: the surprise. If you do make the center of the earth,
Speaker 1: your weight does drop to zero. Oh interesting, interesting teaser.
Speaker 1: So that we are, we're down, and we we dug
Speaker 1: through the mantel, we swam through the molten outer core.
Speaker 1: So here's here's where the tunnel idea would collapse, right,
Speaker 1: because you couldn't. It's like it's liquid black Man down there, right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's totally liquid metal. So you can't just dig a tunnel, right,
Speaker 1: It's like digging a tunnel through the ocean. Right, something
Speaker 1: to support it, and that's something would have to be
Speaker 1: super strong and resistant to to heat. So I don't
Speaker 1: even know what you could make it out of. You
Speaker 1: have to be like a diamond diamonds earth ship, yeah,
Speaker 1: something like something like that. You have to construct a
Speaker 1: diamond tunnel as you go or something. I mean, this
Speaker 1: is already implausible, but it sounds possible. But they did
Speaker 1: it in movies. What do you mean that was in Minecraft?
Speaker 1: You can dig to the center of the earth, so obviously.
Speaker 1: Uh so there, Let's say you're you're swimming through this
Speaker 1: magma for another two thousand kilometers and then then you'll
Speaker 1: hit You'll hit it like a surface, right, if you
Speaker 1: keep going down to the center. Yeah, you hit a surface, right,
Speaker 1: and um, what you hit is this this solid inner
Speaker 1: core which is mostly iron and nickel, And it's basically
Speaker 1: just a huge ball of metal, right, And you might
Speaker 1: ask like why is it solid? Right? It's solid because
Speaker 1: of all the incredible pressure it's squeezing it down, right,
Speaker 1: And and it's also it's interesting to me that it's
Speaker 1: almost the size of the moon. It's like three the
Speaker 1: size of the moon. Is this just like ball of
Speaker 1: metal in the center of the earth? Huh? Way, why
Speaker 1: is it metal? Why isn't it like like at some
Speaker 1: point rocks, if you put them under pressure, they'll melt
Speaker 1: into magma. But at something if you keep pressing them,
Speaker 1: they'll actually solidify. Yeah, exactly, they'll solidify. And you know,
Speaker 1: the Earth is cooling, right, the earth um was hot
Speaker 1: and nasty when it was born, and it's been cooling
Speaker 1: because space is cold, and eventually it's going to you know,
Speaker 1: cool down even more. And so the center it's cooling
Speaker 1: sort of from the center out, I guess you can imagine, right,
Speaker 1: like the center is um it's getting solid, and this
Speaker 1: solid in your core is growing right as the liquid
Speaker 1: liquid part is sort of falling, the falling to the
Speaker 1: center and and it's growing by I think like a
Speaker 1: millimeter or two every year. Wow, so we got time.
Speaker 1: We got time before Earth freezes over, is what you're
Speaker 1: saying exactly Exactly, You've got time to finish that novel
Speaker 1: you've been working on or whatever before the core of
Speaker 1: the Earth solidifies. But it's important because then it's sort
Speaker 1: of game over for life on Earth, right, because then
Speaker 1: we wouldn't have a magnetic field. Yes, we need a
Speaker 1: magnetic field to survive, because without a magnetic field, we
Speaker 1: wouldn't be protected from space weather and space radiation and
Speaker 1: stuff like that. Um. But you know it's going to
Speaker 1: be the long time before the magnetic field stops because
Speaker 1: the center of the Earth freezes. Um. But you know
Speaker 1: it has happened, like on Mars. We think Mars used
Speaker 1: to have the magnetic field. We think it used to
Speaker 1: have all sorts of interesting stuff going on inside, but
Speaker 1: now it's basically just a dead rock, right, and it
Speaker 1: doesn't have a magnetic field anymore. And we don't think
Speaker 1: it has a whole lot of stuff going on in
Speaker 1: the inside though you know we're not. Um, wow, but yeah,
Speaker 1: that could be the future of the Earth. But you know,
Speaker 1: but then maybe we will have left the Earth and
Speaker 1: explore the universe or developed ways to make artificial magnetic
Speaker 1: fields or something else. Crazy, all right, So that's that's
Speaker 1: at the center of the Earth. It's a ball the
Speaker 1: size of the moon made out of metal, really thick
Speaker 1: and hot and and solid metal. And that's it. Is
Speaker 1: it Is it like that all the way to the
Speaker 1: very center of the Earth. We think so, yeah, we
Speaker 1: think it's just one big ball of metal. And in fact,
Speaker 1: some people for a while thought that maybe that ball
Speaker 1: of metal was just one big crystal. Right, you know
Speaker 1: how metals can form crystals, these like regular lattices of
Speaker 1: atoms that lineup, and for wild people thought it might
Speaker 1: just be like a huge crystal. But now they're not
Speaker 1: so sure. They downgraded their diamond rating on the Earth.
Speaker 1: That's right, And we have to go change our insurance
Speaker 1: policy because the new appraisers said it wasn't worth as much. Hey,
Speaker 1: we like it. We love the Earth. It doesn't matter.
Speaker 1: I love you anyway, baby, So it's not worth as much.
Speaker 1: I guess it's worth everything to me, man, it's our home. Um, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1: So that's the descent of the earth. But remember, you
Speaker 1: know we haven't visited these places. All this stuff we've learned,
Speaker 1: we've learned sort of indirectly. Yeah, that's the amazing thing, um.
Speaker 1: And so let's let's get into that. But let's take
Speaker 1: a quick break, all right. So now we're we're gonna
Speaker 1: get to the question of of what happens if you
Speaker 1: jump through all down through the middle of the earth? Um.
Speaker 1: But first I really want to know how we know
Speaker 1: all this stuff, Daniel, Like, if we if we haven't
Speaker 1: been able to drill down that deep, how do we
Speaker 1: know what's all the way down to the center of
Speaker 1: the earth. It's really an impressive triumph of science, right,
Speaker 1: science were desperate to of the answer to your question.
Speaker 1: And sometimes you can't see directly like you'd love to write,
Speaker 1: so you have to look indirectly, have to look for clues,
Speaker 1: and we look for ways to figure out what's going
Speaker 1: on inside and we have a whole bunch of them,
Speaker 1: and then we try to make sure they'll tell us
Speaker 1: the same story. And my favorite one is the way
Speaker 1: we look at the inside of the earth is by
Speaker 1: looking at the impact from earthquakes, and we use earthquakes
Speaker 1: the way you might like tap on the wall of
Speaker 1: your house to figure out like is it hollow? Is
Speaker 1: there a stud there? You can tell sort of what's
Speaker 1: behind the wall by listening to how the sound moves
Speaker 1: through it. Oh, I've heard of that. Like if there's
Speaker 1: an earthquake that happens in one part of the world,
Speaker 1: then you check with everybody else around the world to
Speaker 1: see how that wave propagated. That's right, because the wave
Speaker 1: from the earthquake. Right, earthquakes are these huge events, and
Speaker 1: they cause a shock wave through the earth, and that
Speaker 1: shock wave travels at different speed through different kinds of stuff. Right,
Speaker 1: so you can build a model and you can say,
Speaker 1: all right, well, if the earth was all water, how
Speaker 1: fast would the shock wave arrive in Hawaii or arrive
Speaker 1: in Russia? If the worth if the earth was all
Speaker 1: you know, rock, how how fast would it move? And
Speaker 1: they bounced when they when it changes medium, right, like
Speaker 1: a wave, some of some of some of the your
Speaker 1: wave will bounce back if it if it goes from
Speaker 1: like air to water, or one type of rock to
Speaker 1: another type of rock. And so that's another way can
Speaker 1: they can tell where where are these um transitions between
Speaker 1: different kinds of earth are. Yeah, you get all sorts
Speaker 1: of interesting reflections. Just like when light hits the window,
Speaker 1: most of it goes through, but some of it ounces off. Right.
Speaker 1: You can use a window sometimes like a mirror. In
Speaker 1: the same way as you were saying. Every time a
Speaker 1: wave goes through a transition, a boundary from one kind
Speaker 1: of material to another, part of it reflects, so they
Speaker 1: can see these reflections. That's how we know that there
Speaker 1: really are transitions there is that. Every time there's an earthquake,
Speaker 1: the wave travels around the mantle, but it also reflects
Speaker 1: off the mantle interface with the core, and then sometimes
Speaker 1: it goes even deeper and then it reflects off the
Speaker 1: inner core. So we can tell that there really are
Speaker 1: layers there from these reflections, and we can get estimates
Speaker 1: for their density based on how fast they're moving. We
Speaker 1: know that that that's what the Earth looks like because
Speaker 1: if it was made in any other way, if it
Speaker 1: looked like any other way inside, we would see these
Speaker 1: waves come out differently. That's right. It's sort of like
Speaker 1: a big ultrasound, right, you know the way ultrasound works
Speaker 1: to see like a baby inside the mom without cutting
Speaker 1: her open. Obviously, is it sends these tiny little shock
Speaker 1: waves ultrasound meaning higher frequency than you can hear into
Speaker 1: your body, and it listens to how they come back,
Speaker 1: and based on the speed and etcetera, it tells where
Speaker 1: the stuff is and where the stuff isn't. So basically,
Speaker 1: earthquakes are a way to ultrasound the Earth. Those guys
Speaker 1: are the only ones who celebrate when this an earthquake.
Speaker 1: They're like, huge earthquake. We get a new picture of
Speaker 1: the inside of the Earth. We get to tell the
Speaker 1: Earth there's a boy or a girl, oh my god,
Speaker 1: or neither. Yeah, And so that's really that's, um, the
Speaker 1: primary way we know about it. And to do that
Speaker 1: you have to build models, right, And so you say, well,
Speaker 1: maybe the Earth the Earth is this, in which case
Speaker 1: we would see the reflections looking at that, and then
Speaker 1: you compare what you predict to what you observe in
Speaker 1: the tweet and tune and this tells us a lot
Speaker 1: about what we know about the inside of the Earth
Speaker 1: without ever going there. Wow, that's pretty cool, got science, man, science,
Speaker 1: you are awesome. Yeah, buy yourself a pizza, a real pizza,
Speaker 1: not one with pineapples on it. And um, you know,
Speaker 1: we have some direct evidence, like we have dug down
Speaker 1: pretty far to see what the crust is made out of,
Speaker 1: and um, you know, sometimes things do crack open and
Speaker 1: magma comes out from the earth and turns into lava,
Speaker 1: and we can sample that and see what it is, right,
Speaker 1: And we can look at rock outcroppings, you know, places
Speaker 1: where like the crust has been lifted up so we
Speaker 1: could see what used to be underneath. Um, stuff like that. Wow,
Speaker 1: But it's pretty amazing that basically the Earth is not
Speaker 1: a big ball of rock, right, Like it's this kind
Speaker 1: of active, moving, squishy, dynamic ball of stuff. Yeah. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's there's a lot of stuff going on, right, It's
Speaker 1: not just a rock. If it was just a rock,
Speaker 1: then life on Earth would be very different, maybe impossible,
Speaker 1: right without the magnetic field to protect us in our atmosphere.
Speaker 1: So we should be grateful that there's a huge engine
Speaker 1: humming under our feet, that all this stuff is happening,
Speaker 1: you know. And I wonder something I was trying to
Speaker 1: figure out but couldn't is like when we first became
Speaker 1: aware of this, you know, because as humans, you know,
Speaker 1: we know we live on the surface, but like a thousand,
Speaker 1: two thousand years ago, people must have had a very
Speaker 1: primitive understanding of what the Earth was made out of. Well,
Speaker 1: they probably thought what I talk which is just a
Speaker 1: giant rock, right, yeah, And people I think, like more
Speaker 1: than add years ago were able to make density measurements
Speaker 1: of the Earth. Right, they know the size of the Earth.
Speaker 1: They know basically know how big it is, and you
Speaker 1: can figure out, you know, with the strength of the
Speaker 1: gravitational force, and from that you can figure out what
Speaker 1: the mass of the Earth is, and that tells you,
Speaker 1: like what's the average density. So, like more than a
Speaker 1: d years ago were able to measure the average density
Speaker 1: of the Earth and discover that it was more dense
Speaker 1: on average than it was in the surface, which suggested
Speaker 1: that like something denser was going on under our feet.
Speaker 1: But that was really the first clue. Wow, cool, all right,
Speaker 1: So that's that's what the Earth is made out of.
Speaker 1: It's a thin crust on top of a fluid rock,
Speaker 1: on top of a giant layer of magma two thousand
Speaker 1: kilometers thake uh. And then down to a little um
Speaker 1: crystal diamond ball the size of the moon um iron nickel, right,
Speaker 1: you can you can advertise it on the internet. It's
Speaker 1: a crystal diamond, and then they'll be disappointed when you're
Speaker 1: sending them just an iron nickel ball. But sure, go ahead,
Speaker 1: we'll call it like an iPhone. You know, it's a
Speaker 1: metallic nickel exactly, exactly right. So okay, let's say let's
Speaker 1: get down then to what we set out to answer,
Speaker 1: which is what would happen if you jump down a
Speaker 1: hole through the earth. Well, we were already established it's
Speaker 1: impossible to dig that hole. Yeah, so let's let's imagine
Speaker 1: it's possible that aliens come and have some super digging
Speaker 1: technology and some super tunnel technology, and we can actually
Speaker 1: make that whole all the way through the earth and
Speaker 1: out the other side, right through the very center and
Speaker 1: hold it open, because you know, the magma wants to
Speaker 1: flow in, the liquid rock wants to crush it in,
Speaker 1: and that that corn middle doesn't really um it's so
Speaker 1: dense it doesn't want to get drilled through, right, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1: So you need a lot of legal paperwork before you
Speaker 1: can jump into this hole. But let's assume that we
Speaker 1: figured out all the physics and all the law aspects
Speaker 1: of it, and that we're ready to jump. Right before
Speaker 1: we do that, we want to do some science. Okay,
Speaker 1: so there's a whole there's a tunnel going through the
Speaker 1: center of the Earth out to the other side. Okay,
Speaker 1: and what happened? What what what happens to be jump into? Yeah,
Speaker 1: So that it's really fascinating because you have to think
Speaker 1: about the force of gravity. So you're on the surface
Speaker 1: of the Earth. The whole earth is pulling you towards
Speaker 1: the center of the earth. Right, because the whole Earth
Speaker 1: is a smaller radius than you do. Right, every little
Speaker 1: bit of it is pulling it. But you can think
Speaker 1: about you can treat it gravitationally as if it was
Speaker 1: just like a particle at the center of the Earth
Speaker 1: that was pulling on you because it's all under your feet.
Speaker 1: But once you jump into that hole, then some parts
Speaker 1: of the Earth are no longer on the inside. Some
Speaker 1: of them are like on the outside. So imagine you're
Speaker 1: like halfway down this hole. Like let's say you're a
Speaker 1: kilometer down falling eating your snack. Now there's a whole
Speaker 1: bunch of earth Earth above you that's now pulling you back. Right. Actually,
Speaker 1: the earth above you on average doesn't have any effect
Speaker 1: on you. There's the one that the stuff that's just
Speaker 1: above you, Yeah, that's pulling on you. But there's like
Speaker 1: this kilometer thick shell of Earth, right, and the stuff
Speaker 1: that's on the other side is pulling on you, and
Speaker 1: the stuff that's above you is pulling on you. It
Speaker 1: all cancels out. So if you're inside a shell, then
Speaker 1: all the gravitational forces cancel out. What yeah, yeah, I mean, imagine,
Speaker 1: for example, what happens when you get to the center, right,
Speaker 1: What happens when you get to the center. Is there
Speaker 1: any gravity there? No, because every point, every little bit
Speaker 1: of the Earth is pulling you equally in all directions, exactly.
Speaker 1: And that's true for any shell that you're on the
Speaker 1: inside of. So if you're halfway down the Earth, then
Speaker 1: you only feel the gravitational force of the part of
Speaker 1: the Earth that's closer to the center than you are,
Speaker 1: right a sphere of that radius. The stuff that's above you,
Speaker 1: you don't feel like Let's say we're digging the tunnel
Speaker 1: and we only get halfway there and we stop and
Speaker 1: we stand there on the bottom of that hole. You're saying,
Speaker 1: I would weigh half as much like I could jump.
Speaker 1: It would feel like it we're standing on the moon
Speaker 1: as you're digging down, you would you would start to
Speaker 1: feel weightless, Yes, exactly. So as you so you jump
Speaker 1: into this hole, right, and just before you jump, you're
Speaker 1: feeling the full gravitational force of the Earth. And as
Speaker 1: you go down, the gravitational force starts to go down,
Speaker 1: and it goes down linearly, so that when you get
Speaker 1: to zero, when you get to the center, there's no
Speaker 1: force on you anymore, which makes sense, as you were saying,
Speaker 1: because you're pulled in every direction. Wow. So if you open,
Speaker 1: like if you drill drill through, you're falling through and
Speaker 1: you get to the center and you would be floating
Speaker 1: around in space just like no, because you'd have you'd
Speaker 1: have a huge velocity, right, you'd have to have been
Speaker 1: pulled down from a bunch of stuff, so you have
Speaker 1: a huge amount of velocity and you shoot right through
Speaker 1: the center. Right, the center would be your highest speed.
Speaker 1: It's like on a roller coaster. You start at the
Speaker 1: top right and it rolls you down a hill. The
Speaker 1: bottom of the hill right, then you're going really really fast.
Speaker 1: If there's no friction, you would just keep going, yeah,
Speaker 1: because you've been falling all this time, exactly. Unless it's
Speaker 1: like a party down there and people hanging out and
Speaker 1: ready to catch you. You just shoot right through the
Speaker 1: center of the earth, and then gravity would start to
Speaker 1: slow you down again on your way through the other
Speaker 1: side of the tunnel. Right, it would stake. Now now
Speaker 1: it's pulling you back, polling you back, it's slowing you down,
Speaker 1: and it's just enough gravity to slow you down so
Speaker 1: that you would emerge from the tunnel on the other
Speaker 1: side and then just stop with the same speed that
Speaker 1: you had just when when you jumped in. Yeah, which
Speaker 1: is zero, right, So I'm assuming that the tunnel on
Speaker 1: the other side comes out of exactly the same elevation, right.
Speaker 1: If you then you would come right out of the
Speaker 1: tunnel and you just sort of like hover right above
Speaker 1: the tunnel for a second before falling back down again.
Speaker 1: And if you didn't do anything, you would just sort
Speaker 1: of go back and forth, oscillating back and forth through
Speaker 1: the earth forever, up and down, up and down. Have
Speaker 1: you calculated how long would take you to do that
Speaker 1: take that trip? I have not done that calculation. Actually
Speaker 1: leave it as homework for the listener. But you have
Speaker 1: to be careful because if you jump, if your elevation,
Speaker 1: your distance from the center of the Earth when you
Speaker 1: jump is um less than the elevation where you're going
Speaker 1: to come out on the other side, and you're not
Speaker 1: gonna make it, right, if you start on the Death
Speaker 1: Valley and you want to come out the amount everest,
Speaker 1: and you're not gonna make it to the top amount everest, right,
Speaker 1: You're just gonna fall back down into the hole. Yeah, exactly, exactly.
Speaker 1: But if the Earth was a perfect sphere and you
Speaker 1: jumped onto one side, then you come out the other
Speaker 1: side of exactly the same height above the surface. But
Speaker 1: if you slow yourself down and you stopped at the core,
Speaker 1: then you would be waitless and you'd be floating there. Yeah, exactly,
Speaker 1: because the earth gravity would be pulling on you from
Speaker 1: every direction simultaneously, which is like having no gravity. Wow.
Speaker 1: And that would be a pretty awesome moment, right, and
Speaker 1: be like at the center of the Earth, the entire
Speaker 1: Earth around you. Right. Yeah, I hope you're not clustrophobic.
Speaker 1: It would be pretty hard to climb back out, right,
Speaker 1: that's kind of the problem. Yeah, that would be a
Speaker 1: very long climb. Oh my gosh, Wow, I hope somebody
Speaker 1: built a live are h all right? Well? That that
Speaker 1: that's um that's what the Earth is made out of.
Speaker 1: And if you dropped a pizza down a hold that
Speaker 1: goes through the center of Earth, they would just come
Speaker 1: right back to you, right eventually. Yeah, Or you could
Speaker 1: deliver pizza to the other side of the Earth just
Speaker 1: by dropping through that hole and it would just like
Speaker 1: come on out the other side and float there for
Speaker 1: a second while they're somebody would grab It's a totally
Speaker 1: realistic way. I bet Elon Musk is working on that
Speaker 1: pizzas and the bonuses. It would be warm because it
Speaker 1: would heat up on the way you could you could
Speaker 1: dump it in frozen and it would come out nice
Speaker 1: and coasting. This is a great business opportunity. I hope
Speaker 1: the lawyers are scribbling this down as you're talking. All right, Well,
Speaker 1: thanks for joining us. I hope that, um, that wasn't
Speaker 1: too hardcore for you guys out there. I hope we
Speaker 1: didn't get too crusty on you. All right, Thanks for
Speaker 1: joining us, See you next time. Thanks for tuning in.
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio from
Speaker 1: More podcast from my heart Radio, visit the i heart
Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your
Speaker 1: favorite shows.