WEBVTT - How Magnets Work 0:00:01.080 --> 0:00:04.240 Welcome to you Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff 0:00:04.240 --> 0:00:12.560 Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 0:00:12.640 --> 0:00:16.440 Josh Clark with guess who tell him tell him home 0:00:16.520 --> 0:00:20.720 with Chuck Chuck. I'm with Chuck and Jerry's in the 0:00:20.800 --> 0:00:23.040 room as well, And since the three of us are 0:00:23.079 --> 0:00:31.080 together in this room, we have that's right, the podcast. Um. 0:00:31.280 --> 0:00:34.120 I am so excited about this podcast. I knew you 0:00:34.159 --> 0:00:36.440 would be, so much so that I'm worried about it because, 0:00:36.600 --> 0:00:39.720 as you know, in anybody who even like occasionally listens 0:00:39.760 --> 0:00:42.040 to the Stuff you should Know is aware of the 0:00:42.080 --> 0:00:46.240 more excited I get about a topic, the poorer job 0:00:46.640 --> 0:00:50.519 I do at explaining it. Yeah, so you already did it. 0:00:50.520 --> 0:00:54.640 I should have said, the poorer the job I do. Yeah, 0:00:55.120 --> 0:00:58.520 it's true. So I'm just gonna try to remain calm 0:00:58.560 --> 0:01:00.760 because all we're talking about magna. It's after all, you know, 0:01:01.360 --> 0:01:04.319 And that's the way I feel. We usually balance each 0:01:04.319 --> 0:01:06.920 other up nicely like that. But you don't think that 0:01:07.000 --> 0:01:11.600 there is some a certain cash to walking around understanding 0:01:12.319 --> 0:01:15.600 how a magnet works? Do you realize what percentage of 0:01:15.600 --> 0:01:19.800 the population you're a member of for knowing that maybe maybe, 0:01:19.800 --> 0:01:23.640 and this is a guess like point zero zero to 0:01:23.880 --> 0:01:27.880 nine percent of the human populations how magnets work. I 0:01:27.920 --> 0:01:31.280 don't know anybody else until we selected this and started 0:01:31.319 --> 0:01:34.840 reading it besides Tracy Wilson, who knew how magnets work. 0:01:35.000 --> 0:01:37.680 I think you are underestimating the curiosity of the general 0:01:37.760 --> 0:01:40.440 public for people to look up this stuff on their own. 0:01:40.800 --> 0:01:43.119 All right, Um, I would like to hear from people 0:01:43.160 --> 0:01:45.240 if you already knew how magnets act. Like if we 0:01:45.280 --> 0:01:48.640 don't tell people this and they're just dumb dummies walking up, 0:01:48.680 --> 0:01:51.600 I don't think that. That's not at all what I think. 0:01:52.000 --> 0:01:54.800 But I will get corrections on this, and I think 0:01:54.800 --> 0:01:59.120 that will prove that people know this and more. If 0:01:59.160 --> 0:02:02.320 you're if you're a is a cyst whose specialty is 0:02:02.440 --> 0:02:05.680 the electro magnetic crack in their knuckles right now and listening, 0:02:06.360 --> 0:02:09.280 then yes, we're gonna mess things up, it's true. But 0:02:09.880 --> 0:02:13.839 we have a general, good, well i'd say, fairly detailed 0:02:14.280 --> 0:02:18.600 idea of why magnets exist. That's right, and we're gonna 0:02:18.639 --> 0:02:22.120 explain that to everybody. But nic not in any way, 0:02:22.160 --> 0:02:26.000 shape or form in a condescending manner. No, no, no, no, 0:02:26.160 --> 0:02:28.800 because all we did was research and it's right. It's 0:02:28.800 --> 0:02:31.760 not like we're making magnets here. No, we're just talking 0:02:31.800 --> 0:02:35.760 about them. You know, they discovered these in Magnesia in Greece. 0:02:35.919 --> 0:02:41.080 Did you know that what magnets like natural magnets? Yeah, 0:02:41.120 --> 0:02:48.680 like loadstone in Magnesia increase. Is that really a place Magnesia? Absolutely, 0:02:49.120 --> 0:02:52.760 you're not pulling my leg Nope, okay, but it was loadstone, 0:02:52.800 --> 0:02:55.880 a type of magnetite. It was magnetite because that's the 0:02:55.880 --> 0:03:01.000 strongest naturally occurring magnet, right, Like you can attract a 0:03:01.000 --> 0:03:03.880 paper clip just with this rock. That's pretty cool. Yeah. 0:03:03.880 --> 0:03:07.000 It is even cooler, though, are the ones that humans 0:03:07.000 --> 0:03:10.680 have conquered and mastered and own. That's right, because all 0:03:10.720 --> 0:03:13.799 the magnets you come in contact with on a daily basis, 0:03:13.840 --> 0:03:18.160 maybe a weekly basis, um have been manipulated by humanity. 0:03:18.600 --> 0:03:21.840 I never come into contact with magnets. You know something, 0:03:22.360 --> 0:03:24.760 It's hard to find a decent magnet these days in 0:03:24.760 --> 0:03:27.240 an average store, Like you have to like mail off 0:03:27.280 --> 0:03:31.119 for him. Yeah, And I don't have a refrigerator magnets 0:03:31.120 --> 0:03:35.240 because you know, the stainless steel uh fridges, you can't 0:03:35.240 --> 0:03:37.560 put a magnet on them. That's so weird. You can 0:03:37.600 --> 0:03:39.920 put on the side. So we have a few. You know, 0:03:40.000 --> 0:03:41.840 you get magnets over the court of your life, whether 0:03:41.880 --> 0:03:45.040 it's like the pizza delivery guy has, like we have 0:03:45.080 --> 0:03:46.920 one in the shape of a pizza slice with their 0:03:47.000 --> 0:03:49.680 number on it, you do, and that's on the side, 0:03:49.800 --> 0:03:52.800 and like our vet, like we have a vet magnet 0:03:52.880 --> 0:03:55.920 in this shape of a pizza slice the number and 0:03:55.960 --> 0:04:00.840 then like you know, random random people have given me 0:04:00.920 --> 0:04:02.800 magnets here and there, which I'll throw up there on 0:04:02.800 --> 0:04:05.200 the side. That's good. Those are nice me mentos. You 0:04:05.240 --> 0:04:11.160 mean you did, Yeah, that's nice. That's great. So anyway, 0:04:11.160 --> 0:04:14.280 I don't have a lot of magnets or experience with magnets, 0:04:14.280 --> 0:04:16.200 but I understand them now now that you say that, 0:04:16.360 --> 0:04:19.520 I realized that I have more experience than I realized 0:04:19.560 --> 0:04:21.919 with magnets, because we really you mean, I do have 0:04:21.960 --> 0:04:27.360 a pretty good magnet collection fridge um. But yeah, it is. 0:04:28.160 --> 0:04:30.440 It always struck me as weird that like stainless steel 0:04:31.279 --> 0:04:34.960 wouldn't you couldn't put a magnet on that. I understand 0:04:34.960 --> 0:04:38.719 why stainless steel is not a fairest metal. That's right. 0:04:39.440 --> 0:04:41.280 You have to have a fairest metal, like something to 0:04:41.360 --> 0:04:47.359 say iron nickel, cobalt aluminum. Even really, I think so 0:04:47.520 --> 0:04:52.440 because there's a type of male magnet called the Alnico magnet, 0:04:53.360 --> 0:04:56.800 and that's aluminum, nickel, cobalt alloy. Yeah, that have If 0:04:56.800 --> 0:04:58.880 you've got a really good guitar amp, you might have 0:04:58.880 --> 0:05:04.680 an Alnico seker. Yeah, they're they're pricing. Oh yeah. I 0:05:04.720 --> 0:05:06.920 can imagine like you can buy the speaker separately and 0:05:06.920 --> 0:05:08.320 like switch it out in your amp to make your 0:05:08.360 --> 0:05:10.120 amp some better, which I have been meaning to do 0:05:10.200 --> 0:05:12.000 for years. But they're just kind of pricing. It's like 0:05:12.000 --> 0:05:15.400 foucks just for the speaker. But how's this sound? Well, 0:05:15.440 --> 0:05:19.960 I'm told it's great. But music guys here much more 0:05:19.960 --> 0:05:23.200 than I do, like real real music guys. They're like, 0:05:23.240 --> 0:05:25.520 can't you have the difference. Then I'll be like, yeah, sort, 0:05:26.080 --> 0:05:29.440 are these music guys also al Nico speaker salesman? Yeah? Probably? 0:05:29.440 --> 0:05:31.960 So all right, So let's get so this is what 0:05:32.080 --> 0:05:36.040 I like about this article. It goes like basic, too specific, 0:05:36.880 --> 0:05:39.080 and you can start with the basics about magnets. They 0:05:39.080 --> 0:05:43.880 attract specific metals, as we said, typically fairest metals. Uh. 0:05:43.920 --> 0:05:46.560 They have a north and south pole. All magnets do. 0:05:46.839 --> 0:05:50.400 There's no north and east polled magnet, and the Earth 0:05:50.440 --> 0:05:52.080 is the biggest magnet of all. I guess it is, 0:05:52.240 --> 0:05:57.000 at least on Earth. Opposite poles attract one another like 0:05:57.240 --> 0:06:00.520 poles repel one another. They hate each other. That's right. 0:06:01.480 --> 0:06:04.359 Magnetic and electrical fields are related. And we're going to 0:06:04.400 --> 0:06:08.960 explain why I'm so excited. And magnetism I think I 0:06:08.960 --> 0:06:12.119 said electro magnetism earlier, so you can put your email 0:06:12.160 --> 0:06:15.440 away because I'm correcting myself. Is one of the four 0:06:15.440 --> 0:06:18.839 fundamental forces of the universe. Right, that's right, with gravity 0:06:18.920 --> 0:06:23.560 and the strong and weak nuclear forces. That's right. That's magnets. 0:06:23.600 --> 0:06:27.400 That's a great intro um magnets the object itself or 0:06:27.560 --> 0:06:30.880 a magnet is an object in itself, Uh, that produces 0:06:30.880 --> 0:06:34.039 a magnetic field, and it's gonna attract like you said, 0:06:34.080 --> 0:06:39.000 ferrous metals, and uh. There can be permanent magnets um 0:06:39.040 --> 0:06:42.279 a k A. Hard magnets and they always have a 0:06:42.320 --> 0:06:45.600 magnetic field going. And then you have the temporary magnets 0:06:45.760 --> 0:06:49.080 a k A. Soft magnets, and they just produce a 0:06:49.120 --> 0:06:52.560 magnetic field when they're in the presence of h or 0:06:53.160 --> 0:06:54.920 when they're in the presence of a magnetic field, and 0:06:54.960 --> 0:06:56.800 only for a short time and then for a little 0:06:56.839 --> 0:07:01.160 bit thereafter, like once it's gone once yeah, and then electromagnets. 0:07:01.200 --> 0:07:03.440 When you apply an electrical current to some magnets, they 0:07:03.480 --> 0:07:06.039 become magnetic. That's right. And if you have a doorbell, 0:07:06.120 --> 0:07:09.320 you probably have an electromagnet in your house. Yeah, the doorbell, 0:07:10.240 --> 0:07:12.720 I looked it up. It's it's more complicated than you 0:07:12.720 --> 0:07:15.640 would think. It's it's like a contract. It's like a 0:07:15.720 --> 0:07:22.440 Rube Goldbergesque contraption that that is apparently pretty standard uses electromagnets. 0:07:22.480 --> 0:07:24.480 It's the Actually, if you're interested in that, there's an 0:07:24.560 --> 0:07:27.440 article how doorbells work on how Stuff Works dot com. Yeah, 0:07:27.520 --> 0:07:29.720 isn't it weird that the door or maybe it's just 0:07:29.800 --> 0:07:32.680 me as a missing throw, but like the sound of 0:07:32.680 --> 0:07:35.040 a doorbell, now it's not like, oh, I wonder who's here? 0:07:35.080 --> 0:07:37.720 It's a crap who's here? Right? Because no one just 0:07:37.760 --> 0:07:41.960 drops by anymore? Right? Either that or like they know yeah, yeah, 0:07:42.400 --> 0:07:46.840 so chuck um. The magnets that you typically have, like 0:07:46.920 --> 0:07:51.040 your pizza pizza boy magnet um or like the circle 0:07:51.080 --> 0:07:53.840 ones that are probably the best example, just a ring, 0:07:53.920 --> 0:07:57.160 that magnetic ring that you see, yeah, and grew up 0:07:57.160 --> 0:08:00.000 with those are a specific type and they're called um 0:08:00.080 --> 0:08:05.120 ceramic magnets, and they're probably the weakest magnets commercially available, 0:08:05.200 --> 0:08:09.280 except for the pizza slice ones, right, because that's almost 0:08:09.280 --> 0:08:13.480 like a sticker. Yeah, I mean it's connected to or 0:08:13.520 --> 0:08:17.160 it's got a you know, a topper on it with 0:08:17.200 --> 0:08:23.320 printing topper. That's that's there's the topper, the pizza slice toper. 0:08:24.280 --> 0:08:27.679 But with the ceramic magnet, it's um. It's magnetic material 0:08:27.760 --> 0:08:32.200 mixed with ceramics and it kind of cuts it um 0:08:32.360 --> 0:08:34.679 and it makes it a little weak, Yeah, but good 0:08:34.760 --> 0:08:36.199 enough to stick on the fridge, which is all you're 0:08:36.200 --> 0:08:39.880 looking for. And it's cheap, very cheap. You already mentioned 0:08:39.880 --> 0:08:44.679 the Alnico magnets, which are more expensive and like you said, aluminum, nickel, 0:08:44.720 --> 0:08:48.480 and cobalt, and they are stronger than ceramic obviously, but 0:08:48.640 --> 0:08:51.160 not as strong as the ones we're about to talk about, 0:08:51.360 --> 0:09:00.320 like uh neodymium magnets or sammari um samarium. You gotta 0:09:00.360 --> 0:09:07.559 be kidding, Samariam, Okay, Samariam. Both of those magnets incorporate 0:09:07.679 --> 0:09:12.760 rare earth metals which are extremely magnetic or when combining 0:09:12.840 --> 0:09:15.880 an alloy, can be very magnetic It's true. And now 0:09:15.880 --> 0:09:18.240 they even have uh and this is something I never knew. 0:09:18.360 --> 0:09:22.560 They have a plastic magnets called magnetic polymers uh. And 0:09:22.760 --> 0:09:24.600 I guess those are pret used in just very certain 0:09:24.640 --> 0:09:29.959 applications like cold cold temperature applications, or maybe that's what's 0:09:30.040 --> 0:09:33.839 on your pizza slice magnet or it says they pick 0:09:33.920 --> 0:09:36.200 up very only very lightweight things like iron fillings. So 0:09:36.200 --> 0:09:40.240 I wonder if that's what you use with like your uh. 0:09:40.480 --> 0:09:43.040 You remember the little little toy kids thing where you 0:09:43.040 --> 0:09:46.120 could had a guy's face and I had the little 0:09:46.160 --> 0:09:48.760 iron fillings and you can move it around and make 0:09:48.800 --> 0:09:51.079 a beard or a mustache or whatever. I bet that's 0:09:51.080 --> 0:09:53.360 what that is. What was that call? I don't know, 0:09:53.559 --> 0:09:56.599 old timey toy number two seventy three a sketch, not 0:09:56.679 --> 0:09:59.439 a hugo, something like that. And why was it that 0:09:59.520 --> 0:10:02.800 anybody who had a beard. From the nineteen forties to 0:10:02.840 --> 0:10:06.200 the nineteen sixties, any child's toy was like the most 0:10:06.600 --> 0:10:11.040 disturbing looking creature you could come up with. You think, oh, yeah, 0:10:11.400 --> 0:10:14.320 have you ever heard of rushed in dolls? They had 0:10:14.360 --> 0:10:16.839 They were this very successful toy company and they came 0:10:16.880 --> 0:10:19.240 out with a line of hobo dolls that were like 0:10:19.280 --> 0:10:22.280 the scariest things you've ever seen in your life, like 0:10:22.360 --> 0:10:25.559 they were meant to damage children. Obviously, we'll keep them 0:10:25.559 --> 0:10:29.640 from hopping trains probably, I guess, you know, yeah, play 0:10:29.679 --> 0:10:32.120 with it at home on the road, Yeah, if you 0:10:32.200 --> 0:10:35.880 hop trains. Interesting. Uh, let's see. Oh, I made a 0:10:35.880 --> 0:10:38.640 blog post actually called twenty seven and the most unintentionally 0:10:38.720 --> 0:10:41.760 terrifying dolls you've ever seen or ever created. It's like 0:10:41.800 --> 0:10:44.079 almost every doll in my opinion. You should see the slides. 0:10:44.160 --> 0:10:46.680 It's pretty good. I'll check it up. Okay, So let's 0:10:46.679 --> 0:10:49.480 talk about making magnets chuckers. All right, Well you talked 0:10:49.480 --> 0:10:52.760 about load stone, uh, form of magnetite, and that is, 0:10:53.480 --> 0:10:56.680 you know, the natural strongest natural magnet You don't have 0:10:56.720 --> 0:11:00.120 to do anything to it. Um. So, I guess the 0:11:00.160 --> 0:11:02.880 discovery of loadstone and the fact that it attractive metals 0:11:03.040 --> 0:11:06.439 made people start to tinker around with it. And um, 0:11:06.480 --> 0:11:09.320 I guess around the twelfth century people figured out that 0:11:09.440 --> 0:11:12.160 if you took a little iron pin and he took 0:11:12.200 --> 0:11:15.040 some loadstone, and you petted it in the same direction, 0:11:16.240 --> 0:11:20.760 preferably in a north northern direction, like you, you could 0:11:20.840 --> 0:11:23.840 magnetize that iron filling and if you suspended it in 0:11:23.920 --> 0:11:26.960 something like water in a leaf. For anyone who's seen 0:11:27.000 --> 0:11:33.960 that movie with Alec Baldwin and um Anthony Hopkins, the 0:11:34.120 --> 0:11:37.440 edge they magnetize like a needle and put it in 0:11:37.520 --> 0:11:40.400 like a water filled leaf and it they figure out 0:11:40.400 --> 0:11:42.360 which way is north through. I knew had seen that before. 0:11:42.559 --> 0:11:47.720 So that's uh, that's basically magnetizing a pin using loadstone. 0:11:48.080 --> 0:11:51.360 That's how the earliest compasses were made. Very cool. So 0:11:51.440 --> 0:11:54.080 what's going on here, and this is sort of the basis, 0:11:54.160 --> 0:11:56.080 and we'll break it down to, like you said, a 0:11:56.120 --> 0:11:59.760 more molecular level. But what's going on here is something 0:12:00.000 --> 0:12:03.360 own as a region called a magnetic domain, and it 0:12:03.480 --> 0:12:07.040 is actually part of the physical structure of any uh, 0:12:07.160 --> 0:12:11.800 ferromagnetic material. So we're talking again iron, cobalt, and nickel largely, 0:12:12.600 --> 0:12:15.960 and each one is like its own tiny little magnet 0:12:16.480 --> 0:12:18.320 right there. It's got its own little north pole, its 0:12:18.320 --> 0:12:24.079 own little south pole, and um they if it's unmagnetized, 0:12:24.320 --> 0:12:26.600 then this stuff is just gonna be random and pointing 0:12:26.640 --> 0:12:29.240 in all different directions. Right. The domain has its own 0:12:29.320 --> 0:12:31.679 north and south pole, but it's not necessarily aligned with 0:12:31.880 --> 0:12:34.080 the north and south pole. On Earth, right, they're just 0:12:34.280 --> 0:12:36.839 kind of a skew. If it's magnetized, they're all pointing 0:12:36.840 --> 0:12:40.480 in the same direction, right, Yes, that's that's pretty much 0:12:40.520 --> 0:12:42.360 all you have to do is figure out how to 0:12:43.120 --> 0:12:46.200 um get all of those magnetic domains to align in 0:12:46.240 --> 0:12:49.120 the same north south line, yeah, because if they're not, 0:12:49.160 --> 0:12:53.440 they're just canceling each other out exactly. So, um, the 0:12:53.480 --> 0:12:55.679 more domains that you have pointing in the same direction, 0:12:55.960 --> 0:13:00.760 the more powerful magnet you have, UM, and the in 0:13:00.880 --> 0:13:02.840 each of these little domains you can just kind of 0:13:02.880 --> 0:13:04.680 I almost see it as like a little pocket in 0:13:04.679 --> 0:13:11.120 the molecular makeup of this, like an iron. Um. The 0:13:11.160 --> 0:13:14.320 north pole of one domain flows into the south pole 0:13:14.320 --> 0:13:16.480 of the domain in front of it. If they're all 0:13:16.520 --> 0:13:18.839 aligned and you add a bunch of these up, they 0:13:19.000 --> 0:13:23.760 produce one large magnetic field for the magnet as a whole, right, Yeah, 0:13:23.800 --> 0:13:26.200 which explains why if you you know, if you do 0:13:26.240 --> 0:13:28.000 the old trick in elementary school, or you bring one 0:13:28.000 --> 0:13:30.720 magnet close to the other one, it'll either repel it 0:13:31.040 --> 0:13:34.400 or you know, snap it together like one larger magnet, right, 0:13:34.400 --> 0:13:38.640 Because the force, this magnetic force is going into out 0:13:38.679 --> 0:13:41.560 of the north pole of the magnet and into the 0:13:41.600 --> 0:13:44.360 south pole of the magnet in front of it. Very dirty, 0:13:44.880 --> 0:13:48.360 it is right. Um. Or if you take the north 0:13:48.400 --> 0:13:50.480 pole of one magnet north pole of another magnet and 0:13:50.480 --> 0:13:52.720 put them together, they were polling another because their magnetic 0:13:52.760 --> 0:13:56.680 forces are flowing in opposite directions and pushing one another apart. 0:13:57.200 --> 0:13:59.880 Which is kind of funny because this is how magnets work. 0:14:00.160 --> 0:14:03.080 But it bears such a striking resemblance like something they 0:14:03.080 --> 0:14:05.000 would have come up with in the fifteenth century, like 0:14:05.280 --> 0:14:11.440 the force flowing out, this invisible force. It's witchery. And 0:14:11.440 --> 0:14:14.079 this is why magnets won't be brought together. Like people 0:14:14.080 --> 0:14:15.920 would come and drag us out of here and toss 0:14:15.960 --> 0:14:18.840 us in a lake to see if we float that. Uh. 0:14:18.880 --> 0:14:20.600 So we could stop there and you would have a 0:14:20.600 --> 0:14:24.200 pretty good idea of things, but we won't know. We'll 0:14:24.200 --> 0:14:27.240 continue on. Okay, we'll go a little a little more 0:14:27.320 --> 0:14:29.240 in detail. Huh. That's right. If you want to make 0:14:29.280 --> 0:14:32.120 a magnet, you have you have to get all these 0:14:32.520 --> 0:14:36.040 magnetic domains flowing in the same direction, just like we 0:14:36.040 --> 0:14:37.600 were talking about earlier. When you rub the needle on 0:14:37.640 --> 0:14:40.960 the magnet, uh, you expose it to this magnetic field 0:14:41.160 --> 0:14:43.360 and we're getting these suckers to align in the same 0:14:43.400 --> 0:14:46.400 way and then boom. That is one way that you 0:14:46.400 --> 0:14:48.560 can get a magnet, right, And there's different ways of 0:14:48.600 --> 0:14:51.400 doing this. Um you place it in a magnetic field 0:14:51.400 --> 0:14:53.800 in the north south direction. You can hold it in 0:14:53.880 --> 0:14:56.560 north south direction and hit it at the hammer. That's crazy. 0:14:57.440 --> 0:14:59.920 It is a little crazy, like you're physically jarring these 0:15:00.000 --> 0:15:04.680 domains into alignment. Yeah, okay, I'll point this way then um. 0:15:04.840 --> 0:15:07.400 Or you can pass an electrical current through it. That's 0:15:07.440 --> 0:15:09.240 kind of a cheap. And they think that this is 0:15:09.280 --> 0:15:14.600 where um loadstone came from. Either it was when this 0:15:15.080 --> 0:15:21.120 rock formed the magnetize formed um from a lava. It 0:15:21.200 --> 0:15:24.320 was aligned with the north south pole of the Earth, 0:15:24.760 --> 0:15:28.200 so it became magnetized, or it was struck by lightning, 0:15:28.240 --> 0:15:30.520 so an electrical current paths through it. That'd be pretty cool, 0:15:30.600 --> 0:15:32.920 and it became magnetized as a result, And it seems 0:15:32.960 --> 0:15:36.400 likely right, um, But today the most common method of 0:15:36.400 --> 0:15:38.480 of making magnet is to place them in a very 0:15:38.520 --> 0:15:41.920 strong magnetic field and by a boom, by a being, 0:15:41.960 --> 0:15:44.880 their domains start to to wind up. But yeah, there's 0:15:44.920 --> 0:15:47.200 gonna be a little delay though. And I saw this 0:15:48.040 --> 0:15:50.120 like on a on a YouTube video of this guy. 0:15:50.160 --> 0:15:51.520 There's a really good one. I can't remember what it 0:15:51.520 --> 0:15:54.160 was called where the guy broke it down. Whateverage stuff 0:15:54.160 --> 0:15:57.840 I don't understand. I always type kid science and then 0:15:58.440 --> 0:16:00.600 then I look and see what videos are A yeah, yeah, no, 0:16:00.640 --> 0:16:03.840 it's it really helps out. Um. But there will be 0:16:03.840 --> 0:16:09.840 a delay called hysteresis or hysteresis, and uh that that's 0:16:09.880 --> 0:16:13.040 basically just the time it takes for these for the 0:16:13.080 --> 0:16:16.240 field to change direction and I'll align itself right, Because 0:16:16.240 --> 0:16:19.120 when you get these domains going, um, the ones that 0:16:19.160 --> 0:16:24.120 aren't already lined up on a north south pole, Um, 0:16:24.320 --> 0:16:27.000 they just rotate around and do a little crazy spinning 0:16:27.040 --> 0:16:29.800 until they land on it. And the ones that are 0:16:29.840 --> 0:16:34.400 already aligned north south, Um, are they grow bigger, Yeah, 0:16:34.440 --> 0:16:36.640 become more robust, I guess yeah. And as a result 0:16:36.720 --> 0:16:40.800 other ones, the walls between um, smaller domains will shrink, 0:16:41.400 --> 0:16:46.440 and so you have large north south domains and then 0:16:46.480 --> 0:16:49.760 even the smaller ones are now probably polarized along that 0:16:49.760 --> 0:16:54.000 that north south line and you have just created a magnet. Yeah. 0:16:54.040 --> 0:16:55.640 And here's what I think was one of the really 0:16:55.840 --> 0:16:59.400 cooler aspects of this is how strong your magnet is 0:16:59.440 --> 0:17:02.640 depends on how hard it was to get these domains 0:17:02.640 --> 0:17:06.600 to move in that direction, and the harder it is, 0:17:06.720 --> 0:17:09.840 the longer it will stay magnetized, which sort of makes sense. 0:17:09.880 --> 0:17:13.400 It's almost like that it was so stubborn to get going, 0:17:13.880 --> 0:17:15.960 but then once you got it going in the right direction, 0:17:16.000 --> 0:17:19.399 it was then stubborn on doing it at that action right, 0:17:19.440 --> 0:17:22.960 which kind of makes you wonder like if over enough 0:17:23.000 --> 0:17:26.960 of a time span, well, any magnetized material eventually lose 0:17:26.960 --> 0:17:32.080 its magnetism just left alone. Huh, that's a good question. Uh, 0:17:32.160 --> 0:17:35.040 you there are things you can do to de magnetized things. 0:17:35.280 --> 0:17:37.320 You could take a magnet and put it in a 0:17:37.359 --> 0:17:41.879 magnetic field that's polarized the opposite direction. It's kind of mean. Yeah, 0:17:42.000 --> 0:17:45.320 you can. You can boil it alive, which is also 0:17:45.480 --> 0:17:47.800 very mean, and uh, heat it to the point where 0:17:47.840 --> 0:17:50.800 it loses its magnetism. Yeah, the cury point. The guy 0:17:51.040 --> 0:17:53.840 in the video tested this. He had a paper clip 0:17:53.920 --> 0:17:57.320 on a string tied to the table and then the 0:17:57.359 --> 0:17:59.199 magnet was like a foot off, so it was just 0:17:59.280 --> 0:18:05.080 like doing and then he took a Jerry Lewis and 0:18:05.119 --> 0:18:07.959 then he said, Dean, bring me a lighter, and uh, 0:18:08.480 --> 0:18:10.720 he got a lighter and heat it up the paper 0:18:10.720 --> 0:18:12.840 clip and then you see it start to shake and 0:18:12.880 --> 0:18:17.280 then eventually it just poop fell. That is a weird story. 0:18:18.600 --> 0:18:24.280 He demagnetized it using the Curry point. Um. So, okay, again, 0:18:24.560 --> 0:18:28.800 we could stop here. I think everybody understands how magnets work, right, Like, 0:18:28.840 --> 0:18:32.159 there's little magnetic domains that are in all kinds of 0:18:32.200 --> 0:18:34.919 crazy directions, and then when you expose them to a 0:18:34.960 --> 0:18:38.600 magnetic field, they line up together and they produced their 0:18:38.600 --> 0:18:42.080 own magnetic field around that magnetic material, and then there 0:18:42.080 --> 0:18:44.600 you go. It flows out of the north and into 0:18:44.640 --> 0:18:49.119 the south. Magnets, right, I would like to see a survey. 0:18:49.160 --> 0:18:50.960 I wish you could take an instant survey of people 0:18:51.000 --> 0:18:54.920 that you know, half of them are going go, go go, 0:18:55.119 --> 0:18:57.840 and half of them are like, I'm good. Right, that's 0:18:57.840 --> 0:19:01.000 all I need to know about magnets, right know. I 0:19:01.040 --> 0:19:04.440 think our listeners are pretty curious folk. Okay, so we're 0:19:04.440 --> 0:19:08.520 going deeper. And Tracy Wilson, m who are site manager 0:19:08.560 --> 0:19:12.639 here of stuff you miss in history class? Now, she 0:19:12.680 --> 0:19:15.240 wrote this one, and she's so thorough. She has a 0:19:15.320 --> 0:19:19.040 very nice little pun in this section called shipping magnets 0:19:19.760 --> 0:19:23.760 get it ah shipping magnets. Yeah, I got it now. 0:19:23.920 --> 0:19:26.280 I didn't notice that before. Yeah, it's a pun um. 0:19:26.359 --> 0:19:28.560 What she's talking about in this section though, was interesting 0:19:28.560 --> 0:19:32.080 in that very large magnets present a lot of problems 0:19:32.359 --> 0:19:34.480 because they're super strong and you can't just throw it 0:19:34.480 --> 0:19:37.760 on a truck. Uh, and you know, drive it across country. 0:19:37.840 --> 0:19:42.919 You know, it'll disrupt everything. So very uh specific precautions 0:19:42.960 --> 0:19:46.840 have to be taken when delivering large magnets used for 0:19:47.240 --> 0:19:51.679 certain like industrial applications, one of which is they have 0:19:51.840 --> 0:19:54.719 machines that because it will pick up all this fairest 0:19:54.760 --> 0:19:57.480 material along the way, they have machines when they get 0:19:57.480 --> 0:19:59.520 there to remove all that stuff. Yeah, and I mean 0:19:59.560 --> 0:20:01.720 a manager if you're shipping it in like a truck, 0:20:02.080 --> 0:20:04.400 and the truck is made of or has some sort 0:20:04.440 --> 0:20:07.520 of iron alloy in it, and you have a huge 0:20:07.720 --> 0:20:09.920 industrial magnet, how are you going to get that off 0:20:09.920 --> 0:20:13.920 of the truck? You're not exactly, So they magnetize these 0:20:14.000 --> 0:20:18.280 materials on site typically, right, That's what I understand. Or 0:20:18.320 --> 0:20:21.760 else they just rely almost exclusively on electro magnets, which 0:20:21.760 --> 0:20:23.879 become magnetic when you pass the current through ather. You 0:20:23.880 --> 0:20:30.040 can say manpower, right, American ingenuity. That's how you do it. 0:20:30.040 --> 0:20:34.439 It stuck, sir, right, um, Well, speaking of sticking, we're 0:20:34.480 --> 0:20:36.960 going to break it down to the electrons, which the 0:20:37.000 --> 0:20:39.760 atomic level. This is about to happen because that's really 0:20:39.760 --> 0:20:41.480 where it all starts. Well, we're I was just saying, 0:20:41.520 --> 0:20:45.000 like electro magnets, they become magnetic when you pass the 0:20:45.040 --> 0:20:49.080 field of electricity through them, or current, And all electrical 0:20:49.080 --> 0:20:52.240 current is is a flow of electrons. Movement of electrons 0:20:52.280 --> 0:20:56.800 produces electricity, and electricity and magnetism are are very much related. 0:20:57.040 --> 0:21:00.840 And this is why because on the atomic level of 0:21:00.960 --> 0:21:05.159 a ferrous material, iron, nickel, cobalt, right, because are the 0:21:05.160 --> 0:21:08.320 big ones. It's called the big three. Well, let's let's 0:21:08.440 --> 0:21:13.880 talk specifically about iron in In an iron atom, there 0:21:13.920 --> 0:21:18.520 are around it's its orbit. In its orbit, there are 0:21:18.640 --> 0:21:24.040 electrons moving around the spin downward or or upward, and 0:21:24.160 --> 0:21:27.119 typically they're paired. And when you have a pair of electrons, 0:21:27.280 --> 0:21:30.920 one spinning upward, one spinning downward, there's there never any 0:21:30.960 --> 0:21:33.920 other way. There's no pair of electrons that both spin 0:21:33.960 --> 0:21:36.400 in the same direction. Is always opposite. Yeah, it's called 0:21:36.400 --> 0:21:40.639 the poly exclusion principles. Just not possible, right, exactly. Um, 0:21:40.680 --> 0:21:46.240 So in iron, you also have four unpaired electrons that 0:21:46.320 --> 0:21:48.440 all spin the same way. Now, those ones that are 0:21:48.560 --> 0:21:52.280 paired in spinning the opposite direction, they cancel one another out. 0:21:52.680 --> 0:21:56.240 But these four spinning the same way produce a magnetic field, 0:21:56.240 --> 0:21:59.040 a very very very very very tiny magnetic field, but 0:21:59.040 --> 0:22:01.480 a magnetic field. Then the last, right, and this is 0:22:01.560 --> 0:22:05.760 very unusual for these unpaired electrons to be spinning in 0:22:05.800 --> 0:22:07.800 the same direction. That's why it only happens in things 0:22:07.840 --> 0:22:10.720 like iron, cobalt, nickel, right exactly. That's what makes them 0:22:10.720 --> 0:22:14.480 ferro magnetic materials. Yeah, potentially magnetic because they have these 0:22:14.560 --> 0:22:18.080 unpaired electrons that are spinning in a certain direction. Right. 0:22:18.240 --> 0:22:20.639 And then because these things are spinning in the same direction, 0:22:20.680 --> 0:22:23.199 they attract other atoms to kind of line up that 0:22:23.240 --> 0:22:26.439 are spinning in the same direction, to line up nearby, 0:22:26.640 --> 0:22:29.880 and then those create what domains well, what a moment 0:22:29.920 --> 0:22:31.920 they have a moment? Oh yeah, I forgot the moment. 0:22:31.960 --> 0:22:36.320 It's called the orbital magnetic moment. And I get maybe 0:22:36.320 --> 0:22:38.360 that's just when they realize, hey, we're all we're all 0:22:38.560 --> 0:22:41.880 partying in the same way, we're all spinning downward, and 0:22:42.000 --> 0:22:44.840 we all like slacks. Yeah, and hey, we've got a 0:22:44.880 --> 0:22:48.199 magnetic field all of a sudden, small, but let's get 0:22:48.240 --> 0:22:50.479 a bunch of other ones and let's create a larger one, right, 0:22:50.520 --> 0:22:54.479 And that moment is um. It's a It describes the force, 0:22:54.600 --> 0:22:58.040 the I guess, the power and the direction of the spin. Yeah. 0:22:58.280 --> 0:22:59.960