1 00:00:01,440 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey, 2 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,880 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and there's 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:16,919 Speaker 1: Charles W Chuck Bryant, and Jerry Jerome Roland. And you 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:20,720 Speaker 1: put the three of us together, put some super glue 5 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:23,840 Speaker 1: between us, hold us together for an hour and a half. 6 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:29,319 Speaker 1: You've got an episode of Stuff You Should Know. I 7 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:31,520 Speaker 1: love Olivia helped us with this. I love her title 8 00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:35,520 Speaker 1: of this one. It was titled the awe Inspiring, absolutely 9 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:40,200 Speaker 1: Crucial Amazon. Yep. And that's what we're going to talk about. 10 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:45,720 Speaker 1: This amazing biome about the size of the continental United 11 00:00:45,760 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 1: States that it's you want me to keep going? Yeah, 12 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: that is so big that it has I mean, how 13 00:00:57,480 --> 00:00:59,640 Speaker 1: big is it compared to the world, Like one percent 14 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:03,080 Speaker 1: of the world of the Earth's surface, Yes, but houses 15 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:09,640 Speaker 1: about thirty percent of the biodiversity. Yeah, the world's terrestrial species. 16 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 1: I mean, like it's it's really difficult to overstate just 17 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:18,640 Speaker 1: how unique and important the Amazon rainforest is. It's want 18 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: to go now, Yeah, I like looking at pictures of it. 19 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:26,080 Speaker 1: It would be cool. I'm sure it would be cool, 20 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:27,320 Speaker 1: but it'd be one of those things where I wish 21 00:01:27,319 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: I could just teleport there and like hang out and 22 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:31,800 Speaker 1: then teleport home. Like that's probably a big trip to 23 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:34,640 Speaker 1: get into the Amazon these days, you know. Yeah, And 24 00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,040 Speaker 1: I'm also curious about what kind of trips are good 25 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:42,160 Speaker 1: trips that don't disturb things in such a way, like 26 00:01:42,240 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 1: where you're not just some like Credi American tourists doing 27 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,600 Speaker 1: the wrong thing. Right for sure, for sure. But one 28 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:51,040 Speaker 1: of the things about the Amazon is that a lot 29 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 1: of people take it as this pristine, untouched natural wilderness 30 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,440 Speaker 1: that we're trying to protect. And for a very long time, 31 00:02:00,480 --> 00:02:02,920 Speaker 1: that's what that was the consensus, not just among the 32 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:07,680 Speaker 1: general public, but among anthropologists, archaeologists, um, a bunch of 33 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:11,640 Speaker 1: different oologists, and that the people who had lived there 34 00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:15,359 Speaker 1: lived so lightly upon the land that they were almost 35 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:18,920 Speaker 1: you know, they were they were almost having about the 36 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,760 Speaker 1: same impact as some of the other like some of 37 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: the wildlife there, that it just wasn't they weren't impacting 38 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: it enough to even consider it a significant amount, And 39 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:33,280 Speaker 1: that that Amazon was just this natural gift on Earth 40 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:37,000 Speaker 1: m that we we had, you know, as part of 41 00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:41,000 Speaker 1: our cultural or global heritage, right, yeah, like a giant 42 00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:45,160 Speaker 1: international park or something exactly. So what we've come to 43 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:47,520 Speaker 1: find is that that's absolutely not the case. That the 44 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:52,359 Speaker 1: Amazon was actually not entirely but significant chunks of it 45 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:58,320 Speaker 1: were engineered by humans, and that probably the best way 46 00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 1: to preserve it is to hand as much as we 47 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,840 Speaker 1: can of it over to the humans who have traditionally 48 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:08,359 Speaker 1: lived there, who are the descendants of the people who 49 00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: engineered it years back. Yeah, which, well, we got some 50 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:15,839 Speaker 1: stats on that later, but I thought that was pretty cool. Yeah, 51 00:03:15,919 --> 00:03:18,839 Speaker 1: for sure, So I we should probably start further back 52 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:22,160 Speaker 1: than humans, even because the Amazon has been around for 53 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: about the last fifteen million years, and it started out 54 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: as a giant lake, yeah, a big freshwater lake. And 55 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,840 Speaker 1: over time, like to the tune of millions of years, 56 00:03:32,639 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: sea levels fell and eventually, you know, things are going 57 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:39,280 Speaker 1: to change geologically speaking around it, and it became a 58 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: wetlands and then about eleven millionish years ago it finally 59 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:48,560 Speaker 1: turned into a river system flowing east into the ocean. 60 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: But that wasn't all right. Things continue to change from there. Yeah, 61 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: So basically they carved the rivers flowing from the headwaters 62 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:03,040 Speaker 1: in the Andes eastward towards the Atlanta. They carved well, 63 00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:05,840 Speaker 1: they made an impression on the continent and they also 64 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: brought sediment to the river, so soils started to grow, 65 00:04:10,160 --> 00:04:15,480 Speaker 1: which is really significant because tropical rainforest soil is typically 66 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: rather infertile because it's so hot and so humid that 67 00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:25,800 Speaker 1: stuff decomposes basically too quickly to create nutrients trapped in 68 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:29,039 Speaker 1: the soil. So the fact that that there were sediments, 69 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: that there were nutrients being brought into it by the 70 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:35,040 Speaker 1: river is what allowed the i Amazon basin to become 71 00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: so lush, yeah, and diverse. So still, this is, you know, 72 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:44,560 Speaker 1: like eleven millions years ago, you had savannahs, you had 73 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:48,120 Speaker 1: big patches like Olivia called them islands of forests, and 74 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:51,520 Speaker 1: he had all sorts of sort of smaller biomes. And 75 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: then through different ice ages ages, we'll just call them ages. Sure, 76 00:04:57,839 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: things were changing, things were shifting. It became wetter than 77 00:05:01,839 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: it became drier. The river system would change direction like 78 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:10,679 Speaker 1: in its flow. And basically if you go back about 79 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:13,520 Speaker 1: five million years is where you finally get to the 80 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:16,760 Speaker 1: point where the Amazon kind of as we know it 81 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: speciologically speaking, I don't know that's a word, but that's 82 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:24,800 Speaker 1: kind of where things started as far as what we 83 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:28,320 Speaker 1: know lives there today. Yeah, you would if you went 84 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,920 Speaker 1: back five million years, four million years, you would probably 85 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:35,040 Speaker 1: recognize it more than you would have, you know, several 86 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:39,080 Speaker 1: million years before that. Yeah, So for the past thirteen 87 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:44,120 Speaker 1: thousand years at least, humans have been shaping the Amazon 88 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,640 Speaker 1: as well. We've talked a lot about some of the 89 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:55,920 Speaker 1: law civilizations of the Maya and other Mesoamerican groups, indigenous groups, well, 90 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: they were no strangers to the Amazon basin, and so 91 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:04,080 Speaker 1: much the same way that we've discovered ancient Maya cities, 92 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: we've also discovered other ancient cultures in the Amazon as well. 93 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 1: We'll talk a little more about them in a second. 94 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:14,160 Speaker 1: But one of the big marks that humans left on 95 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: the Amazon was something called terra pretta, which is black 96 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:23,479 Speaker 1: soil in Portuguese, and black soil refers to highly fertile, 97 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: highly productive soil found in huge swaths of the Amazon 98 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:35,359 Speaker 1: basin that were basically created. These soils were created a 99 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:40,120 Speaker 1: couple of thousand years ago. They're still fertile today. They 100 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:43,159 Speaker 1: you can still put a plant in this soil and 101 00:06:43,279 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: not fertilize it and it will grow very very well, 102 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: which again is really uncharacteristic for an Amazon rainforest. So 103 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:52,400 Speaker 1: they started looking into it and they found that there 104 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:56,680 Speaker 1: was a technique that was either purposeful or accidental. Either way, 105 00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:59,720 Speaker 1: it created this terra pretta where they would they would 106 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,719 Speaker 1: create landscapes of biochart. They would do these low intensity 107 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 1: burns that didn't burn trees all the way down into ash, 108 00:07:06,160 --> 00:07:10,120 Speaker 1: but left huge chunks of charcoal which got subsumed into 109 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 1: the soil along with food waste and sometimes broken pottery, 110 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:17,560 Speaker 1: and that that would hold this organic available carbon in 111 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 1: the soil again for thousands of years. And there I 112 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: feel like the consensus is leaning more toward this was 113 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: a purposeful thing that they did to create the soil, 114 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:32,840 Speaker 1: because we also know that they used it for agriculture too. Yeah, 115 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,200 Speaker 1: so the thought that it was just hunters and gatherers 116 00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 1: for many, many tens of thousands of years is looking 117 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: like that's not true, and it was more hunters and farmers, right. 118 00:07:43,720 --> 00:07:45,920 Speaker 1: They probably did some gathering as well. Should imagine if 119 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 1: there was something to gather, they weren't like, I'm not 120 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:52,440 Speaker 1: gathering anything. It's not part of the job description. We 121 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:54,200 Speaker 1: know how to plant things, we know how to engineer 122 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:57,720 Speaker 1: this great soil. But there is evidence that they were, 123 00:07:58,120 --> 00:08:01,800 Speaker 1: you know, domesticating plants back as far as like six 124 00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:05,680 Speaker 1: thousand BC. And on the same note that there's just 125 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:09,120 Speaker 1: so much we thought we knew about the early indigenous 126 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: peoples of the Amazon that was completely wrong, as it 127 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:16,040 Speaker 1: turns out, and one is like how many people were 128 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 1: there and how they lived and what they basically kind 129 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 1: of come to the conclusion now after you know, a 130 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:26,760 Speaker 1: couple of hundred years of thinking otherwise, is when Europeans 131 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: would encounter like a sort of smallish tribe of disparate people. 132 00:08:33,480 --> 00:08:36,200 Speaker 1: It wasn't just that they were roaming around the Amazon. 133 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: It's that they were displaced by those very Europeans, and 134 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: that at one time there were groups in the Amazon 135 00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:48,080 Speaker 1: that numbered in the you know, two or three thousands, 136 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:50,600 Speaker 1: and that those groups live near enough to each other 137 00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:53,400 Speaker 1: where they were larger groups of up to like a 138 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:58,440 Speaker 1: million people that were like building roads in using sort 139 00:08:58,480 --> 00:09:02,559 Speaker 1: of rudimentary tools and lanting things and building six story 140 00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:08,079 Speaker 1: high complex structures. Yeah, there's one particular complex called the Launostemojos. 141 00:09:08,800 --> 00:09:11,400 Speaker 1: It's about the size of England and it housed about 142 00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:16,480 Speaker 1: a million people um in I believe the beginning of 143 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: the last millennium to about the fourteen hundreds, I think, 144 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: and in particular, there was the Casarabe culture um and 145 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:30,679 Speaker 1: they did what was considered low density urbanism, cultivated a 146 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:33,720 Speaker 1: letter in there by the way I looked it up, 147 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: that's correct though, Oh really huh, Solidia left it out. Yeah, 148 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: I believe so, all right, look at you Casarabe. Finally, 149 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:45,320 Speaker 1: my addition of an extra vowe really comes in handy 150 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:49,760 Speaker 1: because whether it's correct or not, you know, right, So, 151 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:51,560 Speaker 1: but they did they did what you were talking about 152 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:55,480 Speaker 1: where they built these structures. They built raised terraces that 153 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:58,840 Speaker 1: so that their crop land wasn't affected by regional or 154 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:04,480 Speaker 1: seasonal flooding. They connected these villages by raised causeways. They 155 00:10:04,559 --> 00:10:08,800 Speaker 1: did all this amazing stuff. And then because of probably 156 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: climate change like we saw in the you know what 157 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:14,840 Speaker 1: happened to the Maya civilization episode, we did, they abandoned 158 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:17,640 Speaker 1: these structures. And then once the Europeans showed up and 159 00:10:17,679 --> 00:10:22,359 Speaker 1: introduced smallpox, that was that was it. Like whatever civilizations 160 00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:25,040 Speaker 1: were left were wiped out, to the tune of potentially 161 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:28,800 Speaker 1: ninety percent of the inhabitants of the Amazon were wiped 162 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:33,080 Speaker 1: out by smallpox starting in the sixteenth century onward. And 163 00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:36,440 Speaker 1: then so yeah, when the Spaniards came across these you know, 164 00:10:36,520 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: wandering bands of hunter gathers. They just assumed that's what 165 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:41,760 Speaker 1: it had always been there, who had always been there. 166 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:44,600 Speaker 1: And it turns out that these were essentially refugees from 167 00:10:44,960 --> 00:10:49,960 Speaker 1: European conquests, smallpox and a climate change essentially, and that 168 00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:53,240 Speaker 1: they didn't they didn't really resemble the cultures that they 169 00:10:53,240 --> 00:10:56,079 Speaker 1: had come from at all. Yeah. And not only that, 170 00:10:56,160 --> 00:11:00,760 Speaker 1: but the Spaniards were writing about these big, interconnected roadways 171 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:07,439 Speaker 1: that were maintained and wide and usable between these different villages, 172 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:10,000 Speaker 1: and they would write about those and for you know, 173 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:12,600 Speaker 1: a couple hundred years, people were just like scholars and 174 00:11:12,679 --> 00:11:16,680 Speaker 1: researchers were just like, yeah, they clearly mistook it, or 175 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:19,559 Speaker 1: that just definitely wasn't going on, and now they're thinking like, oh, 176 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 1: those probably were roads. Yeah. I mean, it's one of 177 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: those amazing reversals of understanding that you rarely find in history, 178 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:32,120 Speaker 1: where these stories of legendary last cities actually were true 179 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 1: and we're finding them now. It's pretty thrilling, actually, I 180 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:39,680 Speaker 1: mean from a historians point of view, not like I 181 00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: don't know, from a computer programmer's point of view. It's 182 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: so so so that gets us kind of where we 183 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: are today, which is the Amazon Rainforest is in nine 184 00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:55,640 Speaker 1: countries in South America. Most of it, sixty percent of 185 00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:58,680 Speaker 1: it is in Brazil, and then the rest is divided 186 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:06,560 Speaker 1: among Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guiana, Suriname, Ecuador, and French Guiana. 187 00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 1: Right is that right? Yeah? Yeah, I think they just 188 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,600 Speaker 1: spell it differently because they're lee francaie. Yeah. And that's 189 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:18,600 Speaker 1: two million square miles, not acres, my friends, square miles. 190 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:23,480 Speaker 1: It's so mind boggling that, like we said, has about 191 00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:27,600 Speaker 1: ten percent of all known species on planet Earth reside 192 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:31,840 Speaker 1: there in thirty percent of terrestrial land walking species. There's 193 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:35,120 Speaker 1: a really great stat that seems to be accurate. I 194 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:38,560 Speaker 1: don't think it's just one of those copy paste stats. 195 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:42,840 Speaker 1: The ants one, Yeah, that on certain bushes in the Amazon, 196 00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,800 Speaker 1: you may find more species of ants on that one 197 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:49,280 Speaker 1: bush than you'll find in the entire British Isles. That's 198 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:53,960 Speaker 1: how biodiverse this area is. Yeah, that's one of the reasons, 199 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:56,959 Speaker 1: like I do want to go visit because it sounds 200 00:12:57,000 --> 00:12:59,760 Speaker 1: amazing and life changing. But then when I think of 201 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:03,600 Speaker 1: and I'm not necessarily afraid of insects or anything, but 202 00:13:03,640 --> 00:13:08,520 Speaker 1: I think it's so buggy and insecty it's even someone 203 00:13:08,559 --> 00:13:10,880 Speaker 1: who's not too bothered by it can kind of be 204 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:15,800 Speaker 1: pushed over the edge, my friend. The largest spiders in 205 00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:19,400 Speaker 1: the world are found in the Amazon, in particular, tarantulas 206 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:23,800 Speaker 1: that are thirteen inches or about thirty three centimeters across. 207 00:13:23,960 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 1: Can you imagine seeing a tarantula coming at you that's 208 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,959 Speaker 1: a foot across? I would just be like, just kill 209 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,760 Speaker 1: me now. I know you can't kill me, but please 210 00:13:32,760 --> 00:13:36,120 Speaker 1: figure out a way to kill me. Tarantula. Oh, could 211 00:13:36,160 --> 00:13:40,080 Speaker 1: you know? They're not actually deadly to humans? They're what 212 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,960 Speaker 1: they're not deadly to humans, they're just terrifying looking. No, 213 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,680 Speaker 1: they're deadly in that you you die of a cardiac 214 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,320 Speaker 1: arrest right when one of them sinks their fans into 215 00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:50,880 Speaker 1: you with there and looks at you with their I 216 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 1: don't know what they have, like two hundred eyes at least. Yeah. 217 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:57,839 Speaker 1: So um. The life in the Amazon rainforest and in 218 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:03,679 Speaker 1: all rainforests, really are divided up vertically, Like there's basically 219 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: different ecosystems from the tops of the trees down to 220 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:13,120 Speaker 1: the forest floors. They're so radically different that just going 221 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 1: up and down a single tree you find all this 222 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:17,760 Speaker 1: different kind of life, and not only different kinds of life, 223 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,080 Speaker 1: different climates depending on where you are. If you're at 224 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:23,920 Speaker 1: the top of the rainforest and the overstory or the canopy, 225 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:26,680 Speaker 1: that's a much different world than it is down at 226 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:30,160 Speaker 1: the shrub level. It's pretty interesting. Yeah, I guess we 227 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: should start at what you said was the overstory or 228 00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:37,360 Speaker 1: that's also known as the emergent layer, where did Lando 229 00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: Calariesian live sky City or something? Yeah, I can't remember, Okay, 230 00:14:44,280 --> 00:14:48,720 Speaker 1: that's basically that. Yeah, boy, I'm sorry Star Wars people. 231 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:50,160 Speaker 1: I'm a Star Wars guy, but I don't remember all 232 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: that stuff. I think it was sky City or Skyville, USA, 233 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:59,240 Speaker 1: something like that. Yeah, he's like, did you get your 234 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:03,640 Speaker 1: T shirt when you've flew in? Ya? Smirnov is playing tonight. 235 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:07,840 Speaker 1: So there are we're talking tall, tall trees, a couple 236 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:11,640 Speaker 1: of hundred feet tall, sometimes that limbs spreading out one 237 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:15,400 Speaker 1: hundred feet wide, blowing and dropping seeds all over the place. 238 00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:18,960 Speaker 1: Then under that you're gonna have your canopy. Um that 239 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: is where you have your overlapping tree branches. And this 240 00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:26,280 Speaker 1: remarkably holds sixty to ninety percent of life in the 241 00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:30,480 Speaker 1: Amazon nuts in the canopy is crazy. And also I 242 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:34,120 Speaker 1: saw that these these branches just appear to overlap, especially 243 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,920 Speaker 1: from an airplane overhead, But if you actually could walk 244 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:40,600 Speaker 1: from tree to tree, you would see that they're None 245 00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,320 Speaker 1: of the trees touch. There's like a few feet different 246 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:47,400 Speaker 1: between the trees in the canopy. And it's a mystery. 247 00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:50,920 Speaker 1: They have no idea exactly why the trees don't grow 248 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:55,560 Speaker 1: touching one another. Um. They think that's probably to keep 249 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:59,360 Speaker 1: from diseases from spreading or like you know, um, destructive 250 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: beetles from being able to climb from one tree to another. 251 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 1: But they actually don't touch, and they stay about a 252 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:07,800 Speaker 1: foot or so a couple feet away from one another 253 00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: on all sides. Isn't that fascinating? Oh? I figured they overlap, 254 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:16,560 Speaker 1: meaning they don't touch, but they overlapped vertically. Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, 255 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,080 Speaker 1: they'll do that, but they don't actually touch. Oh oh yeah, Okay, 256 00:16:20,120 --> 00:16:23,200 Speaker 1: they just go I'm not touching you to one another, right, Okay. 257 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 1: The canopy, like you said, is a completely different environment. 258 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:32,760 Speaker 1: You're gonna have all kinds of fun birds and lizards 259 00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:35,880 Speaker 1: and slous and monkeys and all kinds of creatures and 260 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:40,360 Speaker 1: plants up there. One hundred feet up. Sometimes it's much hotter. 261 00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 1: You talked about the different climates, much hotter and much 262 00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 1: dryer during the day, and it's there's a lot of 263 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:50,680 Speaker 1: canopy out there, so the visibility is very poor, so 264 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:52,960 Speaker 1: there's a lot of noise because they're all chirping at 265 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:55,200 Speaker 1: one another. Yeah, and one hundred feet up at the 266 00:16:55,240 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 1: canopy and then you know another one hundred feet at 267 00:16:57,480 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: the over story. There's a lot more wind. It's really 268 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:04,480 Speaker 1: being blasted by bright sunlight. And that's just again a 269 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:07,680 Speaker 1: different world from underneath the canopy, on the shrub layer, 270 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:12,200 Speaker 1: the forest floor. It's really humid, that the light is dappled, 271 00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:17,359 Speaker 1: it's very rarely direct in places, and for that reason, 272 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:20,920 Speaker 1: you have like a much steadier kind of climate than 273 00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,240 Speaker 1: you have at the top. And yeah, that's where that 274 00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:28,600 Speaker 1: decomposition happens really really fast, so that forest soils can't 275 00:17:29,359 --> 00:17:32,200 Speaker 1: don't hold in nutrients very well. Yeah, and I don't 276 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:34,240 Speaker 1: think we mentioned that there is a lot of life 277 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 1: in the overstory as well. You're gonna find monkeys up 278 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:40,720 Speaker 1: there too. There can be a snake in a tree 279 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: just live in his life one hundred and eighty feet 280 00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: up in the air, and bats insects, eagles, all kinds 281 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:50,520 Speaker 1: of birds. Something else I found, Chuck that I thought 282 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:55,040 Speaker 1: was fascinating is that the study of rainforest life is 283 00:17:55,080 --> 00:18:01,400 Speaker 1: still kind of in its infancy because it's so hard 284 00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:05,959 Speaker 1: to consistently get to these places to study this life. Yeah, 285 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,680 Speaker 1: isn't that fascinating? It is apparently good in a way. 286 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,160 Speaker 1: I saw that Now that drones are here, especially little 287 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: handheld drones, it's making it much much easier and less destructive, 288 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:20,200 Speaker 1: to be honest. Yeah, that's true, So they'll probably advance, 289 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,080 Speaker 1: but there's still a lot more to be learned in 290 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:26,480 Speaker 1: that field. Yeah, I guess we should talk about rain 291 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:30,000 Speaker 1: because it's a rainforest and it does rain a lot. 292 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:35,160 Speaker 1: Compared to the most rainy state in the United States. 293 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 1: Do you know what that is, Texas? It is Mississippi, Mississippi. 294 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:43,640 Speaker 1: Atlanta is pretty high up there too. I think Atlanta's 295 00:18:43,680 --> 00:18:45,720 Speaker 1: top five or six, I believe it. I call it 296 00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,120 Speaker 1: the Seattle of the South Man. Well, this is talking 297 00:18:49,119 --> 00:18:52,440 Speaker 1: about total rainfall. I think that's them. You know, if 298 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:54,960 Speaker 1: you live in the Pacific Northwest, you understand this. But 299 00:18:55,359 --> 00:18:57,880 Speaker 1: if you just think, like you know, Atlanta, it rains 300 00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:00,360 Speaker 1: a lot more than in Seattle and Portland, but they 301 00:19:00,359 --> 00:19:03,200 Speaker 1: have more days of rain, more of those drizzly, sort 302 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,200 Speaker 1: of dark days, whereas in Mississippi and in Atlanta in 303 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:09,959 Speaker 1: the southeast, it's just pouring hard rain to the tune 304 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:12,520 Speaker 1: of in Mississippi about five and a half feet a year. 305 00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:15,800 Speaker 1: In Atlanta we get about four point three feet per year. 306 00:19:16,680 --> 00:19:19,480 Speaker 1: In the Amazon, they get between six and ten feet 307 00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:23,359 Speaker 1: of rainfall a year, so up up to double what 308 00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:25,439 Speaker 1: the rainy t state here gets and most of it 309 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:28,480 Speaker 1: fromes to it from December to May alone during the 310 00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:32,360 Speaker 1: rainy season. Yeah, I mean that's what packed in four 311 00:19:32,440 --> 00:19:36,840 Speaker 1: or five months. Yeah, it's rainy. Pretty impressive. But I 312 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:39,119 Speaker 1: don't know if it's the time to visit or not. 313 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: But it does not rain much in August that's the 314 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:43,520 Speaker 1: driest month, and they only get a couple of inches 315 00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: in August. Yeah, So I say we take a break 316 00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:48,720 Speaker 1: and then come back and talk to more about the 317 00:19:48,760 --> 00:20:13,640 Speaker 1: Amazon rainforest. Where do you think let's do it all? Right, 318 00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:17,359 Speaker 1: we're back. We've talked a lot about animals. We're going 319 00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:19,879 Speaker 1: to talk more about animals and birds and insects and 320 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:22,800 Speaker 1: all that stuff. But there's a lot of people in 321 00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:26,240 Speaker 1: the Amazon rainforest. And again, like you, I think I 322 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:31,200 Speaker 1: sort of pictured it as uh, you know, these largely 323 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:36,439 Speaker 1: undisturbed tribes that are still just hunting and gathering and 324 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 1: that's all. But that's not true. About thirty four million 325 00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: people live within the ring of the Amazon rainforest. Yeah, 326 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,600 Speaker 1: that's nuts. There's a whole city, manaus brazil Um has 327 00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:52,439 Speaker 1: a population of two million in the Amazon Um. And 328 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:55,920 Speaker 1: then I think, out of those, um, how many people 329 00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:59,800 Speaker 1: did you say lived there, between one and a half 330 00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:02,840 Speaker 1: three are indigenous people who have lived there. These are 331 00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: like their ancestral lands, and a good hundred of the 332 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:11,280 Speaker 1: I think three hundred and fifty to five hundred distinct 333 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:16,360 Speaker 1: indigenous societies in the Amazon are uncontacted, which, if you'll 334 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:19,640 Speaker 1: remember our man in the whole episodes to both of them, 335 00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:24,280 Speaker 1: I believe. Yeah, I think we did two episodes on them. 336 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:28,960 Speaker 1: They uncontacted doesn't mean like they're not aware people exist. 337 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:31,119 Speaker 1: They don't want what they don't want to have anything 338 00:21:31,119 --> 00:21:34,160 Speaker 1: to do with outsiders, usually because of a terrible thing 339 00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:37,480 Speaker 1: that befell them and or their families. Yeah, it's their thanks, 340 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:41,439 Speaker 1: but no thanks tribes exactly. So, I think like thirty 341 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:44,840 Speaker 1: five percent of the Amazon right now make up indigenous territories, 342 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:47,600 Speaker 1: which is good for the Amazon because, as we mentioned 343 00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:50,000 Speaker 1: at the outset, one of the things they figured out 344 00:21:50,119 --> 00:21:53,359 Speaker 1: is the best way to preserve the rainforest is to 345 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,399 Speaker 1: hand control of it over to the indigenous groups. So 346 00:21:56,440 --> 00:21:58,359 Speaker 1: you can chuck up about thirty five percent of the 347 00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:04,160 Speaker 1: Amazon is safe right now. Right. If animals are something 348 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:06,399 Speaker 1: you like to talk about, then the Amazon is a 349 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,360 Speaker 1: pretty great place to be because there are a lot 350 00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:14,399 Speaker 1: of fauna and megafauna in the rainforest. And one of 351 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:19,720 Speaker 1: the starts of the show is certainly the jagyar. Yeah, no, 352 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:25,160 Speaker 1: for real, the jaguar. The jaguar. Yeah. If you're buying 353 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:28,119 Speaker 1: a car, it's a jaguaw. Yeah, the jaguar. I don't know, 354 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:30,640 Speaker 1: I don't know where we got the wire from, but 355 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:33,720 Speaker 1: that's what we say, right, Yeah, that's how we say it. 356 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:37,600 Speaker 1: And this is just a beautiful, beautiful beast that used 357 00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:41,520 Speaker 1: to be much more common sadly in the southwestern US, 358 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,320 Speaker 1: even all the way down to South America in places 359 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:47,320 Speaker 1: like Argentina, but about forty percent of their range has 360 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:51,359 Speaker 1: been lost yea, in Central and South America, and not 361 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:54,159 Speaker 1: over hundreds and hundreds of years. This is in the 362 00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,080 Speaker 1: last like thirty or forty years, and now they are 363 00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: considered near threatened. And these these animals like to move 364 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:06,560 Speaker 1: a lot, so they have huge, extensive ranges of hundreds 365 00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:09,760 Speaker 1: of kilometers, but they just don't have them in such 366 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:13,520 Speaker 1: area anymore. Yeah. No, there's about ten thousand of them 367 00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:16,439 Speaker 1: in the Amazon, which is now their largest contiguous area 368 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:21,200 Speaker 1: of habitat. But because the jaguars get so much attention, 369 00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: some of the other ones get ignored unless you start 370 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:26,800 Speaker 1: to dig beneath the surface, and when you do, you'll 371 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:31,720 Speaker 1: find there's the jaguarundi, the ace a lot, yeah, the Margai, 372 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:35,119 Speaker 1: the onsilla, and that last one, the onsilla is a 373 00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:39,520 Speaker 1: little like five pound cat with a leopard coat that 374 00:23:39,680 --> 00:23:43,440 Speaker 1: is just adorable standing on a little tree branch. They're 375 00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:46,959 Speaker 1: all very beautiful, for sure, animals, but they vary in 376 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:50,720 Speaker 1: different sizes, shapes, coats, but a lot of them look 377 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:53,480 Speaker 1: like like they have a housecat head on, like a 378 00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:56,400 Speaker 1: mini leopard body or something like that. It's kind of cool. 379 00:23:57,119 --> 00:23:59,119 Speaker 1: I'm saving my dad jokes from now one. After the 380 00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:02,520 Speaker 1: b incident, by the way, oh no, I think everybody's 381 00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:05,240 Speaker 1: been been pretty much in favor that it was definitely 382 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:08,240 Speaker 1: worth while. Oh. I've had a couple of yeas and 383 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:12,040 Speaker 1: a couple of nays so far. My point that I 384 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:13,560 Speaker 1: made to one of them was like, if I wrote 385 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:15,840 Speaker 1: that joke down and told it, it's probably pretty terrible, 386 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:18,439 Speaker 1: but it was off the dome. Yeah, I thought it 387 00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:21,160 Speaker 1: was great. I still, like, I wake up laughing thinking 388 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:24,120 Speaker 1: about it almost every morning, So I won't make jokes 389 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:28,359 Speaker 1: about acelots and auclttles. I'm not gonna do it anymore. 390 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:30,680 Speaker 1: I think that's a good good choice in this kid. 391 00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:34,760 Speaker 1: There's also monkeys, Oh, lots of monkeys, one hundred and 392 00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:39,679 Speaker 1: fifty plus species of monkey, everything you could imagine. I 393 00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:43,360 Speaker 1: love how Olivia put this one. The nightmarish looking bald. 394 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:46,239 Speaker 1: I guess that's you a cary monkey. Yeah, you need 395 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:49,280 Speaker 1: to look that one up. It's oh I did it 396 00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:54,800 Speaker 1: looks like the the It looks like this sounds awful 397 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:57,919 Speaker 1: to say. It looks like a monkey who had his 398 00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:01,720 Speaker 1: face peeled off. Wow. Yeah, it does look like that 399 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:05,639 Speaker 1: a lot. It's just a very bright red. It looks 400 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:08,040 Speaker 1: like it a wound almost, Yeah, or like it has 401 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: an angry, angry sunburn on its face. Only Yeah, it's 402 00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:16,880 Speaker 1: really neat looking, it's a cool monkey. There's also squirrel monkeys, 403 00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: which are basically what you would think. They're very tiny, 404 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,080 Speaker 1: but they're considered large brained if you put any stock 405 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:25,880 Speaker 1: in brain to body ratio, because they have large brains 406 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:28,840 Speaker 1: considering how small they are, and they live in massive 407 00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,040 Speaker 1: groups of up to three hundred. And I looked up 408 00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:34,399 Speaker 1: I was looking at them and somebody asked on Google 409 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:37,000 Speaker 1: or squirrel monkeys good pets? And the answer to that 410 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,760 Speaker 1: is a thousand times no, oh really yeah, because they 411 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 1: have to have constant stimulation, so you have to pay 412 00:25:45,240 --> 00:25:47,520 Speaker 1: attention to them, basically constantly, and if you don't pay 413 00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:50,960 Speaker 1: attention to them, they will just start messing stuff up 414 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,000 Speaker 1: all over the place and making your life miserable. So 415 00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:57,040 Speaker 1: my advice to you is, no, you don't want to 416 00:25:57,040 --> 00:25:59,520 Speaker 1: squirrel monkey as a pet. Ahead not looked that up 417 00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:01,960 Speaker 1: until just now, And I get white people want them 418 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: as beets. Yeah, are cute, They're very cute, and they're 419 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:06,600 Speaker 1: I'm sure a lot of fun to hang out with, 420 00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:10,159 Speaker 1: but maybe just in the jungle. You know, if you 421 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:12,400 Speaker 1: don't pay them enough attention, they'll peel their face off 422 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:17,680 Speaker 1: and become bald ukari. So these monkeys are very valuable 423 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,960 Speaker 1: to the ecosystem, though they are not just for looks 424 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,840 Speaker 1: and being cute and making fun noises and like being 425 00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:27,520 Speaker 1: cheeky and stealing food off your plate. They play very 426 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,800 Speaker 1: key roles. They they're up there chowing down on leaves 427 00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:33,440 Speaker 1: and they're gonna be pooping that stuff out. They're gonna 428 00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:37,320 Speaker 1: be spreading seed. That's gonna you know, the trees are 429 00:26:37,359 --> 00:26:39,760 Speaker 1: gonna be more productive because they're gonna be like, something's 430 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,440 Speaker 1: eating me. I need to grow more, and that's gonna 431 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,600 Speaker 1: you know, we always talk about the domino effect in 432 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: these ecosystems. Then there are more insects that are feeding 433 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:51,080 Speaker 1: on these little leaves. That means more birds are gonna 434 00:26:51,080 --> 00:26:53,399 Speaker 1: be eating the insects, and it just goes down the 435 00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:57,400 Speaker 1: chain and it's good for everybody. Yep. They also eat 436 00:26:57,480 --> 00:26:59,879 Speaker 1: seeds or fruits and then poop the seeds out with 437 00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:04,359 Speaker 1: plants more trees, and they benefit humans by sampling dates 438 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:08,240 Speaker 1: to find out if they're bad and poisonous. First, I 439 00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:10,159 Speaker 1: told you we just watched that recently and that that 440 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:14,439 Speaker 1: scene was tough. The only solace and was that it 441 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,879 Speaker 1: was a nazy monkey. Yeah, and even my daughter at 442 00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:20,200 Speaker 1: seven and a half was like, yeah, that monkey was 443 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: no good. Speaking of movies, so I saw that on 444 00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:26,600 Speaker 1: the plane on the way out, and then on the 445 00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:28,680 Speaker 1: way back saw Raiders. You watched it, Yeah, I watched 446 00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:30,880 Speaker 1: like the third or half or something like that. Yeah, 447 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: that's good comfort food. And then on the way back 448 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 1: I watched everything everywhere all at once for the first time. Yeah, 449 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:42,080 Speaker 1: that is one of the most magnificent movies I've ever 450 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:44,119 Speaker 1: seen in my life. Man, Oh, I hate did you 451 00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:46,080 Speaker 1: have to see it on an airplane? It was fine. 452 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:48,639 Speaker 1: I was you know, like I had something in my 453 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:51,120 Speaker 1: eye for like the last third of it, and like 454 00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:54,040 Speaker 1: it was that was gosh. Anybody who has not seen 455 00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:56,760 Speaker 1: that movie, see that movie and just make sure you're 456 00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,080 Speaker 1: wide open for it. Oh boy, it was great. A 457 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:03,520 Speaker 1: sawt in the theater the Yeah, and never got used 458 00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:06,399 Speaker 1: to the hot dog fingers. I thought that was so great. 459 00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:12,479 Speaker 1: Spoiler alert they're hot dog fingers. What else did they 460 00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:16,440 Speaker 1: have out there? They have the pink river dolphin, the botos, 461 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:18,920 Speaker 1: which is pretty amazing. They swim up in those flooded 462 00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:22,080 Speaker 1: forests and tributaries. Yeah. I just thought that was so cool, Chuck, 463 00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:26,800 Speaker 1: that they had um that they swam in the forests. Yeah, 464 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:29,880 Speaker 1: that's just amazingly cool. Yeah, you got your eyes out 465 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:33,480 Speaker 1: for the jagyar and you're like, look out for that dolphin, right, 466 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:37,040 Speaker 1: the pink one coming at you. Yeah, and they're pinkish, 467 00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:41,680 Speaker 1: Like I was expecting more pink than I got when 468 00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:44,520 Speaker 1: I looked them up. But yeah, they're pinkish. And it 469 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:49,480 Speaker 1: looks like they're they're little snouts are way way longer, right, Uh, yeah, 470 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:52,320 Speaker 1: they do look a little they needed to burrow past 471 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:55,840 Speaker 1: all the stumps in the flooded forests. And if you 472 00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:59,520 Speaker 1: want color, my friend, forget the pink river dolphins. And 473 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: because your attention on poisoned dart frogs, there's and stay 474 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:06,400 Speaker 1: away dozen. Yeah, I don't get close. Just like at pictures, 475 00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:09,800 Speaker 1: there's dozens and dozens of species of them, and they 476 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 1: are so beautiful. There's just like the different colors and 477 00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:16,960 Speaker 1: how vibrant they are and like, how is that not 478 00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 1: glow in the dark paint? It just it's just mind boggling. 479 00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:24,520 Speaker 1: But ironically, the m so they're called poison dart frogs 480 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:28,000 Speaker 1: because the tribes have used their their toxins that they 481 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:31,920 Speaker 1: naturally secrete for blow dart hunting, right, that's where they 482 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:36,600 Speaker 1: get their name. But ironically, the least colorful of them all, 483 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:40,360 Speaker 1: the golden poisoned dart frog, is the deadliest. They have 484 00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:43,840 Speaker 1: enough toxin in them to kill ten people. This tiny 485 00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:48,840 Speaker 1: little frog does, so steer clear of the golden poisoned 486 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:52,080 Speaker 1: dart frog. If there's one lesson in this episode, it's 487 00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:56,600 Speaker 1: that we won't get too detailed. But there are all 488 00:29:56,680 --> 00:30:00,520 Speaker 1: kinds of rodents, There are all kinds of terrestrial mammals 489 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:05,240 Speaker 1: roaming the ground. The birds just forget about it. I mean, 490 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:07,040 Speaker 1: you want to go see a two can up in 491 00:30:07,080 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 1: a tree or a macaw, that's where you're going to 492 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:12,360 Speaker 1: find them. And that's I think would be one of 493 00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:15,560 Speaker 1: the kind of coolest parts for me is looking up 494 00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:19,240 Speaker 1: and seeing those birds that you've seen in like cartoons 495 00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:23,000 Speaker 1: and they're real and they're just flying wild. Yeah, flying past. 496 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:28,240 Speaker 1: You're going just follow my nose. You got electric eels, 497 00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,720 Speaker 1: you got tarantulas, you got piranhas and snakes. All kinds 498 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:34,480 Speaker 1: of things also want to kill you. In the Amazon. Yeah. 499 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:37,560 Speaker 1: The bullet ant, which is the insect with the most 500 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:40,440 Speaker 1: most painful sting of any living thing in the world, 501 00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,080 Speaker 1: lives in the Amazon. Yeah. Thank you, and I came 502 00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: across one more thing about animals. I came across another 503 00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:51,920 Speaker 1: word that is kind of like masked that I love brows, 504 00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:55,160 Speaker 1: just like just like you browsed through a book. Brows 505 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,600 Speaker 1: is a word for the leaves and twigs of trees 506 00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,720 Speaker 1: and shrubs the animals eat. I like that, you got brows, 507 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 1: you got masked. Put it together. You got a dinner 508 00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:09,680 Speaker 1: for a tapier. What's a tapier? Well, go ahead and 509 00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:12,480 Speaker 1: say so. It's it looks like it's um, it looks 510 00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:15,520 Speaker 1: like a pig with a short elephant trunk, but it's 511 00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: more related to horses and rhinocerii. Yeah. I think we 512 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:22,000 Speaker 1: should do with something on Piranha at some point. Maybe 513 00:31:22,040 --> 00:31:26,480 Speaker 1: it's Shorty the movie. Well we'd have to mention it, sure, 514 00:31:27,040 --> 00:31:32,120 Speaker 1: but yeah, because I think Paranha misunderstood, and you know, 515 00:31:32,360 --> 00:31:34,760 Speaker 1: growing up in the seventies and eighties, probably because of 516 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:37,120 Speaker 1: that movie. Like I think there was the notion that 517 00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:40,200 Speaker 1: it's like playground stuff that you hear, like if you 518 00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:42,280 Speaker 1: fall in a pool of Piranhas, then you know you'll 519 00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:45,080 Speaker 1: be bones in five minutes and that kind of thing. 520 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:48,640 Speaker 1: And I don't think that's true because I always kind 521 00:31:48,640 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 1: of had that notion, and then when you would see 522 00:31:50,680 --> 00:31:55,160 Speaker 1: people in the rivers of the Amazon where there are piranha, 523 00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:57,560 Speaker 1: I would just be like, what are you doing? You're 524 00:31:57,640 --> 00:32:01,160 Speaker 1: about to be bones from the waist down, and that's 525 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:03,440 Speaker 1: just not the case. I think the coolest creepiest thing 526 00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:06,600 Speaker 1: about the piranha is when you go to an aquarium 527 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:10,840 Speaker 1: and you see them and they're not moving. You're used 528 00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,800 Speaker 1: to fish swimming around, and those piranha are just motionless 529 00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,920 Speaker 1: in water. I've never noticed that before. While yeah, it's 530 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:21,440 Speaker 1: very unless those weren't real piranha, just wax perranha. Are 531 00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:24,160 Speaker 1: they on the string? Yep? No, I think I think 532 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:26,120 Speaker 1: they We'll have to get into that, but I know 533 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,040 Speaker 1: I've seen motionless piranha. There's one other thing to steer 534 00:32:29,080 --> 00:32:31,080 Speaker 1: clear of, and that's the candy u, which is a 535 00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:35,240 Speaker 1: parasitic catfish that is found in the Amazon River and 536 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:39,600 Speaker 1: if you're not careful it, we'll swim up your urethra. Oh. 537 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,320 Speaker 1: We talked about that and something we should talk about 538 00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:44,440 Speaker 1: that in every episode, just to make sure that never 539 00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:49,520 Speaker 1: happens to the stuff you should know a listener, Yeah, wow, okay, yeah, 540 00:32:49,840 --> 00:32:52,480 Speaker 1: Verona can and motionless for hours. I just had to 541 00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,680 Speaker 1: confirm that it wasn't crazy. Very nice, You're not crazy. 542 00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:56,000 Speaker 1: I could have told you that you want to take 543 00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: a break. Yeah, let's take our last break and we'll 544 00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:02,720 Speaker 1: talk about well, other great things you can find there 545 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:28,239 Speaker 1: and how humans are destroying those things. So, Chuck, we 546 00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:32,000 Speaker 1: talked about how biodiverse the Amazon is, and that in 547 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:35,520 Speaker 1: and of itself is worth preserving. Just the fact that 548 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,640 Speaker 1: there's that many animals and that many different animals, and 549 00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:42,479 Speaker 1: I think what four hundred billion trees was the estimate. 550 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:45,640 Speaker 1: Just that there's all that life that lives there, it 551 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:51,200 Speaker 1: makes it automatically worth protecting. But just within biodiversity, there's 552 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:55,520 Speaker 1: there's even more reason to protect that life. Because when 553 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,160 Speaker 1: you take all those different animals and all those different 554 00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: trees and you put them together on this one type 555 00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:04,960 Speaker 1: of geography and topography with this these different types of climate, 556 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:06,880 Speaker 1: you put it all together, you have a very unique 557 00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:10,920 Speaker 1: biome that produces all sorts of ecological services that humans 558 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:17,680 Speaker 1: benefit from, like drinking water, purification, decomposition of waste, getting 559 00:34:17,760 --> 00:34:23,200 Speaker 1: rid of parasites and disease. All these different amazing things 560 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:26,799 Speaker 1: that the Amazon does comes from the biodiversity. All the 561 00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:29,440 Speaker 1: interactions of all these different types of animals that have 562 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,880 Speaker 1: evolved to fill these different ecological niches in this in 563 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:37,080 Speaker 1: these ecosystems, and it produces all these benefits from us. 564 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:39,880 Speaker 1: So there's number two, and the list just keeps going 565 00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:43,239 Speaker 1: from there. Yeah, I mean medicines that we use a 566 00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:45,879 Speaker 1: lot of these have come from the Amazon, and that's 567 00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:48,759 Speaker 1: what that Sean Connery movie was about, is you know, 568 00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:52,640 Speaker 1: is the cure for cancer somewhere in some jungle waiting 569 00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:56,200 Speaker 1: to be discovered. Uh, you know you've heard of ACE inhibitors. 570 00:34:56,239 --> 00:35:00,959 Speaker 1: ACE inhibitors which can help control hypertension that come from 571 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:04,000 Speaker 1: studies at the venom of the fair de lance snake 572 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,680 Speaker 1: led to the development of that. So that's just one 573 00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:11,480 Speaker 1: example of the many medicines that we've derived and synthesized 574 00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:16,160 Speaker 1: from the region. Did I say region? I'm getting very 575 00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,879 Speaker 1: fancy and other things we can learn. Olivia pointed out 576 00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:23,479 Speaker 1: another cool example of something that we haven't figured out yet, 577 00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:26,680 Speaker 1: but the leaf cutting ant, which I think we talked 578 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:31,799 Speaker 1: about in the Ants episode. They avoid leaves with that 579 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:35,080 Speaker 1: are naturally anti fungal, and so when they're harvesting this 580 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,920 Speaker 1: vegetation for their fungus, farms. They know to stay away 581 00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,120 Speaker 1: from those. We don't quite get how they do it, 582 00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:43,319 Speaker 1: but we might could study them and learn that and 583 00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:46,400 Speaker 1: maybe even learn how to control fungal growth where we 584 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:48,720 Speaker 1: need it. Yeah, it's going to be a future treatment 585 00:35:48,760 --> 00:35:52,919 Speaker 1: for athletes foot just around the corner maybe. And you'll 586 00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:55,560 Speaker 1: notice everybody like you might be waiting for us to 587 00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:57,920 Speaker 1: be like And it's the reason we can all breathe 588 00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:00,960 Speaker 1: thanks to all the oxygen. It actually is not true. Yes, 589 00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:04,040 Speaker 1: the Amazon puts out a lot of oxygen forest, that's great, 590 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:07,920 Speaker 1: but the reason we are all here on Earth breathing 591 00:36:08,719 --> 00:36:12,360 Speaker 1: is because of ocean algae. Yeah, that's really who we 592 00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:15,120 Speaker 1: have to thank. That's not to downplay the role of 593 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:20,120 Speaker 1: the Amazon rainforest. One of the things that definitely has 594 00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:24,799 Speaker 1: a huge impact on is the water cycle, and that 595 00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:29,000 Speaker 1: the Amazon actually produces its own weather and then recycles 596 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:32,160 Speaker 1: it five six times and then sends it along off 597 00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:36,240 Speaker 1: to different parts of the world. And every single day, 598 00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:41,160 Speaker 1: through transpiration of all the plants in the Amazon rainforest, 599 00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:45,759 Speaker 1: twenty billion tons of water vapor are released every single day. 600 00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:50,399 Speaker 1: That's definitely significant. Yeah, it affects rain as far as 601 00:36:50,440 --> 00:36:53,560 Speaker 1: the Midwest of the United States. And all the way 602 00:36:53,600 --> 00:36:58,680 Speaker 1: down as south as Argentina apparently. Yeah. The big sort 603 00:36:58,719 --> 00:37:03,680 Speaker 1: of benefit and now concern of the Amazon though, which 604 00:37:03,760 --> 00:37:06,200 Speaker 1: is what has been on the radar of humans for 605 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:08,799 Speaker 1: a while, and there's been a lot of awareness in 606 00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:12,319 Speaker 1: the past few decades around it, is that it's a 607 00:37:12,360 --> 00:37:16,560 Speaker 1: carbon sink, really really important carbon sink for planet Earth, 608 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:19,839 Speaker 1: to the tune of about one hundred and twenty three 609 00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:26,439 Speaker 1: billion tons of carbon and just buried in the ground there. Yeah, 610 00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:29,719 Speaker 1: which is great and valuable. But the problem is is 611 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:34,400 Speaker 1: what's been going on since the late nineteen seventies, which 612 00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:38,279 Speaker 1: is burning hundreds of thousands of square miles of the 613 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:42,399 Speaker 1: rainforest and releasing all of that carbon into the air. Yeah, 614 00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:45,800 Speaker 1: because not only is it in the ground, it's locked 615 00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,399 Speaker 1: into the wood of living trees, but when those trees 616 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,919 Speaker 1: aren't living anymore, and in particular when they burn, all 617 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:54,600 Speaker 1: that carbon gets released all at once. Where like if 618 00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:57,200 Speaker 1: a tree falls over in the woods, whether there's somebody 619 00:37:57,239 --> 00:38:00,000 Speaker 1: there to hear it or not, doesn't matter. As it decomposed, 620 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:02,960 Speaker 1: is it slowly releases carbon. If you burn a tree, 621 00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:05,400 Speaker 1: it releases a ton of carbon all at once. And 622 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:08,000 Speaker 1: if you burn a huge swath of trees. That's a 623 00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:11,920 Speaker 1: big carbon release. And yes, the Amazon has been burning, burning, 624 00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:17,440 Speaker 1: burning since the seventies, largely to make way for agriculture 625 00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:20,719 Speaker 1: in the most for the most part, cattle grazing. They're 626 00:38:20,840 --> 00:38:24,799 Speaker 1: burning down the Amazon to make pastures for cattle for 627 00:38:24,840 --> 00:38:29,800 Speaker 1: the most part. And as a result, they're actually concerned 628 00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:33,080 Speaker 1: that if it hasn't happened already, that in the not 629 00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:37,000 Speaker 1: too distant future, the Amazon will transfer from being a 630 00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:42,200 Speaker 1: net absorber of carbon carbon sink to a carbon emitter, 631 00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,759 Speaker 1: a net emitter of carbon where it will put out 632 00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:49,560 Speaker 1: more carbon than it holds in, which is terrible. You 633 00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:52,880 Speaker 1: don't want your the world's largest carbon sink aside from 634 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:55,759 Speaker 1: the ocean, the world's largest land based carbon sink. How 635 00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:59,399 Speaker 1: about that to turn into a net emitter. That would 636 00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:03,640 Speaker 1: be a bad And all is basically driven by fire 637 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:06,680 Speaker 1: in one way or another. Yeah, but you know it's 638 00:39:07,239 --> 00:39:11,480 Speaker 1: because of climate change. Even where there haven't been these fires, 639 00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:14,560 Speaker 1: I think, like the southeastern part of the forest hasn't 640 00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:19,720 Speaker 1: been as burned down yet, but they have also become 641 00:39:19,760 --> 00:39:23,879 Speaker 1: a net emitter because trees there are dying. They're dying 642 00:39:23,920 --> 00:39:27,480 Speaker 1: too fast. They're dying faster than they can grow, and 643 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:29,840 Speaker 1: a lot of it is because of the warming climate, hotter, 644 00:39:30,320 --> 00:39:34,280 Speaker 1: drier conditions on average, and then the level of rising 645 00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:38,279 Speaker 1: carbon dioxide in the air. So more CO two is 646 00:39:38,280 --> 00:39:40,440 Speaker 1: gonna make a tree grow faster, which is good in 647 00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:43,400 Speaker 1: a way, but faster growing trees die younger, and like 648 00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:46,279 Speaker 1: you said, they die, they decompose and then release that 649 00:39:46,360 --> 00:39:49,399 Speaker 1: carbon again. So it's the cycle where it's sort of 650 00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:53,359 Speaker 1: feeding itself almost right in the wrong direction. Yeah, it's 651 00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:56,800 Speaker 1: definitely the wrong direction. Another part of the problem too, 652 00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,719 Speaker 1: is that will affect that that water they and all 653 00:40:00,719 --> 00:40:04,120 Speaker 1: of the weather that it impacts, and it will also 654 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:07,319 Speaker 1: make the Amazon less rainy because as more and more 655 00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:12,400 Speaker 1: portions of the forest become deforested, that rain that is 656 00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:16,000 Speaker 1: that hits the canopy and the overstory and then trickles 657 00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:19,080 Speaker 1: down slowly to the understory and the shrub layer, and 658 00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:22,279 Speaker 1: then the forest flooring gets like basically trapped in the 659 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:25,719 Speaker 1: forest floor and becomes that nice humidity that keeps the 660 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:29,359 Speaker 1: whole thing going and keeps the plants flourishing. That rain 661 00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:32,200 Speaker 1: just runs off into the river and it doesn't get 662 00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:35,000 Speaker 1: locked into the soil, so that just leads to further 663 00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:38,800 Speaker 1: and further deforestation and then the up I guess the 664 00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:42,400 Speaker 1: result of it. Nope, I'm not gonna say that the 665 00:40:42,520 --> 00:40:45,640 Speaker 1: result of all of this is that these forest lands 666 00:40:45,760 --> 00:40:49,759 Speaker 1: turn into grasslands savannahs, and that's just not nearly as 667 00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:54,239 Speaker 1: big of a carbon sink. That's not Again, that's not 668 00:40:54,280 --> 00:40:56,799 Speaker 1: what we want the Amazon rainforest to be. Even just 669 00:40:57,880 --> 00:40:59,960 Speaker 1: for the fact that you don't want to lose the Amazon, 670 00:41:00,760 --> 00:41:03,279 Speaker 1: that's enough to do something about this. Let alone, all 671 00:41:03,320 --> 00:41:06,279 Speaker 1: of the sub details that make the Amazon what it 672 00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,680 Speaker 1: isn't make it valuable for all these different reasons. Yeah. 673 00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:13,040 Speaker 1: So if you're out there and you're saying so, that's 674 00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:16,080 Speaker 1: what Don Henley's been going on about. That's what Don 675 00:41:16,120 --> 00:41:18,719 Speaker 1: Henley's been going on about for all these years and 676 00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:21,400 Speaker 1: a lot of other people. And when it comes to 677 00:41:21,440 --> 00:41:25,240 Speaker 1: taking action like that, I'm glad people like Don Henley 678 00:41:25,280 --> 00:41:29,800 Speaker 1: or raising awareness and literally doing like feed on the 679 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,839 Speaker 1: groundwork and raising money when he's not suing people. But 680 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,960 Speaker 1: the government is where it really comes into play, and 681 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:38,839 Speaker 1: wealthy nations chipping in is where it comes into play. 682 00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:43,200 Speaker 1: Because for about the last twenties years or so, governments 683 00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:48,640 Speaker 1: in South America have tried to curb deforestation here and 684 00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:52,080 Speaker 1: there and have done a decent job. Some people say 685 00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:54,399 Speaker 1: it's too little, too late. It's obviously never too late 686 00:41:54,520 --> 00:41:58,359 Speaker 1: to try. But again, if we've passed that tipping point, 687 00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:01,279 Speaker 1: then it literally may be too late in the long run. 688 00:42:02,120 --> 00:42:04,360 Speaker 1: But Brazil, where like we said, sixty percent of the 689 00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,319 Speaker 1: forest is, they're going to be a big contributor one 690 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:10,920 Speaker 1: way or the other. And it's sadly driven by politics. 691 00:42:11,120 --> 00:42:15,200 Speaker 1: So it hit a six year high deforestation just last 692 00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:17,719 Speaker 1: year in twenty twenty two, and that was the end 693 00:42:17,760 --> 00:42:22,880 Speaker 1: of a three year period where the conservative president how 694 00:42:22,880 --> 00:42:27,680 Speaker 1: do you pronounce his first name is that, Tyre Gayer Bolsonaro, 695 00:42:28,120 --> 00:42:30,480 Speaker 1: was saying, yeah, we need money, and the way to 696 00:42:30,520 --> 00:42:33,160 Speaker 1: do that is to cut down then burn these forests. 697 00:42:33,520 --> 00:42:36,880 Speaker 1: And before that we had a drop in deforestation in 698 00:42:36,920 --> 00:42:40,520 Speaker 1: a pretty big way under the leftist president Louise in 699 00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:44,960 Speaker 1: a great name an Assio Lula da Silva. And this 700 00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:48,000 Speaker 1: is from two thousand and three to two eleven, and 701 00:42:48,080 --> 00:42:50,240 Speaker 1: he's back in power now. I think he's the only 702 00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:53,879 Speaker 1: Brazilian president to be elected three times, is what I read? 703 00:42:53,960 --> 00:42:55,360 Speaker 1: Oh is that right? I thought this was just a 704 00:42:55,440 --> 00:42:57,400 Speaker 1: second but yeah, I guess he was too term. And 705 00:42:57,440 --> 00:43:00,280 Speaker 1: now this is his third term. Huh yeah, so he's 706 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:03,000 Speaker 1: back and he's saying, hey, we got to reverse these 707 00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,520 Speaker 1: policies and protect these lands. If you look at charts 708 00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:11,520 Speaker 1: of UM deforestation under different presidents, when when Lula came in, 709 00:43:11,560 --> 00:43:16,319 Speaker 1: that's what he's affectionately called in Brazil, it just drops deforestation, 710 00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:19,120 Speaker 1: just drops off precipitously. Um I saw I was down 711 00:43:19,120 --> 00:43:22,480 Speaker 1: by like two thirds, I believe during his administration. And 712 00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:26,240 Speaker 1: so not only did he institute protection further rainforest, Brazil's 713 00:43:26,280 --> 00:43:30,239 Speaker 1: long had plenty of laws against things like illegal mining, UM, 714 00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:36,000 Speaker 1: illegal agriculture, protections for indigenous land that they just weren't enforcing, 715 00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:39,920 Speaker 1: and they definitely stopped enforcing when Balcinaro came into power. 716 00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:43,640 Speaker 1: UM that that all they have to do is start 717 00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:47,640 Speaker 1: enforcing some of these and that will just have enormous effects. 718 00:43:47,680 --> 00:43:50,520 Speaker 1: But in addition to that, they're also like okay, like 719 00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:54,200 Speaker 1: there are reasons people engage in illegal mining. There are 720 00:43:54,200 --> 00:44:00,480 Speaker 1: reasons people UM use like like forest fires to drive 721 00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:04,320 Speaker 1: indigenous people off their land because this land is valuable 722 00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:08,440 Speaker 1: for people who are in some places in times desperate 723 00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:11,520 Speaker 1: for money to feed themselves in their family. It's not 724 00:44:11,719 --> 00:44:17,920 Speaker 1: totally under ununderstandable, especially on a more local level when 725 00:44:17,960 --> 00:44:20,520 Speaker 1: you get into like large politics, it's all just discussed 726 00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:22,920 Speaker 1: and greed. It's the definition of greed of demolishing a 727 00:44:22,920 --> 00:44:26,040 Speaker 1: global good for personal gain. I don't believe that that 728 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:28,920 Speaker 1: also translates to the local level where you're trying to 729 00:44:28,920 --> 00:44:32,480 Speaker 1: feed your family, right sure, but what you can't do 730 00:44:32,520 --> 00:44:34,600 Speaker 1: as a wealthy nation is just say you get guys, 731 00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:37,400 Speaker 1: need to change what you're doing, right without chipping in 732 00:44:37,440 --> 00:44:39,759 Speaker 1: and helping some right. Right. So there's a couple of 733 00:44:39,760 --> 00:44:41,760 Speaker 1: ways to do this, and one that I believe Brazil 734 00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:47,400 Speaker 1: is really interested in internally is figuring out how to 735 00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:53,160 Speaker 1: exploit the Amazon without her army in the Amazon, right 736 00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:56,560 Speaker 1: without doing exploiting it in a sustainable way. Now exploiting 737 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:59,400 Speaker 1: like taking it's the wealth of nature from it, like 738 00:45:00,680 --> 00:45:04,640 Speaker 1: and nuts and fruits, and getting into ecotourism that isn't 739 00:45:04,680 --> 00:45:09,440 Speaker 1: actually harmful. That's a big way to kind of say, hey, 740 00:45:09,719 --> 00:45:12,000 Speaker 1: you don't have to do this illegal mining anymore. Here's 741 00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:13,680 Speaker 1: some other stuff we can do, and you're going to 742 00:45:13,719 --> 00:45:15,719 Speaker 1: make even more money to be able to sustain in 743 00:45:15,719 --> 00:45:18,840 Speaker 1: your family and the forest will continue to thrive. The 744 00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:21,880 Speaker 1: other way is like you said going to wealthy nations, 745 00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:24,960 Speaker 1: being like, hey, this is a global common good. You 746 00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:28,480 Speaker 1: guys think that it should be around that the biodiversity 747 00:45:28,520 --> 00:45:31,359 Speaker 1: alone means that it should be protected. Well, then chip in. 748 00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,200 Speaker 1: If this is like belongs to all of humanity, why 749 00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:36,640 Speaker 1: should we be the only ones who have to suffer 750 00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:39,960 Speaker 1: to preserve it, Because there's a lot of stuff they 751 00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:43,680 Speaker 1: could extract, like oil in the Amazon that they're saying, 752 00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:46,080 Speaker 1: pay us not to do that, Like, we could use 753 00:45:46,080 --> 00:45:47,880 Speaker 1: that and to keep up and pay off the debts 754 00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:51,040 Speaker 1: that we owe you guys, so pay us to leave 755 00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:53,440 Speaker 1: it there, and then the Amazon gets preserved and then 756 00:45:53,719 --> 00:45:56,120 Speaker 1: we don't have to we don't have to extract this 757 00:45:56,160 --> 00:46:00,319 Speaker 1: oil to support ourselves. Yeah, and oftentimes set payment, you know. 758 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:02,560 Speaker 1: Kind of mentioned it is in the form of debt forgiveness, 759 00:46:03,160 --> 00:46:06,360 Speaker 1: and there's been a big push in the past, I 760 00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:09,960 Speaker 1: feel like fifteen to twenty years for wealthier countries to 761 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:14,880 Speaker 1: forgive the debt of poorer countries. And I think Bono 762 00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:19,080 Speaker 1: is big into this cause, but I think more in Africa. Yea, 763 00:46:19,600 --> 00:46:21,719 Speaker 1: if I'm not mistaken, I don't remember, but I feel 764 00:46:21,760 --> 00:46:23,719 Speaker 1: like he's tried to raise awareness for that and kind 765 00:46:23,719 --> 00:46:26,879 Speaker 1: of pushed for debt forgiveness, and if some of these 766 00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:31,360 Speaker 1: people like Brazil and Ecuador and Columbia had debt forgiveness, 767 00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:34,000 Speaker 1: they may not be doing the mining and the oil drilling, 768 00:46:34,040 --> 00:46:37,440 Speaker 1: although the cynic in me says that someone would come 769 00:46:37,440 --> 00:46:39,640 Speaker 1: along and try and just exploit it for the riches 770 00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:43,480 Speaker 1: of it, not necessarily to pay the debts. But one 771 00:46:43,520 --> 00:46:45,960 Speaker 1: thing we have found that works, like we mentioned at 772 00:46:45,960 --> 00:46:48,960 Speaker 1: the very beginning, and we're coming full circle here, is 773 00:46:49,040 --> 00:46:54,200 Speaker 1: that what they have squarely found is that returning control 774 00:46:54,400 --> 00:47:00,319 Speaker 1: of this land to the indigenous cultures, there is seen 775 00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:04,040 Speaker 1: a massive, i think a two thirds decrease in deforestation 776 00:47:04,560 --> 00:47:08,200 Speaker 1: in areas where indigenous people have full ownership rights. So 777 00:47:08,360 --> 00:47:10,920 Speaker 1: there's your answer right there is give it back to 778 00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:14,439 Speaker 1: them and say how would you like to treat this land? 779 00:47:14,520 --> 00:47:18,280 Speaker 1: Probably how you always wanted it treated, right, But also 780 00:47:18,760 --> 00:47:23,040 Speaker 1: that means so that that's saying you're protecting that by 781 00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:25,560 Speaker 1: giving it back, by saying like this is protected area, 782 00:47:25,760 --> 00:47:28,920 Speaker 1: this is indigenous territory, you can exploit it. But that 783 00:47:29,040 --> 00:47:32,040 Speaker 1: still leaves the problem of the non indigenous people who 784 00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:33,880 Speaker 1: are trying to make a living out of it. And 785 00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:38,440 Speaker 1: again you come into the wealthier countries and say why 786 00:47:38,520 --> 00:47:41,080 Speaker 1: don't you guys chip in and actually chuck. There's been 787 00:47:41,160 --> 00:47:45,960 Speaker 1: studies of people like households in North America. Norway is 788 00:47:45,960 --> 00:47:50,040 Speaker 1: really big on it, and I believe the UK of 789 00:47:50,080 --> 00:47:54,680 Speaker 1: what's called willingness to pay WTP among distant beneficiaries. It's 790 00:47:54,719 --> 00:47:56,839 Speaker 1: people like you and me who are probably never going 791 00:47:56,880 --> 00:47:58,800 Speaker 1: to set foot in the Amazon, but we still want 792 00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:02,480 Speaker 1: the Amazon to be round. And I've seen as much 793 00:48:02,480 --> 00:48:05,840 Speaker 1: as Norway households are willing to pay as much as 794 00:48:05,880 --> 00:48:10,080 Speaker 1: one hundred euros per year to keep the Amazon intact 795 00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:13,720 Speaker 1: as it is now. In the United States, we've been 796 00:48:13,719 --> 00:48:16,839 Speaker 1: shown to be willing to pay as much as five 797 00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:21,560 Speaker 1: dollars for every percentage of forest lost avoided. So if 798 00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:23,920 Speaker 1: they can predict how much would be lost and you say, 799 00:48:24,040 --> 00:48:26,480 Speaker 1: well this is going to say fifteen percent, the average 800 00:48:26,480 --> 00:48:29,640 Speaker 1: American household be willing to pay five dollars per percent 801 00:48:29,719 --> 00:48:32,719 Speaker 1: for that fifteen percent, and that the most agreed upon 802 00:48:32,760 --> 00:48:35,080 Speaker 1: way of doing this is to say, how about let's 803 00:48:35,640 --> 00:48:37,320 Speaker 1: let's make this happen, and then we're just going to 804 00:48:37,360 --> 00:48:39,480 Speaker 1: make it a special tax that you pay when you 805 00:48:39,520 --> 00:48:42,520 Speaker 1: pay your income tax every year, and each household pays 806 00:48:42,800 --> 00:48:44,840 Speaker 1: fifty sixty bucks. And when you start to put that 807 00:48:44,920 --> 00:48:48,400 Speaker 1: together among all households in America and then households in 808 00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:51,720 Speaker 1: other Western nations, you suddenly have a really giant fund 809 00:48:52,040 --> 00:48:56,960 Speaker 1: to preserve the Amazon. Yeah. Pretty neat. And you know, 810 00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:00,799 Speaker 1: if you're looking for charities, I have not vetted all 811 00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:03,960 Speaker 1: of these, but just a cursory search. And I do 812 00:49:04,080 --> 00:49:06,960 Speaker 1: recommend anytime you're giving to charities, vet them and do 813 00:49:07,040 --> 00:49:09,719 Speaker 1: your due diligence and check them out and all that 814 00:49:09,760 --> 00:49:14,160 Speaker 1: good stuff. But just cursory search. There are a list 815 00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:18,560 Speaker 1: of you know, best charities for protecting the rainforest, like 816 00:49:18,640 --> 00:49:25,200 Speaker 1: the Rainforest Trust, Amazon Conservation, Cool Earth, Rainforest Foundation, Rainforest 817 00:49:25,239 --> 00:49:28,440 Speaker 1: Action Network, Amazon Watch. There are all kinds of them 818 00:49:28,440 --> 00:49:31,480 Speaker 1: out there. I don't know which one Don Henley's. Oh 819 00:49:31,560 --> 00:49:36,160 Speaker 1: here it is the Hotel California Fund. No, No, I'm kidding, Okay, 820 00:49:39,440 --> 00:49:44,000 Speaker 1: I got you. Yeah, I'm surprised. All right, what is 821 00:49:44,040 --> 00:49:47,200 Speaker 1: the name of his? I don't know. Okay, can we 822 00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:49,040 Speaker 1: look it up? No, as long as it's not that, 823 00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:53,120 Speaker 1: that's fine. I'm sure you can. Don Henley Amazon Fund. Yeah, 824 00:49:53,239 --> 00:49:58,839 Speaker 1: you got anything else? I got nothing else? Well, Um, 825 00:49:58,960 --> 00:50:01,160 Speaker 1: I thought this is a pretty good episode. I would 826 00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:03,440 Speaker 1: say it's a throwback episode to like the eighties, like 827 00:50:03,520 --> 00:50:06,439 Speaker 1: Save the Amazon, but it's pretty much been ongoing ever 828 00:50:06,480 --> 00:50:09,520 Speaker 1: since then. Huh. Yeah, Well, if you want to know 829 00:50:09,560 --> 00:50:12,319 Speaker 1: more about preserving the Amazon, just start looking around to 830 00:50:12,360 --> 00:50:13,920 Speaker 1: find out how you can help, and I'm sure you'll 831 00:50:13,960 --> 00:50:16,400 Speaker 1: find all sorts of cool ways. And god speed to 832 00:50:16,440 --> 00:50:18,719 Speaker 1: you for doing that. And since I said that, it's 833 00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:23,520 Speaker 1: time for listener mail, I'm gonna call this hot off 834 00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:26,320 Speaker 1: the presses another Delirian. And by the way, you know 835 00:50:26,360 --> 00:50:28,560 Speaker 1: I asked for I'm sure you'd notice in the emails. 836 00:50:28,560 --> 00:50:31,000 Speaker 1: I asked for calls for people to let me take 837 00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:33,360 Speaker 1: a ride in one or drive one. And it turns 838 00:50:33,360 --> 00:50:34,799 Speaker 1: out we have a lot of stuff you should know, 839 00:50:34,840 --> 00:50:38,879 Speaker 1: listeners that own Delirians. Yeah, who knew? Yeah, I mean 840 00:50:38,880 --> 00:50:40,319 Speaker 1: I don't know by a lot, but I feel like 841 00:50:40,320 --> 00:50:43,600 Speaker 1: we got a dozen or so emails at least from 842 00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,440 Speaker 1: people in different places say, Chuck, you're on when you 843 00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:48,879 Speaker 1: want to do it? I know it's pretty cool. So 844 00:50:49,040 --> 00:50:50,719 Speaker 1: I mean, I'm gonna save all those and then I 845 00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:54,040 Speaker 1: know those one in Boston, a couple of Canada. Are 846 00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:57,080 Speaker 1: you going to do them all? Yeah? That should do 847 00:50:57,080 --> 00:50:59,799 Speaker 1: them all. Hush, to drive all the Delirians. Yeah, just 848 00:51:00,120 --> 00:51:02,239 Speaker 1: a big road trip. No. I'm going to figure it 849 00:51:02,239 --> 00:51:05,000 Speaker 1: out though and meet up with somebody. Okay, but I'm 850 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:10,040 Speaker 1: going to call this another Delirian email. Loved the Delirian EPP. 851 00:51:10,080 --> 00:51:12,759 Speaker 1: I actually owned one, learned a few fun things about 852 00:51:12,760 --> 00:51:15,080 Speaker 1: it that I thought you might be interested in. When 853 00:51:15,080 --> 00:51:17,040 Speaker 1: I was younger, my grandmother left my siblings and me 854 00:51:17,160 --> 00:51:21,759 Speaker 1: money specifically for our first cars. A serendipitous amount of 855 00:51:21,760 --> 00:51:24,120 Speaker 1: time later, I saw one for sale on the side 856 00:51:24,120 --> 00:51:27,720 Speaker 1: of the road. A collector of World War two cars 857 00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:31,080 Speaker 1: was thinning out his car collection, and of course I 858 00:51:31,120 --> 00:51:33,920 Speaker 1: wanted it as a sound financial investment for a pre 859 00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:39,239 Speaker 1: driver's licensed team. I was fourteen. I can't believe this first, 860 00:51:39,280 --> 00:51:43,320 Speaker 1: and bought a Delirian at fourteen. I bought a moped 861 00:51:43,360 --> 00:51:47,160 Speaker 1: at twelve months, but tails in comparison to event the 862 00:51:47,239 --> 00:51:50,120 Speaker 1: kind that you was a bicycle as well like a 863 00:51:50,160 --> 00:51:52,960 Speaker 1: true mop ed. Yeah. It also didn't work. Yeah, they 864 00:51:53,040 --> 00:51:56,080 Speaker 1: never do as a sound financial investment for a pre 865 00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:59,799 Speaker 1: driver's licensed team. My mother agreed to spot the rest 866 00:52:00,120 --> 00:52:04,040 Speaker 1: the sixteen thousand, five hundred as soon as we could. 867 00:52:04,080 --> 00:52:07,200 Speaker 1: We got a McFly vanity plate for it. My sister 868 00:52:07,280 --> 00:52:09,960 Speaker 1: drove us around town for a joy ride. I love 869 00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:12,879 Speaker 1: this person, pre bought a car before they could even drive. Yeah, 870 00:52:13,280 --> 00:52:17,040 Speaker 1: a Delirian no less. Yeah. We went through a Chick 871 00:52:17,040 --> 00:52:19,120 Speaker 1: fil A drive through and ultimately couldn't get our order 872 00:52:19,160 --> 00:52:21,160 Speaker 1: through the very tiny window, so we had to back 873 00:52:21,239 --> 00:52:23,240 Speaker 1: up and drive back in with enough allowance to fully 874 00:52:23,239 --> 00:52:25,719 Speaker 1: open the gull wings as the whole staff look through 875 00:52:25,760 --> 00:52:28,799 Speaker 1: the window at us. Nice. I would just sit in 876 00:52:28,840 --> 00:52:32,560 Speaker 1: this lazy boy level comfortable, almost horizontal seat of my 877 00:52:32,640 --> 00:52:36,280 Speaker 1: stainless steel paper weight. And here's a few fun facts. 878 00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:39,600 Speaker 1: There's a sign behind the seats that says this vehicle 879 00:52:39,760 --> 00:52:44,120 Speaker 1: is negative Earth hates Earth. Still have no idea what 880 00:52:44,160 --> 00:52:47,760 Speaker 1: that means? Is what Kat says. There's a one foot 881 00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:51,160 Speaker 1: by one foot by one foot ish safe that the 882 00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:54,879 Speaker 1: Delirian key opens, hidden directly behind the driver's seat. Oh wow, man, 883 00:52:54,960 --> 00:52:57,600 Speaker 1: I had no idea about any of this. Didn't know 884 00:52:57,640 --> 00:52:59,920 Speaker 1: this either. And there was a red button on the 885 00:53:00,080 --> 00:53:02,600 Speaker 1: center console. I don't remember what it was supposed to 886 00:53:02,640 --> 00:53:05,319 Speaker 1: do because it didn't work. It was just an unlabeled 887 00:53:05,320 --> 00:53:09,759 Speaker 1: red round push button. Wow. Just daring you too, Oh man. 888 00:53:10,239 --> 00:53:12,880 Speaker 1: I always wanted to put a little Acme Co sticker, 889 00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:16,360 Speaker 1: I'm sorry, a glass case and a tiny a tiny 890 00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:19,759 Speaker 1: hammer around it, you know, for emergencies. So that is 891 00:53:19,880 --> 00:53:23,640 Speaker 1: from Kat Chaffin And that's a great email. Cat. This 892 00:53:23,680 --> 00:53:26,320 Speaker 1: may be the best Delirian email we got, hands down. 893 00:53:26,680 --> 00:53:29,120 Speaker 1: I mean, everybody else's Delirian email is pretty great, but 894 00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:31,719 Speaker 1: this was no on top. This way to go, Kat, 895 00:53:31,840 --> 00:53:34,360 Speaker 1: that's an amazing story. Thanks for all the extra info 896 00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:37,120 Speaker 1: about the Delirian too. I didn't know about that safe. 897 00:53:37,280 --> 00:53:41,240 Speaker 1: I'm sure there was never cocaine in those saves. Never. 898 00:53:42,680 --> 00:53:44,600 Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch with this, like 899 00:53:44,719 --> 00:53:47,479 Speaker 1: Kat did, you can write us an email too. Send 900 00:53:47,520 --> 00:53:54,840 Speaker 1: it to stuff podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. Stuff you 901 00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:58,200 Speaker 1: Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts 902 00:53:58,239 --> 00:54:01,600 Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the IHEARTRADI you up Apple Podcasts 903 00:54:01,719 --> 00:54:03,560 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.