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Speaker 1: Hey, Katie, did you know that if you stick any

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Speaker 1: two science worse together you get a great science fiction

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Speaker 1: movie title?

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Speaker 3: Really? Is it really not easy? Oh?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, just give it a shot.

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Speaker 3: Okay, let's see a Quantum Hamster boom.

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Speaker 1: I can see that whole movie in my mind already.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, okay, okay, what about Alligator Crystal?

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Speaker 1: I love it? Want to see that one.

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Speaker 3: Oh, let's do time, pump.

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Speaker 1: I am calling Netflix and set up a pitch meeting

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Speaker 1: right now.

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Speaker 4: Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I really would

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Speaker 1: like to write a science fiction movie someday.

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Speaker 3: And I am Katie. I am a science podcaster, and

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Speaker 3: I am already writing dialogue for Quantum Hamster in my head.

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Speaker 1: And welcome to the podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio, in which we take you on

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Speaker 1: a tour of everything that's amazing in the universe, everything

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Speaker 1: that's out there doing crazy stuff you couldn't imagine, and

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Speaker 1: all the weird quantum stuff happening at the particle level

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Speaker 1: and everything in between. But we want you to come

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Speaker 1: away from our podcast not just hearing about the crazy

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Speaker 1: stuff in the universe, but actually understanding it. And as

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Speaker 1: you might have guessed, orgesn't with us today, but instead

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Speaker 1: we have a wonderful guest podcast host Katie Introduce yourself

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Speaker 1: to everybody.

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Speaker 3: Hi, guys, I am Katie Golden. I'm the host of

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Speaker 3: Creature Feature, a podcast about animal and human behavior. I

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Speaker 3: studied psychology and evolutionary biology, so I am very excited

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Speaker 3: to take a journey into the physics realm of things.

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Speaker 3: I hope I can fill Jorge's shoes a little bit temporarily.

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Speaker 3: Do you know what his shoe size is.

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Speaker 1: He's a cartoonist, so he just draws really big floppy

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Speaker 1: clown shoes.

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Speaker 3: Ah, that'll be perfect for me.

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Speaker 1: Well, you guys should all check out Creature Feature. It's

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Speaker 1: a super fun podcast. And Katie's a lot of fun,

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Speaker 1: which is why we invited her here as a guest host.

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Speaker 1: And you know, today's episode is all about how we

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Speaker 1: understand the universe and how we understanding time, which makes

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Speaker 1: me wonder, since you're an expert on creatures and evolutionary behavior,

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Speaker 1: do animals understand time? Katie?

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Speaker 3: That's a really good question. I'd say it depends on

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Speaker 3: the animal, and it depends on what you mean by understand.

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Speaker 3: A lot of animals can kind of mark the passage

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Speaker 3: of time without possibly really understanding it. Like there's a

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Speaker 3: great migration of plankton that happens every day with the

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Speaker 3: rising and setting of the sun. But could you say

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Speaker 3: that as little zooplankton really understands time. I'm going to

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Speaker 3: say no, that's a bold, controversial take. But yeah, it's

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Speaker 3: really hard to get inside of the heads of animals.

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Speaker 3: That's a problem talk about on my podcast.

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Speaker 1: Well, I wouldn't be surprised if animals like crows understood time.

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Speaker 1: There's a group of crows that seem to always gather

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Speaker 1: outside my window righter, like two o'clock in the afternoon

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Speaker 1: when I have a big Zoom meeting.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I think patterns are really easy for animals to understand,

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Speaker 3: especially the smart ones crows. If you feed them, they'll

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Speaker 3: come back and visit you whenever you feed them, so

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Speaker 3: they will learn your patterns, much like a cat. You

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Speaker 3: know how your cat wakes you up just in time

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Speaker 3: early in the morning for you to feed them. They

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Speaker 3: understand patterns. They will memorize your rhythms and patterns for

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Speaker 3: the best snacking opportunities.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, I was wondering if you were going

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Speaker 1: to ask whether any animal understands time, even humans, because

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Speaker 1: as you might know, time is a slippery topic and

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Speaker 1: it's something a lot of our listeners ask us to

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Speaker 1: talk about because it's not something that even human physicists

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Speaker 1: can get our minds around. Why do we remember the

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Speaker 1: past and not the future? Why is there a now?

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Speaker 1: Is the now actually real? Or is time just an illusion?

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Speaker 1: All of these really simple basic questions about time haven't

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Speaker 1: yet been answered.

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Speaker 3: So wait is time? When we're talking about time though,

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Speaker 3: is it just a human invention? Like we made clocks,

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Speaker 3: we have one o'clock to twelve o'clock. You know, we

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Speaker 3: kind of have this concept of time, like is it

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Speaker 3: not just our human invention? Or is there actually a

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Speaker 3: real thing of time outside of our little mickey mouse watches.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a great question. There's a lot of it

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Speaker 1: that is invented by humanity, like units, you know, one second,

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Speaker 1: one minute. That's totally arbitrary, and an alien species might

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Speaker 1: invent something totally different. But in our understanding of physics,

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Speaker 1: time seems to be real, and we will dig into

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Speaker 1: that later in the podcast about the concept of time

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Speaker 1: in quantum mechanics and the concept of time in general relativity,

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Speaker 1: which turned out to be totally fundamentally different ideas of

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Speaker 1: what time is. But yeah, we do think that time

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Speaker 1: is a feature of the universe. We think it's something

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Speaker 1: out there and real, but we won't really know until

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Speaker 1: we one day get to talk to alien physicists and

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Speaker 1: see if they even understand the concept of time.

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Speaker 3: That's so interesting. So there is an actual cosmic time

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Speaker 3: that is occurring that we sort of view through our

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Speaker 3: own little human lens, our sun dials and our watches

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Speaker 3: and our appointments, But that may not really capture the

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Speaker 3: whole truth about what time is.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or it could be an illusion. It could be

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Speaker 1: the time is not something deep and fundamental to the universe.

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Speaker 1: It could be that it sort of emerges that it's

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Speaker 1: like a special condition that only happens under certain circumstances,

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Speaker 1: you know, the way like ice forms sometimes in the universe,

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Speaker 1: but not always. You could have a universe without ice.

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Speaker 1: That's not a big deal. It might be that time

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Speaker 1: isn't fundamental, but we'll dig into all that on today's podcast.

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Speaker 1: We actually want to focus today on something even weirder

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Speaker 1: than just the question of time, which is a big

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Speaker 1: puzzle for physicists. We want to talk about something which

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Speaker 1: has been bopping around the Internet and creating a lot

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Speaker 1: of buzz recently. That's this topic of time crystals.

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Speaker 3: Oooh, that sounds beautiful.

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Speaker 1: What comes into your mind when I say the phrase

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Speaker 1: time crystals?

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Speaker 3: A bunch of clocks floating around in a crystalline structure?

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Speaker 1: All right, And so today on the program will be

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Speaker 1: at and hopefully answering the question what is a time crystal?

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Speaker 3: So, Daniel, you asked people on the internet what they thought.

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Speaker 1: That's right, Folks out there volunteer to speculate baselessly on

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Speaker 1: the topic of the day, just to give us a

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Speaker 1: sense for what they knew and what they didn't know.

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Speaker 1: And so if you would like to submit your baseless

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Speaker 1: speculations for future podcast episodes. Please write me to questions

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Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 3: And so here is what people had to say.

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Speaker 5: My only thought is that there are these points in

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Speaker 5: space that maybe are time markers, or there are certain

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Speaker 5: blocks of crystals that hold elements or signatures of certain

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Speaker 5: time events that you can look back on.

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Speaker 6: That's easy to make a whole Rick and Morty episode

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Speaker 6: about those.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what time crystals are.

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Speaker 6: Well. I know that quartz is a crystal, and we

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Speaker 6: use courts to get precision timing and watches and things

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Speaker 6: like that. Maybe there's other crystals that can do the

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Speaker 6: same thing.

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Speaker 1: So what do you think about those answers? Katie?

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Speaker 3: I do like the callback to Rick and Morty. They

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Speaker 3: definitely have a scientific approach to time with all of

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Speaker 3: their time travel episodes.

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Speaker 1: Do they?

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Speaker 5: Though?

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Speaker 1: Are you a Rick and Morty fan?

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Speaker 3: I like it it's a loaded question to ask if

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Speaker 3: you're a Rick and Morty fan, because I think that

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Speaker 3: there are some really hardcore fans out there who will

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Speaker 3: contend that you have to really understand science to understand

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Speaker 3: the show, and I just think it's a fun show.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, you know, I watch Rick and Morty sometimes,

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Speaker 1: but I'm a real stickler for getting the science right

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Speaker 1: when you're doing time travel, and that's really hard. It's

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Speaker 1: very difficult to have a narrative that makes sense if

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Speaker 1: you're also going backwards in time and jumping all around,

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Speaker 1: and so that sometimes gets the way of me enjoying

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Speaker 1: Rick and Morty.

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Speaker 3: I see, you're a real stickler for those time travel

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Speaker 3: plot holes that always pop up.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Speaking of time, the focus of today's episode

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Speaker 1: is this question, what is a time crystal? I like

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Speaker 1: some of these answers. You know, we do use a

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Speaker 1: crystal in watches sometimes to tell time, right, crystals are

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Speaker 1: at the heart of a lot of watches on people's wrists.

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Speaker 3: How do they work to tell time? Do you have

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Speaker 3: just a little crystal man in your watch going like, eh,

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Speaker 3: it's about two thirty.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly how it works. You crack it open, you'll

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Speaker 1: spot it.

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Speaker 3: Now we're writing a Reck and Morty episode.

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Speaker 1: But that's not actually the kind of time crystal that

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Speaker 1: we're talking about today. Today's episode is about something totally different.

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Speaker 3: So what kind of time crystal are we talking about?

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Speaker 3: If it's not a little crystal telling you what time

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Speaker 3: it is.

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Speaker 1: The idea of a time crystal basically is an extension

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Speaker 1: of the idea of a space crystal. So let's first

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Speaker 1: talk about what a space crystal is. Remind ourselves about

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Speaker 1: like the basic idea there, and then we'll try to

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Speaker 1: apply that concept to time crystals.

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Speaker 3: Now, I'm imagining a crystal floating through space, but I'm

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Speaker 3: going to guess that's probably not what it is.

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Speaker 1: No, exactly, that's exactly what it is for a space crystal, right,

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Speaker 1: A space crystal is what it's just like a regular pattern,

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Speaker 1: and a crystal like the kind of thing that you

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Speaker 1: see like a shiny gem or something else you would

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Speaker 1: call a crystal is if you zoom down into it

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Speaker 1: and understood it like at the molecular or the atomic level.

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Speaker 1: The way it's built is like a bunch of Lincoln

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Speaker 1: logs or something. You have regularly spaced atoms all lined

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Speaker 1: up in like a three dimensional pattern.

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Speaker 3: Right, It's that kind of grid like structure. I always

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Speaker 3: think of sort of a wafer kind of tree, maybe

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Speaker 3: just because I'm hungry, but it's those layers and layers

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Speaker 3: of interlocking wafer like molecular structures, right, yeah.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, you have wafer and then you have caramel, then

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Speaker 1: you have another wafer, then you have chocolate. That's exactly

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Speaker 1: the recipe for building your crystal.

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Speaker 3: Just making me hungrier.

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Speaker 1: Katie's crystal cookies, I love it well. Sugar is a crystal. Yes,

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Speaker 1: sugar is a crystal. And basically anything that's a crystal

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Speaker 1: that has a regular pattern. And that's the core concept

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Speaker 1: that we have to understand when we're talking about crystals. Basically,

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Speaker 1: you're building a lattice. You're taking a continuous symmetry right

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Speaker 1: like space in itself is the same everywhere. It doesn't

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Speaker 1: really matter if you take one step forward or a

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Speaker 1: half step forward. The same laws of physics reply, everything

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Speaker 1: works the same way. If you're gonna like juggle balls here,

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Speaker 1: then you took a step sideways. The same rules should apply,

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Speaker 1: the same juggling should work. A crystal takes that and

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Speaker 1: sort of breaks that symmetry into something discreete. So now

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Speaker 1: the universe has a symmetry still, but it's not like smooth.

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Speaker 1: You have to take like exactly the right size step

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Speaker 1: in order to see the universe the same way. So

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Speaker 1: if you're like inside a big crystal, it's a huge

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Speaker 1: lattice and you're sitting on an atom. You have to

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Speaker 1: take a step exactly the size of the lattice so

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Speaker 1: that you're still sitting on an atom.

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Speaker 3: It's chest rules, except you're all ponds.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, take space and break it up into chessboards,

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Speaker 1: and you can only move one square or two squares.

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Speaker 1: You can't move one and a half or two and

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Speaker 1: a half squares, right, And so that's the idea of

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Speaker 1: a space crystal. And like you do think of a

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Speaker 1: crystal as a big shiny thing, but when you zoom

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Speaker 1: down into it, the reason that it's shiny, the reason

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Speaker 1: it has those properties that reflect light that way, is

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Speaker 1: because it has this regular structure in space. So when

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Speaker 1: we say crystal here, we generally just mean like a regular,

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Speaker 1: discrete structure.

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Speaker 3: That's so interesting. I mean, crystal structures are really interesting

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Speaker 3: in evolutionary biology because they are surprisingly sometimes used in eyeballs,

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Speaker 3: like in the eyes of molluscs will have these gwanding

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Speaker 3: crystal structures that help them reflect light. You don't think

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Speaker 3: of organic material as something you could turn into a crystal,

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Speaker 3: but yeah, you can take gwanding formal gwanding crystal form

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Speaker 3: an eyeball.

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Speaker 1: Wow, that's fascinating. So most eyeballs don't have crystals in them.

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Speaker 1: It's a special situation.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, we have lenses in most eyeballs, but those Gwanning

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Speaker 3: crystals that form in certain eyeballs, like in the eyes

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Speaker 3: of scalps, will have this characteristic that helps them reflect

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Speaker 3: light in such a way that gives them really interesting vision.

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Speaker 1: Wait, ahole lot of seconds. Scallops have eyes.

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Speaker 3: Yes, they do.

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Speaker 1: You wouldn't think, so I'll think about that next time

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Speaker 1: I'm biting into one. I'm tasting crystalline eyeballs.

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Speaker 3: They're actually beautiful blue eyes, and they have a whole

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Speaker 3: mess of them, like two hundred of them.

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Speaker 1: Oh my gosh. Wow, Well that makes me feel better.

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Speaker 1: That's why I don't eat scallops, because I don't like

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Speaker 1: crystalline eyeballs.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. And instead of using lenses like a human or

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Speaker 3: mammal eye or most animals eyes, they actually use mirrors

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Speaker 3: inside of their eyes as kind of a miniature telescope

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Speaker 3: by using that guanning crystal structure.

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Speaker 1: Wow, amazing. Well, the other important thing to understand about

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Speaker 1: these kinds of crystals that we're talking about space crystals

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Speaker 1: is that they are stable. So like those crystals in

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Speaker 1: the eyes of scallops, or that diamond that comes up

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Speaker 1: out of the ground is it's a regularly repeating pattern,

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Speaker 1: but it doesn't fall apart. It's in its lowest energy state,

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Speaker 1: and so it can hang out basically for a long time.

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Speaker 1: It needs to be broken up if you want those

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Speaker 1: atoms back.

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Speaker 3: Is that why diamonds are so tough because of that

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Speaker 3: crystalline structure.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, because the crystalline structure makes them really hard to break.

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Speaker 1: And also that's why they last a long time because

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Speaker 1: they're in a stable state. Like the atoms, they're very

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Speaker 1: happy to be in that situation. They're not going to

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Speaker 1: relax into some other lower ground state and then break

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Speaker 1: up into something else energetically. They're very comfortable.

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Speaker 3: That's so interesting. But something like an ice cube forms

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Speaker 3: a lot of structure, but it does melt. So is

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Speaker 3: that an example of like an unstable crystal structure.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Ice is actually super fascinating because it can form

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Speaker 1: lots of different kinds of structures, and we're going to

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Speaker 1: do a whole podcast episode about all the different weird

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Speaker 1: kinds of ice. It's like one that's not transparent black ice,

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Speaker 1: and it's like nine other kinds of ice. So it

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Speaker 1: can form lots of weird crystal structures, but actually is

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Speaker 1: in a stable state. The only reason it melts is

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Speaker 1: because you're adding energy to it. Right, Melting means you're

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Speaker 1: like heating it up from the outside. Same with diamonds.

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Speaker 1: You put diamonds in hot enough temperatures, they will melt. Wow,

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Speaker 1: that actually happens. We think sort of like on the

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Speaker 1: surface of Jupiter, which rains diamonds into the interior, which

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Speaker 1: might form like a big liquid diamond ocean.

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Speaker 3: So Jupiter is really rich. We're talking about Kardashian levels

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Speaker 3: of rich.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely absolutely. So now we understand, like the idea of

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Speaker 1: a crystal, it's like a regular structure, but that's a

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Speaker 1: crystal structure in space. So now let's turn to the

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Speaker 1: topic we're trying to talk about today, which is time crystals. Right,

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Speaker 1: take that same idea and apply it to time.

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Speaker 3: Okay, but how do you put time in a crystal?

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Speaker 3: Because time is not physical matter. You can't arrange it

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Speaker 3: in a lattice structure. So what are you trying to

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Speaker 3: say here?

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Speaker 1: So take the same idea you're applying to a lattice

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Speaker 1: in space where you say, all right, the thing looks

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Speaker 1: the same if I take one step to the right,

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Speaker 1: or one step forward or one step backwards. And now

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Speaker 1: say what happens if I take step forwards in time?

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Speaker 1: So a time crystal is some kind of object or

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Speaker 1: a substance which has a regular repeating pattern in time,

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Speaker 1: which means like it looks the same now and then

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Speaker 1: in a second, and then in two seconds, and then

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Speaker 1: in three seconds and in between. It doesn't have to

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Speaker 1: look the same, but it's going through some transformation sort

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Speaker 1: of regularly returns to the same position.

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Speaker 3: So this is like four dimensional chess where it's like

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Speaker 3: you're playing this chess game where you're only allowed to

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Speaker 3: move one space at a time in a certain direction,

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Speaker 3: but through time and not through physical space necessarily.

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. And so what you want is something which

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Speaker 1: returns to the same configuration but after discrete units of time, right,

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Speaker 1: not like it's in that same state all the time.

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Speaker 1: That would just be a space crystal. You want a

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Speaker 1: time crystal which is in a certain configuration, then moves

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Speaker 1: out of it and comes back, and then moves out

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Speaker 1: of it and then comes back. So you want it

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Speaker 1: to sort of break this continuous time symmetry where things

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Speaker 1: always look the same into a discrete symmetry, so that

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Speaker 1: it looks the same and then it doesn't, and then

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Speaker 1: it comes back and it looks the same again. That's

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Speaker 1: the property you have in a space crystal. Right, you

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Speaker 1: have this distance between points in space. Now we want

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Speaker 1: distance between configurations in time.

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Speaker 3: Kind of sounds like a dance to me. You have

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Speaker 3: to do your dance movements through not just space, but

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Speaker 3: through time, and it has to synchronize in a specific way.

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. And the other critical thing is that it

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Speaker 1: has to be stable, meaning it has to be in

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Speaker 1: its ground state. That means that basically it's doing this forever.

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Speaker 1: So you need something which is both in motion but

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Speaker 1: also in the most relaxed, lowest energy state, and that's

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Speaker 1: a really unusual combination. You have to imagine something basically

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Speaker 1: moving forever.

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Speaker 3: That sounds like a perpetual motion, which I didn't realize

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Speaker 3: is something you could do. Well, my mind is blown,

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Speaker 3: into pieces. But before do we do that, let's take

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Speaker 3: And we're back, and Daniel is trying to reassemble the

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Speaker 3: pieces of my brain that exploded because we were talking

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Speaker 3: about how there is something where with a time crystal,

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Speaker 3: you can remain in emotion forever at a low energy state,

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00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:06,359
Speaker 3: which sounds like perpetual motion to me, which I thought

427
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,439
Speaker 3: was just science fiction. So how could this possibly happen?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a really awesome question. And it's for this

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Speaker 1: reason that people thought forever like this is a silly idea.

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Speaker 1: Nobody should even talk about it. It's obviously impossible, and

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00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:21,879
Speaker 1: it's only recently that people thought, m maybe there's a

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Speaker 1: way to make this happen. Maybe there's a way to

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Speaker 1: configure a system that can be in motion through time

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Speaker 1: where it regularly returns to a specific state that's sort

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Speaker 1: of the lattest point and yet is stable, so it

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Speaker 1: could like do this forever. And this started in about

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Speaker 1: twenty twelve when a famous physicist named Frank Wilchek. He's

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Speaker 1: at MIT, and he won the Nobel Prize for understanding

439
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:47,840
Speaker 1: the strong interaction, which is the thing that like binds

440
00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:51,119
Speaker 1: quirks together into protons and neutrons. So he's generally a

441
00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:54,200
Speaker 1: smart guy, and he's also kind of famous for coming

442
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:56,760
Speaker 1: out of left field with a crazy idea that turns

443
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,040
Speaker 1: out to be pretty good. He's the guy, for example,

444
00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:02,639
Speaker 1: who coined the termaxions to describe that hypothetical particle. And

445
00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:04,960
Speaker 1: in twenty twelve he put out this kind of crazy

446
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,280
Speaker 1: paper saying, you know what, here's a situation where time

447
00:23:08,320 --> 00:23:12,399
Speaker 1: crystals might be possible. He constructed an example of a

448
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:16,639
Speaker 1: quantum system, a ring of particles that sort of rotates

449
00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:19,960
Speaker 1: and every sort of clock cycle returns to a similar

450
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:24,920
Speaker 1: configuration and repeats the same pattern in time. So exploded

451
00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,760
Speaker 1: into the community of theoretical physics, blowing out everybody's minds.

452
00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:32,520
Speaker 3: So is this something that would happen on the quantum level,

453
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:36,760
Speaker 3: or are we talking about entire like star systems doing

454
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,639
Speaker 3: this like time crystal thing, or are we talking about

455
00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:41,320
Speaker 3: something on a very small scale.

456
00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:43,640
Speaker 1: This is something in a very small scale. This would

457
00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:46,119
Speaker 1: definitely be a quantum effect. It's not the kind of

458
00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:49,119
Speaker 1: thing that you can have happen for macroscopic systems, And

459
00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,400
Speaker 1: the reason you can only do it potentially for quantum

460
00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:56,000
Speaker 1: systems is that quantum systems have a really weird relationship

461
00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:59,359
Speaker 1: with zero energy, right. Things that the quantum scale can

462
00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:02,800
Speaker 1: never have exactly zero energy, so when you force them

463
00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:06,119
Speaker 1: into their lowest energy state, it's not actually down to

464
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:09,679
Speaker 1: zero energy. But a whole fun podcast episode recently about

465
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,240
Speaker 1: zero point energy in the Casimere effect, which basically says

466
00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,359
Speaker 1: if you look into empty space, it's actually filled with

467
00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:19,919
Speaker 1: an infinite number of photons because all the fields that

468
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,080
Speaker 1: are out there in space can never really relax down

469
00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:26,840
Speaker 1: to zero energy. So time crystals, if you think they're possible,

470
00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:31,440
Speaker 1: could only be possible for tiny, little microscopic quantum particles.

471
00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:33,800
Speaker 3: This is like when my car battery drained down to

472
00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:36,679
Speaker 3: quote unquote zero and the mechanics said I'd need a

473
00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:39,240
Speaker 3: new one, but hey, guess what, I got a little

474
00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:42,479
Speaker 3: bit more out of that battery, so maybe it was

475
00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:45,640
Speaker 3: some quantum time crystals at work there.

476
00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:48,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, Or when your iPhone battery says it's a zero

477
00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:50,440
Speaker 1: but it's still running and you're like, hmm, right, am

478
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:53,359
Speaker 1: I using the casimire effect to charge my phone? And

479
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,600
Speaker 1: you might also be imagining, you know, obvious examples of

480
00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:59,879
Speaker 1: like larger physical systems, not just stars, that seem to

481
00:24:59,880 --> 00:25:02,679
Speaker 1: have this property that they could spin, for example, and

482
00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:04,879
Speaker 1: return to the same state. Like think about a wheel

483
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:07,720
Speaker 1: with spokes. As it rotates, it returns to basically the

484
00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,760
Speaker 1: same configuration. The problem is that a bicycle wheel is

485
00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:14,760
Speaker 1: a macroscopic object, could never actually spin forever, and that's

486
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,399
Speaker 1: also not its ground state. It's not most lowest energy state.

487
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,280
Speaker 1: Lowest energy state for a bicycle wheel is when it.

488
00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:24,399
Speaker 3: Stopped right, And so that's why we aren't able to

489
00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:28,600
Speaker 3: actually make a perpetual motion machine out of bicycle wheels

490
00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:30,920
Speaker 3: and water and marbles and so on and so forth.

491
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:33,000
Speaker 1: But Frank Willcheck wrote this paper and said, you know what,

492
00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:35,760
Speaker 1: it might be possible for quantum objects, basically like a

493
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:38,840
Speaker 1: little quantum wheel. He tried to show this thing could

494
00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:42,360
Speaker 1: spin forever and actually be in its ground state. Now

495
00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:45,080
Speaker 1: of course this set off like a lot of conversations

496
00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:48,880
Speaker 1: in the theoretical physics community. And there's another theorist, Patrick Bruno,

497
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:53,280
Speaker 1: who actually found a mistake in well checked paper tattletale.

498
00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:55,639
Speaker 1: I know this, but this is a good lesson, Like

499
00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,880
Speaker 1: Nobel Prize winners make mistakes. I feel like a lot

500
00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:01,360
Speaker 1: of times people quote know Bel Prize winners and if

501
00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:03,320
Speaker 1: they said it and they won a Nobel Prize, it

502
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:06,520
Speaker 1: must be the truth, right, right, But like they're just people.

503
00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:08,760
Speaker 1: You know. Yes, they're smart and they got lucky, but

504
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:11,840
Speaker 1: there are also people and sometimes they make mistakes.

505
00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:15,320
Speaker 3: Yeah, take that, you, Nobel Prize winning smarty pants.

506
00:26:16,960 --> 00:26:19,639
Speaker 1: I especially love it when they interview a Nobel Prize

507
00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,119
Speaker 1: winner on a topic they're like, not an expert in

508
00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,000
Speaker 1: you know, You'll hear like a Nobel Prize winning physicist

509
00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,000
Speaker 1: commenting on economic policy and you're like, you don't know

510
00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:30,600
Speaker 1: anything more about that than anybody else. Like just because

511
00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:35,919
Speaker 1: you won the Nobel Prize.

512
00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:36,280
Speaker 3: Yeah, you know, I'm as much a Nobel Prize winner

513
00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:39,199
Speaker 3: in a field you didn't study as you are Nobel

514
00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:40,400
Speaker 3: Prize winner in physics.

515
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:42,520
Speaker 1: Still there, Yeah, exactly.

516
00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:45,760
Speaker 3: What was this mistake and how did that change this

517
00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:48,800
Speaker 3: whole concept of being able to have these little, little

518
00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:50,000
Speaker 3: tiny time crystals.

519
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,160
Speaker 1: Yeah. So Patrick Bruno showed that the example that will

520
00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:57,320
Speaker 1: Check proposed, this idea of a ring of particles rotating

521
00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:00,439
Speaker 1: was actually more similar to a bicycle wheels spinning than

522
00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:02,679
Speaker 1: we thought that it would only rotate if it was

523
00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,560
Speaker 1: actually in a more energetic state, and he showed that

524
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:09,480
Speaker 1: the example that Willcheck suggested had the possibility to decay

525
00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:12,439
Speaker 1: into a ground state which wouldn't be rotating, and so

526
00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:15,520
Speaker 1: it wouldn't actually qualify as a time crystal. But you know,

527
00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,000
Speaker 1: once the idea is out there, then people started working

528
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,639
Speaker 1: on it. They thought, hm, that's interesting, let's reinvestigate a

529
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:23,480
Speaker 1: lot of times, you have an area in physics where

530
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:25,520
Speaker 1: people are like, oh, we already know the answer there.

531
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,800
Speaker 1: That's totally impossible, and it takes one brave person like

532
00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:32,199
Speaker 1: dig into again and ask the question anew and then

533
00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:34,240
Speaker 1: a lot of people will follow be like, oh, that's interesting,

534
00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:36,760
Speaker 1: I wonder if we could actually crack this problem. And

535
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,439
Speaker 1: so Frank will Check's credit with like cracking this problem

536
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,800
Speaker 1: open again, and then a huge number of people started

537
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,520
Speaker 1: writing papers and there were a lot of people that said, oh, no,

538
00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:47,479
Speaker 1: it turns out a time crystal is completely impossible. They

539
00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:50,960
Speaker 1: wrote all these no go papers that proved under various conditions.

540
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:52,920
Speaker 1: You could never have a time crystal. You could never

541
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:56,320
Speaker 1: have a quantum mechanical arrangement of particles that repeats in

542
00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:58,760
Speaker 1: time and is at its ground state.

543
00:27:59,080 --> 00:28:01,679
Speaker 3: What blankets try try to make it so that I

544
00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:05,600
Speaker 3: can't make a little quantum circus with a little merry

545
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,359
Speaker 3: go round. And I'm thinking of a quark on a

546
00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:10,879
Speaker 3: unicycle just going on forever, and I don't like it.

547
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:13,040
Speaker 3: I want to hear some optimism.

548
00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:15,720
Speaker 1: Well, we'll talk about the actual experiments in a minute,

549
00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:18,440
Speaker 1: because this also inspired a bunch of folks to say, well,

550
00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:20,199
Speaker 1: let's go see if we can make one. You know,

551
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:23,800
Speaker 1: sometimes the theorists say this as possible, this is impossible,

552
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,520
Speaker 1: but it's up to the universe to decide whether it

553
00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:29,879
Speaker 1: actually happens. And so I like when experimentalists sort of

554
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,120
Speaker 1: don't listen to the theorists and just go out there

555
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:36,560
Speaker 1: and explore. But it's actually really interesting and important question

556
00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:39,040
Speaker 1: about time crystals because it gets to the heart of

557
00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,520
Speaker 1: how we think about time. And this is something you

558
00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,240
Speaker 1: were bringing up earlier, like is time a real thing.

559
00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:46,920
Speaker 1: If time crystals are really it really would tell us

560
00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:50,520
Speaker 1: something fundamental about the nature of like time and the universe.

561
00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:53,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, because I feel like we don't really have a

562
00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:58,560
Speaker 3: frame of reference outside of our human invention of We

563
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:01,480
Speaker 3: mark the minutes, we mark this seconds. We pick sort

564
00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:05,560
Speaker 3: of these units of time, probably based on our ability

565
00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 3: to like the time it takes us to think about

566
00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:11,080
Speaker 3: a second is about how long a second is, So

567
00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:14,880
Speaker 3: you know, it's based very much on our human brains.

568
00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:17,520
Speaker 3: But it's interesting. I guess I've never really thought too

569
00:29:17,560 --> 00:29:21,440
Speaker 3: much about finding empirical evidence for there being time.

570
00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:24,000
Speaker 1: Well, it's also really interesting to sort of dig into

571
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:28,760
Speaker 1: it theoretically and ask, like our fundamental picture of the universe,

572
00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:31,840
Speaker 1: what does that tell us about time? And we have

573
00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:34,840
Speaker 1: two pictures of the universe the way things work sort

574
00:29:34,840 --> 00:29:38,080
Speaker 1: of at the deepest level in the universe quantum mechanics

575
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:42,080
Speaker 1: and general relativity. And as listeners the podcast know, these

576
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,400
Speaker 1: two don't often agree, and that's also the case about

577
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,760
Speaker 1: the nature of time. Have very different opinions about what

578
00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:53,600
Speaker 1: time is, and quantum mechanics says that space and time

579
00:29:53,640 --> 00:29:56,640
Speaker 1: are very different, and according to quantum mechanics, you have

580
00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 1: like a description of the universe. It says like, here's

581
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,080
Speaker 1: the quantum part of there's your quantum particle whatever. And

582
00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:04,920
Speaker 1: you know, quantum mechanics tells us what's likely to happen

583
00:30:04,960 --> 00:30:07,760
Speaker 1: to those particles in the future, and all that crazy

584
00:30:07,760 --> 00:30:10,400
Speaker 1: stuff that we can dig into another episode. But the

585
00:30:10,440 --> 00:30:13,640
Speaker 1: important thing is that quantum mechanics tells us how those

586
00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:17,040
Speaker 1: quantum states evolve, Like the Shortener equation, the most famous

587
00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:20,120
Speaker 1: equation in quantum mechanics. That's what it does. It tells us,

588
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:22,240
Speaker 1: if you have a quantum state, here's what it's going

589
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,080
Speaker 1: to look like in the future. And also you can

590
00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:27,920
Speaker 1: turn that equation around and you can say, here's how

591
00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:30,360
Speaker 1: you got to now, here's how the past must have

592
00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:33,480
Speaker 1: looked if the present looks this way. And there's a

593
00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:37,120
Speaker 1: concept we often talk about called quantum information, and that's

594
00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:39,360
Speaker 1: what this means. It says that if you know how

595
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,000
Speaker 1: the universe looks now, you can figure out how we

596
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:46,120
Speaker 1: got here because quantum information is never destroyed. And that's

597
00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:48,680
Speaker 1: a deep and fundamental statement about the nature of the universe,

598
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:52,760
Speaker 1: because it means, according to quantum mechanics, the time is eternal.

599
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:56,840
Speaker 1: Timelight goes on forever into the future and into the past.

600
00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:00,160
Speaker 3: So that's true of quantum mechanics like it and the

601
00:31:00,240 --> 00:31:04,440
Speaker 3: quantum miniature universe, But like when we look at the

602
00:31:04,680 --> 00:31:07,960
Speaker 3: larger universe, once we scale it up, those ideas don't

603
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:08,480
Speaker 3: hold true.

604
00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:10,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. This is relevant to the rules of tiny

605
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,520
Speaker 1: little particles, but you're right, when we scale up to

606
00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:16,080
Speaker 1: the rest of the universe, things do look a little different.

607
00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:19,320
Speaker 1: And this is when general relativity comes in, because when

608
00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:21,520
Speaker 1: it comes to like the shape of the universe and

609
00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:24,240
Speaker 1: the age of the universe, the thing that matters most

610
00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:27,680
Speaker 1: is gravity, and general relativity is the best theory we

611
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:31,120
Speaker 1: have that describes how gravity works. And the most important

612
00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:35,120
Speaker 1: concept in general relativity that's relevant for today's conversation is

613
00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:38,240
Speaker 1: this notion that space and time are very deeply connected.

614
00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:41,719
Speaker 1: Our quantum mechanics says space time are separate. Time is

615
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:45,360
Speaker 1: just like the way that things in space evolve one

616
00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:48,160
Speaker 1: step to the other. General relativity says, no, no, no,

617
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,239
Speaker 1: Time is like just one part of this thing we

618
00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:54,959
Speaker 1: call space time. And there's a deep symmetry between space

619
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:57,880
Speaker 1: and time, and they evolve together, and they get twisted together,

620
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,080
Speaker 1: and they're really closely connected. And if you think about

621
00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:04,120
Speaker 1: what general relativity says about time even more deeply. You know,

622
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,600
Speaker 1: general relativity says that the universe is expanding and that

623
00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,160
Speaker 1: it used to be denser, and as you look backwards

624
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:12,600
Speaker 1: in time, time doesn't go on forever. It comes back

625
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:15,680
Speaker 1: to some sort of like singularity in the early universe.

626
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,600
Speaker 1: And according to general relativity, it's very natural, for example,

627
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:21,080
Speaker 1: to have a beginning of time, for time to have

628
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:25,640
Speaker 1: started from zero in the early universe. So quantum mechanics

629
00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:29,080
Speaker 1: says space and time very different and time has lasted forever.

630
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,040
Speaker 1: General relativity says, no, no, no, These are just two

631
00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:34,600
Speaker 1: different sides of the same coin. And it makes perfect

632
00:32:34,680 --> 00:32:37,000
Speaker 1: sense for time to have started in the early universe.

633
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:40,120
Speaker 1: So two very different pictures about this very basic piece

634
00:32:40,160 --> 00:32:40,800
Speaker 1: of the universe.

635
00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:44,960
Speaker 3: Well, the universe is made out of quantum particles, and

636
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,800
Speaker 3: so the bigger aspects of the universe are made up

637
00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:51,200
Speaker 3: of the quantum aspects of the universe. So it's very

638
00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:57,160
Speaker 3: interesting that you have this disagreement ostensibly between basically the

639
00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,440
Speaker 3: sum of the parts and the parts themselves.

640
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, you're absolutely right, And one of the reasons they

641
00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:05,520
Speaker 1: disagree is that usually they play in different fields. When

642
00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:09,200
Speaker 1: we talk about tiny little particles, gravity is so weak

643
00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:11,720
Speaker 1: that it's basically irrelevant, and we can ignore what general

644
00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:14,320
Speaker 1: relativity says. And then when we zoom up to talk

645
00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:17,600
Speaker 1: about stars and planets, all those tiny little particles are

646
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:19,840
Speaker 1: so small they get just averaged out. All the quantum

647
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:24,440
Speaker 1: effects basically disappear. So general relativity is dominant for really big,

648
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:27,760
Speaker 1: heavy stuff and quantum mechanics is dominant for really tiny,

649
00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:30,880
Speaker 1: very low mass stuff, And it's very rare for the

650
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:33,840
Speaker 1: two to be important, so we can't tell like who

651
00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:36,600
Speaker 1: wins when they're both important. The only way to figure

652
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:38,560
Speaker 1: that out is to do things like look inside of

653
00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:41,760
Speaker 1: a black hole, where things are so small but so

654
00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:44,959
Speaker 1: dense that both of them are important. And that's not

655
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:45,960
Speaker 1: something we've been able.

656
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:49,880
Speaker 3: To do yet, not yet. Maybe in a few years. Well,

657
00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 3: I want to hear about how this disagreement impacts whether

658
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,480
Speaker 3: or not I can have my tiny time crystal carnival.

659
00:33:57,920 --> 00:34:00,400
Speaker 3: But maybe we should take a quick break first of

660
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:07,400
Speaker 3: while I draw up some little quantum arigo round schematics.

661
00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:10,200
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

662
00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:13,440
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

663
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:17,560
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

664
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:20,200
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy

665
00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:24,520
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

666
00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:27,160
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

667
00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:29,520
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

668
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:33,799
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

669
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:36,919
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

670
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,439
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

671
00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:43,280
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

672
00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:47,080
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

673
00:34:47,120 --> 00:34:51,040
Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

674
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:53,120
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

675
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:55,200
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

676
00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:57,879
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

677
00:34:57,960 --> 00:35:01,479
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

678
00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:04,279
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

679
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

680
00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 4: There are children, friends and families walking, riding on paths

681
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:14,160
Speaker 4: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

682
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:16,360
Speaker 4: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

683
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:19,920
Speaker 4: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely, California

684
00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:22,800
Speaker 4: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

685
00:35:22,320 --> 00:35:24,719
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686
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694
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695
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Speaker 3: We are back. I'm trying to decide whether to sell

696
00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:09,680
Speaker 3: cotton candy at my little quantum Carnival with the Time

697
00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:14,120
Speaker 3: Crystal Dance, the Time Crystal Carousel, And so Daniel is

698
00:36:14,160 --> 00:36:20,160
Speaker 3: going to explain to me how quantum mechanics and general relativity,

699
00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:23,600
Speaker 3: the small side of the universe, the quantum side, and

700
00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:26,919
Speaker 3: the big side, the US and stars and everything else

701
00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:29,800
Speaker 3: can disagree so much about time and space.

702
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:32,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I wish we knew the answer to that,

703
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:34,600
Speaker 1: But one way that we might be able to probe

704
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:37,120
Speaker 1: it is to look inside the core of a black

705
00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:40,440
Speaker 1: hole and understand, you know, who's right about the nature

706
00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:42,680
Speaker 1: of the universe, or go back in time to the

707
00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:45,560
Speaker 1: Big Bang. But you know, that's kind of inaccessible. So

708
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,680
Speaker 1: we're excited anytime we can probe something that we think

709
00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:52,240
Speaker 1: gets near this question that lets us like understand around

710
00:36:52,239 --> 00:36:55,480
Speaker 1: the edges of these questions about the fundamental nature of

711
00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:58,839
Speaker 1: the universe. And that's why time crystals are super fascinating

712
00:36:58,880 --> 00:37:03,320
Speaker 1: because they explore or this connection between space and time.

713
00:37:03,480 --> 00:37:07,279
Speaker 1: Like if time crystals can actually be made, it's really

714
00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:10,720
Speaker 1: a strong argument that there's a close connection between space

715
00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:13,840
Speaker 1: and time, that this thing that exists in space crystals

716
00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:16,239
Speaker 1: can also be made in time. The time can be

717
00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:19,839
Speaker 1: seen sort of like as another dimension of space. It

718
00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:22,440
Speaker 1: adds sort of like a check in the column of

719
00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:23,480
Speaker 1: general relativity.

720
00:37:23,719 --> 00:37:27,600
Speaker 3: And so that would mean that quantum mechanics is actually

721
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,719
Speaker 3: behaving in a way that is following the rules of

722
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaker 3: general relativity.

723
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:36,000
Speaker 1: It would mean that we need to adapt somehow quantum

724
00:37:36,040 --> 00:37:38,880
Speaker 1: mechanics to play along nicely with this concept that space

725
00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:42,040
Speaker 1: and time are deeply connected. And you know, we know

726
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:45,880
Speaker 1: already that quantum mechanics can't really be right about time

727
00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:48,760
Speaker 1: being eternal in every direction, like we think the universe

728
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,799
Speaker 1: had a beginning, So it doesn't really make sense to

729
00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:54,760
Speaker 1: hold tightly to this concept that time must be eternal.

730
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:57,440
Speaker 1: On the other hand, it's a pretty big thing to

731
00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:59,920
Speaker 1: get rid of, to let go of this concept of

732
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:04,600
Speaker 1: quantum unitarity, that quantum information is not ever lost. That's

733
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:07,680
Speaker 1: something we really think is that the foundation of quantum mechanics.

734
00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:10,440
Speaker 1: So one of these theories has to get torn up

735
00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:13,520
Speaker 1: basically and start again. And the question is which. And

736
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:16,360
Speaker 1: we're hoping that time crystals give us like a glimmer

737
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:19,839
Speaker 1: of understanding as to how to begin that process. But

738
00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:23,160
Speaker 1: even if we knew, for example, that general relativity was correct,

739
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,600
Speaker 1: doesn't tell us exactly how to start on quantum mechanics.

740
00:38:26,640 --> 00:38:29,200
Speaker 1: And before we put too many nails in the coffin

741
00:38:29,239 --> 00:38:31,839
Speaker 1: of quantum mechanics, like I don't think anybody out there

742
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:35,360
Speaker 1: in physics believes general relativity is correct. It's got to

743
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:39,000
Speaker 1: be wrong because it assumes that the universe is smooth

744
00:38:39,239 --> 00:38:42,279
Speaker 1: and continuous in a way that quantum mechanics we know

745
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,840
Speaker 1: our experiments tell us just can't be true. So my

746
00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:48,319
Speaker 1: money's on both of them are wrong, and we're kind

747
00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:50,360
Speaker 1: to come up with a whole new theory that combines

748
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:50,719
Speaker 1: the two.

749
00:38:50,920 --> 00:38:53,960
Speaker 3: We're kind of cross checking these two rule books that

750
00:38:54,080 --> 00:38:58,279
Speaker 3: we're writing based on the quantum information and then the

751
00:38:58,680 --> 00:39:03,960
Speaker 3: larger scale relativity information. And it sounds like you physicists

752
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 3: have to cross check them and figure out where which

753
00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:10,279
Speaker 3: things make sense and then kind of get rid of

754
00:39:10,280 --> 00:39:12,200
Speaker 3: the things that don't as you cross check them, and

755
00:39:12,480 --> 00:39:14,840
Speaker 3: time crystals might help you do that, Yeah.

756
00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:17,120
Speaker 1: Exactly, And you're right, we're sort of trying to weave

757
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,120
Speaker 1: these threads together. You know, people have been working on

758
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:21,040
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics for a while, people have been working on

759
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:23,560
Speaker 1: job relativity for a while, and the goal, of course,

760
00:39:23,719 --> 00:39:26,360
Speaker 1: is to come up with a single holistic explanation for

761
00:39:26,480 --> 00:39:29,400
Speaker 1: the whole universe, for how everything fits together, and that

762
00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:32,520
Speaker 1: requires like trying to weave these threads together. And in

763
00:39:32,560 --> 00:39:35,560
Speaker 1: the past we've succeeded, Like we figured out that electricity

764
00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:38,280
Speaker 1: and magnetism are really just two sides of the same coin,

765
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:40,640
Speaker 1: and neither theory was wrong. They just sort of fit

766
00:39:40,719 --> 00:39:43,360
Speaker 1: together in an unexpected way. And then we added the

767
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:45,200
Speaker 1: weak force, and now we have like a theory of

768
00:39:45,239 --> 00:39:49,000
Speaker 1: the electromagnetic weak forces. These three things sort of woven

769
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:51,960
Speaker 1: together into one common understanding. The goal is to make

770
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:55,600
Speaker 1: progress by pulling these things together, by getting our understanding

771
00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:57,759
Speaker 1: from various bits of physics and sort of putting it

772
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,799
Speaker 1: together to make a holistic picture. And this one more

773
00:40:00,880 --> 00:40:03,279
Speaker 1: part of that thread that we might try to pull in.

774
00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:07,600
Speaker 1: And there's this idea about the connection between time and energy.

775
00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:10,759
Speaker 1: Right the time crystal, if it exists, is a weird

776
00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:13,080
Speaker 1: thing because it's in motion, but it's also like at

777
00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:17,160
Speaker 1: its lowest energy state. Well, there's another deep theorem about physics,

778
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:21,680
Speaker 1: Nuther's theorem, that tells us why we have energy conservation

779
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:24,759
Speaker 1: in our universe. It says that energy is conserved in

780
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:28,360
Speaker 1: our universe because there's some symmetry with time, that the

781
00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:31,120
Speaker 1: laws of physics should work the same now as they

782
00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:34,040
Speaker 1: do in ten seconds or in a million years. And

783
00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:36,440
Speaker 1: we've talked in the program before how we're not actually

784
00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:39,480
Speaker 1: sure whether energy is concerned because the universe is not

785
00:40:39,560 --> 00:40:42,759
Speaker 1: actually static in time. It's growing with time, it's expanding.

786
00:40:43,080 --> 00:40:45,319
Speaker 1: So all these questions are all mixed up in the

787
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:47,799
Speaker 1: very nature of time and the meaning of it and

788
00:40:47,840 --> 00:40:51,120
Speaker 1: the conservation of energy and general relativity versus quantum mechanics,

789
00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:54,560
Speaker 1: which is why I was so excited to see experimental

790
00:40:54,680 --> 00:40:57,840
Speaker 1: tests of time crystals, Like, all right, put the theoretical

791
00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:00,560
Speaker 1: questions aside, can somebody actually make one of these things?

792
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,799
Speaker 3: Right? How do you? I mean, it seems like you

793
00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:07,560
Speaker 3: need really tiny pliers and a really powerful microscope to

794
00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:10,880
Speaker 3: be able to make a time crystal. How do you

795
00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:12,600
Speaker 3: go about doing those experiments?

796
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:15,520
Speaker 1: So the original idea of this ring of atoms didn't

797
00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:17,880
Speaker 1: work because people showed that it was not actually in

798
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:20,440
Speaker 1: its ground state. But then a bunch of smart people

799
00:41:20,440 --> 00:41:22,880
Speaker 1: got together and came up with, you know, other ideas,

800
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:26,120
Speaker 1: and you're exactly right. You need really tiny flyers. And

801
00:41:26,239 --> 00:41:29,080
Speaker 1: usually in physics when we're talking about tiny players, we're

802
00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:32,520
Speaker 1: talking about photons. We're talking about like shooting little beams

803
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:34,960
Speaker 1: of light at individual atoms to try to make them

804
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:38,319
Speaker 1: do something interesting. And so that's exactly what they did here.

805
00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:41,120
Speaker 1: They put a bunch of atoms together and then they

806
00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:45,200
Speaker 1: zap them with lasers, and atoms, you know, have various

807
00:41:45,239 --> 00:41:48,080
Speaker 1: ways that they can sit. These atoms, for example, have

808
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:51,319
Speaker 1: a particular quantum spin. They can spin up or they

809
00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:54,440
Speaker 1: can spin down. And remember we're not talking about atoms

810
00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:56,799
Speaker 1: spinning the way like a basketball spins on the tip

811
00:41:56,840 --> 00:41:59,960
Speaker 1: of your finger. This is some weird quantum mechanical property,

812
00:42:00,239 --> 00:42:02,399
Speaker 1: and so it either has spin up or it has

813
00:42:02,440 --> 00:42:04,640
Speaker 1: spin down. It's very difficult for it to be sort

814
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:07,719
Speaker 1: of in between. So you arrange a bunch of these

815
00:42:07,719 --> 00:42:10,520
Speaker 1: atoms in a row, and then the atoms like to

816
00:42:10,560 --> 00:42:12,759
Speaker 1: either be spin up or spin down, and then you

817
00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:15,680
Speaker 1: zap them with a laser, which makes those spins flip.

818
00:42:15,880 --> 00:42:19,040
Speaker 3: I see, so you're zapping them, they have a certain

819
00:42:19,640 --> 00:42:23,200
Speaker 3: spin preference, and then they start to go the other direction.

820
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,680
Speaker 1: Yeah. So you have them in some arrangement like the

821
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:28,520
Speaker 1: spin up, spin up, spin down, spin up, whatever. Then

822
00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:31,040
Speaker 1: you zap them with a laser. And the laser is

823
00:42:31,080 --> 00:42:35,200
Speaker 1: basically just photons, right, This is an oscillating electromagnetic field,

824
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,560
Speaker 1: and so it can flip the spins because these atoms

825
00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:41,440
Speaker 1: all have electric charges. So the laser comes in and

826
00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:44,000
Speaker 1: it can flip the spins in a certain pattern because

827
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,640
Speaker 1: the laser is an electromagnetic field that can like oscillate

828
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:49,440
Speaker 1: up and flip spins up and then oscillate down and

829
00:42:49,440 --> 00:42:52,440
Speaker 1: flip spins down. So what we see this is super

830
00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:55,760
Speaker 1: interesting in these experiments is that they arrange these atoms

831
00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,719
Speaker 1: in a random pattern. The laser comes in and it

832
00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:00,560
Speaker 1: makes these spins flip oscillate.

833
00:43:00,760 --> 00:43:00,920
Speaker 6: Right.

834
00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:02,680
Speaker 1: You might think, all right, well, that's.

835
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:04,319
Speaker 3: No big deal, right, you're slapping them around.

836
00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:07,160
Speaker 1: Exactly, you're slapping them around. But then what happens when

837
00:43:07,160 --> 00:43:10,200
Speaker 1: you turn off the laser. You turn off the laser

838
00:43:10,520 --> 00:43:13,720
Speaker 1: and these atoms keep flipping. Oh wow, you keep flipping

839
00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:16,440
Speaker 1: in exactly the same pattern as when you had the

840
00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:17,040
Speaker 1: laser on.

841
00:43:17,560 --> 00:43:21,880
Speaker 3: So they remember how they're supposed to flip, even after

842
00:43:22,239 --> 00:43:25,960
Speaker 3: the laser that's been smacking them around stops doing that.

843
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:30,359
Speaker 1: Exactly. They're in some weird stable configuration where they're in

844
00:43:30,520 --> 00:43:33,560
Speaker 1: motion and they're returning to the same state over and

845
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:36,960
Speaker 1: over again. And they're not just static, right, they're in motion.

846
00:43:37,160 --> 00:43:40,719
Speaker 1: This is some ground state configuration that's above zero, so

847
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:42,360
Speaker 1: it has continuous energy.

848
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:45,600
Speaker 3: So how long do they do this? Because you know,

849
00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:49,520
Speaker 3: someone might think of like that Newton's Cradle office toy

850
00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:51,640
Speaker 3: where you start it going and it goes for a

851
00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:54,759
Speaker 3: while even without you doing the initial thing, but with

852
00:43:54,840 --> 00:43:58,200
Speaker 3: the conservation of momentum and eventually breaks down and stops moving.

853
00:43:58,560 --> 00:44:00,920
Speaker 3: So what happens with ease atoms?

854
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:04,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great question, and this is an experimental issue, right.

855
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:06,280
Speaker 1: In order to do this, you need to like isolate

856
00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:07,839
Speaker 1: these atoms, so you need to put them in some

857
00:44:07,840 --> 00:44:10,520
Speaker 1: sort of larger trap, like use magnets or something to

858
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:12,759
Speaker 1: keep the rest of the world from like messing it up.

859
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:15,040
Speaker 1: If you were in an empty universe where it's just

860
00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:17,680
Speaker 1: these atoms and a laser, then we think it could

861
00:44:17,760 --> 00:44:20,960
Speaker 1: last essentially forever if it really is a time crystal.

862
00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:24,480
Speaker 1: But it's difficult to keep these things sort of isolated forever.

863
00:44:24,719 --> 00:44:27,000
Speaker 1: People can do it for minutes at a time, but

864
00:44:27,080 --> 00:44:29,680
Speaker 1: that's the longest that's been achieved. But we think that's

865
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:32,160
Speaker 1: just because of this question of like, you know, isolating

866
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:35,000
Speaker 1: it from the universe. We think that probably if it

867
00:44:35,080 --> 00:44:37,600
Speaker 1: was totally separated, it could just keep gone, right.

868
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:40,799
Speaker 3: Because even in a vacuum, there's not nothingness. There's still

869
00:44:40,840 --> 00:44:42,200
Speaker 3: stuff going on in that vacuum.

870
00:44:42,280 --> 00:44:45,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's impossible to separate anything from the rest

871
00:44:45,760 --> 00:44:48,759
Speaker 1: of the universe because there's always like quantum fields and

872
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:51,480
Speaker 1: fluctuations and all this kind of stuff. And so that's

873
00:44:51,480 --> 00:44:54,320
Speaker 1: why it's fun to explore these things at a theoretical level,

874
00:44:54,360 --> 00:44:57,120
Speaker 1: like is this possible, and then it's a totally separate

875
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:00,239
Speaker 1: question of like could you actually build these things? One

876
00:45:00,280 --> 00:45:03,800
Speaker 1: of the experimental obstacles to actually making this exist in reality.

877
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:06,600
Speaker 1: But there's this team at University of Maryland that put

878
00:45:06,640 --> 00:45:09,080
Speaker 1: this thing together and it kind of looks like they

879
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:10,680
Speaker 1: did it, you know, it kind of looks like the

880
00:45:10,719 --> 00:45:11,959
Speaker 1: time crystal is real.

881
00:45:12,040 --> 00:45:15,239
Speaker 3: Well, that's so interesting. So this proof of concept by

882
00:45:15,320 --> 00:45:20,480
Speaker 3: being able to create these oscillating atoms that you smack

883
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:22,160
Speaker 3: once and then they're like all right, I get it,

884
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:25,000
Speaker 3: I get it. I'll keep doing that, and then you

885
00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:28,759
Speaker 3: can use that information to maybe do more work sort

886
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:31,240
Speaker 3: of in terms of like theoretical physics.

887
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:35,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And that gives us some like understanding of,

888
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:37,480
Speaker 1: you know, what is the nature of time. Now that

889
00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:39,439
Speaker 1: we know that time crystals, or we think the time

890
00:45:39,440 --> 00:45:42,439
Speaker 1: crystals are a reality, we can go back and use

891
00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:46,160
Speaker 1: that to like help guide us in building a deeper,

892
00:45:46,360 --> 00:45:50,080
Speaker 1: more fundamental theory of like quantum gravity that has the

893
00:45:50,160 --> 00:45:52,680
Speaker 1: right respect for time, that treats time more like an

894
00:45:52,719 --> 00:45:56,160
Speaker 1: element of space. Time. We think that the existence of

895
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:59,640
Speaker 1: time crystal's points in the direction that the general relativity

896
00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:02,960
Speaker 1: of time is correct. That doesn't mean that general relativity

897
00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:05,080
Speaker 1: is a right about everything, you know. It breaks down

898
00:46:05,080 --> 00:46:08,919
Speaker 1: as singularities. But this basic concept that space and time

899
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:12,040
Speaker 1: are deeply interwoven is more likely to be true because

900
00:46:12,280 --> 00:46:13,400
Speaker 1: time crystals exist.

901
00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:17,960
Speaker 3: Right, Maybe we're seeing a little more agreement between quantum

902
00:46:17,960 --> 00:46:21,279
Speaker 3: mechanics and general relativity than there was before. Can't we

903
00:46:21,320 --> 00:46:22,160
Speaker 3: all just get along?

904
00:46:23,360 --> 00:46:23,920
Speaker 1: Community?

905
00:46:24,040 --> 00:46:24,200
Speaker 5: Right?

906
00:46:24,280 --> 00:46:26,919
Speaker 1: The community is the name of the day, and also

907
00:46:27,080 --> 00:46:30,319
Speaker 1: it's fun experimentally, like this is a really important thing

908
00:46:30,320 --> 00:46:34,719
Speaker 1: that might actually be useful technologically, imagine like storing information.

909
00:46:35,080 --> 00:46:38,839
Speaker 1: One thing that's difficult about building quantum computers is that

910
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:41,720
Speaker 1: it's hard for them to have memories because quantum objects

911
00:46:41,719 --> 00:46:44,680
Speaker 1: these tiny little particles. Yeah, they often like decay and

912
00:46:44,719 --> 00:46:47,799
Speaker 1: they don't last very long in the state that you want. Well,

913
00:46:47,880 --> 00:46:50,720
Speaker 1: time crystals might be a great way to build memory

914
00:46:50,719 --> 00:46:54,640
Speaker 1: circuits for quantum computers because they are stable in their

915
00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:57,600
Speaker 1: lowest state and sort of remember the configuration that you

916
00:46:57,640 --> 00:46:59,600
Speaker 1: put them in, the pattern that you put them in

917
00:47:00,440 --> 00:47:01,120
Speaker 1: through time.

918
00:47:01,480 --> 00:47:04,080
Speaker 3: This is great for our quantum hamster script because now

919
00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:08,080
Speaker 3: we can get teeny tiny computers for our teeny tiny

920
00:47:08,120 --> 00:47:12,000
Speaker 3: quantum hamsters. So that whole scene where they're breaking into

921
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:15,359
Speaker 3: the quantum mainframe, that's gonna work. Feeling good about this?

922
00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:19,319
Speaker 1: Are they powered by tiny little quantum cotton candy? Is

923
00:47:19,320 --> 00:47:21,080
Speaker 1: that what gives the quantum hamster its power?

924
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:22,920
Speaker 3: I mean they got to keep up their carbs so

925
00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:26,399
Speaker 3: they can run in those tiny quantum wheels, keep them going.

926
00:47:26,560 --> 00:47:29,320
Speaker 1: Or maybe they should eat like scalloped crystal eyeballs.

927
00:47:31,280 --> 00:47:33,480
Speaker 3: Now we're getting into a horror movie.

928
00:47:33,920 --> 00:47:36,920
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's right, that's the Dark TV spinoff that well,

929
00:47:37,280 --> 00:47:40,440
Speaker 1: we'll sell after the feature. So this team at Maryland

930
00:47:40,480 --> 00:47:43,040
Speaker 1: did this, and then there's a team at Harvard that

931
00:47:43,120 --> 00:47:45,680
Speaker 1: did something different. They took a diamond, right, which is

932
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:48,480
Speaker 1: a space crystal, and they put a bunch of nitiogen

933
00:47:48,520 --> 00:47:51,760
Speaker 1: atoms inside that diamond, and then they turn those nitrogen

934
00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:55,200
Speaker 1: atoms into a time crystal by zapping it with a

935
00:47:55,280 --> 00:47:56,759
Speaker 1: laser in a very similar way.

936
00:47:56,920 --> 00:47:59,959
Speaker 3: That's truly got to be a girl's best friend. A dime,

937
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:03,640
Speaker 3: and inside the diamond is a time diamond.

938
00:48:03,760 --> 00:48:07,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, a time diamond inside a space diamond. That

939
00:48:08,080 --> 00:48:10,520
Speaker 1: or it's like the taco bell version, you know, take

940
00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:12,560
Speaker 1: a burrito and wrap it in a taco and then

941
00:48:12,920 --> 00:48:14,040
Speaker 1: dip the whole thing in cheese.

942
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:16,560
Speaker 3: Either would be good engagement gifts, I think.

943
00:48:19,239 --> 00:48:22,600
Speaker 1: Exactly. So it's a really exciting time. Sort of theoretically,

944
00:48:22,760 --> 00:48:25,480
Speaker 1: like is this possible? There was a lot of discussion.

945
00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:28,480
Speaker 1: People fought for many years that this was totally impossible.

946
00:48:28,480 --> 00:48:31,360
Speaker 1: All the theorem suggested couldn't be done, and then people

947
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:33,880
Speaker 1: found few loopholes, and then a bunch of experimentalists went

948
00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:35,520
Speaker 1: out there and said, hey, we're just going to try

949
00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:37,680
Speaker 1: to make this thing, and it looks like they might have.

950
00:48:38,280 --> 00:48:40,360
Speaker 1: So it's really fun for me to see like a

951
00:48:40,360 --> 00:48:43,279
Speaker 1: whole area of science that people didn't even consider as

952
00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:48,160
Speaker 1: possible suddenly explode with activity and ideas and innovation.

953
00:48:48,320 --> 00:48:51,759
Speaker 3: That's the great thing about science is you're always finding

954
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:56,759
Speaker 3: new things. Like you take old information, you shake it up,

955
00:48:56,800 --> 00:48:59,799
Speaker 3: and you find new things you previously thought was impossible.

956
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:02,920
Speaker 3: Now when I'm late to an appointment, I can say, well,

957
00:49:02,920 --> 00:49:05,359
Speaker 3: have you heard the news about time crystals. Our whole

958
00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:06,879
Speaker 3: concept of time might not be right.

959
00:49:07,360 --> 00:49:09,759
Speaker 1: That's right. Maybe I'm not late, maybe you're late.

960
00:49:09,880 --> 00:49:13,000
Speaker 3: It's no way to know, there's no way to note.

961
00:49:13,320 --> 00:49:15,600
Speaker 1: Daniel says time can't be eternal.

962
00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:18,480
Speaker 3: Anyway, I've got a note from my physicist who says

963
00:49:18,520 --> 00:49:19,759
Speaker 3: it's okay.

964
00:49:20,440 --> 00:49:23,880
Speaker 1: The larger motivation is that there are still really basic

965
00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:27,920
Speaker 1: questions out there, really big puzzles that haven't been solved

966
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:30,680
Speaker 1: because nobody asked the right question or had the right

967
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:34,360
Speaker 1: first idea. And so Frank Wilcheck is a little kooky,

968
00:49:34,440 --> 00:49:36,000
Speaker 1: but I love that he goes out there and tries

969
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:38,720
Speaker 1: to tackle something that people think is impossible and actually

970
00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:42,239
Speaker 1: makes progress and makes a mistake, but along the way,

971
00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:45,000
Speaker 1: you know, breaks open a whole area of research. And

972
00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:47,680
Speaker 1: so somebody out there listening hoping to grow up to

973
00:49:47,680 --> 00:49:50,160
Speaker 1: be a physicist to make some big discovery. Don't think

974
00:49:50,239 --> 00:49:52,560
Speaker 1: that we figured it all out. We are far from

975
00:49:52,640 --> 00:49:55,239
Speaker 1: understanding the nature of the universe around us. There are

976
00:49:55,360 --> 00:49:58,560
Speaker 1: lots of really basic questions out there for you to

977
00:49:58,600 --> 00:49:59,400
Speaker 1: find the answers to.

978
00:49:59,560 --> 00:50:02,120
Speaker 3: And if you're we're too afraid to ask a question

979
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:05,200
Speaker 3: because you think it'll be stupid or wrong, you may

980
00:50:05,239 --> 00:50:08,200
Speaker 3: never open up some really interesting research avenues.

981
00:50:08,320 --> 00:50:12,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And remember even Nobel Prize winners make mistakes.

982
00:50:12,200 --> 00:50:19,279
Speaker 3: Take that. Nobel Prize winners not so fancy now, are we? Well?

983
00:50:19,320 --> 00:50:22,000
Speaker 3: Thank you guys, so much for listening. I hope you

984
00:50:22,120 --> 00:50:26,000
Speaker 3: enjoyed our little time, Crystal time, and we will see

985
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:29,080
Speaker 3: you next time time Crystal or not, we don't know.

986
00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:30,200
Speaker 3: It's hard to say.

987
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:40,759
Speaker 1: All right, thanks for listening, everyone, Thanks for listening, and

988
00:50:40,840 --> 00:50:43,560
Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a

989
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:48,040
Speaker 1: production of iHeart Radio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

990
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