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Speaker 1: It's night Side with Dan Ray. I'm telling you easy

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Speaker 1: Boston's niche.

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Speaker 2: Radio Pulgrada to everyone, and this is sort of what

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Speaker 2: you call a photo finish, you know, once I get

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Speaker 2: all of the technical stuff taken care of. For some reason,

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Speaker 2: there's just a lot of gremlins in our system, so

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Speaker 2: we have completely taken care of everything with about thirty

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Speaker 2: seconds to spare. So I'm in a very great mood

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Speaker 2: here tonight as we start the program, and I hope

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Speaker 2: you are as well, despite the fact that we had

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Speaker 2: a big snowstorm last weekend and they're suggesting we may

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Speaker 2: be coming up with another big snowstorm this upcoming weekend.

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Speaker 2: Kind of reminds me of twenty fifteen, eleven years ago.

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Speaker 2: Those of you who were in this neck of the

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Speaker 2: woods at the time, I think you know of which

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Speaker 2: I speak. My name's Dan Ray, and the host of

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Speaker 2: Nightside here every Monday through Friday night from eight until midnight,

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Speaker 2: or Rob Brooks my partner in time, if you will.

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Speaker 2: The producer of this program is back at Broadcast Center,

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Speaker 2: where I'm sure everything is just clicking along perfectly. Out

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Speaker 2: here remotely a couple of gremlins, but have worked my

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Speaker 2: way through them once again. Anyway, we have a good

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Speaker 2: show lining up tonight. Maybe later on tonight, I'll tell

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Speaker 2: you it's a great show that depends a lot on

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Speaker 2: how many of you want to participate. We're going to

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Speaker 2: have a very interesting guest at nine o'clock, someone who

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Speaker 2: is no stranger to any of you. Jordan rich As

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Speaker 2: I'm sure you probably most busy listeners know Jordan has

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Speaker 2: been dealing with about with Parkinson's disease. He's doing fine,

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Speaker 2: and there is a new book entitled Jordan's rich Journey,

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Speaker 2: kind of a play on Jordan's words, a path of purpose,

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Speaker 2: strength and hope with Parkinson. So we will talk with

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Speaker 2: Jordan tonight as well as the author of that book tonight,

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Speaker 2: whose name is John Decicico Chicko Desicco. I believe Chico

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Speaker 2: to Chicot. We'll get the correct pronouncer on that, right,

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Speaker 2: I promise you by nine o'clock, And then later on

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Speaker 2: tonight we'll talk about personal security in this kind of

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Speaker 2: unsafe world. Are there things that you can do to

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Speaker 2: make things a little more safe and a little more

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Speaker 2: comfortable for you and your family. Will talk with the

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Speaker 2: former CIA agent Tim Beard about some of the things,

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Speaker 2: kind of basic things that we all can do. And

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Speaker 2: later on tonight we may get back to some of

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Speaker 2: the late developments that seem to happen every day out

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Speaker 2: of Minneapolis. We'll get all of that, but first we're

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Speaker 2: going to go to our eight o'clock guests, and we're

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Speaker 2: going to start off tonight with Stephen Kohne. Stephen is

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Speaker 2: the president of the National Police Athletic Activities League, also

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Speaker 2: known as PAL. Stephen Cohene, Welcome to NIGHTSID. How are

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Speaker 2: you this evening?

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Speaker 3: Hi? Dan good, doing well, stay and warm? Thank you

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Speaker 3: for having me well.

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Speaker 2: I have no idea where you are, but it can't

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Speaker 2: be any colder than we are here in Boston. It's

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Speaker 2: like single digits for a week. Now, you're the newly

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Speaker 2: appointed president and CEO. You're a doctor, doctor, Stephen mcot

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Speaker 2: Is that a medical doctor or a PhD doctor?

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Speaker 3: Oh? No, you wouldn't want me operating on you. No,

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Speaker 3: I'm a PhD. Okay, no social policy from brand Ice.

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Speaker 2: So tell us about the Police Athletic League. I remember

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Speaker 2: it when I was younger, being pretty active in most

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Speaker 2: major cities in America, and it seems to have for

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Speaker 2: a while at least disappeared off my radar screen. I

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Speaker 2: understand there's a revitalization underway.

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Speaker 3: Tell us about it, Yes, very much.

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Speaker 1: So PAL.

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Speaker 3: Did fade a little bit in terms of the brand,

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Speaker 3: but the mission has continued really since nineteen fourteen when

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Speaker 3: it was founded in New York City, and the issues

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Speaker 3: that were real back then are real today. The commissioner

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Speaker 3: and was very concerned about growing numbers of immigrants in

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Speaker 3: the streets, overcrowded housing in New York City and was

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Speaker 3: really looking for a way to avoid conflict between police

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Speaker 3: officers and kids and to try to give kids something

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Speaker 3: positive to do so that some of the sort of

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Speaker 3: lawlessness at that time would be alleviated. So PALE has

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Speaker 3: existed in strong pockets New York City, Detroit, about two

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Speaker 3: hundred locations throughout the United States, and is going through

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Speaker 3: a revitalization. It has been a little bit slow to rebrand.

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Speaker 3: I think one of the reasons is most of our pals,

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Speaker 3: of course, are closely associated with law enforcement, and law

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Speaker 3: enforcement sometimes is slow to toot their own horns. So

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Speaker 3: we are trying to bring the brand back and modernize

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Speaker 3: it and also to update the programs. And Massachusetts PAL,

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Speaker 3: for example, is coming back very strong in association with

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Speaker 3: the Massachusetts State Police. So I think you're going to

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Speaker 3: be hearing a lot more of PAL in the next.

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Speaker 4: Couple of years.

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Speaker 3: The relevancy has never been greater, well more important.

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Speaker 2: If you have Massachusetts connections. Did you say you taught

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Speaker 2: up here, Oh, you graduated up here?

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Speaker 3: Well, I grew up in Boston and I went to Brandiic.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, Oh great, Well, sure that those are two great

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Speaker 2: connections to Massachusetts. There is no better police organization in

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Speaker 2: the state as far as I'm concerned, than the Massachusetts

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Speaker 2: State Police. There's a new colonel there, Jeffrey Noble, who

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Speaker 2: is tightening up that ship. And I suspect if you

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Speaker 2: spend some time with Colonel Noble. He was on my

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Speaker 2: show two nights ago on Sunday Night on a special

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Speaker 2: Storm edition of Nightside. He's a he's a great leader,

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Speaker 2: he'll do a good job. He came out of New Jersey,

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Speaker 2: so I'm sure he is familiar with Path, if not

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Speaker 2: through New Jersey, certainly through New York City.

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Speaker 3: And I think it's going to be a yeah. Colonel

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Speaker 3: Noble is very familiar with PAL from New Jersey. He

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Speaker 3: is a wonderful leader and very very supportive of PAL

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Speaker 3: and uh Willie Gross, the former Boston police commissioners.

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Speaker 2: They broke the mold with Willie Gross, the single best

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Speaker 2: police commissioner we've ever had in Boston.

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Speaker 3: Yes, I would agree with that. Well, I don't know

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Speaker 3: if I'm supposed to agree with that.

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Speaker 2: But because I'm just saying, I've covered a lot of

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Speaker 2: them over the years. I was a TV reporter for

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Speaker 2: a long time. There was no one, no one better

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Speaker 2: at leading the police department and also making himself available

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Speaker 2: not only to the to the media, but to the community,

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Speaker 2: uh than Commissioner Gross.

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Speaker 3: Just and he's a one wonderful person. And on Thursday

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Speaker 3: he will be elected to the National Pale Board.

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Speaker 2: So we're delighted to have he represents the National PAL organization. Uh,

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Speaker 2: you you have a you have a you have a leader.

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Speaker 2: I mean you look up the word leader in the

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Speaker 2: dictionary and Willie Gross's pictures there as far as I'm concerned. Yeah,

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Speaker 2: so you've got a You've got a great one with him.

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Speaker 2: So a lot of it is kids interacting with police,

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Speaker 2: but also, uh, it's athletic leagues, if I'm not mistaken,

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Speaker 2: you know, softball and basketball and uh baseball, and what

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Speaker 2: are some of the sports that kids can get.

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Speaker 3: Involved in, so just about any uh sport, baseball, football, soccer.

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Speaker 3: We just signed on with National Football League to launch

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Speaker 3: flag football across the United States with PAL chapters. Uh,

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Speaker 3: and that's that's enormously popular. But how uh chapters and

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Speaker 3: the PAL league across the US has really produced an

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Speaker 3: amazing number of major league athletes over the years, so

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Speaker 3: that that has been a very very strong tradition within

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Speaker 3: the Palell movement.

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Speaker 2: Really just for the fun of three or four names.

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Speaker 3: That that we might know, well, one of them is

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Speaker 3: is the quarterback out of Green Bay.

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Speaker 5: Uh.

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Speaker 3: He recently dedicated his his shoes, you know, as part

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Speaker 3: of the NFL program to to PAL which was very nice.

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Speaker 3: Muhammad Ali was a PAL kid.

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Speaker 2: Any others, Yeah, yeah, So how can folks get in

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Speaker 2: touch with with PAL if if they're interested or is

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Speaker 2: are they gonna or is it gonna make a uh

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Speaker 2: you know, an impact here in Boston. I mean you

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Speaker 2: tell me, uh, if you guys are ready to go

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Speaker 2: the qb in in Green Bay a young guy named

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Speaker 2: Jordan Love who I think, yes, Georgia Stok quarterback. So

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Speaker 2: should people sit back and wait for PAL to reintroduce itself,

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Speaker 2: or is there a way moms and dads with kids

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Speaker 2: between the appropriate ages? What age do you guys focus on?

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Speaker 2: Eight to fifteen? What is the age we're talking about?

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Speaker 3: Across the country, it's elementary to high school in a

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Speaker 3: lot of communities, and this is true with Massachusetts PAL.

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Speaker 3: Some of what we do is what I would call episodic,

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Speaker 3: or going into situations where relations between kids and cops

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Speaker 3: need to be rebuilt or where there's a high crime rate.

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Speaker 3: So we do a lot of work that way. In

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Speaker 3: the Massachusetts PAL is trying to build relationships in a

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Speaker 3: whole range of communities, including Boston. It started as the

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Speaker 3: Boston PAL and recently expanded. But it sounds to me.

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Speaker 2: Yes, doctor Conan, It sounds to me as if there

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Speaker 2: is no number that you can give me, your website

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Speaker 2: that you can give me where parents might reach out

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Speaker 2: or or kids might.

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Speaker 3: Oh, there is yet nationalpal dot.

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Speaker 2: Org, national Pala so they can get information and contact

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Speaker 2: information there.

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Speaker 3: I hope, Yes, perfect, very much so.

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Speaker 2: Doctor Stephen Combe, thank you very much. It's a great organization.

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Speaker 2: You have leadership with Willie Gross if he is representative

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Speaker 2: of your board, you must have a heck of a

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Speaker 2: board of directors. So congratulations, we can help you along

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Speaker 2: the way. You let us know.

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Speaker 3: Thank you so much, Thank you very much, Dan, thank

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Speaker 3: you very welcome.

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Speaker 2: We get back to talk about a very important day.

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Speaker 2: Today is the eighty first anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz.

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Speaker 2: It is national International Holocaust Remembrance Day. And we're going

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Speaker 2: to be talking with doctor Janet Bond Brill, author of

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Speaker 2: a new book, Little Edna's War, harrowing account of her

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Speaker 2: mother in law's Jewish childhood during the Holocaust under Nazi terror.

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Speaker 2: We will be back really talking a little history, but

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Speaker 2: history that must never be repeated. Back on Nightside right after.

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Speaker 1: This Night Side with Dan Ray on WBZ Boston's news Radio.

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Speaker 2: Today is a very historic day. It's January twenty seventh.

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Speaker 2: It's the International Holocaust Remembrance Day. As a young reporter,

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Speaker 2: I filed reports from Auschwitz in nineteen eighty six. I

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Speaker 2: look back on it. It will be forty years ago

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Speaker 2: this summer since they spoke in that now hallowed ground.

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Speaker 2: Obviously it was a killing field up to and during

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Speaker 2: World War Two, and today is the eighty first anniversary

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Speaker 2: of the liberation of that camp. By Russian soldiers. They

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Speaker 2: came from the east and liberated at the camp. With

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Speaker 2: us is doctor Janet bond Brill. She's the author of

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Speaker 2: a new book, Little Edna's War, a hirrowing account of

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Speaker 2: her mother in law's Jewish childhood during the Holocaust under

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Speaker 2: Nazi terror. She eventually became decorated Polish Home Army soldier

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Speaker 2: at ten years old and an integral part of the resistance.

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Speaker 2: This sounds like quite a story, doctor bond Brill, How

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Speaker 2: are you this evening.

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Speaker 6: I'm great, Thanks Dan, It's nice to be here.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, this is something that obviously must never be forgotten.

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Speaker 2: And as time recedes, we tend to forget things like,

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Speaker 2: you know, Pearl Harbor or the end of World War two.

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Speaker 2: I don't didn't don't remember much celebration last August for

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Speaker 2: the for the end of World War two, you know,

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Speaker 2: August fifteenth, and neither can the liberation of Auschwitz and

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Speaker 2: the other concentration camps. Tell us a little bit about

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Speaker 2: the book, and tell us a little bit more about

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Speaker 2: your mother in law. Must have been a very special woman.

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Speaker 6: She was an extraordinary woman, probably one of the most

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Speaker 6: courageous women in history. I would have to say she

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Speaker 6: was a little Jewish girl who outwitted the Third Reich

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Speaker 6: and lived to tell about it. So she was absolutely

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Speaker 6: a wonderful, amazing person and a true survivor in every

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Speaker 6: sense of the word. She was a little Jewish child

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Speaker 6: who was bombed by the Nazis in nineteen thirty nine.

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Speaker 6: She turned seven and became a smuggler, and she fit

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Speaker 6: through poles in the Warsaw ghetto wall to sneak to

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Speaker 6: the other side to steal food, or not to steal

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Speaker 6: to buy food. She performed so she could get money

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Speaker 6: to buy food and then snuck it back in, risking

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Speaker 6: her life to feed her starving family. And then eventually

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Speaker 6: she and her sister went to the Arian side and

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Speaker 6: became took on new identities as Polish Catholic orphans, and

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Speaker 6: that's how she ended up in the Polish resistance.

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Speaker 2: Wow, that is a great story. I spent ten days

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Speaker 2: in Poland in nineteen eighty six with a delegation of

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Speaker 2: Catholics and Jews who left Boston in a way to

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Speaker 2: commemorate what had happened in the bad history that was

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Speaker 2: made in Poland at that time. And I can remember

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Speaker 2: meeting two Catholic cardinals and interviewing. One was the Cardinal

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Speaker 2: Glemp of Warsaw.

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Speaker 1: Who was.

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Speaker 2: He was not a warm and fuzzy guy by any

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Speaker 2: matter of means. By he was not really open to

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Speaker 2: the idea that Christians and Catholics pecifically could have and

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Speaker 2: should have done much more to help Jewish people in

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Speaker 2: Poland during that time. And then there was a second cardinal.

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Speaker 2: His name was Francisca Maharski. He looked like would have

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Speaker 2: been a linebacker coach at Notre Dame and he had

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Speaker 2: then the successor in crackout to John Paul the Second,

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Speaker 2: who then was the Pope. And he was very entuned

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Speaker 2: to the fact that many people averted their eyes and

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Speaker 2: chose not to see what was going on, and it

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Speaker 2: gave me a tremendous insight into that Time's.

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Speaker 6: Interesting that you bring that up, because there's a lot

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Speaker 6: of controversy about Pope Hius the twelve and his role

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Speaker 6: the wartime pope. But what's interesting about Edna because Edna

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Speaker 6: basically her story has to be hopefully why I wrote

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Speaker 6: this book, it has to be in history books because

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Speaker 6: she was just had single event in her life is historic,

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Speaker 6: but one of them was. She was a pow in Oberlongen.

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Speaker 6: So not only did she survive the Wortha uprising and

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Speaker 6: the Wola massacre, but she survived two Pow Nazi pow camps,

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Speaker 6: and one of the last one was Oberlongen, and that

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Speaker 6: was famous because it was the first female pow camp

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Speaker 6: in history. Anyway, so little Edna Natt was twelve years

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Speaker 6: old at this point, a very good Catholic, the youngest

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Speaker 6: Oberlongen girl, and they received an audience with the Pope.

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Speaker 6: So little Stephsha goes up and receives a medal for

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Speaker 6: fighting the godless Nazis from Pope Pious the twelve, who

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Speaker 6: never knew she was Jewish.

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Speaker 2: Well, there was controversy over what Phius the twelve knew

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Speaker 2: what he did studied that history, and I think that

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Speaker 2: he was kind of between a rock and a hard place.

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Speaker 2: Not to excuse anything that he did, But as everybody knows,

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Speaker 2: Vatican City is as a city state of about eight

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Speaker 2: acres I think in total that are surrounded by the

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Speaker 2: city of Rome. Mussolini was in power, So I would

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Speaker 2: like to hope and think that Polpius the twelfth did

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Speaker 2: what he as whatever he could.

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Speaker 6: Uh, but you know, they are opening up the archives now.

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Speaker 6: You actually went to a lectures the Holocaust US Holocaust

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Speaker 6: Museum going in there and hopefully we can get some answers.

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Speaker 2: I do know that I happen to be Catholic. My

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Speaker 2: favorite pope remains despite the fact that we now have

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Speaker 2: an American pope, Carol Carol Votia, the former Cardinal of

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Speaker 2: Kraka who became John Paul the Second, and he fought

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Speaker 2: against the Nazis and against the Communists, both as a

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Speaker 2: as a young priest and then as a as a

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Speaker 2: middle aged priest once the Communist took over. So yeah,

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Speaker 2: it was It's a it's a hard period of time,

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Speaker 2: but the lessons to be learned there out of books

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Speaker 2: like yours. How long did your mother in law live?

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Speaker 6: Well, she died in twenty nineteen at the age of

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Speaker 6: eighty four.

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Speaker 2: A long, long life, true, and she told her story often.

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Speaker 6: She did, she didn't tell it very often. I mean

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Speaker 6: when we when I first met her, basically I was young.

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Speaker 6: I didn't know much about history, and I just knew

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Speaker 6: that she and her husband but were both quote survivors,

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Speaker 6: and that they survived and she had My husband was

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Speaker 6: her son, and I married him, and then she became grandma,

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Speaker 6: and she was always wonderful, and she didn't really speak

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Speaker 6: that much about it. But then as time went on,

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Speaker 6: I got more interested in it. And then I realized

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Speaker 6: that she had made the show a tape and that

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Speaker 6: she had spoken at universities. And then the turning point

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Speaker 6: is when she spoke at my kids high school and

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Speaker 6: I was like, what, so, just her story is beyond extraordinary.

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Speaker 2: Well, I met in my career as a television reporter,

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Speaker 2: met many survivors of the Holocaust. Obviously, many of them

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Speaker 2: were past middle age when I was working as a

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Speaker 2: reporter in the nineteen seventies, eighties, and nineties, but many

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Speaker 2: of them settled in the Boston area. Many of them

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Speaker 2: had the number tattooed on their wrist or their forearm

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Speaker 2: and going to Auschwitz. Though in nineteen eighty six, I

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Speaker 2: won an Emmy for the reports that I filed that

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Speaker 2: week from Auschwitz. Wow, I'm sure you've been there. To

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Speaker 2: see the firing wall where the German soldiers stood maybe

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Speaker 2: fifteen to twenty feet from the people they were educated

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Speaker 2: who they were executing, to visit the the barracks, and

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Speaker 2: to walk under the signs of welcome to the camp,

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Speaker 2: to see the railroad tracks, to understand what was you know,

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Speaker 2: the crematoria. It was. It was one of the most

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Speaker 2: memorable weeks of my life. And as they say, I'm

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Speaker 2: not Jewish. I happened to be Roman Catholic. But I

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Speaker 2: have a relationship with the Jewish religion because the mother

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Speaker 2: and father of the man who founded the religion of

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Speaker 2: which I'm a member was Jewish and his parents were Jewish.

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Speaker 2: So you know, when friends of mine will say to me,

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Speaker 2: Jesus and they realize you were Jewish, you're very you know,

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Speaker 2: pro Jewish and pro Israel. I said, well, Mary and

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Speaker 2: Joseph were Jewish and Jesus was Jewish. So anyway, let's

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Speaker 2: mention the book one more time, Little Edna's War, a

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Speaker 2: harrowing account of your mother in law's Jewish childhood during

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Speaker 2: the Holocaust under Nazi terror. How long has the book

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Speaker 2: been out? And I assume it's available on Amazon and

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Speaker 2: for books are sold. Correct.

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Speaker 6: Well, today's International Holocaust Remembrance Day, and it came out today.

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Speaker 2: Perfect time, perfect time.

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Speaker 6: That we keep Edna's story alive. And I hope that

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Speaker 6: if your listeners are interested, I have a website, Little

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Speaker 6: ednes war dot com and perfect kinds of World War

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Speaker 6: two history and Holocaust documents and her personal photos which

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Speaker 6: should be in a museum and articles and things like that.

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Speaker 6: So yeah, perfect.

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Speaker 2: And there's some sort of a study here that I'm

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Speaker 2: just noticing sixty three percent of millennials and gen z

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Speaker 2: are unaware that six million Jews were killed.

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Speaker 3: Yes, well, we terrifying.

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Speaker 2: That's an indictment of the school systems in America. And

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Speaker 2: we better wake up before everybody's asleep and this, this

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Speaker 2: tragedy is repeated in some form or fashion. Uh. Doctor

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Speaker 2: Janet Bond Grill, thank you very much for your time tonight.

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Speaker 6: Thank you so much. Jim talk again.

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Speaker 2: All right, we're a little bit past. That's a subject

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Speaker 2: I am immensely interested in. So we're a little bit

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Speaker 2: past the bottom of the arrow. Here comes the newscast

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Speaker 2: and we get back when we will talk with Mitch Petterson.

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Speaker 2: He's with General Motors. He's an emergency services outreach leader.

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Speaker 2: He's going to talk about keeping your winter vehicle safe,

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Speaker 2: whatever you're driving, whether it's a GM or something else.

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Speaker 2: And we'll get to all of those great tips, simple

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Speaker 2: tips to make sure you're safe during our wild winter weather,

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Speaker 2: and it has been wild here in New England. Coming

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Speaker 2: back on Nightside, It's night Side with.

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Speaker 1: Boston's News Radio.

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Speaker 2: Like to welcome to Nightside, Mitch Petterson, Mitch, I hope

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Speaker 2: I pronounced that the correctly.

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Speaker 5: You sure did.

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Speaker 2: Okay, Well, thanks, I'm happy to do that for you.

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Speaker 2: You're a the General Motors Emergency Services Outreach leader. I

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Speaker 2: think I know what that means. Why don't we explain

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Speaker 2: what exactly what You're not the guy I call when

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Speaker 2: my car is a flat tire, right, go ahead.

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Speaker 4: No, I'm not the guy who get for that.

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Speaker 5: But my job is to interact with public safety personnel

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Speaker 5: across the US and Canada anytime any of our products

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Speaker 5: intersect with them, so you know, to make sure they're

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Speaker 5: properly trained and make sure they have the information on

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Speaker 5: the technology. So our vehicles, our electric vehicles are on

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Speaker 5: Star emergency services, things like that. So I'm out in

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Speaker 5: the world. I'm out in the world, you know, a

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Speaker 5: week after week working with the first responders.

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Speaker 2: So give me an example, make it, you know, more

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Speaker 2: concrete for me to understand what what role you play.

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Speaker 2: I do want to talk about some safety tips with you,

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Speaker 2: But I'm always I'm just a curious person when someone

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Speaker 2: has a job that I don't understand. So you you

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Speaker 2: fly into a city or into a community, does the problem?

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Speaker 2: Does there a problem have to exist? Are you there

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Speaker 2: simply to say, hey, we got some new developments on

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Speaker 2: some of our vehicles and would like you to become

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Speaker 2: familiar with them.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, hopefully I'm not there because of the problem. Instead

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Speaker 5: just to train them ahead of time. So I'm a

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Speaker 5: retired fire chief from the Metro Detroit area, so I

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Speaker 5: spend a lot of my time just going out and

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Speaker 5: preparing responders before they respond incident, so you know, whether

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Speaker 5: it's electric vehicles or again the on star services of

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Speaker 5: just making sure that they're aware of the technology, they

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Speaker 5: understand what they're what they're facing, what they're what they're

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Speaker 5: dealing with, and they're prepared for those types of technology

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Speaker 5: in the automotive industry, so this has to be an.

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Speaker 2: Ever changing technology. I assume that you go somewhere and

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Speaker 2: a year later you might end up going back there,

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Speaker 2: or do you try to space out your visits less frequently?

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Speaker 5: Well, things things certainly change, and in all areas of technology,

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Speaker 5: but for the most part, it's it's you know, it's

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Speaker 5: still the same information. Sometimes there's updates. We have information

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Speaker 5: available for them online as well, so as things get updated,

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Speaker 5: sometimes we just we just provided as an online training.

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Speaker 2: Okay, So give me an example, if you will, of

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Speaker 2: something that is hot recently with General Motors that they're doing,

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Speaker 2: something that is on the on the you know, electric

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Speaker 2: frontier or something like that, that that you want first

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Speaker 2: responders to be aware of. Hopefully, when people buy the vehicles,

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Speaker 2: they're aware of what the capability of the vehicle is

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Speaker 2: as well. But what give me a recent example, if

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Speaker 2: you would, of what you've been explaining to first responders

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Speaker 2: or not only in America, but in Canada as well. Yeah.

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Speaker 5: Well, one thing that's current right now is our on

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Speaker 5: Star crisis services and that's the on Star technology in

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Speaker 5: the vehicle. Our emergency services. We we you know, we

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Speaker 5: we have services available in the different crisis area. So

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Speaker 5: this is a perfect time to talk about what's happening

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Speaker 5: with this giant storm that's moved across the US and

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Speaker 5: we have a lot of people that have difficulties because

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Speaker 5: of the ice and the snow and the inclement weather.

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Speaker 5: We want to make sure that now the responders, but

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Speaker 5: also our customers are aware that if they have an

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Speaker 5: on Start Quip vehicle, a General Motors on Starry quip vehicle,

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Speaker 5: they're just a button push away. We have over two

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Speaker 5: hundred trained emergency advisors standing ready to help them, whether

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Speaker 5: it's find them resources, get them a tow truck, get

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Speaker 5: them their vehicle started, find routing off of a freeway

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Speaker 5: or an area that's been impacted by road closures because

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Speaker 5: of the storm. For prolonged events, we can help them

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Speaker 5: find shelter, hotels outside the affected area, access to water,

435
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:41,320
Speaker 5: access to fuel, things like that. So we monitor these

436
00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 5: things twenty four to seven. We get ready for these

437
00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:45,679
Speaker 5: and we want to make surebody knows those services are

438
00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:47,640
Speaker 5: available if you have an on Star e Quip vehicle.

439
00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:50,600
Speaker 5: It's also important to know for the customers and the responders.

440
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:52,600
Speaker 5: It's not just for you, but you can also use

441
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:54,280
Speaker 5: this to help other people out. If you're on the

442
00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:56,240
Speaker 5: road and you see a vehicle that's off in the

443
00:26:56,280 --> 00:26:58,320
Speaker 5: snow or something else, you can push that on Star

444
00:26:58,359 --> 00:26:59,680
Speaker 5: button get help from them as well.

445
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,199
Speaker 2: Okay, so here's the good news. It sounds to me

446
00:27:02,359 --> 00:27:05,879
Speaker 2: like you will actually reach a human being and not

447
00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:07,000
Speaker 2: a bot.

448
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,560
Speaker 5: Yes, absolutely, And that's that's a really important fact is

449
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:13,639
Speaker 5: when you push that on star button, you are you

450
00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:17,080
Speaker 5: are connected with a live human that's been trained specifically

451
00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:19,600
Speaker 5: for emergency procedures. So yeah, when you push the button,

452
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:22,360
Speaker 5: it's not a it's not an AI feature, it's not

453
00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:24,919
Speaker 5: a recorded service. But instead you're not only reaching a

454
00:27:24,920 --> 00:27:26,919
Speaker 5: live person, but somebody has been trained to address these

455
00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:27,920
Speaker 5: situations and.

456
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,879
Speaker 2: Really make my day if you would and assure me

457
00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,359
Speaker 2: that the person who is who we will reach actually

458
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,720
Speaker 2: is in the United States or Canada, that someone who's

459
00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:44,080
Speaker 2: going to understand the weather conditions that they might Hopefully

460
00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:49,199
Speaker 2: you have trained people who are GM employees or at

461
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:53,080
Speaker 2: least are people that can communicate with us.

462
00:27:53,119 --> 00:27:57,640
Speaker 5: Well, yep, are are two emergency call centers ones here in.

463
00:27:57,560 --> 00:27:59,000
Speaker 3: The US and in one of the Canada.

464
00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:01,880
Speaker 2: Well boy, you got it. You really do have it covered.

465
00:28:02,119 --> 00:28:07,679
Speaker 2: What's the most important thing you when someone You're sitting

466
00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:12,080
Speaker 2: on a plane going somewhere and someone ask you what

467
00:28:12,119 --> 00:28:14,679
Speaker 2: you do and you tell them what your job is

468
00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:17,600
Speaker 2: and they say to you, well, I drive a GM car.

469
00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:20,120
Speaker 2: I don't drive a GM car, but I have a car.

470
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,480
Speaker 2: What are the things that I have to have in

471
00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,960
Speaker 2: my car if I'm actually thinking and I'm living in

472
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:29,760
Speaker 2: an area where we might get a storm like all

473
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:32,919
Speaker 2: of us got here in Massachusetts and New England and

474
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:35,560
Speaker 2: in other parts of the country last weekend. What's what

475
00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 2: are the four or five things you have to have

476
00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:39,120
Speaker 2: to have in your car.

477
00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:43,680
Speaker 5: Yeah, So it's always important to be prepared this time

478
00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:45,960
Speaker 5: of year when we have this cold weather. One of

479
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:48,120
Speaker 5: the most important things is making sure you have warm

480
00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:50,680
Speaker 5: clothes right, so you have enough warm clothes in the

481
00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:52,680
Speaker 5: vehicle for everybody that's there in case you do get

482
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:56,680
Speaker 5: stranded somewhere. Also important to have maybe the emergency kit

483
00:28:56,720 --> 00:29:00,360
Speaker 5: with things like jumper cables and some flare or an

484
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:02,600
Speaker 5: emergency triangle that you can mark your vehicle if you're

485
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,560
Speaker 5: stuck somewhere just off the roadway so that the other

486
00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:08,960
Speaker 5: motorists can see you. Making sure you have an ice crape,

487
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:10,480
Speaker 5: but making sure that you have a cell phone charger

488
00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:12,200
Speaker 5: in case you're out of house longer than you thought

489
00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:14,480
Speaker 5: you were going to be. That way, you still have access.

490
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:16,600
Speaker 5: Important fact though, if you if your cell phone, if

491
00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:18,240
Speaker 5: you don't have access to that, again, you can push

492
00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:20,280
Speaker 5: the on star button and get through. We can help

493
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,000
Speaker 5: you out. We can even help put you in contact

494
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:23,320
Speaker 5: with your loved ones, just to let them know that

495
00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:23,800
Speaker 5: you're okay.

496
00:29:24,440 --> 00:29:26,880
Speaker 2: No, that's great now. As I said, I think the

497
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:29,480
Speaker 2: suggestions you made at the end are going to be

498
00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 2: helpful not only to people who drive GM cars, but

499
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:36,200
Speaker 2: people will drive any make of a car. And I

500
00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:39,520
Speaker 2: think having a blanker to somewhere buried in your trunk

501
00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:43,760
Speaker 2: can also come in handy, particularly if you're stranded somewhere

502
00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:48,160
Speaker 2: far away from a gas station or a tow truck. Mitch, Mitch.

503
00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:53,200
Speaker 2: If folks wanted to get more information on what you

504
00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:57,320
Speaker 2: do or what services General Motives provides, if you've got

505
00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:59,160
Speaker 2: a website you'd like to direct people to.

506
00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,360
Speaker 3: You, go right ahead, Yeah, absolutely.

507
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:04,040
Speaker 5: On Star dot com is a great place to get

508
00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:07,640
Speaker 5: information not only on Star services but also our emergency services.

509
00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:10,800
Speaker 5: Information and news can be found at news dot GM

510
00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,240
Speaker 5: dot com and we often post updates on X.

511
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:15,760
Speaker 2: And the other thing what I want to say to

512
00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:22,000
Speaker 2: you is best of luck and congratulations on getting people

513
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:26,280
Speaker 2: more interested in purchasing cars made in America. I think

514
00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:31,600
Speaker 2: that's good for everyone, including the major manufacturers here in

515
00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:34,760
Speaker 2: North America. Thanks very much, MINS for your time, appreciate it.

516
00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:36,840
Speaker 5: Thanks for having me.

517
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:39,200
Speaker 2: You're very welcome. When we get back, we're going to

518
00:30:39,240 --> 00:30:43,360
Speaker 2: talk about China's quest for weapons of mineral destruction. Going

519
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,520
Speaker 2: to talk with Thomas Nadrowski's an author, geopolitical strategist and

520
00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:53,200
Speaker 2: portfolio manager at a company called invest terradin Critical Minerals fund.

521
00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:57,480
Speaker 2: This is an issue that we are going to learn

522
00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:00,160
Speaker 2: a lot about in the next ten minutes, but it's

523
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 2: an issue that we are going to end up talking

524
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:05,640
Speaker 2: a lot about in the next year or so on Nightside,

525
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:12,000
Speaker 2: because we're in a war for certain minerals around around

526
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,920
Speaker 2: the world, and that's going to be driving not only

527
00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:18,360
Speaker 2: China's foreign policy, but the US foreign policy as well.

528
00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:21,000
Speaker 2: And I want everyone to understand that, and I want

529
00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:24,600
Speaker 2: to understand it better. And we'll start with Thomas Nadrowski

530
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:29,440
Speaker 2: about China's quest for weapons of mineral destruction.

531
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:33,760
Speaker 1: Coming back on Nightside, It's Nightside with Dan Ray on

532
00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:36,680
Speaker 1: Boston's News Radio.

533
00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:44,320
Speaker 2: Welcome back everyone. My guest is Tomas Nudrowski. Welcome Tomas,

534
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:45,120
Speaker 2: how are you today?

535
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,880
Speaker 4: Thanks a lot down, Thanks for having me.

536
00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:53,400
Speaker 2: You're a geopolitical strategist and a portfolio manager at invest

537
00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:57,680
Speaker 2: terandon Critical Minerals Fund. What is invest tarandin Critical Minials Fund?

538
00:31:57,680 --> 00:32:01,080
Speaker 4: If I could ask, and it's exactly what's in the name.

539
00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:04,560
Speaker 4: It's the fun that invests in critical minerals companies that

540
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:09,040
Speaker 4: are developing projects around the world in those medals that

541
00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:13,600
Speaker 4: matter matter for the civilian market, for military market, and

542
00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:16,800
Speaker 4: we invest exclusively outside of the Chinese value chain to

543
00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:20,520
Speaker 4: help the Western world we develop these supply chains.

544
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:26,480
Speaker 2: So how important because my understanding and you know much

545
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:28,480
Speaker 2: more about this than I do, but I know just

546
00:32:28,640 --> 00:32:32,160
Speaker 2: enough to be a little dangerous. My understanding is this

547
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:38,080
Speaker 2: battle for precious metals that we hear so much talk

548
00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:44,160
Speaker 2: about might actually decide whether China or the United States

549
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,000
Speaker 2: is the dominant leader of the twenty first century?

550
00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:52,000
Speaker 4: Am I overstating that you're not, You're you're right on target?

551
00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:56,200
Speaker 4: Is actually we saw the first the prelus to as

552
00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:59,760
Speaker 4: battle last year in twenty twenty five, as the US

553
00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:05,640
Speaker 4: of wroach the trade conflict with China, somewhat naively, not

554
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:09,200
Speaker 4: taken into account that China had prepared for many years

555
00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:12,480
Speaker 4: with that weapon of critical minerals and access to croupment

556
00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:16,200
Speaker 4: minerals by monopolizing most of these sectors there were for

557
00:33:16,320 --> 00:33:20,840
Speaker 4: a long time forgotten, forgotten in the West, underinvested, the

558
00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:24,160
Speaker 4: capital market, failed to see the opportunity that the scarcity

559
00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:27,360
Speaker 4: of these nettles represents, and also policy making was not

560
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:31,040
Speaker 4: really up to the scratch. So what I do document

561
00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:35,160
Speaker 4: in my recent book is how it was possible that

562
00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:38,960
Speaker 4: we failed to see this coming while China was preparing

563
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,040
Speaker 4: for that moment for decades.

564
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:45,320
Speaker 2: So the name of your book is Mineral War, China's

565
00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:49,320
Speaker 2: quest for weapons of mineral destruction. That's obviously a play

566
00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:54,200
Speaker 2: on words of mass destruction. The minerals that we're talking about,

567
00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,760
Speaker 2: particularly as I understand that play an important role in

568
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:01,360
Speaker 2: development computer chips.

569
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:07,040
Speaker 4: Correct, that's partly the story. So we tend to see

570
00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:10,880
Speaker 4: these minerals as falling into three different categories. One is

571
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,319
Speaker 4: where earths, and I'm sure everybody has heard about our

572
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:16,759
Speaker 4: Earth's fin now. One is different battery metals, and that

573
00:34:16,840 --> 00:34:20,239
Speaker 4: includes lithium and cobalt and others, and a lot of

574
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:24,319
Speaker 4: specialty metals, smaller metals forgotten the table of elements that

575
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:28,160
Speaker 4: most of us just gave up on graduating from high school.

576
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:32,160
Speaker 4: But there are important and you're writ also for semiconductor production,

577
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:35,440
Speaker 4: There are certain things that we well end out for

578
00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:39,360
Speaker 4: semiconductor production, for example, produced in North Carolina the best

579
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:45,000
Speaker 4: quartz so silicon high purity quarts for silicon wafers that

580
00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:48,719
Speaker 4: are then produced in Taiwan for logic chips or in

581
00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:55,160
Speaker 4: Korea for memory chips. But there are many other metals gallium, germanium, indium,

582
00:34:55,200 --> 00:34:59,280
Speaker 4: and so on that are critical for development of some semiconductors,

583
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:01,480
Speaker 4: in many of them as for military applications.

584
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:07,440
Speaker 2: Why did we offshore so many of these contracts to

585
00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:12,239
Speaker 2: foreign countries in the nineteen nineties is when I think

586
00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:14,920
Speaker 2: the big mistake was made. If I'm wrong, please correct me.

587
00:35:15,840 --> 00:35:19,480
Speaker 4: No, you're correct. Probably I would go back to nineteen

588
00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:24,239
Speaker 4: eighties where our mining industry started to die slowly with

589
00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:28,319
Speaker 4: a very strong environmental push. And when it comes to

590
00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:31,920
Speaker 4: our Earth's this specific problem was the presence of radio

591
00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:38,439
Speaker 4: nucloid so radioactive materials that are naturally colccurring with rare

592
00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:43,040
Speaker 4: earth minerals in the subsoil, such as storium and uranium.

593
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:49,520
Speaker 4: So National Nuclear Regulatory Commission crack down on usage of

594
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:52,440
Speaker 4: some of these materials above a certain grade, so it

595
00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:56,480
Speaker 4: was suddenly very expensive to move them for logistics handling

596
00:35:56,520 --> 00:35:59,920
Speaker 4: and so on, whether it's from minds. There were specifically

597
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:03,000
Speaker 4: are getting where earths or others that were earths as

598
00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,160
Speaker 4: a byproduct, and China used this opportunity, and there are

599
00:36:07,239 --> 00:36:12,440
Speaker 4: environmental regulations for somewhat lacks back then. What they didn't

600
00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:15,799
Speaker 4: have was technology to process those because there is a

601
00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:19,279
Speaker 4: long way from the mine where Earth mind to your

602
00:36:19,320 --> 00:36:23,680
Speaker 4: electric motor that uses permanent magnets based on where Earth's

603
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:28,880
Speaker 4: these materials have to be processed. They occur and with

604
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:30,840
Speaker 4: many oxides at the same time, so they have to

605
00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:34,280
Speaker 4: be separated and metallized and made into magnet and China

606
00:36:34,520 --> 00:36:38,879
Speaker 4: very conscientiously developed each of these notes in the value chain,

607
00:36:38,960 --> 00:36:42,359
Speaker 4: as we continue to lose all of them. So none

608
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:45,200
Speaker 4: of these technologies were invented by China. That's, by the

609
00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:49,200
Speaker 4: way true also of electric batteries with they're also dominant today.

610
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:52,000
Speaker 4: So that's one side of the story. On the second

611
00:36:52,040 --> 00:36:53,839
Speaker 4: side of the story on our side is that the

612
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:58,080
Speaker 4: capital was not too interested in this space metallurgy or

613
00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:00,200
Speaker 4: mining in general. Even today, if you look at the

614
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:03,480
Speaker 4: S and P five hundred, less than one percent by

615
00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:05,799
Speaker 4: value of a cent P five hundreds is represented by

616
00:37:05,840 --> 00:37:10,560
Speaker 4: mining companies and none of them produces rare herbs. So

617
00:37:10,640 --> 00:37:13,239
Speaker 4: that's on our site. Now. The other side of a

618
00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:18,040
Speaker 4: story is how the Chinese economy is organized in a

619
00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:22,160
Speaker 4: very different way from ours. And because mining and metals

620
00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:26,640
Speaker 4: are capital intensive industries, what's importance, of course infusion of capital,

621
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:31,319
Speaker 4: and that capital for strategically vital industries in China has

622
00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:35,440
Speaker 4: always been enterprise was offered below the rates inflation, below

623
00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:38,640
Speaker 4: the rates of the GDP growth, and hence the overproduction

624
00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:42,680
Speaker 4: and over capacity and many industries in China, including this

625
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:44,840
Speaker 4: one final question.

626
00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,080
Speaker 2: I know that China is everywhere in the world right now,

627
00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:53,040
Speaker 2: in Africa and South America. They're building this great road

628
00:37:53,480 --> 00:37:57,560
Speaker 2: which would stretch from China to Europe and beyond. Maybe

629
00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:01,800
Speaker 2: I don't know. When it comes to the rare minerals,

630
00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:08,680
Speaker 2: who has a greater supply of rare minerals within their

631
00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:12,160
Speaker 2: own borders and in the ground, China or the US,

632
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:16,280
Speaker 2: we add a disadvantage because China has easier and quicker

633
00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:19,360
Speaker 2: access to a greater supply of these rare minerals. And

634
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:21,680
Speaker 2: I know it's a general question, or are we at

635
00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:25,840
Speaker 2: an advantage because we have a greater supply in the ground.

636
00:38:27,080 --> 00:38:29,440
Speaker 4: So the fact that something is in the ground does

637
00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:34,200
Speaker 4: not immediately translate into supply. Usually takes many years to

638
00:38:34,239 --> 00:38:38,600
Speaker 4: develop something from the discovery to production. Give you an example,

639
00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:41,719
Speaker 4: say copper mind will take about fifteen years to do this.

640
00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:46,280
Speaker 4: So far away from mineralization to actual production. Both China

641
00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:49,080
Speaker 4: and the United States are well end downed in terms

642
00:38:49,120 --> 00:38:52,080
Speaker 4: of resources in the ground. The problem is not there.

643
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:55,520
Speaker 4: Problem is whether the capital market can be incentivized to

644
00:38:56,480 --> 00:38:59,440
Speaker 4: invest in these areas, because you know, right now we're

645
00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:01,680
Speaker 4: in a situation and government is deploying a lot of

646
00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:04,840
Speaker 4: funds t experts funds into that. Now, that's sort of

647
00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:07,920
Speaker 4: a short term solution, but not a long term solution

648
00:39:08,040 --> 00:39:10,799
Speaker 4: to really win this competition, which I actually don't think

649
00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:11,880
Speaker 4: is competition anymore.

650
00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:17,520
Speaker 2: It's a conflict, Okay, Tomas nud Rowski. The book Mineral

651
00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:20,640
Speaker 2: War China's Quest for Weapons of Mineral Destruction. The book

652
00:39:20,719 --> 00:39:22,120
Speaker 2: is out as I understand it. Correct.

653
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Speaker 4: It's correct, yes, and paperback on kindle are available on Amazon.

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Speaker 2: Sounds great. Thank you so much, Tomas. Was a very

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Speaker 2: interesting segment. I thank you for your time tonight.

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Speaker 4: Thanks for having me down.

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Speaker 2: You're very welcome. We get back on to talk about

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Speaker 2: Jordan's rich journey his fight against the Parkinson's disease. Back

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Speaker 2: on Night's side after the nine o'clock News