1 00:00:00,320 --> 00:00:06,160 Speaker 1: Michael, you're saying the Democrats cheat. Color me surprised, But 2 00:00:06,200 --> 00:00:11,520 Speaker 1: wait a minute, that might be racist. Everything is racist, everything, 3 00:00:11,600 --> 00:00:12,560 Speaker 1: everything is racist. 4 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:16,799 Speaker 2: One of the things that stood out to me last 5 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:20,120 Speaker 2: night was Trump went back to probably what got him elected, 6 00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:27,400 Speaker 2: and that was illegal immigration, and of course everything. 7 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:28,159 Speaker 1: That comes along with that. 8 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 2: And it's not just you know, the the individual who's 9 00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:36,400 Speaker 2: looking for a better life here. You know, you know 10 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:39,479 Speaker 2: how the story goes, somebody's looking for a better life, 11 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 2: so they come here from Guatemala or Yemen or you know, 12 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 2: Germany or wherever they come from, doesn't make any difference. 13 00:00:46,840 --> 00:00:48,040 Speaker 1: And then they I. 14 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:51,880 Speaker 2: Heard Polish use this phrase, must have been yesterday or 15 00:00:51,960 --> 00:00:55,080 Speaker 2: day before about how they you know, they they hide 16 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:57,680 Speaker 2: in the shadows, and you know, Polish wants to get 17 00:00:57,680 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 2: people from out from behind the shadows, and they get 18 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:05,880 Speaker 2: fake documents, so they commit even further crimes, and then 19 00:01:05,959 --> 00:01:09,800 Speaker 2: they start, you know, they find a job somewhere, and 20 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:12,640 Speaker 2: then they start sending all of their money back home 21 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 2: to their families. And they don't do anything at all. 22 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:19,960 Speaker 2: They don't other than the crimes they've already committed. They 23 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:22,360 Speaker 2: don't go out and commit assault and battery. They don't 24 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 2: go out and commit murder or rapes. They don't, you know, 25 00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:28,039 Speaker 2: slip people's throats on the public transit. They don't do 26 00:01:28,080 --> 00:01:37,200 Speaker 2: any of those things. But the problem is they just 27 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:43,240 Speaker 2: represent one small slice of those millions who have come 28 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 2: here illegally. And then the public debate over immigration and 29 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:53,360 Speaker 2: crime starts to proceed as if one empirical claim has 30 00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:57,720 Speaker 2: been decisively settled, because we're told, with both confidence and 31 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 2: with repetition that illegal they aliens commit crimes at lower 32 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:07,640 Speaker 2: rates than do American citizens, and that claim is treated 33 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 2: just like the to your point, the term racism is 34 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 2: the minute you're told that illegal aliens commit crimes at 35 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:19,680 Speaker 2: lower rates than American citizens. That is supposed to be 36 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 2: the equivalent of calling you a racist, and that's supposed 37 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:26,480 Speaker 2: to end the conversation. Once uttered, it is meant to 38 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:29,600 Speaker 2: end any sort of inquiry into his that statement even 39 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 2: true or not. Now, if the data show lower rates, 40 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 2: then immigration enforcement is unnecessary. You could even argue that 41 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:46,919 Speaker 2: immigration enforcement would be unjust. Yet that posture assumes something 42 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:51,120 Speaker 2: that has not been demonstrated, because it assumes that the 43 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:53,480 Speaker 2: data measures what they. 44 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:54,360 Speaker 1: Purport to measure. 45 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:58,960 Speaker 2: When all crimes committed by illegal aliens are counted, including 46 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:07,320 Speaker 2: immigration offense that very initial offense itself, crimes obscured by deportation, 47 00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:13,679 Speaker 2: or crimes suppressed by systematic under reporting. The rate of 48 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:18,160 Speaker 2: criminality attributal to illegal aliens far exceeds out of citizens. 49 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:22,399 Speaker 2: The apparent lower rate is not a discovery about behavior. 50 00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 2: It is instead a byproduct of selective counting, of the 51 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:36,840 Speaker 2: manipulation of statistics. Policy makers at all levels city councilmen, 52 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:42,440 Speaker 2: county commissioners, state legislators, congressmen, wherever they're like. Policy makers 53 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 2: are trained to ask a simple question before accepting any 54 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 2: statistical claim. Why are you counting? What are you counting? 55 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 2: Think about an analogy. Suppose a hospital wants to know 56 00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:02,080 Speaker 2: whether a new medication reduces hard to tax. It counts 57 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 2: the number of patients currently in cardiac wards. But if 58 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 2: a substantial number of patients who suffer heart attacks get 59 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:19,120 Speaker 2: immediately transferred to another hospital, another facility, a specialized hospital, 60 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 2: and they get removed from the hospital's census, then a 61 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 2: snapshot of the current cardiac ward occupancy will systematically undercount 62 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 2: the true incident rate of heart attacks. 63 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:34,400 Speaker 1: So the hospital. 64 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:40,560 Speaker 2: Reports success, but the apparent success is an artifact of removal. 65 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:44,080 Speaker 1: It's not an actual reduction in arm. 66 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 2: Almost all immigration in crime literature relies on an analogous snapshot. 67 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:59,720 Speaker 2: Almost all the widely cited studies use incarceration data from 68 00:04:59,839 --> 00:05:04,039 Speaker 2: the Census Bureau or what's called the American Community Survey, 69 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,839 Speaker 2: which is a subset of the Census Bureau. They ask 70 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 2: who's in prison at any given moment, and then they 71 00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 2: compare the inc incarceration rate across Native born citizens and 72 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:26,279 Speaker 2: compared across non citizens. But incarceration is a stock measure, 73 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 2: snapshot in time. It's not a flow measure. It simply 74 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:36,800 Speaker 2: tells us who is physically present in custody in incarcerated 75 00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 2: at the time of the survey. It doesn't tell us 76 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:44,719 Speaker 2: who committed the crimes and was then removed from the country. 77 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 2: And why does that matter? It matters in my calculation 78 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:54,279 Speaker 2: because deportation is not a marginal phenomenon. In fact, it 79 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,720 Speaker 2: is central to the structure deportation is. It is central 80 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:02,760 Speaker 2: to the structure of immigration enforcement. Let's go to fiscal 81 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:09,360 Speaker 2: year twenty twenty four ice enforcement and removal operations deported 82 00:06:09,560 --> 00:06:12,839 Speaker 2: or remove, whichever term you want to use. Two hundred 83 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 2: seventy one thousand, four hundred eighty four non citizens. Of those, 84 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:22,160 Speaker 2: two hundred seventy one thousand, four hundred eighty four non citizens, 85 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:27,080 Speaker 2: eighty eight thousand, seven hundred and sixty three had criminal histories. 86 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:33,720 Speaker 2: Was that average that averages five point sixty three charges 87 00:06:33,920 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 2: or convictions either one per individual now go to the 88 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:42,880 Speaker 2: prior year. The prior year saw sixty nine thousand, nine 89 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:48,560 Speaker 2: hundred two criminal removals. A Government Accountability Office report examining 90 00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 2: FY twenty eleven through twenty sixteen found that roughly ninety 91 00:06:55,160 --> 00:06:59,919 Speaker 2: five percent of criminal aliens who completed federal prison sentence 92 00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:04,920 Speaker 2: says were subsequently deported. So once they get removed, once 93 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:07,800 Speaker 2: they get deported, they're no longer in the US population, 94 00:07:08,480 --> 00:07:14,360 Speaker 2: so they do not appear in subsequent incarceration snapshots they have. 95 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 2: In terms of the statistics, they have simply vanished. 96 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:24,840 Speaker 1: Hey, Mike, your comment yesterday about not wanting to watch 97 00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:27,360 Speaker 1: the State of the Union, et cetera kind of backfired 98 00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:30,000 Speaker 1: a little bit because that State of the Union was 99 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:31,480 Speaker 1: actually very entertaining. 100 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 2: Not wanting to watch it and not watching it two 101 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 2: and any different things I watched. I can't say the 102 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 2: entirety of it because we weren't quite back to the 103 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 2: house when the Sergeant of the arms announced that the 104 00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:56,440 Speaker 2: President was coming down the aisle, But I did get 105 00:07:56,480 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 2: the TV on watch the TV was already on because 106 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 2: the dogs are watching TV, and of course it was on. 107 00:08:01,560 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 2: I don't even know what channel it was on, but 108 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:06,120 Speaker 2: every channel was carrying it. So when I walked in, 109 00:08:06,520 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 2: I immediately started watching it, and I watched it through to 110 00:08:08,880 --> 00:08:13,120 Speaker 2: the end. I didn't, well in the end, what's the end? 111 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 2: Is the end when he finishes and he closes and 112 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:20,360 Speaker 2: the telepromptert turns off and he turns around and shakes 113 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:23,040 Speaker 2: the Vice President in the speaker's hands, or does it 114 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:25,520 Speaker 2: end when he finally gets up to the top and 115 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:27,920 Speaker 2: gets out and gets in the beast and goes back 116 00:08:27,960 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 2: to the White House. I stopped watching the minute the 117 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:34,640 Speaker 2: speech ended. Been there done that, I don't need to 118 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:37,120 Speaker 2: watch the other stuff. And that's when I put my 119 00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 2: AirPods in because I wanted to hear the Democrat response. 120 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:43,960 Speaker 2: So I had to listen to brit Hume and a 121 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:46,320 Speaker 2: few of the others give their analysis to tell me 122 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:49,320 Speaker 2: what they had just heard. But then I wanted to 123 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:51,559 Speaker 2: hear the Democrat. Oh my god, it was so bad, 124 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:56,480 Speaker 2: so bad. And I don't mean yeah, well, I do 125 00:08:56,600 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 2: mean it was bad substantively. But in turn terms of 126 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:02,880 Speaker 2: the production value, Oh my gosh, kay, can you not? 127 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:09,600 Speaker 2: I mean, one, you Dragon Redberd can edit audio better 128 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:12,680 Speaker 2: than they could, and that's not really saying a lot. 129 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 2: So you know, there's that nothing. I just I wanted 130 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:19,599 Speaker 2: to make sure you were still asleep. 131 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:23,880 Speaker 1: Oh, thank you, I appreciate it. Yes, yes, So go back. 132 00:09:27,559 --> 00:09:33,960 Speaker 2: Incarceration. If you're going to measure criminal stats by InCAR incarceration, 133 00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 2: as I said, that's a stock measure. It's not a 134 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:39,760 Speaker 2: flow measure. All it does is it tells you who 135 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:43,120 Speaker 2: is physically present in custody at the time that you 136 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 2: do your survey. It doesn't tell you who committed crimes. 137 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:52,959 Speaker 2: And then after conviction of that crime gets removed from 138 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:57,320 Speaker 2: the country. And we went through some of the stats. 139 00:10:01,559 --> 00:10:06,200 Speaker 2: One might I think you could object that, you know, 140 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 2: this is just how criminal justice system works. Prison counts 141 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:15,560 Speaker 2: who's in prison, and deportation is a separate matter, and 142 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:22,199 Speaker 2: yet you count who gets deported. Yet that objection actually 143 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 2: concedes the point, because if the research question concerns criminality 144 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,840 Speaker 2: within a population, because that's what we're looking at do 145 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 2: illegal aliens commit more crimes than US citizens, naturalized or 146 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:45,120 Speaker 2: native born. If the research question concerns criminality within that population, 147 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 2: then a methodology that excludes a substantial subset of convicted 148 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:55,080 Speaker 2: offenders because they've been deported, well, then naturally that's going 149 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 2: to understate their contribution to crime within that population group. 150 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:04,360 Speaker 2: They're no longer symmetrical. Native born offenders remain within the 151 00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:09,160 Speaker 2: sampling frame after release, but release offenders who get deported 152 00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:16,480 Speaker 2: do not, and the federal sentencing structure amplifies that asymmetry. 153 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 2: In FY twenty twenty four, non citizens received average federal 154 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:30,000 Speaker 2: sentences of twenty six months compared to sixty nine months 155 00:11:30,559 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 2: for US citizen Now, part of that disparity is reflected 156 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:38,680 Speaker 2: in what's called Early Disposition or fast track. That's a 157 00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:42,680 Speaker 2: program that granted about almost fourteen percent of non citizen 158 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:46,520 Speaker 2: cases an average of almost forty five percent in their 159 00:11:46,559 --> 00:11:52,839 Speaker 2: sentence reduction in exchange for a prompt guilty plea and 160 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:56,920 Speaker 2: their acceptance at the same moment of a removal order. 161 00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:02,480 Speaker 2: In other words, that that early disposition says, look, if 162 00:12:02,840 --> 00:12:06,760 Speaker 2: you're part of your plea agreement is that you will 163 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:10,440 Speaker 2: accept a removal order. Then we're going to reduce your 164 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:14,280 Speaker 2: sentence and we're going to remove you much quicker. Now 165 00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:17,959 Speaker 2: in terms of say a tax batter relief shot, that's 166 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:21,080 Speaker 2: a pretty good deal. Because it's always bugged me that 167 00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:24,160 Speaker 2: somebody gets convicted of a crime let's just say assault 168 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:27,520 Speaker 2: in battery or burglary, and now and they're here illegally. 169 00:12:28,520 --> 00:12:30,720 Speaker 2: I really don't want to pay for their incarceration, which 170 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:35,600 Speaker 2: includes feeding and housing and healthcare and everything else. I 171 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,840 Speaker 2: want them out of the country, So I'm okay with 172 00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:44,000 Speaker 2: early disposition. Well, the Department of Justices Criminal Resource Manual 173 00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:48,640 Speaker 2: very explicitly says that stipulated deportation as a condition of 174 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 2: plea agreements. In other words, you agree to be deported 175 00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:57,200 Speaker 2: as part of your plea deal, including sentencing departures for 176 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:02,680 Speaker 2: defendants who concede the portability. So, in practical terms, the 177 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:07,439 Speaker 2: pipeline that I'm describing moves very quickly. Conviction, you get 178 00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:11,480 Speaker 2: a shortened sentence, and you get deported. So the stock 179 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:16,800 Speaker 2: measure of incarceration rarely, if ever, captures the full trajectory 180 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:21,760 Speaker 2: because they're getting out earlier. Now. Even scholars, if you 181 00:13:21,840 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 2: do a deep dive in this, you'll find that even 182 00:13:23,679 --> 00:13:28,720 Speaker 2: scholars frequently cited for the lower rate conclusion will acknowledge 183 00:13:28,960 --> 00:13:34,360 Speaker 2: that limitation. One group noted that the deportation may reduce 184 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:41,400 Speaker 2: institutionalization incarceration because these deported illegal aliens, they're no longer 185 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 2: in the country, no longer institutionalized for subsequent violations. Even 186 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:52,080 Speaker 2: the Cato Institute has conceded that those incarcerated don't represent 187 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:55,720 Speaker 2: the total number of immigrants who can be deported under 188 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:59,559 Speaker 2: current law, nor the complete number of convicted immigrant criminals. 189 00:14:00,080 --> 00:14:04,200 Speaker 2: An annual criminal deportation's rival or exceed the number of 190 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:08,160 Speaker 2: incarcerated non citizens in federal prisons at any given time, 191 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:12,800 Speaker 2: that omission becomes much more than trivial. 192 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,559 Speaker 1: You're nice to your dogs. I torture my cat by 193 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:21,359 Speaker 1: leaving the radio on. So yeah, so listen to you, guys. 194 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 2: She said, she tortures her cat, not not her dogs. 195 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:31,920 Speaker 2: She tortures her cats. Correct, Okay, that's fine, that's fine. Yeah, 196 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:33,840 Speaker 2: torture the cats all you want to, you just don't 197 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:41,400 Speaker 2: torture the dogs. Let's think about a different kind of distortion. 198 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:46,600 Speaker 2: We're talking about how crime stats are getting distorted. Trying 199 00:14:46,640 --> 00:14:49,960 Speaker 2: to convince you that somehow illegal aliens on a per 200 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 2: capita or otherwise any other means of measuring, commit fewer 201 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:59,000 Speaker 2: crimes than do US citizens. And as I point out, 202 00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:03,840 Speaker 2: there is there's a a substantial problem when you cite 203 00:15:03,880 --> 00:15:09,040 Speaker 2: a lower rate based on incarceration, for example. But there's 204 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:14,880 Speaker 2: a second distortion that arises from simple underreporting. Crime stats 205 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:18,040 Speaker 2: in this country rely on two primary sources. You have 206 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:21,520 Speaker 2: the official police reports and then you have what are 207 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:27,960 Speaker 2: called victimization surveys. And both of those reporting mechanism presupposes 208 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:32,240 Speaker 2: that people actually do the reporting. If the crime is 209 00:15:32,280 --> 00:15:36,720 Speaker 2: not reported, it is invisible to the data, it doesn't 210 00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:39,920 Speaker 2: get included into the data set that you're looking at. 211 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:47,520 Speaker 2: So empirical research indicates that undocumented aliens are substantially less 212 00:15:47,760 --> 00:15:51,640 Speaker 2: likely to report crime, not that they that they were 213 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:55,440 Speaker 2: criminals themselves, but less likely to report a crime or 214 00:15:55,680 --> 00:16:00,160 Speaker 2: victimization of a crime due to fear of the consequences 215 00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:05,440 Speaker 2: of deportation or their illegal alien status. There was a 216 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:09,440 Speaker 2: survey done by the University of Chicago found that seventy 217 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:14,480 Speaker 2: percent of undocumented respondents were less likely to report victimization 218 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:20,120 Speaker 2: because of their status concerns than a probability study based 219 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:23,920 Speaker 2: at UC SAN Diego. That study found that when local 220 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:30,000 Speaker 2: law enforcement cooperated with ICE, respondents were sixty point eight 221 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:35,320 Speaker 2: almost sixty one percent less likely to report witnessed crimes 222 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 2: and almost forty three percent less likely to report their 223 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:45,000 Speaker 2: own victimization. Go back to twenty twenty. A study exploiting 224 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:51,480 Speaker 2: the nineteen eighty six amnesty actions estimated baseline reporting rates 225 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 2: among undocted, undocumented aliens and undocumented in immigracy illegal aliens 226 00:16:58,320 --> 00:17:03,440 Speaker 2: somewhere between eleven and seventeen percent, nearly tripling to thirty 227 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:10,879 Speaker 2: seven percent after they became naturalized or after legalization. So 228 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:16,840 Speaker 2: the logic becomes pretty straightforward. If a population under reports crime, 229 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:23,000 Speaker 2: then the official statistics will reflect fewer recorded offenses, even 230 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:28,320 Speaker 2: if the underlying victimization is actually higher. Indeed, one study 231 00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:32,600 Speaker 2: using restricted national crime data and nine to one one 232 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:38,280 Speaker 2: records found that after secure Communities implementation, in other words, 233 00:17:38,520 --> 00:17:42,679 Speaker 2: you're going to be protected, Hispanics were thirty percent less 234 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:49,200 Speaker 2: likely to report crimes to police, and victimization increased by 235 00:17:49,680 --> 00:17:55,000 Speaker 2: sixteen percent. So reported crimes didn't change and the reporting 236 00:17:55,080 --> 00:18:01,120 Speaker 2: decline masked the increase. Go back to the the National 237 00:18:01,119 --> 00:18:06,280 Speaker 2: Crime Victimization Survey. It's often invoked as a corrective to 238 00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:12,520 Speaker 2: all of these lying statistics. The problem is it only 239 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 2: began collecting data on citizenship in twenty seventeen, and it 240 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:25,720 Speaker 2: does not ask directly about undocumented status, so its immigrant 241 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 2: sample is smaller than the national benchmark. Research indications that 242 00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:37,920 Speaker 2: responds with ambiguous citizenship status exhibit characteristics that are consistent 243 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:42,359 Speaker 2: with the undocumented population, and they are experiencing higher victimization. 244 00:18:43,119 --> 00:18:48,320 Speaker 2: The most fearful undocumented individuals are probably the least likely 245 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:52,480 Speaker 2: to respond to any surveys at all, which does what 246 00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:55,640 Speaker 2: it creates selection bias. 247 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,160 Speaker 1: Now we get to federal data. 248 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 2: In the federal data actually complicates the lower rate narrative. 249 00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:13,760 Speaker 2: Non citizens comprised thirty five percent of all individuals sentenced 250 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:17,360 Speaker 2: in the federal system in that FY twenty twenty four 251 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 2: baseline that I started using. That's roughly five times their 252 00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:25,560 Speaker 2: seven percent share of the population. Make sure you understand 253 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 2: that non citizens comprise approximately thirty five percent of all 254 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:35,359 Speaker 2: individuals that got sentenced in the federal criminal justice system 255 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:40,720 Speaker 2: during FY fiscally year twenty twenty four. That number thirty 256 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:45,480 Speaker 2: five percent is about five times their seven percent share 257 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:50,400 Speaker 2: of the total US population. So non citizens are vastly 258 00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:56,240 Speaker 2: overrepresented in federal drug trafficking cases. In f y twenty eighteen, 259 00:19:56,359 --> 00:20:00,520 Speaker 2: non citizens accounted for forty one percent of federal powder 260 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:06,600 Speaker 2: cocaine trafficking convictions. They accounted for twenty percent of meth 261 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:11,600 Speaker 2: trafficking convictions. Now, as of March twenty five, just about 262 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,920 Speaker 2: a year ago, almost fifteen percent of the Federal Bureau 263 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:20,320 Speaker 2: of Prisons population consisted of non citizens. That's double their 264 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:24,159 Speaker 2: population share. Remember, their population share of all people in 265 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:27,399 Speaker 2: this country is about seven percent. So it's important to 266 00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,879 Speaker 2: note that the federal system handles only five to maybe 267 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:35,639 Speaker 2: ten percent of all US criminal cases, and most prosecutions 268 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:39,520 Speaker 2: we know for all crimes occurs at the state level, 269 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:45,399 Speaker 2: and that's where citizenship data is never collected comprehensively. Do 270 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:51,320 Speaker 2: you think any state is actively and comprehensively collecting data 271 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:54,880 Speaker 2: about the number of illegal aliens in their state. If 272 00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:59,360 Speaker 2: you are, you're smoking on some of that crack they're selling. Nonetheless, 273 00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:04,359 Speaker 2: the FAT reveal that in certain categories, particularly immigration and 274 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:10,159 Speaker 2: drug trafficking, non citizens are disproportionately represented. So the honest 275 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:14,200 Speaker 2: argument doesn't claim over representation in every category. It observes 276 00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:20,040 Speaker 2: over representation where it can actually be documented. So I 277 00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:23,200 Speaker 2: looked at some Texas data because Texas data is often 278 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:27,960 Speaker 2: cited as the gold standard and the Texas data warrant scrutiny. 279 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:32,280 Speaker 2: Texas is one of only two states one of only 280 00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:37,639 Speaker 2: two that collects immigration status after arrest, yet status is 281 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:44,199 Speaker 2: initially based on self reporting. Now, few illegal aliens arrested 282 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:47,800 Speaker 2: for crimes have any incentive whatsoever to admit unlawful presence 283 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:51,119 Speaker 2: in this country, so when the fingerprints get sent to 284 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:54,760 Speaker 2: Homeland Security, their identification gets delayed. 285 00:21:55,320 --> 00:21:57,400 Speaker 1: It doesn't get included in the data set that. 286 00:21:57,359 --> 00:22:00,959 Speaker 2: The researchers are relying on to make their claim that 287 00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 2: illegal aliens commit fewer crimes than citizens. The Texas Department's 288 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:10,919 Speaker 2: Safety acknowledges that foreign nationals who entered illegally avoid the 289 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 2: detection by DHS but then later get arrested will not 290 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 2: have a DHS response regarding their status and thus will 291 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,879 Speaker 2: not appear in their accounts. 292 00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:25,440 Speaker 1: Can't believe any of the stuff. 293 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:33,480 Speaker 2: From twenty eleven through January twenty twenty six, the TDCJ 294 00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:40,160 Speaker 2: provided DPS information on more than thirty four thousand individuals 295 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:46,640 Speaker 2: who were identified as illegal when they were incarcerated of 296 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:52,040 Speaker 2: whom eleven thousand were not identified through a secure community 297 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:56,280 Speaker 2: at the time of arrest, so researchers are not researchers 298 00:22:56,760 --> 00:23:02,040 Speaker 2: knowingly rely only on that intake identification undercount in order 299 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:07,480 Speaker 2: to make the faults claim. When prison identified undocumented aliens 300 00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:12,200 Speaker 2: are added to the arrest data, the twenty fifteen homicide 301 00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:17,400 Speaker 2: conviction rate for undocumented aliens in Texas was calculated at 302 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:24,240 Speaker 2: twenty percent higher than the state average, compared to eight 303 00:23:24,359 --> 00:23:30,000 Speaker 2: percent lower if you only use the intake data. So 304 00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:35,879 Speaker 2: the methodological choices alter the conclusions about the rate of crime. 305 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:42,640 Speaker 2: And finally, there's a definitional point. By definition, every illegal 306 00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:46,879 Speaker 2: alien has committed at least one federal offense. What is 307 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:51,120 Speaker 2: it unlawful entry under Title eight, section thirteen twenty five, 308 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:55,680 Speaker 2: or it could be the second one re entry after 309 00:23:55,760 --> 00:23:59,000 Speaker 2: removal under Title eight, section thirteen twenty six, both of 310 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:01,720 Speaker 2: which are crimes. I don't care what people tell you. 311 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,879 Speaker 2: Those that's in the criminal code and those are criminal statutes, 312 00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 2: And either one is a crime. You commit a crime 313 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:15,720 Speaker 2: by unlawful entry, and you commit a second crime if 314 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 2: after you've been removed you enter again. So there are 315 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:24,520 Speaker 2: studies claiming that lower crime rates exclude those offenses. Yet 316 00:24:24,560 --> 00:24:29,200 Speaker 2: immigration offenses constituted thirty percent, almost a third of all 317 00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:32,080 Speaker 2: the more than sixty one thousand federal criminal cases in 318 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,879 Speaker 2: FY twenty twenty four, So at the pre pandemic peak, 319 00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:42,880 Speaker 2: immigration prosecutions comprised approximately sixty percent of all federal district 320 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:46,160 Speaker 2: court cases, not criminal cases. Of all cases in federal 321 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:51,399 Speaker 2: district courts, sixty percent were immigration prosecutions. Now go to 322 00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:56,520 Speaker 2: FY twenty nineteen, one hundred and six thousand individuals were 323 00:24:56,560 --> 00:25:00,480 Speaker 2: prosecuted for illegal entry and re entry combine both of 324 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:01,240 Speaker 2: those crimes. 325 00:25:01,920 --> 00:25:03,960 Speaker 1: So, in practice, federal. 326 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:07,600 Speaker 2: Prosecutors often streamline the cases involving illegal aliens by securing 327 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 2: guilty pleae to the immigration charges, and then they dismiss 328 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,560 Speaker 2: or decline to pursue the associated drug or gun counts, 329 00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:17,160 Speaker 2: particularly whether the defendants agree that, hey, we'll go ahead 330 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,199 Speaker 2: and agree to an expedited removal after completion of just 331 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 2: maybe a short sentence or even time serve while the 332 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:28,000 Speaker 2: case is pending. That kind of please structure simplifies adjudication, 333 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:36,280 Speaker 2: it conserves prosecutorial resources, and it accelerates deportation. But they 334 00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:40,440 Speaker 2: also reclassified the conduct that might otherwise appear in drug 335 00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:44,480 Speaker 2: or firearm stats that would be normally in the immigration 336 00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:46,320 Speaker 2: or illegal immigration column. 337 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:49,040 Speaker 1: So what happens downstream? 338 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:55,120 Speaker 2: The downstream effect is that statistical displacement serious underlying criminal 339 00:25:55,160 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 2: conduct gets absorbed into immigration case totals, gets followed by removal, 340 00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:06,600 Speaker 2: reducing its visibility and conventional crime rate comparisons. So what 341 00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 2: you're seeing and what you're hearing is not the whole picture. 342 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:14,399 Speaker 2: Nearly ninety percent of the increase in immigrant and illegal 343 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:19,679 Speaker 2: alien prosecutions between nineteen ninety and twenty eighteen consisted of 344 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:27,160 Speaker 2: immigration related offenses, and non citizens counted four sixty four 345 00:26:27,359 --> 00:26:33,560 Speaker 2: percent of all federal arrest in twenty eighteen. So there's 346 00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:38,800 Speaker 2: a broader lesson here, and the broader lesson is methodology. 347 00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 2: When deportation removes convicted offenders from whatever frame you're sampling, 348 00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:51,840 Speaker 2: when plea agreements accelerate removal and remove other criminal offenses 349 00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:59,040 Speaker 2: from their records, when under reporting suppresses recorded victimization, when 350 00:26:59,080 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 2: state data relies on self reporting and delayed identification, and 351 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:07,880 Speaker 2: when the largest category of federal prosecution is excluded by design, 352 00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,720 Speaker 2: the resulting stats can't be treated as dispositive. 353 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:14,600 Speaker 1: Now I agree, they may. 354 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:18,199 Speaker 2: Suggest a pattern, but it doesn't settle the question of 355 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:20,919 Speaker 2: whether or not they commit more crimes or fewer crimes 356 00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,639 Speaker 2: than native born or naturalized citizens. The Texas DPS data 357 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:29,400 Speaker 2: that's usually relied on our researchers to claim that illegal 358 00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:34,040 Speaker 2: immigrants commit eight percent fewer murders than citizens. Will you 359 00:27:34,119 --> 00:27:39,080 Speaker 2: cross reference that with the Homeland Security Immigration ID data 360 00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:44,840 Speaker 2: and the prison level confirmation it shows the opposite conclusion. 361 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:51,679 Speaker 2: Illegal aliens commit twenty percent more murders than citizens. So 362 00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:54,520 Speaker 2: depending on which methodology you want to use, you can 363 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,480 Speaker 2: make the stats point to whatever you want to point 364 00:27:56,520 --> 00:28:00,840 Speaker 2: out to. I think, however, the methodology die just described 365 00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:04,359 Speaker 2: is the better methodology because it takes into account that, yes, 366 00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 2: we want to expedite the removal of these people, so 367 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,440 Speaker 2: they're not going to be in that incarceration column when 368 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:12,160 Speaker 2: you go to your population count. 369 00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:14,680 Speaker 1: We want them out of here. I want them out 370 00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:15,040 Speaker 1: of here. 371 00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:20,320 Speaker 2: So public policy should not rest on some sort of 372 00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:25,760 Speaker 2: mirage created by the stats. A responsible approach would incorporate 373 00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:29,320 Speaker 2: the flow measures of arrest and convictions. You would have 374 00:28:29,359 --> 00:28:33,520 Speaker 2: to adjust for deportation, you would have to account for underreporting, 375 00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:37,600 Speaker 2: you would have to include immigration offenses in transparent ways, 376 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:39,680 Speaker 2: so that you could make your own conclusion, you could 377 00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 2: see what that flow is. But I don't think it's 378 00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:49,640 Speaker 2: accidental that so many prominent studies won't do that. Researchers 379 00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:54,200 Speaker 2: who continue to rely on incomplete intake data, they rely 380 00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:58,800 Speaker 2: on snapshot incarceration measures, or rely on exclusion of immigration 381 00:28:58,880 --> 00:29:05,680 Speaker 2: defenses not making technical mistakes. They're advancing their policy preference 382 00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:12,960 Speaker 2: because why Well, because the lower rate narrative functions as 383 00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:18,000 Speaker 2: an intellectual shield for arguments in favor of amnesty, and 384 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,000 Speaker 2: it favors the idea that we had to normalize the 385 00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 2: unlawful presence of these aliens in the country amnesty. For example, Democrats, 386 00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:28,200 Speaker 2: and of course there are accomplices in academia, and of 387 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:31,120 Speaker 2: course in the cabal, have strong incentives to try to 388 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 2: portray illegal immigration as well. It's just socially benign, particularly 389 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:38,120 Speaker 2: when legalization we add millions of new voters that are 390 00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:44,320 Speaker 2: likely to be politically dependent on the coalition Democrats that 391 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:49,400 Speaker 2: delivered their new found status as a citizen. So until 392 00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:55,720 Speaker 2: we recognize these incentives, and until the full universe of 393 00:29:55,880 --> 00:30:01,160 Speaker 2: all offenses has counted transparently, any claims, however, that illegal 394 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,840 Speaker 2: aliens commit fewer crimes than citizens ought to be rejected 395 00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:07,280 Speaker 2: and quite frankly, in my opinion, ought to be ridiculed. 396 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:11,560 Speaker 2: So I thought it'd just be interesting to go on 397 00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:15,560 Speaker 2: to one of the artificial intelligence sites, you know, one 398 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:19,880 Speaker 2: of the bonds, and just ask. So I ask this 399 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:24,240 Speaker 2: simple question, do illegal and there's so many lessons to 400 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:28,760 Speaker 2: be learned from this one don't trust your AI? Two 401 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:33,320 Speaker 2: how do you ask the question? And three how and 402 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:36,960 Speaker 2: what do they cite as the sources for their conclusions? 403 00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,640 Speaker 2: So I ask a very simple question, do illegal aliens 404 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:45,240 Speaker 2: in the United States commit more crimes per capita parentheses 405 00:30:45,320 --> 00:30:50,000 Speaker 2: or by any other appropriate measure close parentheses than native 406 00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:55,160 Speaker 2: born or naturalized US citizens? Now, according to this one 407 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,920 Speaker 2: chap bot, they've be viewed fifteen sources. Here is the 408 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:04,920 Speaker 2: short answer, which is obviously in opposition to everything that 409 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:09,120 Speaker 2: I've just described to you. The short answer on the 410 00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:13,240 Speaker 2: best per capital measures we have and guess what they claim? 411 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:18,640 Speaker 2: Those two are arrest and incarceration rates, both of which 412 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 2: I just demolished. Short answer on the best per capital 413 00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:29,480 Speaker 2: measures we have arrest and incarceration rates immigrants, including those 414 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,280 Speaker 2: here illegally. My question what that means? Because I ask 415 00:31:32,360 --> 00:31:36,400 Speaker 2: about illegal aliens on the best per capital measures we have, 416 00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:42,160 Speaker 2: arrest and incarceration rates, Immigrants, including those here illegally, appear 417 00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:47,000 Speaker 2: less likely to be involved in crime than native born 418 00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:54,920 Speaker 2: US citizens, not more. Oh so, if you just rely 419 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:59,479 Speaker 2: on some AI platform and just ask the general question, 420 00:32:00,480 --> 00:32:05,600 Speaker 2: they're going to give you the politically correct answer. Now 421 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:10,600 Speaker 2: I looked up what they cited. They cited five different sources. 422 00:32:11,680 --> 00:32:17,240 Speaker 2: The first and primary source the Migration Policy Institute, that 423 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:18,480 Speaker 2: is a left. 424 00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:21,360 Speaker 1: Linging pro illegal alien. 425 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:24,640 Speaker 2: Think tank that of course is going to do all 426 00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:27,640 Speaker 2: sorts of research and initiatives and publications and everything else 427 00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,720 Speaker 2: to support the idea that all these illegal aliens that's 428 00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:34,720 Speaker 2: a benign problem in this country. Don't worry about it. 429 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:37,840 Speaker 2: Then they went on to tell me what could actually 430 00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:41,720 Speaker 2: be measured, and at least they admitted that crime rates 431 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:46,200 Speaker 2: by legal status can't be directly read off the FBI 432 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:50,760 Speaker 2: uniform crime reporting tables because they don't reliably track whether 433 00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,920 Speaker 2: offenders are native born, naturalized, or undocumented. But then they 434 00:32:55,920 --> 00:33:03,480 Speaker 2: inserted this quick little forward phrase, researchers therefore use proxies. 435 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:07,760 Speaker 2: So the next time you hear that illegal aliens commit 436 00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:13,800 Speaker 2: fewer crimes than native born Americans, question the data, because 437 00:33:13,840 --> 00:33:17,200 Speaker 2: at least coming out of Texas, it appears it's just 438 00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:23,520 Speaker 2: the opposite. Murder rates twenty percent higher among illegal aliens 439 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 2: than above native born or naturalized citizens,