1 00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:07,000 Speaker 1: Kyoda. 2 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:10,000 Speaker 2: I'm Chelsea Daniels and this is the Front Page, a 3 00:00:10,119 --> 00:00:15,800 Speaker 2: daily podcast presented by The New Zealand Herald. In the 4 00:00:15,800 --> 00:00:19,600 Speaker 2: new science fiction film Mickey seventeen, Robert Pattinson's character Mickey 5 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:23,120 Speaker 2: Barnes is killed, and each time he dies, a new 6 00:00:23,239 --> 00:00:26,560 Speaker 2: copy of his body is printed out. It's a classic 7 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:30,440 Speaker 2: far flung sci fi premise, but the technology it's based 8 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 2: on is far more science than fiction. Three D bioprinting 9 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 2: is a technology that uses three D printing to create 10 00:00:40,120 --> 00:00:45,680 Speaker 2: tissues and organs from living cells and biomaterials. The technology 11 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 2: has been evolving rapidly over the last couple of decades. 12 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:52,080 Speaker 2: So how far away are we from printing out multiple 13 00:00:52,159 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 2: Robert Pattinson's Today on the front Page, University of Queensland's 14 00:00:56,560 --> 00:01:01,960 Speaker 2: professor Sarshaw Ivanovsky joins us to break down three D bioprinting, 15 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:05,560 Speaker 2: where the technology is at and what its future looks like. 16 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:13,319 Speaker 2: So this sounds like the kind of thing that would 17 00:01:13,319 --> 00:01:15,960 Speaker 2: only be possible in a sci fi movie or something. 18 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:18,200 Speaker 2: But what exactly are we talking about when we talk 19 00:01:18,240 --> 00:01:20,040 Speaker 2: about three D bioprinting. 20 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:23,160 Speaker 3: Well, I think most of us are familiar with the 21 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 3: concept of three D printing and this is an extension 22 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,279 Speaker 3: of that. But just to I guess to be clear 23 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 3: about what three D printing is about, or what the 24 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 3: definition of three D printing is. It is essentially the 25 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:38,880 Speaker 3: creation of a three D object, but it is an 26 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 3: additive manufacturing technique, so that's really important to understand. It 27 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:48,400 Speaker 3: is a technique that's where equipment is used to create 28 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 3: a three D structure in a lay by layer fashion, 29 00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:53,680 Speaker 3: and it's always from a data file, so it's always 30 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:56,080 Speaker 3: from some sort of digital data file. So those are 31 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 3: three parameters three D object, a layer by layer deposition 32 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:05,400 Speaker 3: type of fabrication, and a digital file that informs the shape. Now, 33 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,400 Speaker 3: three D by printing is a special because it involves 34 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:14,360 Speaker 3: the printing of actual cells, so it's kind of a 35 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,920 Speaker 3: living structure that is being printed from a bioling which 36 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 3: contains cells. 37 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 2: How long has this technology been around? I feel like 38 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 2: I'm still getting my head around the regular three D 39 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 2: printing and now you're throwing this at me. 40 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:31,280 Speaker 3: Well, this section is not that new. It is something 41 00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 3: that's been around as a concept for quite a while. 42 00:02:33,919 --> 00:02:36,880 Speaker 3: I think it's been about twenty five years. Nineteen ninety 43 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 3: nine was the first time it was reported, so it's 44 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 3: been it's been with us for a while, but obviously 45 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:44,720 Speaker 3: there's been a lot of work and a lot of 46 00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:47,240 Speaker 3: refinement together to this stage. 47 00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:49,600 Speaker 1: What are we currently able to print? 48 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 3: Well? When it comes to three D buy printing, there 49 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 3: is a lot of experimental work. Essentially just about any 50 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,799 Speaker 3: type of tissue or organ can be printed in the laboratory. 51 00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:05,760 Speaker 3: Probably the most common thing that's printed and is the 52 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 3: closest to to clinical translation is skin, as a skin 53 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,920 Speaker 3: is a relatively obviously quite quite a thin structure and 54 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:18,799 Speaker 3: relatively simple in its in its composition, so it is 55 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 3: probably the one tissue that's the closest to clinical translation. 56 00:03:23,280 --> 00:03:26,840 Speaker 3: But even more complex things like liver and bladder and 57 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 3: teeth for example, are things that have been three D 58 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:32,080 Speaker 3: five printed in the laboratory. 59 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 2: Right, So whose genetic data is used in the printed material. 60 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:41,880 Speaker 3: Well, the printing involves cells, So the cells can cans. 61 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:45,560 Speaker 3: As with all research, can come from different areas. So 62 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:49,560 Speaker 3: that could be from a commercial cell line, cell line 63 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 3: that's that's widely available and sold commercially for any type 64 00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:58,720 Speaker 3: of scientific experimentation. Then it can also be from from 65 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 3: specific sources, from animals, from some humans, from patients so 66 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:08,120 Speaker 3: it really depends on aid application and the type of 67 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:11,920 Speaker 3: reasons that's being carried out. I should point out that 68 00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:15,840 Speaker 3: cell culture, the growing of cells in the laboratory is 69 00:04:16,200 --> 00:04:20,200 Speaker 3: a very well established an all technique, so growing cells 70 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:24,200 Speaker 3: per se is not new. It's just that printing them 71 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 3: into a predetermined through D shape is the novelty. 72 00:04:28,760 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 4: Here, we can model tissue models that have capillary sized 73 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 4: blood vessels in them. These vascular structures can be used 74 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:46,719 Speaker 4: as a delivery system for drugs to disease tissue exactly 75 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:49,560 Speaker 4: as it happens in the body. We then have the 76 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:54,800 Speaker 4: ability to analyze a realistic piece of diseased human tissue 77 00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:58,080 Speaker 4: as if we are treating the disease in the body. 78 00:04:58,279 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 2: This can do. 79 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 4: Wonders, gentifying those drugs that will fail in clinical trials 80 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 4: before they ever get there, deresking that stat. 81 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,919 Speaker 2: Could the body reject the printed material, you know, like 82 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,360 Speaker 2: when we see we're a kidney or liver transplant. 83 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:23,760 Speaker 3: Yes, absolutely, And that's why it's taken such a long 84 00:05:23,839 --> 00:05:26,920 Speaker 3: time for this to reach the clinic. In fact, it 85 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:30,880 Speaker 3: is not really widely available. It's because there is that 86 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:35,240 Speaker 3: possibility of rejection. You know, some people envision the very 87 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:39,320 Speaker 3: first type of three D printed organs to be closely 88 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:43,559 Speaker 3: matched to the tissue type of the patient and maybe 89 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:48,400 Speaker 3: even be taken from cells from the same patient and 90 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:51,920 Speaker 3: then be reimplanted after they're grown outside, and then three 91 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 3: D printed and reimplanted in the same patient. So anytime 92 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:59,719 Speaker 3: you're taking tissues or cells from another person or even 93 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:03,040 Speaker 3: another species and implanting them into someone else, there is 94 00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,480 Speaker 3: a high possibility of rejection. 95 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:10,000 Speaker 2: Have we seen any successful scenarios where something has been 96 00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 2: three D bioprinted and successfully been used on a patient. 97 00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:18,039 Speaker 3: It's fairly rare. So when we really think about even 98 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 3: three D printing, let's put aside for one minute three 99 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:25,200 Speaker 3: D bioprinting. Three D printing when using the biomedical space, 100 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:30,760 Speaker 3: it's usually used for modeling or templating tissues so we 101 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:35,839 Speaker 3: can look at them and plan, but rarely do we transplant. 102 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,200 Speaker 3: There is now more and more implantation of certain types 103 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:45,320 Speaker 3: of three D printed devices, usually in orthopedics made from titanium, 104 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:49,440 Speaker 3: for example. That is something that's being done more and more. 105 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:54,520 Speaker 3: But if we're thinking about the category of implantables that 106 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:58,960 Speaker 3: are also resolving, which means that the original material that 107 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:02,640 Speaker 3: carries the cells or the original material that's implant that 108 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:08,039 Speaker 3: gets over time replaced by patient's own tissue. That's fairly 109 00:07:08,200 --> 00:07:11,800 Speaker 3: rare in itself. And of course with three D bar printing, 110 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,760 Speaker 3: that material actually contains cells, so that adds an extra 111 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:19,840 Speaker 3: element of complexity to it. So you can see that 112 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 3: the idea of three D printing and implantable device that 113 00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 3: contains cells can be very, very complex for some of 114 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:29,840 Speaker 3: the reasons that we just talked about before, such as rejection, 115 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:34,040 Speaker 3: but it has been done, and probably skin transplantation three 116 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:38,320 Speaker 3: D printed skin transplantation is the closest. Well, it's the 117 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 3: one area that's probably best developed and has been trialed 118 00:07:42,400 --> 00:07:54,440 Speaker 3: in humans. 119 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:58,040 Speaker 2: So how far a way away if I have a 120 00:07:58,200 --> 00:08:00,800 Speaker 2: problem with my heart, how far there are way away 121 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 2: for you to take my cells, print me a new 122 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,360 Speaker 2: one and then put it in and it work. 123 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:08,680 Speaker 3: Yeah, So I think the heart would be right up 124 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 3: there in terms of complexity. So that's probably the furtherest 125 00:08:12,880 --> 00:08:17,880 Speaker 3: away from a clinical application. And look, it's somewhat speculative, 126 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:20,480 Speaker 3: but I think the consensus would be we're looking at 127 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,680 Speaker 3: probably another twenty to thirty years before that can be 128 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:29,560 Speaker 3: predictably done and be available for everyday clinical application. 129 00:08:29,880 --> 00:08:34,120 Speaker 2: What about the ethical concerns of three D bioprinting. Will 130 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:38,400 Speaker 2: this kind of life saving technology be so expensive that 131 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:41,319 Speaker 2: it's only able to be afforded to the wealthy. 132 00:08:41,679 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, so I think that's definitely an ethical concern. So 133 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:49,840 Speaker 3: the accessibility to this type of care. As with any 134 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:55,040 Speaker 3: new and innovative technologies, especially when they did require a 135 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:58,680 Speaker 3: high level of I guess regulation and a high level 136 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 3: of technology, they become expensive. So access to care for 137 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:08,280 Speaker 3: this type of technologies is certainly a challenge. I mean, 138 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,679 Speaker 3: I would say that initially, for sure, that would definitely 139 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:14,680 Speaker 3: be the case. But like with any technology, once it 140 00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:17,880 Speaker 3: becomes more mainstream and more people use it, there is 141 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 3: innovation that also then drives the higher throughput, the higher 142 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:26,959 Speaker 3: than decreases fabrication costs, and you know, more more of 143 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:30,040 Speaker 3: these devices are made, and it's and it's and then 144 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:32,400 Speaker 3: the cost tends to drop. But initially, for sure, it's 145 00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:36,640 Speaker 3: it's a major accessibility is a major, major issue, I 146 00:09:36,679 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 3: mean from ethical point of view. Also, safety is certainly 147 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:44,199 Speaker 3: a big issue because it is it is complex and 148 00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:47,240 Speaker 3: requires a lot of care to make these type of 149 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:51,360 Speaker 3: three D bar printed structures. So the possibility of things 150 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 3: going wrong along the way, contaminations, for example, rejections that 151 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:57,960 Speaker 3: we talked about are high. And I guess the other 152 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:02,280 Speaker 3: ethical concern that's been raised is also enhanced performance. So 153 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 3: while I think most of us would accept that if 154 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:09,200 Speaker 3: you've got something that's diseased or missing and replacing it 155 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:12,560 Speaker 3: with something that can like, for like replace that function, 156 00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:16,360 Speaker 3: that's a great thing. But once we start talking about 157 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:22,080 Speaker 3: enhanced function beyond what is normal, then ethical concerns about 158 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:27,320 Speaker 3: performance enhancement in sports people or more generally becomes also 159 00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:29,960 Speaker 3: an issue. So that's that's another ethical concern. 160 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:32,880 Speaker 2: As you were saying that, I was thinking, are they 161 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:35,839 Speaker 2: going to have issues that I don't know, the Olympics 162 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 2: thirty twenty four or something with this kind of thing. 163 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 3: Yeah, well, that's absolutely a possibility. We've had those sort 164 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:47,200 Speaker 3: of issues before, where you know, certainly people with disabilities, 165 00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:50,160 Speaker 3: for example, have had replacements and maybe have given them 166 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,360 Speaker 3: sometimes an unreasonable or unfair advantage or something that's been 167 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 3: considered unfair. Or able bodied athletes, the same thing could 168 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:02,000 Speaker 3: happen an enhancement that get raise its performance beyond what 169 00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:04,560 Speaker 3: is what is considered normal. 170 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:13,720 Speaker 5: As bizarre it might sound, there is no theoretically proven 171 00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 5: limit to longevity. We could live forever. Well, we don't, 172 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:21,760 Speaker 5: because we are like a automobile. We have parts and 173 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:25,360 Speaker 5: those parts get worn off and at some point, for 174 00:11:25,400 --> 00:11:29,280 Speaker 5: some reason, eventually we disappear. But what if we could 175 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 5: indeed replace our organs with the bioprinted once, could we 176 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:37,280 Speaker 5: could live forever. That's up to you to decide whether 177 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:39,400 Speaker 5: you want to do that or not. Even if this 178 00:11:39,559 --> 00:11:42,800 Speaker 5: is possible, it's going to take a long time. So 179 00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:48,200 Speaker 5: don't smoke too much, don't drink too much, because we're 180 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:50,199 Speaker 5: not yet there to give you a new heart or 181 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:50,720 Speaker 5: a new liver. 182 00:11:57,120 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 2: So what are we expecting to say into what's the 183 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:04,800 Speaker 2: next major breakthrough? What milestones do we have to hit 184 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:06,440 Speaker 2: before this becomes a norm. 185 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:10,120 Speaker 3: Look, that's a good question. That's probably a number of 186 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 3: things that need to be solved. I guess A big 187 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:17,319 Speaker 3: part of the by printing is the bio ink. So 188 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 3: the material that actually carries our cells is incredibly important 189 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:24,439 Speaker 3: because the cells, even though bar printing is defined by 190 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:27,360 Speaker 3: the presence of cells, it's actually the cells have to 191 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:31,320 Speaker 3: stay alive and that's very dependent on the bioinks that 192 00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:33,400 Speaker 3: carry those cells. And there is an awful lot of 193 00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:36,040 Speaker 3: work that needs to be done in that space in 194 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 3: terms of the material being easy to use and accurate 195 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,000 Speaker 3: and friendly to the cells and friendly to the recipient patient. 196 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,760 Speaker 3: So I think the bioing needs to be resolved. The 197 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,520 Speaker 3: source of the cells needs to be resolved. Like any 198 00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:55,400 Speaker 3: cell therapies, there is issues around where do you get 199 00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:59,000 Speaker 3: the cells? Is it just from the patient themselves and 200 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:01,600 Speaker 3: put it back into them? That's fine, but then then 201 00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:06,520 Speaker 3: that's very customized treatment, which which carries large amount of costs. 202 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:10,520 Speaker 3: So can you get cells more readily available and standardized 203 00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:12,560 Speaker 3: for this sort of treatment and do that in an 204 00:13:12,559 --> 00:13:16,160 Speaker 3: ethical way, in a safe way. And then the material 205 00:13:16,280 --> 00:13:20,600 Speaker 3: and the fabrication and that the equipment required to print 206 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:24,000 Speaker 3: in a deal world, that should be readily accessible. Every 207 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:27,600 Speaker 3: hospital of any size should be able to produce those 208 00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:31,319 Speaker 3: organs or tissues. And that's not widely available at the moment. 209 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:35,280 Speaker 3: It's it's certainly a very expensive and concentrated in a 210 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:38,280 Speaker 3: few areas of manufacturing. Yes, I think the machines that 211 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:42,880 Speaker 3: make the structures the cells and sufficient number of readily 212 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:46,720 Speaker 3: available cells, and then the carriers, the bioinks that carry 213 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 3: the cell, these are areas that we all they all 214 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:51,240 Speaker 3: require quite a lot of work before this can be 215 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:53,120 Speaker 3: widely available. 216 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:55,240 Speaker 1: Right, so at least a couple of decades, you think. 217 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:57,640 Speaker 3: I would I would think so, yes. I mean that 218 00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:00,880 Speaker 3: that really the consensus within the field twenty thirty is 219 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:05,080 Speaker 3: a reasonable time frame for widespread use. I mean there 220 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,800 Speaker 3: is always going to be cases here and there which 221 00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:13,120 Speaker 3: which utilize these technologies, and that's why we hear about them. 222 00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:15,840 Speaker 3: We know proof of concept is possible to do it, 223 00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:19,280 Speaker 3: but in terms of more widespreaduce, we're looking at decades. 224 00:14:19,360 --> 00:14:22,240 Speaker 1: Yes, So finish And if you'll just indulge me for 225 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:24,800 Speaker 1: a second, if we skip ahead about one hundred or 226 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: two hundred years and just dream a little bit, where 227 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 1: could this technology be by then do you reckon? 228 00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:31,880 Speaker 5: Well? 229 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:36,520 Speaker 3: I think the idea would definitely be to avoid the 230 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:41,240 Speaker 3: need for transplantation of organs that we can we can 231 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:47,040 Speaker 3: pretty much create any organ within a laboratory environment and 232 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:51,280 Speaker 3: then and then implant it into into a patient. And look, 233 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:54,800 Speaker 3: we have seen some of this in science fiction movies 234 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,600 Speaker 3: where where that that can actually take place at the 235 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:02,480 Speaker 3: point of treatment. So someone, for example, you know, as 236 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:06,160 Speaker 3: an accident loses an arm, the doctor is able to 237 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:11,880 Speaker 3: have a device which can three D print another arm 238 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,760 Speaker 3: that can then be attached to the living body. That's 239 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,440 Speaker 3: I guess you know, if we're really dreaming where this 240 00:15:19,560 --> 00:15:23,960 Speaker 3: technology could ultimately lead. The idea is that, yes, you 241 00:15:23,960 --> 00:15:26,080 Speaker 3: can three D print, You can do it very quickly, 242 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 3: and it can be highly by compatible, and it can 243 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 3: certainly save lives. 244 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:32,080 Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us, Sasha. 245 00:15:31,960 --> 00:15:33,880 Speaker 3: Thank you, thank you for the opportunity. 246 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 2: That's it for this episode of the Front Page. You 247 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 2: can read more about today's stories and extensive news coverage 248 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:47,960 Speaker 2: at NZ Herald dot co dot MZ. The Front Page 249 00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 2: is produced by Ethan Sells and Richard Martin, who is 250 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:56,400 Speaker 2: also a sound engineer. I'm Chelsea Daniels. Subscribe to The 251 00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,840 Speaker 2: Front Page on iHeartRadio or wherever you get your podcasts, 252 00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:04,000 Speaker 2: and tune in to Morrow for another look behind the headlines.