1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:05,640 Speaker 1: Seven oh two, we get breakfast psychological wellness. 2 00:00:06,280 --> 00:00:08,120 Speaker 2: Doctor gorci Ganni. 3 00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:10,440 Speaker 3: It's nine minutes after nine o'clock, time for us to 4 00:00:10,480 --> 00:00:14,280 Speaker 3: talk psychological wellness for this week, and we're talking about 5 00:00:14,360 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 3: the psychology behind certainty. Do we actually ever have certainty? 6 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:25,760 Speaker 3: Or do we create certainty? We say certain things are 7 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:30,400 Speaker 3: certain so that we have peace, we have a sense 8 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:33,160 Speaker 3: of Okay, this thing is what it is. I don't 9 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:34,839 Speaker 3: need to think about it again. And you shove it 10 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:37,640 Speaker 3: away and you close that tab. Is that what we're 11 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 3: doing when we talk about things being certain? What happens 12 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 3: when it turns out that the thing you thought was true, 13 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 3: the thing you thought was certain. What happens when it 14 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 3: turns out not to be true and it is suddenly uncertain. 15 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:53,920 Speaker 3: And we've all had that experience. It happens a lot 16 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:57,120 Speaker 3: in romantic relationships. You'll hear people say things like, oh, 17 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 3: suddenly I didn't know them anymore, or suddenly I didn't 18 00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 3: recognize the person I married or the person I was worth, 19 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:04,399 Speaker 3: the person I lived with. 20 00:01:04,440 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 2: Because what you thought was certain, what you thought was. 21 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:12,600 Speaker 3: True, this was irrefutable, this was a fact actually turned 22 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 3: out not to be So are they certainties in life? 23 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:18,400 Speaker 3: Are the things you can say this is one hundred 24 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 3: percent true? Or have we kind of done that help 25 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 3: us navigate what can often be a tricky experience of 26 00:01:25,880 --> 00:01:28,199 Speaker 3: being human. Give us a call on one one eighty 27 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:30,679 Speaker 3: three or seven two cent us an SMS on three 28 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:33,920 Speaker 3: one seven o two. Share your experiences of when you 29 00:01:33,959 --> 00:01:37,000 Speaker 3: thought the thing was absolutely true, for certain, it couldn't 30 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 3: be challenged, the logic was solid, turned out that it wasn't. 31 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:43,559 Speaker 3: Send us a voice note I know seven two seven 32 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:46,960 Speaker 3: two one seven oh two joints always by our residents. 33 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 3: Clinical psychologist, doctor Corci, doctor Jannet, A very good morning too. 34 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:54,880 Speaker 1: Looks good morning, good morning to you too. 35 00:01:55,800 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 3: So we meet once again to ask thing difficult, confusing 36 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:05,000 Speaker 3: questions about what it means. 37 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 2: To be human? 38 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:08,680 Speaker 1: Right we rettl the cage. 39 00:02:08,880 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 2: Yes. 40 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,960 Speaker 3: So this week we're talking about the idea of certainty. 41 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 3: And it's interesting because the article you sad says it 42 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:20,679 Speaker 3: is the illusion of certainty. 43 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 2: It doesn't even qualt it the idea. 44 00:02:22,320 --> 00:02:26,520 Speaker 3: It is an illusion, which is it appears to be 45 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:29,960 Speaker 3: a real thing, but like an illusion. 46 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 2: It is not. 47 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:35,520 Speaker 1: It's the mirage on the road as you drive right. 48 00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 1: And I mean even I just found that just like 49 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 1: that really caught my attention, just that title, because I 50 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:46,800 Speaker 1: just it jerked me, you know, like I had to, Okay, 51 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:51,359 Speaker 1: let's give this a thing, you know, because it really 52 00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:56,080 Speaker 1: is shaking the brain or the way that we generally 53 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: process and try to make sense of the world. And 54 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:03,080 Speaker 1: so what's interesting, of course, is, you know, we always 55 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:07,600 Speaker 1: go to the evolutionary box and say nature does not 56 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 1: work against itself, nature does not waste. So what is 57 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:16,720 Speaker 1: this proclivity and why is it such an you know, 58 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,840 Speaker 1: an innate part of being human, so that there must 59 00:03:19,880 --> 00:03:24,000 Speaker 1: be some logic to this madness. And we and we 60 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:26,720 Speaker 1: go back and we and we look at primitive man. 61 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:34,320 Speaker 1: How have we been able to navigate uncertainty in the 62 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:38,600 Speaker 1: space that we are thrust into and have to not 63 00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: just exist but kind of eke out some form of 64 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: living right, And we have had to We use this 65 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 1: colloquially and we say, you must connect the dots. You 66 00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:54,600 Speaker 1: must connect the dots. And that's exactly what humans have 67 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 1: had to do and continue to have to do. And 68 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:03,640 Speaker 1: in connecting the dots, our survival depended on our ability 69 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:06,880 Speaker 1: to connect the dots. If the grass seems to be 70 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 1: moving in a certain way, you need to connect the 71 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:12,840 Speaker 1: dots because if you didn't, you know, you would find 72 00:04:12,880 --> 00:04:17,599 Speaker 1: yourself you could easily turn into fruit salad. So we've 73 00:04:17,680 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: had to kind of make that very quick connection, and 74 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: that's why we talk about the reptilian brain. That's the 75 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: reptilian brain that you know is the primary brain. That 76 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: is the brain that develops to ensure our survival. And 77 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: so in order to survive, you have to quickly connect 78 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:39,000 Speaker 1: the dots. And that's why we call it a knee 79 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:43,839 Speaker 1: jerk reaction, your fight, flight, freeze and phone. You know, 80 00:04:43,880 --> 00:04:46,920 Speaker 1: your knee jerk reaction, that's your instinct, that's your reflex, 81 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,280 Speaker 1: and that's what all of this comes from. 82 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:54,560 Speaker 3: So it's always interesting learning about the human brain because 83 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 3: part of the thing that kept us alive that kind 84 00:04:57,560 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 3: of helps us eventually become dominant specie kind of top 85 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:06,080 Speaker 3: of the future. We dominate both animals and you know, 86 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:09,000 Speaker 3: terrain is also the thing that's kind of made us 87 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:12,160 Speaker 3: a little bit not unhappy, but it's given. 88 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:13,479 Speaker 2: Us a lot of questions. Here's what I mean. 89 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:16,719 Speaker 3: So I did anthropology in vasity, and one of the 90 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 3: first things they teach you in anthro is part of 91 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 3: the thing that makes us special that a lot of 92 00:05:22,080 --> 00:05:25,680 Speaker 3: other mammals and animals don't have. If we have this 93 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:31,600 Speaker 3: really expensive brain that can reflect on itself and reflect 94 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:35,200 Speaker 3: on the world and create culture, so systems of meaning, 95 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:39,760 Speaker 3: systems of being, things around who we are. We now 96 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:45,479 Speaker 3: know other animals can also have complex systems, orcas elephants. Interestingly, 97 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:48,400 Speaker 3: these are matuallylineal societies, but we'll come back to that 98 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:52,479 Speaker 3: another day. So this brain of ours, this really great 99 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 3: brain of ours, helps us make sense of things. 100 00:05:55,440 --> 00:05:55,919 Speaker 2: Who am I? 101 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:58,520 Speaker 3: What is the meaning of life? How do I feel 102 00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:01,440 Speaker 3: about coci? How do I feel about the rain? Right 103 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:05,160 Speaker 3: kind of having us answer or ask all of these questions. 104 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,440 Speaker 3: But it also seems that in the same way the 105 00:06:08,480 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 3: brain is able to do that, and that is amazing 106 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 3: and it's allowed us to progress. It's also the thing 107 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:17,799 Speaker 3: that seems to stress us out. The brain cannot tolerate 108 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:19,840 Speaker 3: too many questions. 109 00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:22,440 Speaker 2: Yes, and so when there are too. 110 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:25,039 Speaker 3: Many questions or what people would call tabs, so you 111 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:27,600 Speaker 3: have all of these tabs open running in the background. 112 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:29,600 Speaker 2: The brain doesn't seem to like. 113 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:36,440 Speaker 3: That either, and so we go for shorthand available quick answers, 114 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:39,839 Speaker 3: those knee jerke yep things. Because while it is able 115 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:41,760 Speaker 3: to be quite complex and deep. 116 00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:44,160 Speaker 2: Too much of it is not good also. 117 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:47,320 Speaker 1: Yes, or system overload. Yeah, And I do want us 118 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: to make a point that you're saying. Will come back 119 00:06:49,839 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 1: to that at another time, because even the matrilineality of 120 00:06:55,000 --> 00:07:01,440 Speaker 1: society was about the expansiveness of being. And again, if 121 00:07:01,480 --> 00:07:08,240 Speaker 1: we look at it evolutionarily, the petrilineal brain is a 122 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:12,920 Speaker 1: very reductionist brain because if we look at the two species, 123 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 1: the male and female body, and how it is endowed. 124 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:21,680 Speaker 1: The male body, the physique of it was about being 125 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: the physicality and being able to read the threat and 126 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: being able to react to the threat, minimize, mitigate, protect 127 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:37,720 Speaker 1: right and be able to provide, you know, whereas the 128 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: matrilineal body is designed to handle vulnerability, to handle the 129 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:50,800 Speaker 1: capacity of the female body to bear another human being 130 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:54,120 Speaker 1: growing inside of it, not knowing what is going on, 131 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 1: when is it doing? What is that? And the other 132 00:07:57,280 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: when this incent is born, it doesn't talk, So the 133 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 1: female brain has to figure out what does it need? 134 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,440 Speaker 1: What does it There's so much complexity in that, right, 135 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,480 Speaker 1: And so we can see in these two you know, 136 00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:16,600 Speaker 1: forms of body of human bodies that were meant to 137 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: serve a complimentary and have a complemental relationship in the 138 00:08:21,760 --> 00:08:25,080 Speaker 1: advancement in the survival of the species. But what we 139 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:30,040 Speaker 1: have seen is that the patrilineal brain is the brain 140 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,640 Speaker 1: that lives on the illusion of certainty, like it needs 141 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:37,040 Speaker 1: to reduce things. That's why, you know, we'll see women 142 00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: will often say, you know, I'm not asking for a solution. 143 00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:43,320 Speaker 1: Men want to solve the problem because the brain wants to, 144 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:47,560 Speaker 1: you know, minimize things so that there's action to take. 145 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 1: Whereas the female brain can sit with so many things 146 00:08:51,679 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: and that's why we do so many things multipas can 147 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:58,040 Speaker 1: it can handle more complexity. And it is in that 148 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:02,960 Speaker 1: that the patrilineal brain has overtaken and that's why societies 149 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: have shifted from matrilineal. To your point that you are making, 150 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:09,160 Speaker 1: and it's a very beautiful point, and so I'm saying 151 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:12,439 Speaker 1: it is actually an integral part of this discussion and 152 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:16,720 Speaker 1: not one to be shelved. So yeah, that's the illusion 153 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:20,920 Speaker 1: of certainty that we have moved and reduced the tabs 154 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: so that there is no ability, there's controllability, there's some 155 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: way in which we can manage what is happening in life. 156 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:34,000 Speaker 1: And unfortunately, again it is about finding the sweet spot, 157 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:38,760 Speaker 1: and we seem to rather tend to toggle in that 158 00:09:38,840 --> 00:09:44,160 Speaker 1: patrilineality of the brain. We tend to toggle between polarities 159 00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: because then we swing from one end to the other 160 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: end of the pendulum. It's much more complex to sit 161 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:57,319 Speaker 1: with the end rather than all of things. 162 00:09:57,600 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 2: Right. 163 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:02,360 Speaker 3: So an interesting contribution from Nanny on what app says, 164 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 3: good morning girds. I think there is certainty, but not 165 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 3: necessarily permanent. We often forget that people and circumstances change, 166 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:18,160 Speaker 3: which I think that's a fascinating texture. Right, So the 167 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:22,560 Speaker 3: idea that you can be sure of things, but that 168 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:24,079 Speaker 3: the thing can change. 169 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:26,280 Speaker 2: So, for instance, you work a job. 170 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:29,880 Speaker 3: You've worked at that job for five years, ten years, 171 00:10:29,920 --> 00:10:32,760 Speaker 3: twenty years, as many of us experienced in twenty twenty, 172 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 3: suddenly that job is gone. So you were certain, you 173 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 3: were absolutely certain, you absolutely had that job, and then 174 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 3: it all changed. And because that changed, other things changed 175 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 3: as well. Suddenly you were behind on your mortgage repayment, 176 00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:51,000 Speaker 3: or you were behind on school fees. 177 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:53,559 Speaker 2: So things that were certain. 178 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:58,240 Speaker 1: Suddenly are not necessarily permanent. That's just such. Yes, that's 179 00:10:58,240 --> 00:11:00,920 Speaker 1: such a This is a conversation have with people in 180 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: United I do corporate training sessions, and this conversation invariably 181 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:09,800 Speaker 1: comes up. It happened just Thursday Friday as a running 182 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:13,280 Speaker 1: a session with UNISA, and there's a whole conversation about 183 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: being permanent or having a contract position. And I ask 184 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:22,680 Speaker 1: people which job is permanent? There's no such thing. And 185 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:26,640 Speaker 1: it is again this illusion of certainty. There is no 186 00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 1: such thing. And I often will say, just because you 187 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:32,280 Speaker 1: were given a letter of appointment and it had the 188 00:11:32,320 --> 00:11:36,640 Speaker 1: words pe r, that is certain that those words were 189 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:39,079 Speaker 1: there in the letter of appointment, But it does not 190 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:42,920 Speaker 1: mean that the job itself is permanent, right. 191 00:11:43,640 --> 00:11:46,960 Speaker 3: And so then how does this also, I just manifest 192 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:54,840 Speaker 3: in our fear of change. So our brain likes certain things. 193 00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:57,120 Speaker 3: Our brain is not designed to make us happy. It's 194 00:11:57,120 --> 00:11:59,840 Speaker 3: meant to keep us alive. And I remember a couple 195 00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:03,160 Speaker 3: of weeks ago you were saying the brain works with facts, 196 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:07,160 Speaker 3: not concepts. And so sometimes it is a fact that 197 00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:11,640 Speaker 3: I'm in this marriage, and that is a comforting fact. However, 198 00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:15,120 Speaker 3: should that marriage fall apart for whatever reason, things changed, 199 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:20,600 Speaker 3: Relationships change, circumstances change. People often struggle to then move. 200 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 3: There's a book called Who Move My Cheese? And it's 201 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 3: about these mice who figure who all respond differently to 202 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 3: cheese being moved. So your cheese has moved, and some 203 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:33,240 Speaker 3: people struggle to move with the cheese because is it 204 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:37,640 Speaker 3: our brains then that are holding onto well, this is true, 205 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 3: this was our truth, This was our north star. We 206 00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:43,959 Speaker 3: could rely on this, This was it was irrefutable, it 207 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:48,160 Speaker 3: was undisputed. And now all of that is gone. And 208 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 3: so our brains struggle with that because also now they 209 00:12:52,440 --> 00:12:54,440 Speaker 3: have to deal with a new concept as opposed to 210 00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:57,800 Speaker 3: the fact of this thing, even. 211 00:12:58,360 --> 00:13:01,680 Speaker 1: The new concept being, even the concept of self. Who 212 00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:05,120 Speaker 1: am I? Now now that this thing is gone? Right? 213 00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:09,600 Speaker 1: And it doesn't help that. Of course, part of marriage 214 00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,560 Speaker 1: is those vowels that say until death to us? Part 215 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:15,320 Speaker 1: what does that tell us? It tells us this is 216 00:13:15,440 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 1: now taking care of Tick. You're riding into the sunset 217 00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:21,840 Speaker 1: of life. This is how your life is gonna go. 218 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:25,640 Speaker 1: And of course, and I've always asked this question. The 219 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:31,120 Speaker 1: question we don't ask is the death of what The 220 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: assumption is the death of the two human beings, the 221 00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:37,480 Speaker 1: physical death of the two human beings. But as we know, 222 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:42,160 Speaker 1: and we see this all the time, that death happens 223 00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: long before the death in many instances, it happens long 224 00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 1: before the death of the two people, because it is 225 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:50,680 Speaker 1: the death of what brought us together. That is the 226 00:13:50,760 --> 00:13:54,160 Speaker 1: death right. But we assume and it gives us a 227 00:13:54,160 --> 00:13:57,760 Speaker 1: sense of certainty. So the need for certainty, it confers 228 00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,400 Speaker 1: no ability, right. It says, we know how we're gonna 229 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,640 Speaker 1: plan this thing, so we've got a handle on it. 230 00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:07,920 Speaker 1: We know how to control, we can plan around it. 231 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:12,480 Speaker 1: And that's why the default setting is to look for that. 232 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:17,520 Speaker 1: It's because the basic brain is the reptilian brain that 233 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:22,000 Speaker 1: needs to know. It needs concrete information it is and 234 00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 1: it is whired in a certain way that it serves 235 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:27,960 Speaker 1: the purpose for which it is designed, which is to 236 00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 1: keep us alive. And so we need to know is 237 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:34,480 Speaker 1: this car coming at me or not? And it needs 238 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:36,840 Speaker 1: to be black or white, yes or no it's not. 239 00:14:36,920 --> 00:14:39,760 Speaker 1: We don't have the luxury of saying, well, i'll see, 240 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:43,240 Speaker 1: maybe it will miss me a little, or you know. 241 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 1: We need to know for sure, and that is why 242 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:48,920 Speaker 1: we talk about the knee jerk reaction. The reflexes instinct 243 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: tells us fight slight freeze phone quickly because your survival 244 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:59,000 Speaker 1: depends on that. And when that is taken away, let's 245 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:01,560 Speaker 1: go back to the interest. So that's the first brain 246 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:07,200 Speaker 1: that gets laid in the human body. And then there's 247 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 1: what we get an upgrade of the mammalian brain. That's 248 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:17,160 Speaker 1: superstructure that sits above. So we evolve, even just physiologically, 249 00:15:17,400 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: we evolve from the basic infrastructure into a more sophisticated infrastructure, 250 00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:26,040 Speaker 1: that infrastructure that has the prefrontal cortex that gives us 251 00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:30,680 Speaker 1: that ability to stand outside of ourselves and to be 252 00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:33,880 Speaker 1: able to reflect on who we are, to ask those complex, 253 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:37,680 Speaker 1: open ended questions. Where the world can be abstract, we 254 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 1: can create, we can envision things that don't exist, which 255 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,720 Speaker 1: has allowed human beings to be in the world that 256 00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:48,160 Speaker 1: we have created. I mean, we were talking just recently 257 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: about AI. What the hell is this thing that we 258 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 1: are inventing? And it is that brain. And so there's 259 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:59,640 Speaker 1: really that complexity. It gives us complexity, and so it 260 00:15:59,760 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 1: is the dance between these two brains. And once we 261 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: we look from the mammalian brain perspective, it gives us complexity. 262 00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:18,280 Speaker 1: It confers a world that has mutually inclusive concepts and 263 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:22,960 Speaker 1: things that coexist, which makes it more complicated and therefore 264 00:16:23,280 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: it burns more fuel. It takes a lot from us 265 00:16:27,120 --> 00:16:32,360 Speaker 1: to sit with and juggle all these dynamics all at 266 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:36,040 Speaker 1: once and have to still survive while we are also 267 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 1: navigating this complexity. And so you can see the burden 268 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:42,240 Speaker 1: that it places on the system. And that is why 269 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:46,600 Speaker 1: the kind of the default bias is a reductionism. And 270 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:50,040 Speaker 1: and and yet we also live in a world that 271 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: we have complexified, and so it kind of we have 272 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:56,840 Speaker 1: to sit and and and sit with this this this 273 00:16:57,280 --> 00:17:01,120 Speaker 1: rub against these dynamics that are all happening ones because 274 00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,800 Speaker 1: guess what the conspiracy talked about, what is it to 275 00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:07,879 Speaker 1: be human? You have both these two brains sitting in 276 00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:11,040 Speaker 1: the same skull, all operating at the same time. So 277 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:14,840 Speaker 1: which one is coming to handle which situation in any moment? 278 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:19,040 Speaker 1: The default setting says, in that crucial moment, get certainty 279 00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:23,760 Speaker 1: about this. And getting certainty is about going into the 280 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:26,320 Speaker 1: reptilian brain that wants to know is it black of white? 281 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 1: Is it me or you? Those yes, no, very concrete 282 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:32,240 Speaker 1: level reasoning. And yet it may be the very downfall 283 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:36,800 Speaker 1: of us in handling complexity because that brain does not 284 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,040 Speaker 1: have the capacity operates on one g. It doesn't have 285 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:43,080 Speaker 1: the capacity to handle complexity and we live in a 286 00:17:43,119 --> 00:17:43,879 Speaker 1: complex world. 287 00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:48,000 Speaker 3: And so then even as we seek out I guess 288 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:51,480 Speaker 3: that kind of neat box, right, I'm looking for certainty. 289 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:54,440 Speaker 3: It must be neat, it must be easily accessible. That 290 00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:57,640 Speaker 3: mentalized shouldn't use a lot of brain power. I don't 291 00:17:57,680 --> 00:18:02,119 Speaker 3: want lots of open tabs. Doesn't mean necessarily that what 292 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:05,399 Speaker 3: we know, what we believe or know to be certain, 293 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:09,399 Speaker 3: is the truth. An example, there are people who, in 294 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 3: their heart of hearts believe the earth is flat. That 295 00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:14,880 Speaker 3: is a certainty for them, It is a truth for them. 296 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:18,000 Speaker 3: It helps them sleep at night that the earth is 297 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:19,200 Speaker 3: a disc it is flat. 298 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:19,640 Speaker 1: Right. 299 00:18:20,119 --> 00:18:23,320 Speaker 3: And so just because the thing is a certainty and 300 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:25,840 Speaker 3: your brain has said, okay, this is for us, this 301 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:28,400 Speaker 3: is a certainty, this is a truth, it doesn't mean 302 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 3: it is true. And so you must also kind of 303 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 3: interrogate that as well. The things I believe to be certain, 304 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,200 Speaker 3: the things I believe to be true about myself, about 305 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 3: other people, about the earth, right, are they. 306 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:45,639 Speaker 1: My truth may not be sexually truth yeah, truthful? 307 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 2: Yeah? Yeah, And so even that is and for us. 308 00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,639 Speaker 1: To do that, it means we have to second guess ourselves. 309 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, you need to think about why do I believe 310 00:18:56,359 --> 00:18:57,119 Speaker 3: that to be true. 311 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:01,639 Speaker 1: Yes, yeah, which is as long as you know And 312 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:05,040 Speaker 1: here's the big word, googs believe as long as you 313 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:09,560 Speaker 1: know that it is your belief. But we very easily 314 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:14,280 Speaker 1: turned belief into a fact. And here's another you know trick. 315 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:18,360 Speaker 1: I often't say this in training. The fact is that 316 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: gooks told me that you said this, that and the other. 317 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:24,439 Speaker 1: That is a fact, right, But what gooks told me 318 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: may not be a fact. And we often get those 319 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:27,040 Speaker 1: of them. 320 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 2: Mm hmmm, yes, yep, because. 321 00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:35,960 Speaker 1: That's my truth. May not be because even as. 322 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:38,760 Speaker 3: We're listening, right, it is tempered by kind of what 323 00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 3: we're feeling at the time. 324 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:42,280 Speaker 2: Say you message me on what sepp. 325 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:44,639 Speaker 3: You send me a message saying hey, but because you 326 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:46,679 Speaker 3: didn't use a full stop, I suddenly saying, ah, it's 327 00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:49,119 Speaker 3: cause he upset with me. Cause he's upset with me. 328 00:19:49,359 --> 00:19:50,679 Speaker 3: Why is Cosy upset with me? 329 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:51,600 Speaker 2: Oh? 330 00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:54,200 Speaker 3: It was that thing from two years ago. But that's 331 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:58,520 Speaker 3: probably not happening. It's just because as I'm reading your message, 332 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:03,880 Speaker 3: like all of my feelings, my biases, my experiences are 333 00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:07,680 Speaker 3: connecting the dots, yes, even if the dots aren't actually 334 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:09,640 Speaker 3: they you just said hey. 335 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:15,520 Speaker 1: Yes, because you know, we make it make sense. That's 336 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:20,320 Speaker 1: the coherence, right, coherence based reasoning. We want things to cohere, 337 00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 1: to belong together, to make sense for us. And that 338 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:29,160 Speaker 1: is why the word remember it's to remember, which is 339 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:33,480 Speaker 1: to put together what belongs together. So we will make 340 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: it make sense because otherwise what are we going to 341 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:41,159 Speaker 1: do about it? Unknowability means there's uncertainty, and therefore we 342 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,600 Speaker 1: creates anxiety in the system, and so what we want 343 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:48,520 Speaker 1: is to reduce that so that there's homeostasis in the system. 344 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:52,960 Speaker 1: And therefore we will kind of force squares into circles 345 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:58,679 Speaker 1: because that gives coherence rather than you know, what's the 346 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: opposite of incoherence. There's another word. We'll get to that. 347 00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:06,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, So a message here from a d in the 348 00:21:06,119 --> 00:21:09,960 Speaker 3: East End. She says, I'm loving this conversation. Happier Sunday 349 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:12,760 Speaker 3: Googs and doctor COSSI. I think for me it is 350 00:21:12,840 --> 00:21:15,000 Speaker 3: all thanks to my own experiences, which have taught me 351 00:21:15,359 --> 00:21:18,080 Speaker 3: to detach myself as far as possible from people and 352 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 3: from things to bring it into the picture. Back then, 353 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:24,159 Speaker 3: I'd never thought when I got into my beautiful wedding 354 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 3: gown that I'd be divorced four years afterwards that when 355 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,560 Speaker 3: I would go to such extra miles to push boundaries, 356 00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:34,800 Speaker 3: work extra hours, support even colleagues I did not have 357 00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 3: to but wanted to, that some of those people would 358 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:42,000 Speaker 3: contribute to me losing my job. That's someone I took 359 00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:45,840 Speaker 3: as my sister because we started on the same day 360 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:48,199 Speaker 3: in a new role in a new environment in her 361 00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:51,320 Speaker 3: foreign town. That that person turned out to be my 362 00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:54,960 Speaker 3: enemy later. Perhaps there are other examples I could give, 363 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,800 Speaker 3: but for me, I always say that these things have 364 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:01,680 Speaker 3: been a big blessing on my front. I don't easily 365 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:06,119 Speaker 3: shake panic or losing people or someone not showing me loyalty. 366 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:09,600 Speaker 3: I in turn, have learned the art of not attaching 367 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:12,800 Speaker 3: myself to people or a job, almost as if they 368 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,240 Speaker 3: prepared me to face anything at any time. That's a 369 00:22:16,280 --> 00:22:19,720 Speaker 3: message from dmazmand Ooh. 370 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:23,640 Speaker 1: D that is deep. That is deep, and that at 371 00:22:23,680 --> 00:22:27,640 Speaker 1: the heart of that is the principle of detached attachments. 372 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:32,959 Speaker 2: That thing, hold it will happen to you. 373 00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:39,760 Speaker 1: Yes, yeah, hold it, hold it likely and no, it 374 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:46,000 Speaker 1: is just one of the possible permeations of variables in life. 375 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:49,360 Speaker 1: If it is this today, it doesn't mean it will 376 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:54,440 Speaker 1: be that tomorrow. And this is what you know, marriage 377 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:57,119 Speaker 1: seeks to take away, if we look at it socially 378 00:22:57,640 --> 00:23:01,720 Speaker 1: from human beings, a sense of eye belong to my, 379 00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,960 Speaker 1: that possessive pronoun of my says, this is how things 380 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:11,119 Speaker 1: are going to be. And we have created a sense 381 00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:16,000 Speaker 1: of a narrative in society that says, this is the 382 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:18,639 Speaker 1: conveyor belt, and this is how things go, this is 383 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:22,440 Speaker 1: how this traffic moves. And you know, and when your 384 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:26,840 Speaker 1: aunt in that stream, society kind of says, hey, what's 385 00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:29,240 Speaker 1: wrong with you? You know, just tow the line. This 386 00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:32,520 Speaker 1: is how we do things here. And if you don't, 387 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,159 Speaker 1: you kind of choose to stand outside. You know, you 388 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:38,239 Speaker 1: get the social frown. What's wrong with you? Why? How 389 00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: come you don't have children? Why are you not married? 390 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 2: What? 391 00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:46,919 Speaker 1: There's always a thou shout in society and in a sense, 392 00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:52,439 Speaker 1: and this is why, controversially I say marriage has outlived 393 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:58,320 Speaker 1: its usefulness. Marriage as a contract has outlived its usefulness. 394 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:00,840 Speaker 1: And this is just my pedestrian spark at it and 395 00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:06,360 Speaker 1: kidd it. My argument is that marriage was the DNA 396 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:10,640 Speaker 1: of the time because marriage said, if you see this 397 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:13,800 Speaker 1: person and that person, they belong together. So if you 398 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:16,679 Speaker 1: see a little one that comes out of this house. 399 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:19,880 Speaker 1: They are the two people that created this little one. 400 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:23,159 Speaker 1: And so what happens. This is how we're going to 401 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:25,960 Speaker 1: order society. Let this one marry this one, and we 402 00:24:26,119 --> 00:24:28,840 Speaker 1: know where they are, we know what's going on, who 403 00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:32,160 Speaker 1: belongs where, who is under which roof, there's some sort 404 00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:36,879 Speaker 1: of order in society. Again, you see that illusion of certainty, 405 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:41,760 Speaker 1: because we know we find out in human records so 406 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:45,359 Speaker 1: so many times millennially, even in the Bible, that so 407 00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:47,639 Speaker 1: and so didn't quite belong to so and so. But 408 00:24:47,760 --> 00:24:51,440 Speaker 1: we wanted a frame that keeps us with some sort 409 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:54,639 Speaker 1: of knowing coherence as opposed to the word I was 410 00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:59,600 Speaker 1: looking for the dissonance, right, and now like why do 411 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,600 Speaker 1: you need that? There is DNA now where you can 412 00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:05,679 Speaker 1: establish who belongs, who's the gin pool of whom and 413 00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:09,640 Speaker 1: so on. We can clear that up. And hence I'm saying, so, yeah, 414 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:12,840 Speaker 1: so why do we need marriage except for me? If 415 00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:15,760 Speaker 1: we're talking about marriage, for example, if we are talking 416 00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:20,240 Speaker 1: about a marriage of minds, a coming together of minds, 417 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,760 Speaker 1: a coherence of mind and spirit and all those sorts 418 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:28,000 Speaker 1: of things. Again, coherence, which is a correlation, not a 419 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:32,159 Speaker 1: causal relationship. That says because of this. The certainty is 420 00:25:32,160 --> 00:25:35,000 Speaker 1: that this is how things will become. It just says, 421 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: this is who we are today and this is what 422 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:41,800 Speaker 1: we like. We enjoy this company, and we think that 423 00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:44,920 Speaker 1: we will want to spend more and more time together. 424 00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:49,480 Speaker 1: What that may become, we don't know. We will walk 425 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,840 Speaker 1: that road. We build that road as we walk it, 426 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,560 Speaker 1: and that it's a lot of uncertainty. It creates panic 427 00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:58,600 Speaker 1: for people, and people don't want that. People tell me 428 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:01,399 Speaker 1: and so that I can know how this thing's gonna 429 00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:01,919 Speaker 1: play out. 430 00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:07,119 Speaker 3: Right, Hm, I feel like we've just started this conversation 431 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:07,879 Speaker 3: we have. 432 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:10,320 Speaker 1: I mean, gooks, have you seen this new show called 433 00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: what a What of the Age Of? On Netflix? This 434 00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,200 Speaker 1: is these relationships where the new love is blind kind 435 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:19,639 Speaker 1: of thing. What's it called Age of? 436 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:21,040 Speaker 2: I've not seen it? 437 00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:25,440 Speaker 1: Oh you must? You must say the date like like yes, 438 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:27,879 Speaker 1: like love is blind. They date, but they don't know 439 00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:31,200 Speaker 1: each other's ages, and then they like each other. Yes, 440 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:33,159 Speaker 1: they choose they like each other, and then they go 441 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:35,679 Speaker 1: into what they call a commitment room. And only in 442 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:37,560 Speaker 1: the commitment room when they have agreed they want to 443 00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:41,080 Speaker 1: commit they then reveal their ages and find out one 444 00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:43,320 Speaker 1: is double. The Age of the other and what's going 445 00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:43,760 Speaker 1: to happen? 446 00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:43,919 Speaker 3: Now? 447 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:46,119 Speaker 1: What does this all mean? You have to watch it? 448 00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:51,960 Speaker 3: Okay, I'm honest, yep, I'm adding it to my list. 449 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 3: Always a great place chatting to you. Thank you so 450 00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:56,000 Speaker 3: much for your time. 451 00:26:56,760 --> 00:26:59,080 Speaker 1: Fun, fun, fun, Thank you so much. 452 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:02,440 Speaker 3: That's our residents psychologist, doctor corci Gian. If there's a 453 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,160 Speaker 3: topic you'd like for us to discuss, send it through 454 00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:07,320 Speaker 3: to us on googs at seven o two dotio dot today. 455 00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:10,240 Speaker 3: That's g ugs at seven o two dot TiO dot today. 456 00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:13,280 Speaker 3: Coming up, we speak to Spontane Shabalala. He's the leader 457 00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:16,520 Speaker 3: of Lady Smith Black Mambasa. Also speak to Mussocosa. He 458 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:20,800 Speaker 3: is a cultural thinker and a musician. He is along 459 00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:25,080 Speaker 3: with doctor Dudouzo Makartini. They are featured on the new 460 00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:30,320 Speaker 3: Ladysmith Black Mambasa album titled One Voice, One World. So 461 00:27:30,359 --> 00:27:33,040 Speaker 3: we'll speak to them about the album and also play 462 00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:35,520 Speaker 3: the lead single from that album as well. But first, 463 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:38,240 Speaker 3: it's twenty four minutes before ten o'clock. Let's checking with 464 00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:40,960 Speaker 3: your latest out Witness News Sport with title Malodo