1 00:00:06,415 --> 00:00:13,375 Speaker 1: You're listing tea a Mumma mea podcast. Hey, I'm Taylor 2 00:00:13,455 --> 00:00:17,095 Speaker 1: Strano from Mummama's twice daily news podcast, The Quickie with 3 00:00:17,175 --> 00:00:21,935 Speaker 1: Your Headlines. For Thursday, January eighth, the country continues to 4 00:00:21,975 --> 00:00:25,175 Speaker 1: breaks as the most intense heat wave forecast in six 5 00:00:25,255 --> 00:00:28,855 Speaker 1: years hits across Australia, while total firebands remain in place 6 00:00:28,895 --> 00:00:32,575 Speaker 1: for many regions, The entire northern part of Victoria, South 7 00:00:32,574 --> 00:00:35,534 Speaker 1: Australia's Mid North Region and the Southern River Arena in 8 00:00:35,574 --> 00:00:38,855 Speaker 1: New South Wales are all included in the ban. Properties 9 00:00:38,894 --> 00:00:41,735 Speaker 1: have been lost to an emergency level bushfire as crews 10 00:00:41,735 --> 00:00:45,695 Speaker 1: scramble to contain the blaze ahead of catastrophic fire conditions. 11 00:00:46,815 --> 00:00:49,735 Speaker 1: Two emergency warnings remain in place for a blaze burning 12 00:00:49,735 --> 00:00:52,854 Speaker 1: at Longwood in northern Victoria, with residents told to leave 13 00:00:52,894 --> 00:00:57,495 Speaker 1: immediately before conditions become too dangerous. South Australians will continue 14 00:00:57,535 --> 00:01:00,295 Speaker 1: to endure scorching temperatures that could peak in the high 15 00:01:00,295 --> 00:01:03,654 Speaker 1: forties in parts of the state on Thursday, after sweltering 16 00:01:03,695 --> 00:01:07,215 Speaker 1: in forty degree heat the day prior. Victoria also faces 17 00:01:07,255 --> 00:01:10,135 Speaker 1: fire dangers in the upper end of extreme on Friday. 18 00:01:10,495 --> 00:01:12,815 Speaker 1: The heat is set to move into the Act and 19 00:01:13,015 --> 00:01:16,095 Speaker 1: New South Wales from Thursday through to the weekend, with 20 00:01:16,175 --> 00:01:19,255 Speaker 1: the national capital expected to peak at thirty eight degrees 21 00:01:19,295 --> 00:01:22,935 Speaker 1: on Thursday and Friday. Greg Mullins is the former Commissioner 22 00:01:22,975 --> 00:01:25,575 Speaker 1: of Fire and Rescue New South Wales and a founding 23 00:01:25,575 --> 00:01:28,655 Speaker 1: member of the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action. He says 24 00:01:28,775 --> 00:01:32,255 Speaker 1: it's getting harder to predict when catastrophic weather events will occur. 25 00:01:32,655 --> 00:01:36,095 Speaker 2: We used to be able to pretty accurately predict when 26 00:01:36,095 --> 00:01:39,175 Speaker 2: we'd be having a bad fire season, and from the 27 00:01:39,215 --> 00:01:42,175 Speaker 2: mid nineties it just became harder and harder because weather 28 00:01:42,215 --> 00:01:46,295 Speaker 2: patterns changed. It was getting hotter, drier, the fire seasons 29 00:01:46,335 --> 00:01:49,695 Speaker 2: were longer, and the return period of very bad fire 30 00:01:49,695 --> 00:01:52,935 Speaker 2: seasons was shorter. Fire seasons were about ten years apart, 31 00:01:53,055 --> 00:01:55,935 Speaker 2: so we had fires in nineteen fifty seven, sixty eight, 32 00:01:56,055 --> 00:01:58,975 Speaker 2: seventy seven, ninety four, and then they were back again 33 00:01:59,055 --> 00:02:01,615 Speaker 2: in two thousand and one, two thousand and two, two 34 00:02:01,615 --> 00:02:06,895 Speaker 2: thousand and six, thirteen, twenty nineteen, so almost harved or 35 00:02:06,975 --> 00:02:11,334 Speaker 2: doubled in in frequency. This is happening across the world, 36 00:02:12,055 --> 00:02:17,015 Speaker 2: but it's really difficult. So this year the fire outlook 37 00:02:17,255 --> 00:02:20,455 Speaker 2: by the Bierau of Meteorology and Fire Services for Spring 38 00:02:20,615 --> 00:02:24,055 Speaker 2: said it's going to be wet and average or below 39 00:02:24,095 --> 00:02:28,055 Speaker 2: average fire risk. Something strange happened above Antarctic. We had 40 00:02:28,055 --> 00:02:33,255 Speaker 2: a sudden stratospheric warming event that unleashed westerly winds onto 41 00:02:33,295 --> 00:02:36,375 Speaker 2: the Australian continent and it kept all the moisture from 42 00:02:36,375 --> 00:02:39,255 Speaker 2: the hot oceans off the land, so there were no 43 00:02:39,335 --> 00:02:42,095 Speaker 2: clouds and no rains, so all of a sudden we 44 00:02:42,175 --> 00:02:46,975 Speaker 2: dried out. We're getting property lost fires, So the weather's 45 00:02:47,735 --> 00:02:50,815 Speaker 2: like it's on steroids, and that's the warming effect of 46 00:02:50,855 --> 00:02:54,175 Speaker 2: climate change from the burning of coal, oil and gas. 47 00:02:54,295 --> 00:02:57,655 Speaker 2: So that's the villain of the piece. It's the one 48 00:02:57,895 --> 00:03:01,294 Speaker 2: we really need to take action on quickly. 49 00:03:01,815 --> 00:03:04,655 Speaker 1: We see a lot of the impacts when things like 50 00:03:04,695 --> 00:03:09,215 Speaker 1: bushfires bret people living remotely or rurally even regionally are 51 00:03:09,255 --> 00:03:12,375 Speaker 1: told to evacuate. That's where we see a lot of homes, last, 52 00:03:12,415 --> 00:03:16,335 Speaker 1: lot of destruction to wildlife and unfortunately some lives lost 53 00:03:16,375 --> 00:03:19,775 Speaker 1: as well. But what about for people living more in 54 00:03:19,815 --> 00:03:24,135 Speaker 1: the urban settings. How to massive severe heat waves and 55 00:03:24,295 --> 00:03:26,775 Speaker 1: fires like that impact those people. 56 00:03:27,415 --> 00:03:30,855 Speaker 2: The wake up call is people who live in suburbia 57 00:03:30,895 --> 00:03:34,294 Speaker 2: who think they're not affected by fire need to think again, 58 00:03:34,935 --> 00:03:37,415 Speaker 2: and you just need to go one year back to 59 00:03:37,535 --> 00:03:40,775 Speaker 2: Los Angeles January the seventh, the middle of their winter. 60 00:03:41,055 --> 00:03:45,015 Speaker 2: They had an extreme wind event after their worst drought 61 00:03:45,015 --> 00:03:49,535 Speaker 2: on record and sixteen thousand buildings were destroyed. So we 62 00:03:49,735 --> 00:03:53,855 Speaker 2: being emergency leaders for climate action, thirty eight former foreign 63 00:03:53,855 --> 00:03:57,495 Speaker 2: emergency chiefs representing every fire service in Australia and the 64 00:03:57,575 --> 00:04:03,975 Speaker 2: Climate Council analyzed Australian capital cities and all the factors 65 00:04:04,095 --> 00:04:08,415 Speaker 2: are there for a atastrophic event like Los Angeles. We're 66 00:04:08,415 --> 00:04:11,255 Speaker 2: not trying to scare people. We're trying to give a 67 00:04:11,335 --> 00:04:13,935 Speaker 2: wake up call to governments to do the things that 68 00:04:14,055 --> 00:04:18,534 Speaker 2: need to be done on climate on supporting investment in 69 00:04:18,615 --> 00:04:22,655 Speaker 2: foreign emergency services, national parks, forestry agencies so they can 70 00:04:22,815 --> 00:04:26,854 Speaker 2: manage the land and fire risk, but also retrofitting homes 71 00:04:27,215 --> 00:04:31,135 Speaker 2: to meet fire standards and doing a whole lot of 72 00:04:31,175 --> 00:04:36,854 Speaker 2: preventative and disaster risk reduction initiatives that approve and to 73 00:04:36,895 --> 00:04:39,935 Speaker 2: save lives and save homes. This weather is a wake 74 00:04:40,015 --> 00:04:43,295 Speaker 2: up call. I'm sure there'll be properties lost in coming 75 00:04:43,375 --> 00:04:46,215 Speaker 2: days and I feel for the families. I've been there 76 00:04:46,215 --> 00:04:49,214 Speaker 2: with them over the years and it's not something you 77 00:04:49,295 --> 00:04:52,775 Speaker 2: shake off. You never forget that it affects fire fighters 78 00:04:52,855 --> 00:04:55,895 Speaker 2: and other people badly. Seeing those people lose loved ones, 79 00:04:56,015 --> 00:04:59,535 Speaker 2: lose their homes, their memories. Be safe, take action now, 80 00:04:59,735 --> 00:05:02,095 Speaker 2: listen to your fire services because this is real. 81 00:05:03,495 --> 00:05:06,215 Speaker 1: Before Sydney siders feel the brunt of the forty two 82 00:05:06,335 --> 00:05:09,735 Speaker 1: degree peak on Saturday, people with asthma or other respiratory 83 00:05:09,735 --> 00:05:13,175 Speaker 1: conditions are being worn to avoid out or exercise as 84 00:05:13,175 --> 00:05:15,775 Speaker 1: the heat wave is expected to cause poor air quality 85 00:05:15,895 --> 00:05:19,255 Speaker 1: in the city, southwest and Northwest. Ollie j is a 86 00:05:19,255 --> 00:05:22,495 Speaker 1: professor of heat and health at University of Sydney. He's 87 00:05:22,575 --> 00:05:25,854 Speaker 1: identified kick changes from the body caused by extreme heat. 88 00:05:26,295 --> 00:05:28,775 Speaker 3: There's three main things that happen. You can get heat 89 00:05:28,775 --> 00:05:32,055 Speaker 3: exhaustion or heat stroke. Very briefly, that's when your internal 90 00:05:32,095 --> 00:05:36,414 Speaker 3: body temperature increases to a critical level above forty degrees celsius. 91 00:05:36,975 --> 00:05:38,854 Speaker 3: What really happens inside the body at that point is 92 00:05:38,855 --> 00:05:41,175 Speaker 3: you have endotoxins that start leaking out of the gut 93 00:05:41,215 --> 00:05:43,415 Speaker 3: into the blood and it sets off a cascade of 94 00:05:43,455 --> 00:05:47,575 Speaker 3: effects that can be fatal. That severe heat stroke. You 95 00:05:47,615 --> 00:05:50,615 Speaker 3: have cartive ascler strain that is generated when you're exposed 96 00:05:50,655 --> 00:05:52,615 Speaker 3: to the heat. So basically your heart has to do 97 00:05:52,735 --> 00:05:55,895 Speaker 3: more work to keep cool. That's normally okay for most people, 98 00:05:55,935 --> 00:05:59,095 Speaker 3: but if you've got an underlying cardiovascular disease, heart disease, 99 00:05:59,455 --> 00:06:02,375 Speaker 3: that can bring about a heart attack. And then if 100 00:06:02,375 --> 00:06:06,295 Speaker 3: you've got something wrong with your kidneys, the progressive dehydration 101 00:06:06,415 --> 00:06:08,695 Speaker 3: that occurs because we sweat a lot, it's quite difficult 102 00:06:08,695 --> 00:06:12,255 Speaker 3: to replace all those sweat sweat losses with fluids that 103 00:06:12,295 --> 00:06:14,094 Speaker 3: can place extra strain on the kidney. So if you 104 00:06:14,095 --> 00:06:16,655 Speaker 3: have an underlying kidney disease, you can run into trouble 105 00:06:16,695 --> 00:06:17,015 Speaker 3: as well. 106 00:06:17,335 --> 00:06:20,175 Speaker 1: Okay, So people will be looking for ways to cool 107 00:06:20,215 --> 00:06:22,615 Speaker 1: off across the next couple of days. That might be 108 00:06:23,055 --> 00:06:27,055 Speaker 1: seeking some cold water, maybe going for a dip in 109 00:06:27,095 --> 00:06:29,414 Speaker 1: the ocean, and if they do, they're obviously advised to 110 00:06:29,415 --> 00:06:32,255 Speaker 1: be sun safe. What about for folks who are taking 111 00:06:32,335 --> 00:06:35,735 Speaker 1: the option of sticking themselves at home though maybe drawing 112 00:06:35,775 --> 00:06:39,015 Speaker 1: the blinds, is the air con or a fan going 113 00:06:39,055 --> 00:06:41,015 Speaker 1: to be more effective in those regards. 114 00:06:41,375 --> 00:06:44,214 Speaker 3: So one of the things that we've been investigating and 115 00:06:44,255 --> 00:06:47,655 Speaker 3: advocating for is something called a fan first cooling strategy. 116 00:06:47,775 --> 00:06:50,974 Speaker 3: This is where you're basically increasing the cooling power of 117 00:06:50,975 --> 00:06:53,135 Speaker 3: the air that you're exposed to. So if you use 118 00:06:53,135 --> 00:06:55,935 Speaker 3: a fan first, you're blowing air across the skin. It 119 00:06:55,975 --> 00:06:58,615 Speaker 3: makes that air cool you at a more efficient rate. 120 00:06:58,975 --> 00:07:00,815 Speaker 3: So basically, what it means is that you can set 121 00:07:00,855 --> 00:07:03,775 Speaker 3: the air conditioner to turn on at a higher internal. 122 00:07:05,055 --> 00:07:05,415 Speaker 2: Room time. 123 00:07:06,135 --> 00:07:08,295 Speaker 3: So instead of it turning on at twenty two degrees celsis, 124 00:07:08,415 --> 00:07:10,175 Speaker 3: can turn on to cool let's say twenty six or 125 00:07:10,175 --> 00:07:12,935 Speaker 3: even twenty seven degrees celsis because you're cooling the body 126 00:07:12,935 --> 00:07:15,655 Speaker 3: of via process what we call is convection by with 127 00:07:15,695 --> 00:07:18,055 Speaker 3: this with its fan use. What this means is that 128 00:07:18,095 --> 00:07:19,735 Speaker 3: you actually feel just as cool as you would be 129 00:07:19,775 --> 00:07:22,015 Speaker 3: with the air conditioner set at twenty two without using 130 00:07:22,015 --> 00:07:24,215 Speaker 3: the fan. And what this means ultimately is that your 131 00:07:24,255 --> 00:07:26,535 Speaker 3: air conditioner is turning on later in the day, it's 132 00:07:26,615 --> 00:07:29,975 Speaker 3: turning off earlier in the evening, it's not working as 133 00:07:29,975 --> 00:07:32,655 Speaker 3: hard throughout the day, and it saves you an awful 134 00:07:32,695 --> 00:07:36,295 Speaker 3: lot of money and electricity. So we've did a modeling 135 00:07:36,335 --> 00:07:39,415 Speaker 3: study where we estimate that in an Australian context, across 136 00:07:39,535 --> 00:07:42,895 Speaker 3: a typical summer, this fan first cooling strategy will save 137 00:07:42,935 --> 00:07:46,175 Speaker 3: you about seventy percent on your electricity bill for cooling. 138 00:07:46,535 --> 00:07:48,855 Speaker 3: And it's also really good for the environment as well. 139 00:07:48,895 --> 00:07:51,095 Speaker 1: And what about for people who don't have an air conditioner. 140 00:07:51,095 --> 00:07:52,935 Speaker 1: I'm thinking of a lot of my friends out there 141 00:07:52,935 --> 00:07:53,735 Speaker 1: who are renters. 142 00:07:54,135 --> 00:07:56,335 Speaker 3: So if you don't have an air conditioner, we can 143 00:07:56,415 --> 00:08:00,095 Speaker 3: use the typical household fan. So fans cool you by 144 00:08:00,095 --> 00:08:02,575 Speaker 3: blowing cooler air than you across the body, and then 145 00:08:02,615 --> 00:08:05,855 Speaker 3: it calls your process by convection. If you sweat as well, 146 00:08:05,855 --> 00:08:08,295 Speaker 3: it helps us sweats evaporate as well. But what we've 147 00:08:08,335 --> 00:08:11,495 Speaker 3: seen through laboratory studies that we've conducted is that we've 148 00:08:11,535 --> 00:08:14,775 Speaker 3: observed at above about forty degrees celsius, what we see 149 00:08:14,815 --> 00:08:17,655 Speaker 3: is the fans stop being beneficial and they actually start 150 00:08:17,655 --> 00:08:20,055 Speaker 3: being detrimental. And what I mean by detrimental is they 151 00:08:20,055 --> 00:08:21,975 Speaker 3: actually heat you up at a faster rate than if 152 00:08:22,015 --> 00:08:23,575 Speaker 3: you weren't using them. One of the things that you 153 00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:26,095 Speaker 3: can do is take water and apply it to the 154 00:08:26,135 --> 00:08:28,175 Speaker 3: skin surface. So if you think about the way in 155 00:08:28,175 --> 00:08:30,855 Speaker 3: which we physiologically keep cool, we sweat, but it's the 156 00:08:30,895 --> 00:08:33,415 Speaker 3: evaporation of that sweat that cools us down. If you 157 00:08:33,454 --> 00:08:35,615 Speaker 3: take water and apply it to the skin surface and 158 00:08:35,615 --> 00:08:39,575 Speaker 3: that subsequently evaporates, that ends up being very beneficial. 159 00:08:39,815 --> 00:08:42,695 Speaker 1: What about our four legged friends out there. Obviously, when 160 00:08:42,695 --> 00:08:46,975 Speaker 1: we hit really extreme heat, people are concerned about young 161 00:08:47,015 --> 00:08:49,335 Speaker 1: people in their family, older people in their family, But 162 00:08:49,375 --> 00:08:50,295 Speaker 1: what about our pits. 163 00:08:50,615 --> 00:08:52,575 Speaker 3: One thing we know about animals is that they're really 164 00:08:52,575 --> 00:08:56,775 Speaker 3: good at behaviorally thermoregulating, so they're really effective at seeking 165 00:08:56,775 --> 00:08:59,574 Speaker 3: out those cold surfaces. So if you can leave strategic 166 00:08:59,655 --> 00:09:03,135 Speaker 3: cold surfaces around their house, they'll find them, they'll use 167 00:09:03,175 --> 00:09:05,815 Speaker 3: them to cool and when they stop being helpful, they'll 168 00:09:05,815 --> 00:09:08,175 Speaker 3: move on to the next space. That's a much better 169 00:09:08,335 --> 00:09:13,095 Speaker 3: approach than just leaving air conditioning running all day every day, 170 00:09:13,135 --> 00:09:16,375 Speaker 3: even when the humans are not home. The pets can 171 00:09:16,455 --> 00:09:20,295 Speaker 3: really benefit from these cold surfaces. Obviously, providing ice cubes 172 00:09:20,335 --> 00:09:22,495 Speaker 3: in water bowls and things like that, all of this 173 00:09:22,535 --> 00:09:23,734 Speaker 3: is going to be very beneficial. 174 00:09:24,775 --> 00:09:27,455 Speaker 1: A former High Court judge could lead a national Royal 175 00:09:27,455 --> 00:09:31,175 Speaker 1: commission into the Bondai Beach massacre, as the opposition voices 176 00:09:31,215 --> 00:09:35,415 Speaker 1: their desire frey Trio of Commissioners. After previously rejecting calls 177 00:09:35,415 --> 00:09:38,735 Speaker 1: for such an inquiry, Prime Minister Anthony Albanesi has softened 178 00:09:38,735 --> 00:09:41,855 Speaker 1: his position on a royal commission into the December fourteen 179 00:09:42,015 --> 00:09:44,934 Speaker 1: terrorist attack, when fifteen people were killed and more than 180 00:09:44,975 --> 00:09:48,335 Speaker 1: forty injured, but his potential pick to lead the probe 181 00:09:48,455 --> 00:09:52,575 Speaker 1: is already proving controversial amongst some Jewish Australians, despite no 182 00:09:52,655 --> 00:09:56,455 Speaker 1: decision being formally announced. EX High Court Judge Virginia Bell 183 00:09:56,735 --> 00:09:59,455 Speaker 1: is one expert being considered to run the Royal Commission, 184 00:09:59,735 --> 00:10:02,855 Speaker 1: although Federal Court Judge Michael Lee and former Chief Justice 185 00:10:02,935 --> 00:10:06,454 Speaker 1: James Alsop are also in the frame. Ex Liberal Treasurer 186 00:10:06,535 --> 00:10:09,375 Speaker 1: Josh Friedenburg blasted the push for Miss Bell to run 187 00:10:09,415 --> 00:10:12,735 Speaker 1: the probe, suggesting she would not have the community support. 188 00:10:13,215 --> 00:10:17,055 Speaker 1: Posting on x Freedenburg said it was unthinkable the Prime 189 00:10:17,054 --> 00:10:20,215 Speaker 1: Minister would choose a commissioner that didn't have total confidence 190 00:10:20,215 --> 00:10:24,775 Speaker 1: in the Jewish community. Opposition frontbencher John o'duniam also expressed 191 00:10:24,775 --> 00:10:27,855 Speaker 1: concern about Miss Bell, saying a trio of commissioners would 192 00:10:27,855 --> 00:10:30,415 Speaker 1: be better plates to lead the probe. But for as 193 00:10:30,455 --> 00:10:33,975 Speaker 1: much criticism about Miss Bell's potential appointment, there has also 194 00:10:34,015 --> 00:10:37,694 Speaker 1: been praise. United Nations Special Rappertoire on Human Rights Bend 195 00:10:37,815 --> 00:10:41,415 Speaker 1: Soul says it's time to stop politicizing any Bondai inquiry 196 00:10:41,775 --> 00:10:45,694 Speaker 1: and that Bell is highly regarded fair and impartial. As 197 00:10:45,735 --> 00:10:48,455 Speaker 1: the government thrashes out how a probe will run. Legal 198 00:10:48,495 --> 00:10:51,415 Speaker 1: experts say a royal commission into New Zealand's worst mass 199 00:10:51,455 --> 00:10:55,415 Speaker 1: shooting could provide a blueprint. Law Council president Tania Wolf 200 00:10:55,455 --> 00:10:58,335 Speaker 1: says the New Zealand Royal commission into the twenty nineteen 201 00:10:58,455 --> 00:11:02,215 Speaker 1: christ Church Mosque terrorist attack, when fifty one people were killed, 202 00:11:02,455 --> 00:11:05,095 Speaker 1: could be used as an example to ensure the criminal 203 00:11:05,135 --> 00:11:09,255 Speaker 1: case in Australia. He isn't compromised, and US Secretary of 204 00:11:09,295 --> 00:11:12,775 Speaker 1: State Marco Rubio says he'll meet with Danish officials next week. 205 00:11:12,855 --> 00:11:16,055 Speaker 1: Following US President Donald Trump's stated designs for the United 206 00:11:16,054 --> 00:11:19,615 Speaker 1: States to gain control of Greenland. A US military raid 207 00:11:19,655 --> 00:11:23,655 Speaker 1: on Caracas on Saturday that captured Venezuelan President Nicholas Maduro 208 00:11:23,935 --> 00:11:27,815 Speaker 1: has rekindled worries in Denmark and among its European allies 209 00:11:27,855 --> 00:11:32,655 Speaker 1: that Greenland and autonomous Danish territory might face a similar scenario. 210 00:11:33,054 --> 00:11:36,175 Speaker 1: The White House said on Tuesday Trump was discussing options 211 00:11:36,215 --> 00:11:40,975 Speaker 1: for acquiring the strategic Arctic island despite European objections. Rubio 212 00:11:41,054 --> 00:11:44,054 Speaker 1: says plans for the US to buy Greenland have always 213 00:11:44,054 --> 00:11:47,694 Speaker 1: been the president's intent. Trump has framed its acquisition as 214 00:11:47,735 --> 00:11:51,015 Speaker 1: part of a growing strategic contest in the Arctic involving 215 00:11:51,054 --> 00:11:53,975 Speaker 1: powers such as China and Russia, as well as a 216 00:11:53,975 --> 00:11:58,015 Speaker 1: way to secure access to critical minerals. That's your evening 217 00:11:58,054 --> 00:12:00,935 Speaker 1: news headlines. For more news updates, speak sure you're following 218 00:12:00,935 --> 00:12:04,375 Speaker 1: The Quickie in your favorite podcast app. For regular episodes 219 00:12:04,375 --> 00:12:12,694 Speaker 1: of The Quickie return day January twelve. Mumma Mea acknowledges 220 00:12:12,735 --> 00:12:15,574 Speaker 1: the traditional owners of land and waters that this podcast 221 00:12:15,615 --> 00:12:16,295 Speaker 1: is recorded on.