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Speaker 1: You're listening to a Muma Mia podcast. Mamma Mea acknowledges

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Speaker 1: the traditional owners of land and waters that this podcast

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Speaker 1: is recorded on.

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Speaker 2: Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Claire Murphy. This is Muma MIA's daily news podcast,

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Speaker 1: The Quickie. What's the bin situation at your place? Do

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Speaker 1: you have the three standard red rubbish, yellow recycling and

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Speaker 1: green waistebins? The red ones picked up weekly, the other's

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Speaker 1: fortnightly or do you have a purple or blue bin

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Speaker 1: too or a bench top food waste option? Around the country,

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Speaker 1: different councils are doing what they can to cut back

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Speaker 1: on landfill. But what is the most environmentally friendly option

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Speaker 1: as opposed to the best for the council's bottom line?

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Speaker 1: And what are the dos and dogs of what can

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Speaker 1: be put in what bin? And does that actually impact

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Speaker 1: whether it goes to be recycled or not. Before we

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Speaker 1: delve into big bin etiquette, here's the latest from the

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Speaker 1: Cookie newsroom. Friday, June seven, Ozzies are concerned about how

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Speaker 1: artificial intelligence will play a role at a lection time,

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Speaker 1: one in five wanting the use of AI to be

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Speaker 1: banned from being used to create election advertising. The Future

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Speaker 1: of Trust Survey report was released by tech giant Adobe.

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Speaker 1: The study showing most responders were finding it increasingly difficult

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Speaker 1: to identify misinformation, and almost one in three had decreased

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Speaker 1: their use of social media to avoid being deceived by it.

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Speaker 1: The report's release follows the Australian Electoral Commission warning that

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Speaker 1: the body doesn't have any laws or tools to address

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Speaker 1: AI misinformation at the next federal election. Eighty one percent

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Speaker 1: of those who responded wanted it to be made clearer

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Speaker 1: whether the content had been generated using AI tools. With

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Speaker 1: AI created election material including deep fake videos, recorded messages

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Speaker 1: mimicking candidates voices, and chatbots giving misinformation de voters already

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Speaker 1: identified as being used in elections in the US, Pakistan, Indonesia,

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Speaker 1: South Korea and across Europe. The jury considering the case

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Speaker 1: against the man accused of murdering schoolgirl Charlie's Mutton in

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Speaker 1: the New South Wwads Blue Mountains is now out for deliberation.

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Speaker 1: Justin Stein has pleaded not guilty to murdering the nine

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Speaker 1: year old in January twenty twenty two, claiming it was

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Speaker 1: her mother, Callista Mutton, who pulled the trigger, making him

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Speaker 1: just an accomplice who later dumped the body in a

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Speaker 1: barrel near a river in panic when he realized what

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Speaker 1: was in the back of his ute. Justice Wilson said

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Speaker 1: that the issue is not how Charli's died, it's who

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Speaker 1: pulled the trigger. Callista Muttin has denied any involvement in

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Speaker 1: her daughter's death and broke down in tears when confronted

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Speaker 1: with the accusation while on the stand. If the jury

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Speaker 1: is unable to reach a verdict today, Tuesday will be

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Speaker 1: the next opportunity for Stein to learn his fate, with

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Speaker 1: New South Wales one of several states acknowledging the King's

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Speaker 1: birthday long weekend and Israeli airstrike at a school in

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Speaker 1: central Gaza has killed more than thirty people, Israel claiming

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Speaker 1: the building had an embedded harmusk compound. The school, which

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Speaker 1: is currently being run by the United Nations Agency for

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Speaker 1: Palestinian Refugees, was sheltering Palestinians who'd fled the Israeli bombard

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Speaker 1: of northern Gaza. Among the dead are twenty three women

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Speaker 1: and children. Israel claims they took steps, including aerial surveillance

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Speaker 1: and additional intelligence gathering before the strike to reduce the

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Speaker 1: risk of harming uninvolved civilians, saying many Hamas fighters had

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Speaker 1: also been killed. British TV doctor and journalist Michael Moseley

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Speaker 1: is missing on the Greek island of Simi. Moseley, who

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Speaker 1: starred in SBS's Australia's Health Revolution and Australia's Sleep Revolution,

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Speaker 1: as well as many British productions including Who Made Britain

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Speaker 1: Fat and Trust Me I'm a Doctor, set off for

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Speaker 1: a hike on Wednesday, his wife reporting him missing a

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Speaker 1: few hours later. Drones and a police dog are being

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Speaker 1: used to search the rocky island, which is only around

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Speaker 1: sixteen kilometers long and home to just two thy five

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Speaker 1: hundred people. A helicopter will also be brought in to

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Speaker 1: assist in the search.

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Speaker 2: That's the latest news headlines.

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Speaker 1: Next, We're getting in the Bin to find out why

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Speaker 1: some councils are three binned, some four or five and

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Speaker 1: whether what we're doing in sorting out all that garbage.

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Speaker 2: Is actually making a difference.

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Speaker 1: Since humans have gathered in communities, how they deal with

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Speaker 1: waste management has been an issue throughout history. Communities have

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Speaker 1: changed and evolved how they deal with their refuse. For example,

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Speaker 1: back in thirteen eighty eight, the English Parliament banned the

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Speaker 1: dumping of waste in ditches. In sixteen fifty seven in

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Speaker 1: New Amsterdam, the place we now call Manhattan, they passed

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Speaker 1: the first anti littering laws, and between eighteen seventy two

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Speaker 1: and nineteen thirty two a city in Massachusetts used pigs

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Speaker 1: to eat their way through rubbish, eight thousand swine, consuming

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Speaker 1: over ten tons of garbage a day. The first recorded

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Speaker 1: landfill was all the way back in ancient Greece around

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Speaker 1: three thousand BC, where a large hole was dug and

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Speaker 1: rubbish thrown in to be covered over. And while it's

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Speaker 1: not the most sustainable method of disposing of our waste,

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Speaker 1: it's still used across the globe, including here in Australia,

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Speaker 1: with around twenty million tons of rubbish making its way

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Speaker 1: into landfill across the country each year. For many years,

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Speaker 1: some communities burned their rubbish, but incinerators release poisonous gases

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Speaker 1: and pollutants into the atmosphere and decreases local air quality.

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Speaker 1: Australia stopped doing this in the middle of the twentieth century.

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Speaker 1: Composting has been around for a very long time. Tablets

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Speaker 1: from the Akkadian Empire of around two three hundred and

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Speaker 1: fifty BC described how they made compost for agricultural use.

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Speaker 1: Now many councils give each house a bench top food

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Speaker 1: waste bin to later put into the green bin so

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Speaker 1: it can be composted. Recycling is a newer concept, introduced

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Speaker 1: to Australian curb side collection in the nineteen eighties and nineties,

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Speaker 1: along with the modern wheely bin, which arrived in nineteen

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Speaker 1: eighty two to replace the old mantle bins or bags

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Speaker 1: left on the pavement. While recycling breaks rubbish down into

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Speaker 1: components that can be reused in production, rather than dig

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Speaker 1: up or cut down the raw materials to do so,

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Speaker 1: many ossies are concerned that the effort they're putting into

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Speaker 1: separating their rubbish from their recycling is being done in vain,

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Speaker 1: especially when we're told that when a load is contaminated

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Speaker 1: by things that shouldn't be in there, the whole thing

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Speaker 1: just gets sent to landfill anyway. The National Waste Report

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Speaker 1: from twenty twenty three actually shows that sixty three percent

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Speaker 1: of Australia's waste is recovered and used again. But Germany

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Speaker 1: are the star performers when it comes to recycling. Their

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Speaker 1: strict policies and penalties for those companies whose packaging is

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Speaker 1: not recyclable, means more than seventy percent of their waist

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Speaker 1: is reused. While Ossie households used to have just the

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Speaker 1: one bin, the lineup of wheelybins at some homes is expanding.

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Speaker 1: Jennifer had one bin up to the nineteen nineties before

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Speaker 1: they converted that bigger round bin into recycling and gave

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Speaker 1: her a smaller, square red lid bin for rubbish.

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Speaker 3: We are also have a third bin for green waste,

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Speaker 3: which I wish was picked up more often.

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Speaker 4: It's often either overflowing and our food scraps end up

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Speaker 4: in the rubbish or our garden looks.

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Speaker 3: Like a mess.

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Speaker 1: Kate has the three standard red rubbish, yellow, recycling and

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Speaker 1: green waistbins, but her council recently added a fourth.

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Speaker 4: We have a purple bin for glass only that gets

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Speaker 4: picked up fortnightly, but we never fill this one, and

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Speaker 4: we also have no room to store all of these bins.

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Speaker 1: Live has four bins too, but her fourth is not

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Speaker 1: a purple glass bin.

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Speaker 4: We have red, yellow, green, and blue, but I desperately

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Speaker 4: need a more frequent blue paper products recycling pickup. It's

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Speaker 4: currently fortnightly, but we buy almost everything online. Now, and

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Speaker 4: there's only so many Santa Slaves my daughter can make

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Speaker 4: out of used boxes.

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Speaker 1: And Talia has gone one better with five bins.

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Speaker 3: We have an extra morone colored small bin in our

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Speaker 3: area for food scraps, so that's five bins in total.

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Speaker 3: I have no idea how often it gets picked up,

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Speaker 3: but that's the beauty of living in an apartment block

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Speaker 3: where it's all managed by someone else.

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Speaker 1: So do all these bins make a difference? And what

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Speaker 1: is the ultimate solution for us to minimize landfill and

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Speaker 1: recycle our waste.

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Speaker 2: Better than we do now?

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Speaker 1: William Clark is a professor of waste management at the

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Speaker 1: University of Queensland. Will do you think there's a council

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Speaker 1: out there that has gotten the whole bin situation right?

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Speaker 5: I think the separation of waste really for recycling that is,

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Speaker 5: depends on the material recovery facilities that are in place

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Speaker 5: and the capacity of those facilities to separate materials. So

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Speaker 5: a common material recovery facility in Australia is one that

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Speaker 5: takes plastic containers, glass containers, paper and cardboard and cans

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Speaker 5: and can separate those materials quite easily. But for example,

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Speaker 5: soft plastics is more problematic for a lot of facilities

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Speaker 5: that in some places in Australia they're now accepting bags

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Speaker 5: of soft plastic, so the degree of separation at the

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Speaker 5: curbside really depends on those but generally you get cleaner

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Speaker 5: products the more separation you have at source.

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Speaker 1: There is a little rumor going around, and I don't

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Speaker 1: know how true this is, but the word on the

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Speaker 1: street is if a recycling truck receives contaminated goods from

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Speaker 1: your recycling bin, So if you put a bag of

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Speaker 1: rubbish in there, for example, when you absolutely shouldn't, the

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Speaker 1: rumor is that that entire truck ends up having to

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Speaker 1: go to landfill.

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Speaker 2: Is their truth to that?

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Speaker 5: I don't think there's truth to that, but certainly if

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Speaker 5: someone puts, for example, a lot of organic material in

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Speaker 5: a bin and the operator of the truck is not

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Speaker 5: to know that there's organic material going into their recycling truck,

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Speaker 5: that contamination might have some attrition in their recyclable so

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Speaker 5: they might not be separated as easily. But obviously recycling

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Speaker 5: is damaged by contamination going into a bin, materials that

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Speaker 5: can't be recycled and going to the so it can

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Speaker 5: then just finish up in landfill anyway, and an extra

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Speaker 5: cost and expense for the material recovery facility.

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Speaker 1: What we've seen a lot of councils do in recent

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Speaker 1: years is downsize the size of the bin, taking waste

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Speaker 1: to landfill and introducing other factors like a food waste

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Speaker 1: bin that's kind of kept on your kitchen benchtop that

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Speaker 1: then can go in the green waste bin. Is that

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Speaker 1: actually better for the environment. I mean they have to

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Speaker 1: now give out extra plastic bins that are created somewhere. Obviously,

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Speaker 1: green waste then gets picked up more often, so there's

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Speaker 1: another truck that comes out more often, and then of

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Speaker 1: course you've got that going to composting, which is actually

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Speaker 1: really good for the environment, but is putting our food

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Speaker 1: scraps into green waste rather than landfill good for the environment.

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Speaker 5: I'm very confident that separating food waste and having the

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Speaker 5: so called food organics Garden organics collection FOGO collection is

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Speaker 5: a good thing because it reduces dramatically the greenhouse emissions

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Speaker 5: from landfill and the green waste when it's composted. Australia

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Speaker 5: is very deficient in organic carbon and soil, so it

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Speaker 5: is a valuable organic source for Australian agriculture, and it's

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Speaker 5: also possible, of course to produce bioenergy from that source

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Speaker 5: separator of material. So I think keeping organics out of

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Speaker 5: landfill is universally agreed to be a good thing.

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Speaker 1: Science is helping us mitigate pollutants that come out of landfill,

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Speaker 1: including greenhouse gases. But we've been doing landfill for a really,

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Speaker 1: really long time here in Australia. Now, just how much

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Speaker 1: damage is landfill still causing to the environment in twenty

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Speaker 1: twenty four.

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Speaker 5: Well, how to quantify that damage? Perhaps one figure we

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Speaker 5: could put on it is that, for example, the waste

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Speaker 5: sector in Australia produces about two percent of Australia's total

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Speaker 5: green scace emissions. So on that measure you could say

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Speaker 5: that that is significant and we should try and reduce

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Speaker 5: those emissions. But landfall, you must keep in perspective. We

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Speaker 5: have the damage that would otherwise occur without landfills would

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Speaker 5: be significant. So it's absolutely agreed upon that we need

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Speaker 5: to reduce the waste that we produce, and that landfills

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Speaker 5: do have certainly localized impact and global impact through me

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Speaker 5: daan emissions.

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Speaker 1: We know that Germany does pretty well where it comes

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Speaker 1: to waste management. And I've also just watched a TikTok

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Speaker 1: video of someone explaining how they separate waste in Japan,

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Speaker 1: which has about twenty different sections and sub sections, which

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Speaker 1: requires some education to get correct.

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Speaker 2: But are there countries who are actually handling their waste best?

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Speaker 1: Who are they, what are they doing and should we

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Speaker 1: be aiming for similar.

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Speaker 5: I think Australia we get a bit of a bad

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Speaker 5: wrap when it comes to waste. But per capita reduction

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Speaker 5: of waste with municipal solid waste, that is curb side waste,

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Speaker 5: Australia is like any outluent country, including Europe. You know,

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Speaker 5: we produce about each of us six to seven hundred

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Speaker 5: kilograms of waste per year and the question is what

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Speaker 5: happens to that waste and how much of it's recycled.

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Speaker 5: One of the big differences between Australia and Europe where,

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Speaker 5: for example, no organic waste goes into landfill in Northern

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Speaker 5: European countries. Well, that's because they incinerate, so there's no

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Speaker 5: fresh organic material going into landfills in places like Germany

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Speaker 5: and Scandinavia and northern European countries. But as I say,

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Speaker 5: that's because they incinerate. So how do we compare well.

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Speaker 5: I agree with the point that there's more elaborate source

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Speaker 5: separation in Europe because, for example, most European countries have

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Speaker 5: a range of treatment facilities anaerobic digestion, compostem as I

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Speaker 5: say incineration. For example, they might separate dry organics from

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Speaker 5: west organics, and typically have separation of glass from plastic,

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Speaker 5: from paper and cardboard. But quite often in those situations

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Speaker 5: the collection bins are community then, so people don't have

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Speaker 5: their own binds at their doorstep, and a lot of

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Speaker 5: European cities, of course, people are living in apartments in

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Speaker 5: more thens environments in cities and they'll typically have shared bins.

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Speaker 5: I think in Australia we produce far too much waste,

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Speaker 5: but if we compare ourselves with countries of equivalent affluents,

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Speaker 5: we produce about the same amount. So it's very difficult

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Speaker 5: for us to worldwide globally reduce our waste given that

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Speaker 5: we have a certain GDP.

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Speaker 1: So is the best advice for us here in Australia

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Speaker 1: is just be diligent with separating our waste the best

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Speaker 1: that we can with the resource that we have available

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Speaker 1: to us.

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Speaker 5: Yes, the best thing we can do is not to

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Speaker 5: produce waste in the first place. You know, think care

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Speaker 5: lee when we purchase food, to purchase what we need,

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Speaker 5: to avoid packaging wherever possible, to be careful about what

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Speaker 5: we put in the recycling bind and there in most councils,

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Speaker 5: I'll have instructions in an app that will tell you

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Speaker 5: what can go into the recycling bin and what can't.

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Speaker 5: And just going back to a point about food organics

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Speaker 5: and garden organics collection, I do hope that does roll

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Speaker 5: out because it really is an easy solution. So food organics,

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Speaker 5: for example, can be put into a kitchen tidy as

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Speaker 5: you were saying, and put into the green bent. So

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Speaker 5: I think separate the organics, pay attention to what can

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Speaker 5: go into the recycling bend, and try and reduce the

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Speaker 5: amount of waste that's produced in the first place.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for spending some time fitting your mind with us today. Friends,

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Speaker 1: don't forget to put your bins out. The Cookie is

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Speaker 1: produced by me Claire Murphy and our executive producer Cali Rental,

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Speaker 1: with audio production by Tom one Mo