WEBVTT - The fake orphans trafficked to Australia

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<v Speaker 1>From Schwartz Media. I'm Daniel James. This is seven AM.

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<v Speaker 1>Thousands of children from South Korea have been adopted by

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<v Speaker 1>Australian families over decades. In many cases, these children were

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<v Speaker 1>raised to believe they were orphans, and their adopted families

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<v Speaker 1>believed they were doing something loving and selfless by giving

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<v Speaker 1>them a home. But a much more sinister truth has

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<v Speaker 1>been laid bare by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in

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<v Speaker 1>South Korea. Today. Associate editor for The Saturday Paper, Martin

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<v Speaker 1>Mackenzie Murray on the trafficking of fake orphans and whether

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<v Speaker 1>Australia is finally ready to confront its part in the trade.

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<v Speaker 1>It's Wednesday, May twenty one. Mary. I want to start

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<v Speaker 1>by asking about every union that happened in Seoul back

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<v Speaker 1>in twenty ten in that room.

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<v Speaker 2>I have to be a little careful about divulging the

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<v Speaker 2>details because it's a very personal and sensitive issue to

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<v Speaker 2>this person. This person's our young woman, and there were

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<v Speaker 2>South Korean adoptee from the now scandalized Eastern Social Welfare

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<v Speaker 2>Society was the name of the adoption agency, and like

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<v Speaker 2>many of these adoptees, this woman had grown up in

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<v Speaker 2>Australian suburbia with an entirely invented biography. Those inventions were several,

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<v Speaker 2>but probably the most profound one was that she grew

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<v Speaker 2>up believing that she was an orphan. And so the

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<v Speaker 2>reunion is very far from a fairy tale, because, for one,

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<v Speaker 2>the young woman was reuniting with a mother she thought

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<v Speaker 2>was dead, and the mother on her side, she had

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<v Speaker 2>no idea that her daughter had been adopted out to Australia.

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<v Speaker 2>She was denied that bit of information was lied to

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<v Speaker 2>about it. So you have this meeting which is filled

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<v Speaker 2>with extended family, and neither party has mutual language, so

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<v Speaker 2>it's broken haltingly by a translator, which is insufficient to

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<v Speaker 2>get across the various confusions, and this sudden kind of

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<v Speaker 2>disclosure and unpackaging of all these liars that they had

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<v Speaker 2>believed for so many years. And so then they went

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<v Speaker 2>in their separate ways, and in fact they have not

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<v Speaker 2>seen each other since. And it's not a story that

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<v Speaker 2>we would typically, I think, concentrate or emphasize upon in

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<v Speaker 2>the media when we talk about adoption reunions. We like

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<v Speaker 2>those stories of the research and the happy outcome.

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<v Speaker 1>So how did it come to be that her entire

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<v Speaker 1>background was fabricated as an adoptee.

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<v Speaker 2>So from a few years ago there was a petition

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<v Speaker 2>in South Korea to submit Eastern Social Welfare Society the

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<v Speaker 2>adoption agency to investigation. For decades, South Korea has been

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<v Speaker 2>the largest exporter of children via intercountry adoption that peaked

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<v Speaker 2>in the middle of the nineteen eighties, and the Eastern

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<v Speaker 2>Adoption Agency was the largest in South Korea. And stories

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<v Speaker 2>started coming out as people were encountering discrepancies in their

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<v Speaker 2>own stories. You know, their adoption documents might comprise two pages,

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<v Speaker 2>really scant stuff, and it turns out upon scrutiny, filled

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<v Speaker 2>with lies and fabrications. So there were these discrepancies that

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<v Speaker 2>the children now adults wanted to unravel and in doing

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<v Speaker 2>so unraveled really quite sickening, repugnant abuses by this adoption agency.

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<v Speaker 3>South Korea's Truth and Reconciliation Commission has announced the preliminary

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<v Speaker 3>results of a year's long investigation into overseas adoption involving

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<v Speaker 3>an estimated one hundred and fifty thousand babies over decades.

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<v Speaker 2>In twenty twenty two, South Korea's Truth and Reconciliation Commission

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<v Speaker 2>turned its attention to these adoption malpractices. It found that

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<v Speaker 2>in a lot of cases, adopted children were declared as

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<v Speaker 2>orphans when in fact they were simply the children of

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<v Speaker 2>mothers that had been coerced into relinquishing their child. It

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<v Speaker 2>had found that the agency had facilitated huge numbers of

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<v Speaker 2>adoptions with very little procedural oversight, and it found that

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<v Speaker 2>a lot of information of these children had been lost

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<v Speaker 2>either through negligence or lost cynically, or that the biographical

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<v Speaker 2>data of these adopted children had been entirely falsified or fabricated.

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<v Speaker 1>Can you tell me about the story of Samara Kim?

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<v Speaker 1>Another South Korean adoptee that you spoke to.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, she was another adoptee of the Eastern Adoption Agency.

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<v Speaker 2>She's also an academic that specializes in intercountry adoption practices.

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<v Speaker 2>She's authored several papers on this and is currently a

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<v Speaker 2>PhD candidate in it. She grew up believing she was

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<v Speaker 2>an orphan. She possessed a scant biography, as contained in

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<v Speaker 2>her adoption documents, but beyond this, the little biography she

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<v Speaker 2>had was in itself fabricated. She wasn't an orphan, and

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<v Speaker 2>in trying to get answers she said, when she realized

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<v Speaker 2>that so much of what she knew of her past

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<v Speaker 2>and the conditions of her adoption were invented through gross

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<v Speaker 2>negligence or even criminality, she now suffers this existential crisis.

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<v Speaker 2>I think she described it as like a jigsaw puzzle

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<v Speaker 2>which was never complete anyway, but the few pieces she

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<v Speaker 2>had for it she suddenly lost.

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<v Speaker 1>And Samara's doing a PhD on international adoption, as you said,

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<v Speaker 1>so what does she have to say about what's driving this?

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<v Speaker 2>Several things were driving it, and sort of depends on

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<v Speaker 2>which decade we're looking at.

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<v Speaker 3>South Korean adoption began with mixed race and other orphans

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<v Speaker 3>following the nineteen fifty to fifty three Korean War, in

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<v Speaker 3>part to Korean favor with allies, especially the US.

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<v Speaker 2>South Korea isn't unique in this, but after the Korean

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<v Speaker 2>War there was a increase in biracial babies born of

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<v Speaker 2>US soldiers, for instance. There was a kind of a

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<v Speaker 2>cultural suspicion of such babies. It invited embarrassment upon families

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<v Speaker 2>because it was seen to be kind of diluting kinship,

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<v Speaker 2>diluting strong Korean bloodlines. And I felt like there was

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<v Speaker 2>an appropriate analogy with the Irish Magdalene laundries. So in

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<v Speaker 2>South Korea, similarly to Ireland, we experienced it here in

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<v Speaker 2>Australia as well, to a lesser extent, was unwed mothers

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<v Speaker 2>or single mothers being ostracized, being considered sinful or spiritually corrupt,

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<v Speaker 2>and embarrassed or shamed or coerced into relinquishing their children.

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<v Speaker 2>And those children that were taken from their mothers, these

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<v Speaker 2>children are now given often falsified documentation and entirely invented pasts.

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<v Speaker 4>So the fundamental cause of such a variety of occurrences

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<v Speaker 4>is that the state has turned a blind eye to

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<v Speaker 4>the continuous occurrence of these illegal and unlawful acts over

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<v Speaker 4>the decades, has not implemented any mechanism to control them.

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<v Speaker 2>As time moved on into country adoption simply became incredibly profitable.

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<v Speaker 2>I was hesitant last week speaking to all these adoptees

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<v Speaker 2>to use this kind of bloodless phrase of supply and demand.

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<v Speaker 2>But there are two sides of inter country adoption. There's

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<v Speaker 2>the sending country and the receiving country, and there have

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<v Speaker 2>to be kind of cultural and political conditions to receive

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<v Speaker 2>children from other cultures. So Samara's contention is that what

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<v Speaker 2>drove a lot of Western adoption in Australian adoption was

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<v Speaker 2>a sense of kind of cultural superiority, and she felt

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<v Speaker 2>it laundered explicitly or often implicitly, a certain form of colonialism.

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<v Speaker 2>And I think it's still true today that the word

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<v Speaker 2>adoption is sort of haloed by ideas of benevolence.

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<v Speaker 3>Advocates say human rights abuses also need to be addressed

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<v Speaker 3>by the countries to which Korean adoptees were sent.

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<v Speaker 2>So a sense of Western superiority and even kind of

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<v Speaker 2>saviorism played a part in a process that was in fact,

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<v Speaker 2>in some cases not adoption but really human trafficking.

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<v Speaker 1>After the break, how the Australian governments promised to investigate

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<v Speaker 1>fall short.

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<v Speaker 3>Mari.

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<v Speaker 1>Australia has adopted a lot of children from South Korea,

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<v Speaker 1>which is currently confronting the fraud and abuse that has

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<v Speaker 1>been part of that industry there. But you mentioned that

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<v Speaker 1>this goes beyond South Carea, so tell us about some

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<v Speaker 1>of the other countries Australians have adopted from.

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<v Speaker 2>Plenty of countries. One woman I spoke to Kimber she

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<v Speaker 2>was part of what was called the Julie Chew Ring

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<v Speaker 2>now the Juli Chew ring astonished Taiwan. At the time

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<v Speaker 2>that it was revealed, which is in the early nineteen eighties,

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<v Speaker 2>Julie Cheu was she presented herself as a lawyer, which

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<v Speaker 2>was another sort of fraudulence of hers She was a

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<v Speaker 2>legal secretary. In nineteen eighty two, her home was raided

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<v Speaker 2>after the exposure of a what was essentially a criminal

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<v Speaker 2>syndicate dedicated to the trafficking of babies, but it involved

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<v Speaker 2>doctors and midwives and lawyers, each acting corruptly to procure babies,

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<v Speaker 2>and there are stories today still suggesting that babies were

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<v Speaker 2>outright kidnapped from crowded markets, taken from their prams in

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<v Speaker 2>other cases, corrupted doctors and midwives, coercing mothers into relinquishing

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<v Speaker 2>their children, not telling them where they were going, falsifying

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<v Speaker 2>birth certificates. Believed there was at least twenty six so

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<v Speaker 2>called Julie Chew babies sent to Australia in the early

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<v Speaker 2>nineteen eighties, most of them to South Australia, and Kimber

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<v Speaker 2>was one of this cohort. Julia Cheu was sentenced initially

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<v Speaker 2>to life sentence, it was reduced to about six year

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<v Speaker 2>years but it begs the question what cultural and bureaucratic

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<v Speaker 2>conditions existed in Australia that an outright, flagrantly kind of

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<v Speaker 2>wicked criminal syndicate could be mistaken for a legitimate adoption agency.

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<v Speaker 2>And that question, for the adoptees I was speaking to

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<v Speaker 2>this week, hasn't been adequately answered.

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<v Speaker 1>So has Australia begun to confront or reconcile with its

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<v Speaker 1>roll and all this is a player in the overseas

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<v Speaker 1>adoption industry.

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<v Speaker 2>So just prior to the federal election, the Albanese government

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<v Speaker 2>made a promise that it would begin an inquiry into

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<v Speaker 2>Australia's processing and reception of Korean South Korean adoptees should

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<v Speaker 2>it be a re elected But the problem here, according

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<v Speaker 2>to every adoptee that I spoke to, is that the

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<v Speaker 2>profundity of what happened and the profundity of australia negligence

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<v Speaker 2>to deal with outright criminal syndicates or countries that aren't signatories,

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<v Speaker 2>for instance, to the Hague Convention of nineteen ninety three

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<v Speaker 2>that helps govern into country adoption. The problem with undertaking

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<v Speaker 2>an inquiry like this by the Department itself is that

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<v Speaker 2>there's an obvious conflicted interest there. The other issue would

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<v Speaker 2>be that if it limited its attentions to South Korea,

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<v Speaker 2>you'd be losing a lot. I've just given it the

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<v Speaker 2>Julie Chew example for instance, but there are many others

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<v Speaker 2>from different countries.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's fair to say that adoptees are not confident

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<v Speaker 1>in terms of whether the inquiry is serious and related

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<v Speaker 1>to the outcomes that they desire.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh yes, definitely. Another adoptee I spoke to was Linnell Long,

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<v Speaker 2>who in the late nineties established the inter Country Adoptee

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<v Speaker 2>Voices Group. Her personal story was that she was brought

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<v Speaker 2>from Vietnam in nineteen seventy three, taken from a war

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<v Speaker 2>zone when she was five months old, and flown to

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<v Speaker 2>Melbourne straight into the care of abusive parents. Her adoption

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<v Speaker 2>was broken by the Lutheran chi and the Australian government

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<v Speaker 2>and she suffered many, many, many years of abuse. This

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<v Speaker 2>was ventilated in the Royal Commission in Institutionalized Child Sexual Abuse.

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<v Speaker 2>Her father was convicted for his abuse, and last year

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<v Speaker 2>she in fact received a letter from the Immigration Minister

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<v Speaker 2>which expressed sorrow and said that you accepted that there

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<v Speaker 2>was not a robust system in place when Linnell was adopted.

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<v Speaker 2>So Lenell's point is Well's first, It's very large one.

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<v Speaker 2>She believes that mostly into country adoption is unconscionable, and

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<v Speaker 2>that there are rarely conditions that would justify the removal

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<v Speaker 2>of a child from biological parents and their country of

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<v Speaker 2>origin and that culture. Linnell said for a long years

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<v Speaker 2>she described it as the adoption fog, And what she

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<v Speaker 2>meant by the adoption fog was her own internalization of

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<v Speaker 2>what she described as the myths of benevolence, so that

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<v Speaker 2>adoption was only ever a good thing and the adoptees

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<v Speaker 2>should only ever be infinitely grateful for it. And this

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<v Speaker 2>was internalized sort of so deeply. She says that any

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<v Speaker 2>deviation from a feeling of gratitude she could feel shame about. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>keep in mind that that kind of deep sense of

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<v Speaker 2>internalized gratitude extended to abusive parents, and so she said,

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<v Speaker 2>it took us some time to kind of liberate herself

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<v Speaker 2>from that sense of gratitude and to understand that adoption

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<v Speaker 2>in this case wasn't benevolent at all. One it facilitated

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<v Speaker 2>provision of a very vulnerable child into the hands of

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<v Speaker 2>abusive parents, and two, it spoke to a profound negligence

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<v Speaker 2>and bureaucratic failure on the behalf of the Australian government.

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<v Speaker 1>And finally, Marty, when you look at the regulation to

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<v Speaker 1>know so around adoption, has it gotten any better over time?

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<v Speaker 1>Do we know that?

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<v Speaker 2>In some ways? Lenel Lung would would sort of passionately

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<v Speaker 2>say not. However, for instance, Australia is still dealing with

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<v Speaker 2>South Korea in adoptions. The only thing that's been removed

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<v Speaker 2>or shall I say, corrected in that sense, is that

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<v Speaker 2>we're not dealing with specifically the Eastern Adoption Agency Taiwan.

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<v Speaker 2>We still deal with nor A Taiwan signatories to this

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<v Speaker 2>ninety three Hague Convention. And I think, you know, you've

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<v Speaker 2>got political and potential legislative reform. But there's something else,

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<v Speaker 2>which I think is what I might call cultural reform,

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<v Speaker 2>which is that the way media contemplate these issues is

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<v Speaker 2>particularly narrow. I think we quite cynically pursue quote unquote

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<v Speaker 2>feel good stories to the exclusion of deeper and more

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<v Speaker 2>profound stories that are messier and more complicated but probably

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<v Speaker 2>truer to the experience. And something else that I was

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<v Speaker 2>discussing with Lenow is whether or not you know, in

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<v Speaker 2>all of these cases there is the persistence of the

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<v Speaker 2>word adoption to describe them when a more appropriate description

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<v Speaker 2>in most of these cases is human traffic. And I

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<v Speaker 2>wondered what would happen popularly or politically if sometime ago

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<v Speaker 2>we used the more appropriate description for it.

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<v Speaker 1>Marty. Thank you for your reporting on this, really appreciate it.

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<v Speaker 2>Thanks Matte.

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<v Speaker 1>Also in the news, the Nationals will not be forming

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<v Speaker 1>a coalition with the Liberal Party, ending a seventy nine

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<v Speaker 1>year partnership. Nationals leader David little Proud made the announcement

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<v Speaker 1>after discussions with the new Liberal leader Susan Lee over

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<v Speaker 1>the past week, citing nuclear energy as a major point

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<v Speaker 1>of disagreement for the two parties. And Foreign Minister Penny

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<v Speaker 1>Wong is visiting three Pacific island nations in our first

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<v Speaker 1>standalone own trip since the election. Senator Wong is visiting Vanawatu,

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<v Speaker 1>Tonga and Fiji, with a UN Climate Change Conference COP

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<v Speaker 1>thirty one near the top of her agenda. Australia is

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<v Speaker 1>hoping to co host the event next year, with Adelaide

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<v Speaker 1>proposed as the host city. I'm Daniel James seven am

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<v Speaker 1>will be back tomorrow