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Speaker 1: It's a big day for the ambidextrous, for the octa

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Speaker 1: pusse pie. I'm not sure we'll find out, but it

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Speaker 1: is World Octopus Day. And according to information I've got here,

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Speaker 1: octopus is have outlived dinosaurs, survived asteroids and ice ages.

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Speaker 1: And gee, they're amazing when you see what they can

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Speaker 1: squeeze through and how their body can sort of elongate

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Speaker 1: to get in the tiniest of places. Just unreal. Doctor

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Speaker 1: Shuri maris marine biologist and author of a book that

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Speaker 1: is out now. We'll get the exact title and where

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Speaker 1: you can get it from Shari. But I got to

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Speaker 1: ask the first question. Plural of octopus schery, good evening

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Speaker 1: to you.

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Speaker 2: Good evening. The plural of octopusses. That's not octopi, okay.

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Speaker 2: The origin of the word octopuses of Greek origin, which

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Speaker 2: funnily enough, actually means eight legs, even though they have

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Speaker 2: zero legs, they only have eight arms. And so if

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Speaker 2: you're going to be very fancy pants, that would be octopodies.

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Speaker 2: But you know, in the scientific community and people who

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Speaker 2: are far more intelligent than me, the consensus is octopuses.

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Speaker 1: Okay, Well, there we go. Now we know the book

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Speaker 1: is now Is it Octopusses Underwater Wonders? Is that the title?

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Speaker 3: Yes, it is?

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Speaker 2: Or just remember Octopus Octopuses book dot com and that'll.

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Speaker 3: Take you there.

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Speaker 1: Okay, fantastic. You've got a mission too for us or

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Speaker 1: to see octopusses in a whole new light. So what

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Speaker 1: is that? What is that whole new light?

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Speaker 2: I want people to see the magic, how extraordinary these

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Speaker 2: animals are, and the shee diversity. I mean, there's over

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Speaker 2: three hundred species of.

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Speaker 3: Octopuses around the world.

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Speaker 2: They live in every ocean and astray.

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Speaker 3: We're really lucky because we're considered the capital.

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Speaker 2: We have over seventy species, and I think one of

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Speaker 2: the most fascinating things for me is just how intelligent

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Speaker 2: and how adaptive they are. I mean, you know their

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Speaker 2: relatives bullets and snails pretty much, and clams, things that

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Speaker 2: don't really move, and means of years ago there thought, look,

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Speaker 2: don't really want to be stuck to a spot. I'm

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Speaker 2: going to bitch Michelle for a bit of you know,

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Speaker 2: a life of freedom. And that came ato cost because

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Speaker 2: it meant that they were this unprotected, beautiful bit of

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Speaker 2: protein jetting around the oceans, which pretty much everything wanted

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Speaker 2: to eat understandably, so it had to develop some really

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Speaker 2: really clever and innovative ways to avoid being eaten.

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Speaker 3: And it's outdone itself in terms of you know.

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Speaker 2: Farting ink, you know, being contortion as mimicking other animals.

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Speaker 3: It just does e ordinary things.

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Speaker 2: You know, it's got it, you know, it makes venom.

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Speaker 2: And they are just so otherworldly that they blow my mind.

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Speaker 2: And we're constantly learning new things about them all the time, such.

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Speaker 1: As, what's what's that, What's what's the recent thing we've

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Speaker 1: learned from them.

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Speaker 2: Oh but as a couple, we've discovered a new species

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Speaker 2: off the coast of Wa, this little four millimeter species

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Speaker 2: which looks like kind of a dumbo octopus in that

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Speaker 2: it has fins on the side of its head. But

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Speaker 2: more recently scientists up at Queensland University have discovered that

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Speaker 2: the blue lined octopus, which is the male, is half

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Speaker 2: the size of the female. When it comes to making

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Speaker 2: baby octopus.

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Speaker 3: What this gentleman.

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Speaker 2: Does is a bit unconventional. He'll actually bite onto his

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Speaker 2: lover and he'll inject his venom into her heart to

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Speaker 2: due her into like an asphyxiated kind of state. So

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Speaker 2: he can do his business. She just doesn't eat him,

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Speaker 2: and then he goes off and then she comes back

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Speaker 2: to kind of you know, her respiration increases.

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Speaker 1: And that's it, right, Okay, And that's very interesting. I've

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Speaker 1: got a line, but I'm not going to use it.

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Speaker 2: But anyway, so many plates.

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Speaker 3: Oh yeah, I.

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Speaker 1: Know, absolutely, and I'm not going anywhere now. They can

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Speaker 1: change color. This is what they've learned to adapt without

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Speaker 1: in the world, without their shell as well. They blend.

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Speaker 1: I've seen videos where they're scurrying along the seafloor, get

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Speaker 1: to a rock and they become the color of that rock.

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Speaker 2: Absolutely, and they're considered the king Queens of camouflage in

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Speaker 2: that they can change color quicker than weak and blink.

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Speaker 2: And what is even more extraordinary is the fact that

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Speaker 2: they're colorblind yet they can do this. Wow, go, well,

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Speaker 2: how do we know they're color blind? But to see color,

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Speaker 2: you need at least two visual pigments in your eye.

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Speaker 2: Humans have. Octopuses only have one. So we don't know

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Speaker 2: are they processing color in a different way and the

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Speaker 2: wavelengths of light in a different way.

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Speaker 3: That we can't really.

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Speaker 2: Comprehend is their body seeing light and detecting it. Because

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Speaker 2: there's light detecting chemicals.

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Speaker 3: In their skin.

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Speaker 2: But it's just extraordinary. And the way that they can

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Speaker 2: actually change color is that they've got all these colored

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Speaker 2: bags of pigments all over their body, kind of like

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Speaker 2: a TV screen, and those little bags contract and expand

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Speaker 2: to reveal different colors, and they can also change the

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Speaker 2: texture of their skin as well.

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Speaker 1: Goodness, that is incredible, isn't it? So?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, the other worldly, other worldly.

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Speaker 2: They've got three hearts that pumps while they digest their

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Speaker 2: foods through their brain.

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Speaker 1: Incredible.

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Speaker 2: They're almost alien, Yeah, they are, and they're often compared

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Speaker 2: to aliens, which you know, a lot of purists don't

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Speaker 2: like that term because it seems really negative. But I

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Speaker 2: think just in terms of their biology, it just seems

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Speaker 2: so bizarre to anything else that we know. But it

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Speaker 2: seems to work for them because they've been around for

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Speaker 2: over half a billion years.

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Speaker 3: So whatever they're doing, they're doing well.

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Speaker 2: And I think they've become a bit of a marine

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Speaker 2: muse for humans because we look at them and we think, okay,

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Speaker 2: so how can we learn from an octopus in the

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Speaker 2: way that it moves? And engineers are looking at mimicking

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Speaker 2: the movements of octopus arms for use in you know,

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Speaker 2: soft robotics, so they kept go in and you use

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Speaker 2: robots in disaster areas. And some other people who work

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Speaker 2: in kind of medical engineering have figured out a way

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Speaker 2: to mimic how suckers operate, so they can basically deliver

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Speaker 2: medicines without needle.

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Speaker 1: Incredible. Yeah, Okay, Now they're not to be trifled with

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Speaker 1: the bigger ones anyway, or even the smaller ones, I suppose,

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Speaker 1: because I've seen videos where they can grab a small shark,

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Speaker 1: even a big fish if you like, and they that's

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Speaker 1: what they eat.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, they do.

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Speaker 2: They can grab you know, big sharks. And in Australia,

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Speaker 2: our biggest is called the marioctopus. It's about a meter

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Speaker 2: in length from you know, from the top of its

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Speaker 2: head or its mantle to the tip of its arms.

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Speaker 2: But if those arms are stretched out from tip to tip,

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Speaker 2: that's a three meter octopus that weighs you know, sometimes

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Speaker 2: forty kilos. If you look at the giant Pacific octopus

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Speaker 2: which is down in the waters around Canada, that one

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Speaker 2: is three meters but arm tip to arm tip and

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Speaker 2: is six meters along.

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Speaker 1: Goodness.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, So these are extraordinary animals and you can see why.

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Speaker 2: You know, they may have inspired you know, movies like

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Speaker 2: you know around you know, the kraken or which people

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Speaker 2: say is a squid or an octopus depends on you know,

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Speaker 2: what information you're looking at. But they are extraordinarily powerful

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Speaker 2: because I've got all these these suckers that cover their arms,

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Speaker 2: and you know, individually they have incredible power, but as

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Speaker 2: a collective they're really strong. And if you've edibat had

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Speaker 2: an octopus kind of touched you and try and pull away,

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Speaker 2: it's not easy.

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Speaker 1: Wow, how did you get interested in the pusss?

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Speaker 2: Look, I've always been a water baby.

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Speaker 3: I've always loved them.

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Speaker 2: But the big turning point where I really wanted to

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Speaker 2: start learning more about them was when I rescued a

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Speaker 2: mother octopus that was in a plastic pipe and it

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Speaker 2: had washed up on the beach and in that plastic pipe,

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Speaker 2: the mum was sheltering with her babies, which were hanging

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Speaker 2: from the roof of that pipe, kind of like chandeliers.

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Speaker 2: And anyway, I thought, look, if I don't put it back,

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Speaker 2: they're going to perish. But I had to put her

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Speaker 2: back out over several sand bars. Anyway, I went back

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Speaker 2: and you know, I set the pipe up on a

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Speaker 2: brick and I went back and visited her every day,

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Speaker 2: and that footage went absolutely viral. I think it's got

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Speaker 2: about thirty million views, and I thought, Wow, people are

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Speaker 2: really resonating with the story, and what is it about

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Speaker 2: that story, and how can I use that to show

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Speaker 2: people the wonders of these animals and the wonders of

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Speaker 2: our marine world, which is often a case of out

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Speaker 2: of sight, out of mind. And I've always wanted to

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Speaker 2: connect people with this magical, mysterious world and show them

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Speaker 2: what we have and how connected our health is to

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Speaker 2: the health of our oceans. And so that for me

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Speaker 2: was a really lovely segue and a way of showing

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Speaker 2: people and giving people an insight to an animal that

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Speaker 2: has kind of been a bit maligned and hasn't really

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Speaker 2: had that magic that they really deserve.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, look where we've seen them before, and

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Speaker 1: we're fascinated by them obviously because of the way they

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Speaker 1: move and everything else. But from what you say, and

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Speaker 1: some of what you said is a revelation. Clear we

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Speaker 1: don't understand them obviously as well as we should.

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Speaker 3: No, no, we don't.

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Speaker 2: But I think you know, with the recent movies that

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Speaker 2: have come out and documentaries that people are starting to

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Speaker 2: look at them a little bit differently and realizing, you know,

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Speaker 2: just how smart they are. And you know, we've got

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Speaker 2: some brilliant researchers in Australia that are finding out fascinating

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Speaker 2: things about them. You know, there's one species that's found

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Speaker 2: in South Australia and also here in Victoria is you know,

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Speaker 2: southern stand octopus. They're looking at that to see, you know,

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Speaker 2: for cures and potential treatments for cancer. And they're looking

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Speaker 2: at another species and seeing how it's enzymes that it

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Speaker 2: uses to detoxify its body can potentially be used to

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Speaker 2: indicate water quality health. There's so many things that were

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Speaker 2: kind of learning about them, and even you know, we're

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Speaker 2: learning about their brain how it never stops growing and

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Speaker 2: really no, it never stops growing.

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Speaker 3: Unlike ours. Our stops, I think when we're about fourteen fifteen.

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Speaker 2: But this brain of an octopus, it's constantly learning all

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Speaker 2: the time, but it needs to. It needs to constantly

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Speaker 2: adapt and avoid getting eaten. And its brain continually grows,

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Speaker 2: never stops until it drops their amazing.

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Speaker 1: That is really amazing.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, they can drop their arms and so we're thinking, well,

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Speaker 2: like lizards, they can drop their arms, and how do

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Speaker 2: they repair them so quickly?

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Speaker 3: And how do they.

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Speaker 2: Rewire their neurology and can we look at that in

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Speaker 2: each human capacity to figure out how we can rewhile

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Speaker 2: nerve endings in humans and people that have lost limb

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Speaker 2: So there's a lot of applications when it comes to

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Speaker 2: what we can learn from octopuses. And I know in

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Speaker 2: America the US military is spending lots of money to

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Speaker 2: figure out how can they change color so quickly?

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Speaker 3: You know, and we all know why they're.

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Speaker 2: Going to use that.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, exactly right, amazing. So okay, now they

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Speaker 1: can drop lid, so I know from you've written about this,

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Speaker 1: some of the males can drop their manhood. I love that.

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Speaker 1: Do these pieces of the OCTOPI course grow back.

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Speaker 3: Cross your legs, so they do not? And do you

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Speaker 3: know what happens when they've lost their manhood?

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Speaker 2: They die?

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Speaker 3: Of course they do.

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Speaker 2: They die. And what's really interesting is when it comes

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Speaker 2: to reproduction in octopuses, it's so hilarious. I absolutely love it.

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Speaker 2: At makes my and makes being single seem easy, as

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Speaker 2: really does or any relationships seem easy and because it's

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Speaker 2: fraught with danger, you've got females who you know, want

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Speaker 2: to eat you after they've mated with you. This octopus

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Speaker 2: that you're talking about where the male loses his manhood,

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Speaker 2: he's about the size of a golf ball, and she's

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Speaker 2: a lot bigger.

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Speaker 3: She's about the size of a football.

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Speaker 2: And so he basically packages his DNA in a special

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Speaker 2: little penis like arm, and it attaches the arm and

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Speaker 2: it finds its way up into the mantle of the female.

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Speaker 2: He then kind of dies, which most octopuses do. They

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Speaker 2: kind of, you know, their whole life expent getting to

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Speaker 2: this one point, making babies once. I'm trying to be

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Speaker 2: very white, making babies once, and then they die.

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Speaker 3: It's like a big bang, and he dies.

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Speaker 2: And then the female, though she can get lots of

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Speaker 2: these male arms. And when scientist first found this female

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Speaker 2: and these argonauts are the ones that have those beautiful

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Speaker 2: white shells. Some people also call them a paper nautilust

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Speaker 2: or that that's not technically correct. When they found these

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Speaker 2: little arms, the scientists thought that they will parasite. Some

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Speaker 2: would say they're the same thing, but that's not me.

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Speaker 2: They were the man's yes, they're man's delivery mechanism.

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Speaker 1: Goodness, how about that? Now you mentioned you mentioned squid earlier.

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Speaker 1: What's the difference for you know, I mean we know,

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Speaker 1: different shaped head, different shaped body sort of thing. But

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Speaker 1: what essentially is the difference between an opticus and a squid.

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Speaker 2: Oh, you've got the internals. One's got a like that quill,

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Speaker 2: the ink pend that the squid have. They've kind of

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Speaker 2: got that thrill along their mantle. But I think one

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Speaker 2: of the main differences is the retractable tentacles. So octopuses

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Speaker 2: don't have tentacles. They only have arms, and they have

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Speaker 2: eight arms where squid have eight, and then they've got

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Speaker 2: two retractable tentacles that shoot out. And at the end

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Speaker 2: of those tentacles are these sticky suckers, and those suckers

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Speaker 2: grab things and grab them and pull them back in.

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Speaker 2: That's probably the main difference, if you want to look

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Speaker 2: at it from the kind of a physical point of

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Speaker 2: view where you can actually see it's the retractable arm.

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Speaker 1: Right, how about that? I mean, you know they both

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Speaker 1: can I be really crassy issue.

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Speaker 3: I know what you're going to say, You're going to

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Speaker 3: be friends?

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Speaker 2: Are we going to stay friends? Are you going to

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Speaker 2: talk about lemon jew?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah, yeah, Well.

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Speaker 2: You know I am a gree when it gets in

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Speaker 2: your eyes, isn't it?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Chari, Look, it's a great chat. And the book

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Speaker 1: obviously octopus octopuses underwater wonders, which they truly are.

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Speaker 2: They are, absolutely And the great thing is you can

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Speaker 2: just go rock pulling and often see octopuses by turning

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Speaker 2: over rocks or going at night in the shallow, so

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Speaker 2: you don't just have to scuba. I have to see them.

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Speaker 2: So I think that's what I also love about them.

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Speaker 2: It's like a game of hide and speak.

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Speaker 3: They win nice of the time, though, yeah.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure they do in there. Say though, if you

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Speaker 1: go in rock pulls, you've got the risk of the

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Speaker 1: blue ring octopus, which can kill you pretty quickly.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, but in the grand scheme of things, they're not

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Speaker 2: really interested in you unless you're a crab. And it's

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Speaker 2: really when people do silly things like put it in

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Speaker 2: their pocket and take it home because they've taken a

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Speaker 2: shell home or something. And the thing is, if you're

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Speaker 2: going to be rock pulling, don't put your hands anywhere

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Speaker 2: where you can't see them. Kind of common sense. If

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Speaker 2: you turn over a rock, have a look at it.

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Speaker 2: Make sure you put it back again. And if you

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Speaker 2: see a blue ring, great, but just look at it.

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Speaker 2: They're not aggressive at all.

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Speaker 3: They're actually big silks.

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Speaker 2: They will jet away at any opportunity. They're not interested in.

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Speaker 3: Us at all.

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Speaker 2: They will buy as a very very last resort. And

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Speaker 2: that's only if you do something really silly. Yeah, like

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Speaker 2: pick them up, like pick them up and squeeze them.

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Speaker 2: There our friends, they're not their enemy. They're fascinating animals.

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Speaker 1: There they are, all of them. Got on great chat. Yes, well,

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Speaker 1: don't hold me to that, but anyway, all right, thank you, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: all right, take a squid instead. Yeah, thanks, thank you.

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Speaker 1: Octopuses underwater one does Now you didn't say. What was

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Speaker 1: the website again?

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Speaker 2: Octopuses book dot com.

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Speaker 1: There we go, simple as that. And Octopus's book dot com.

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Speaker 1: Thank you, Shari. Great chatting with you.

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Speaker 2: It's been incredible.

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Speaker 1: Thank you all the best, Schari Merrits marine biologists an author,

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Speaker 1: Octopusses Underwater Wonders, Octopus's book dot com. Okay, great chat,

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Speaker 1: how interesting. And it is World Octopus Day today. And

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Speaker 1: octopuses is plural, not octopi