1 00:00:00,600 --> 00:00:03,240 Speaker 1: I get a team. It's David Gillespie, Tiffany and Cook. 2 00:00:03,279 --> 00:00:07,960 Speaker 1: It's me, Fatty Harps. It's the Youth Project, he high Harps. 3 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:11,520 Speaker 1: You've just been complimented by the great man who likes 4 00:00:11,520 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 1: you in your glasses? Are you thirty percent smarter with 5 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:14,880 Speaker 1: those on? 6 00:00:15,160 --> 00:00:18,880 Speaker 2: I definitely, I definitely feel thirty percent smarter, And I'm 7 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:20,600 Speaker 2: just basking in the compliments. 8 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:24,560 Speaker 1: Are you long or short sighted or something else? 9 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:25,239 Speaker 3: I don't know. 10 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:29,160 Speaker 2: I don't know, like middle mid range blurriness, that's what 11 00:00:29,200 --> 00:00:29,640 Speaker 2: I get. 12 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:34,680 Speaker 1: Wow, So like if you're like sixty centimeters or thirty 13 00:00:34,720 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: centimeters away from the screen, is it blurry? 14 00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:41,080 Speaker 2: Nah? Further like a longer design. The only time I 15 00:00:41,159 --> 00:00:43,920 Speaker 2: notice it is when I'm out, maybe at the gym 16 00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:46,400 Speaker 2: or at an event, and I'm kind of interacting with 17 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 2: people across the room and I'm like, I can't really 18 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:50,959 Speaker 2: see your face. 19 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 3: Contact. That's a good get out of jail free card. 20 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 3: That is nice. 21 00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:02,600 Speaker 2: It's not nice because I feel like really isolated in 22 00:01:02,680 --> 00:01:05,679 Speaker 2: those moments because I'm not sure if I'm in the. 23 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:10,440 Speaker 3: Room with people, you know, it's your ghosting. Excuse why'd 24 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 3: you ghost me? Tiff I couldn't see you in my 25 00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:15,680 Speaker 3: middle distance vision thing. Think you hear it was on 26 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:18,399 Speaker 3: the podcast. 27 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:20,560 Speaker 1: I think also it's got to do with how much 28 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:23,440 Speaker 1: light is in the room. Don't you like when it's daylight? 29 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:29,040 Speaker 1: It seems it's much like brighter daylight versus semi lit rooms. 30 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:31,959 Speaker 1: When it's when it's not great light, I find it 31 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:33,319 Speaker 1: really hard to see people. 32 00:01:34,760 --> 00:01:37,400 Speaker 2: I don't like driving at night either. Might wear them 33 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:38,920 Speaker 2: at night, Probably should wear them at night. 34 00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:43,240 Speaker 1: Probably should. You're probably probably breaking the law by not 35 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: doing it. Hey you Giles boy? What's news? 36 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:48,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, all sorts of things. We're going to talk about 37 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:51,480 Speaker 3: gout today, aren't we just really change? 38 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: I saw that, I saw your article and I thought, oh, 39 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 1: that's a good old fashioned condition. 40 00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:00,000 Speaker 3: Well, i'll tell you why I wrote about it, because 41 00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 3: I didn't put it in the article. But I like 42 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:05,240 Speaker 3: watching I think we've talked about this before, but I 43 00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:09,679 Speaker 3: like watching that SPS show alone, which is basically, you know, 44 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:12,720 Speaker 3: people starving to death and who starves to death the 45 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 3: last is the winner. And one of the blokes on that, 46 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 3: I think, one of the blokes who's in the final 47 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 3: four at the moment, had this really bad attack of 48 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:28,120 Speaker 3: gout and they were pointing out probably the reason is 49 00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:30,440 Speaker 3: because he's been subsisting on eels, which is just about 50 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,760 Speaker 3: the only thing he can catch. And it reminded me 51 00:02:33,919 --> 00:02:37,880 Speaker 3: about the story of gout and how it originally was, 52 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:42,520 Speaker 3: you know, a rich man's disease, and people who could 53 00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 3: afford access to eels and swans and things were the 54 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:47,240 Speaker 3: only people who got it. 55 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:47,800 Speaker 1: Ones. 56 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 3: Oh, the Royal diet. You know, swans the protected species. 57 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,840 Speaker 3: Only kings can eat the swans in the UK. 58 00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:56,960 Speaker 2: I thought it was too much beer. 59 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:05,239 Speaker 3: No, well, maybe a bit of alcohol is definitely implicated 60 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:08,600 Speaker 3: in it, but the big like, it's an interesting thing 61 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 3: because it's been around since since we first started noticing 62 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:14,960 Speaker 3: things in medicine. The people have had this kind of 63 00:03:15,560 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 3: acute attacks of arthritis. So it's not like normal arthritis 64 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 3: where it sort of builds over time and just gets 65 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:26,040 Speaker 3: worse and worse and worse. Gout is something that you 66 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,360 Speaker 3: have acute attacks of and when you have the attack, 67 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:36,480 Speaker 3: it's unbelievably painful. So the fellow on the Loan Show 68 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:39,200 Speaker 3: who had it, he said it felt like someone had 69 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:44,560 Speaker 3: broken his ankle it and then he showed his foot 70 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 3: and it was swollen up. You know, to sort of 71 00:03:46,920 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 3: the width of his leg, you know, around his ankle 72 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 3: and his foot, and it looked horrifically painful. And that's 73 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 3: what gout's like, you know, for the curious amongst your listeners. 74 00:03:57,480 --> 00:03:59,120 Speaker 3: I've actually put a photo of what it looks like 75 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:04,560 Speaker 3: in the article, so you just, I guess, warning if. 76 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: You don't like warning, Robinson warning. 77 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, so so gow. It's been around a while. It 78 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:17,880 Speaker 3: was noticed, yeah, pretty much by the earliest people who 79 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:23,240 Speaker 3: looked at medicine, even old Hippocrates and so on. Notice 80 00:04:23,279 --> 00:04:26,040 Speaker 3: there was this thing. But the other thing he noticed 81 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:30,160 Speaker 3: was it affected only really two classes of people, men 82 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:37,039 Speaker 3: and women who had who had gone past menophorse, and 83 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:41,080 Speaker 3: in both cases only if they were particularly wealthy. So 84 00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:45,720 Speaker 3: it seemed like a really weird disease. So there's this 85 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:50,880 Speaker 3: disease that can really give you extremely painful attacks in 86 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 3: usually in your lower extremities, although sometimes in your hands 87 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:58,320 Speaker 3: as well, so in your ankles, your feet, your big toe, 88 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:05,520 Speaker 3: and so on, really really debilitating, but only seemed to 89 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 3: affect rich people, and then only men or women who've 90 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 3: gone past menopause. So it was a bit mysterious. But 91 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:19,160 Speaker 3: because it only really affected rich people, no one cared 92 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:22,520 Speaker 3: much because it wasn't a large percentage of the population, 93 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 3: and even with the rich people, it was sort of 94 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:28,280 Speaker 3: felt like, well, they deserved what they got. It was 95 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:35,919 Speaker 3: pretty quickly diagnosed as being a result of an affluent lifestyle. Obviously, 96 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:39,400 Speaker 3: something about you know, the way those people were living 97 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 3: was causing this thing, but they didn't really nail it 98 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:47,600 Speaker 3: down much more than that until I think it was 99 00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:52,159 Speaker 3: about the eighteen hundreds. Yeah, mid eighteen hundreds when people 100 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:54,840 Speaker 3: started experimenting and seeing, well, you know, can we get 101 00:05:54,839 --> 00:05:57,400 Speaker 3: to the bottom of this and the reason why they 102 00:05:57,440 --> 00:05:59,799 Speaker 3: were starting to worry about it in the mid eighteen hundreds, 103 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:04,320 Speaker 3: starting to not just be a rich people disease. So 104 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:07,120 Speaker 3: nobody really much cared if King Henry the Eighth had gout. 105 00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 3: I guess he cared, and probably the people who were 106 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 3: required to treat him cared, but no one else much 107 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 3: cared that he had gout and he did so. But 108 00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:22,800 Speaker 3: once it started to be a problem that affected a 109 00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 3: lot of people, which it really was starting to be 110 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:31,200 Speaker 3: by the eighteen fifties, people started looking at it and saying, well, 111 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 3: what is this disease, what is causing this, and what 112 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:38,919 Speaker 3: exactly about rich people's lifestyles and now increasingly more and 113 00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:42,640 Speaker 3: more of the middle class is causing this. So they 114 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 3: went looking and fortunately the mid eighteen hundreds was sort 115 00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 3: of the dawn of medical science. They did things like experiments, 116 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,880 Speaker 3: and there was one particular chap by the name of 117 00:06:55,160 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 3: Sir Alfred Bearing Garrett. It's a nice, nice set of 118 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:03,080 Speaker 3: names he's got there. He thought, I'll do some experiments 119 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:06,840 Speaker 3: here and see if I can figure it out. What 120 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 3: he figured out was that there was a difference in 121 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:13,960 Speaker 3: the blood of people who had gout and people who 122 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 3: didn't have gout, and he proved this using a piece 123 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:24,679 Speaker 3: of string. Surprisingly, so what he would do is put string, 124 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:27,160 Speaker 3: like just leave a piece of string in the blood 125 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:30,720 Speaker 3: plasma of people who had gout versus people who didn't. 126 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 3: I don't know how it came up with the idea 127 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:35,440 Speaker 3: of a piece of string, but it was actually pretty 128 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:38,240 Speaker 3: clever because what happened with the people who had gout 129 00:07:38,880 --> 00:07:42,400 Speaker 3: is that crystals formed on the piece of string, and 130 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:46,520 Speaker 3: what happened on people who didn't there's nothing. So the 131 00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:51,480 Speaker 3: string just got bloody and wet, but there were no crystals. 132 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 3: For me. He then analyzed, what are these crystals that 133 00:07:55,480 --> 00:08:00,040 Speaker 3: are forming and found out that they came from some 134 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:02,800 Speaker 3: a chemical which by then they knew was in our 135 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 3: bloodstream called uric acid. Now, uric acid is something that's 136 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:11,600 Speaker 3: produced as a normal part of being human and eliminated 137 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 3: by the kidneys as a normal part of being human. 138 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:18,240 Speaker 3: But for some reason some people had a lot more 139 00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:23,760 Speaker 3: of it in their bloodstream than others. So they said, well, 140 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:25,400 Speaker 3: what do we know about uric acid? Where does it 141 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:31,880 Speaker 3: come from? The answer was it comes from meat. So 142 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 3: if you have a good, steady supply of access to 143 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:39,680 Speaker 3: meat and seafood, and particularly some of the more exotic 144 00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:45,040 Speaker 3: seafoods like eels, then you would have a fair amount 145 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:49,840 Speaker 3: of something called purines in your diet, and purines are 146 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 3: metabolized to uric acid. Now, as I say, if you've 147 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:57,600 Speaker 3: got a good function in kidneys and not overdoing it 148 00:08:57,640 --> 00:09:01,040 Speaker 3: on the meat front, it probably didn't matter. But if 149 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 3: you were King Henry the eighth and you know, sitting 150 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,080 Speaker 3: down to a feast every night and eating more meat 151 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 3: than the average punter saw in a year, then you 152 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 3: might be in a bit of trouble. So that helped 153 00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:15,560 Speaker 3: to explain in one go, there you go, obvious answer 154 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 3: this is why this thing was only really a disease 155 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:26,319 Speaker 3: of the rich, and you know, was starting to become 156 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 3: more prevalent in society because access to meat was starting 157 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:33,360 Speaker 3: to be more of a thing by the mid eighteen hundreds. 158 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 3: So four people prior to that really subsisted on vegetables. 159 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,640 Speaker 3: There were vegetarians without even trying to be, and probably 160 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:45,000 Speaker 3: didn't want to be, And so they were eating the 161 00:09:45,120 --> 00:09:47,360 Speaker 3: vegetables because they didn't get access to meat. And the 162 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 3: rich people were eating the meat because the last thing 163 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:51,240 Speaker 3: in the world they were going to do was eat vegetables. 164 00:09:51,679 --> 00:09:56,319 Speaker 3: That was what poor people eat. So it's an interesting version, 165 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:58,720 Speaker 3: by the way, just sidetrack the interesting version about bread. 166 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 3: So back those times, the rich people ate the white 167 00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:10,080 Speaker 3: bread because that was the expensive to make bread to 168 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 3: get that good, and the poor people ate the stuff 169 00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:15,599 Speaker 3: that was full of grains and crap. And then you 170 00:10:15,760 --> 00:10:20,000 Speaker 3: fast forward to today and it's completely inverted anyway, and. 171 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:22,160 Speaker 1: The one that's full of grains and crap is ten 172 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: times is. 173 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 3: Ten times the price of the white bread. That's right anyway, 174 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 3: So they thought, okay, job done, We've solved gout, we 175 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 3: know what causes it. Here we go, don't eat meat. 176 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:37,599 Speaker 3: They also found that alcohol did have an effect, and 177 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:42,480 Speaker 3: they also subsequently discovered that eating drinking alcohol out of 178 00:10:42,559 --> 00:10:44,720 Speaker 3: lead crystal made it even worse because there was a 179 00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:47,840 Speaker 3: different kind of type of gout that was associated with 180 00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:50,920 Speaker 3: the lead poisoning in the crystal because it damage the kidneys, 181 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:52,959 Speaker 3: et cetera. Et cetera. Don't need to worry too much 182 00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:57,480 Speaker 3: about that. They had it nailed perfect theory, one wrong, 183 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:02,360 Speaker 3: but we didn't figure it out for a good one 184 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:05,600 Speaker 3: hundred years, well, actually more like two hundred years after that. 185 00:11:06,559 --> 00:11:08,920 Speaker 3: It's not that it was completely wrong, one hundred percent wrong. 186 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:12,559 Speaker 3: It was probably unfair. There is a way to produce 187 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 3: excess uric acid by consuming too much meat. It's just 188 00:11:16,520 --> 00:11:19,080 Speaker 3: that doctors running around in the nineteen sixties and nineties, 189 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:21,760 Speaker 3: seventies and ninety eighties and ninety nineties and telling people, well, 190 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:24,360 Speaker 3: the reason you're getting gout is because you're eating too 191 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 3: much meat was just nonsense, because what was happening in 192 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:32,079 Speaker 3: those decades is gout was going from nothing very important 193 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 3: at all that affected a few old, rich people to 194 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:39,559 Speaker 3: suddenly it's affecting very large percentage of the population. So 195 00:11:39,679 --> 00:11:41,840 Speaker 3: if you look at some of the numbers in the UK. 196 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:48,079 Speaker 3: It went up sevenfold in fifty years from nineteen sixty, 197 00:11:48,440 --> 00:11:53,480 Speaker 3: so nineteen sixty to twenty ten, sevenfold increase in gout. 198 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,679 Speaker 3: It is now ad epidemic proportions. It is the most 199 00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:01,320 Speaker 3: common form of arthritis in Western society. It is growing 200 00:12:01,559 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 3: extremely rapidly. So we're all having too many steak dians 201 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:11,240 Speaker 3: and lobster thermidors. No, so our access to meat, if anything, 202 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:15,760 Speaker 3: has declined in the last one hundred years, you know, 203 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 3: because of the obsession about eating too much saturated fat 204 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 3: blah blah blah blah blah. So we're eating a lot 205 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:26,160 Speaker 3: less red meat, a lot less things like lobster and frauns. 206 00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:29,320 Speaker 3: It's on that are also sources of this. So how 207 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:31,720 Speaker 3: on earth would we be getting an epidemic if those 208 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:36,199 Speaker 3: things were the cause. Answer is, you know, when facts 209 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:41,240 Speaker 3: meat theory facts win and siders started looking at this 210 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 3: in sort of around two thousand and seven, two thousand 211 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 3: and six and discovered there was a much more interesting 212 00:12:51,080 --> 00:12:55,120 Speaker 3: correlation in the data when they started looking closely at it, 213 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:59,840 Speaker 3: and that is it was a straight line between sugar 214 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:04,640 Speaker 3: and gout. Of course, the total or sugar consumption of 215 00:13:04,679 --> 00:13:10,319 Speaker 3: the person exactly predicted their chance of having gout. And 216 00:13:10,679 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 3: in fact, if you had if you compared men who 217 00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 3: So they first studied men because they're the important ones. 218 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:20,800 Speaker 1: And oken and authorized by David Gillespie. 219 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:26,600 Speaker 3: So forty six thousand men. They looked at the data 220 00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 3: on that had lifelong data from these forty six out 221 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:33,600 Speaker 3: they're all health professionals, so nurses and doctors, and found 222 00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:36,240 Speaker 3: if you compared a bloke who was having two or 223 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:38,319 Speaker 3: more sugary drinks a day with a blow who was 224 00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:41,920 Speaker 3: having one or less, he'd have an eighty five percent 225 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:46,720 Speaker 3: higher chance of having gout, so double the risk. In 226 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:49,320 Speaker 3: other words, just by doubling the amount of sugar you 227 00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:53,320 Speaker 3: were consuming, and the trend stuck, you could predict exactly 228 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 3: whether a person was likely to have gout or not, 229 00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 3: just by knowing how much sugar they were consuming. So 230 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:02,440 Speaker 3: there goes the old eating too much steak and lobster. 231 00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:06,560 Speaker 3: And now we have the real culprit, which is sugar. 232 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:09,880 Speaker 3: Now at that point they hadn't identified the mechanism, but 233 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:12,240 Speaker 3: now we know a little bit more about sugar, it 234 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:16,320 Speaker 3: was pretty clear. So sugar is as we've talked about before, 235 00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,880 Speaker 3: it's half fructose, half glucose, the fructose half of sugar 236 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:24,640 Speaker 3: gets metabolized by the liver essentially in such a fashion 237 00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 3: that it directly produces uric acid. So it's almost as 238 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:32,120 Speaker 3: if you said, you know, look, I just want to 239 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:36,280 Speaker 3: invent a chemical process that manufactures uric acid on demand. 240 00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:41,640 Speaker 3: The answer would be consume a lot of fructose. Well, 241 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:45,160 Speaker 3: and that's what's going on. So we know that for 242 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:51,160 Speaker 3: absolute certain that's what's behind the massive growth in gout. 243 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:54,280 Speaker 3: It's why such more people in the population have it 244 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 3: now than have ever had it before in humankind's history, 245 00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:00,400 Speaker 3: and it's why it's gone from a large new relevant 246 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:04,680 Speaker 3: rich men's disease a few hundred years ago to affecting 247 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,800 Speaker 3: really large percentages of the population. Now, did you say, 248 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 3: it's the fastest growing format, the most most prevalent form 249 00:15:15,520 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 3: of arthritis in the population. So it is at epidemic 250 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:27,760 Speaker 3: proportions and still accelerating. So, by the way, in that 251 00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:29,720 Speaker 3: same study, they also just to make sure it wasn't 252 00:15:29,760 --> 00:15:33,000 Speaker 3: either know, the bobbles or whatever in the fizzy drinks 253 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:39,080 Speaker 3: causing this. Compared people who had diet drinks and they 254 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,320 Speaker 3: didn't have gout, zero chance of gout for them, They 255 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 3: also compared people who had fruit juice instead of soft drink. 256 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:51,360 Speaker 3: They got gout because fruit juices, of course, So it's 257 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:53,840 Speaker 3: been definitively nail. It's not in doubt at all. The 258 00:15:53,880 --> 00:15:56,080 Speaker 3: bizarre thing is that even to this day, I mean 259 00:15:56,280 --> 00:16:00,840 Speaker 3: that study, massive landmark study was put out I think 260 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 3: around two thousand and eight in the British Medical Journal. 261 00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:07,480 Speaker 3: Even to this day you'll have people saying that their 262 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:09,760 Speaker 3: doctor told them that they've got gout because they're eating 263 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:12,160 Speaker 3: too much meat. And this is why I looked at 264 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:15,640 Speaker 3: it again, because that's exactly what the bloke on alone 265 00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:18,400 Speaker 3: said and he was wondering, well, I haven't really been 266 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:23,000 Speaker 3: getting access to any stakes. Yeah, why is my gaup 267 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 3: playing up because he's fifty days into starving to deat 268 00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 3: So I thought that was really interesting. I guess the 269 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:39,480 Speaker 3: takeaway from all of this is that doubt is a 270 00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,040 Speaker 3: canary in the sense that it's the first thing to 271 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 3: happen to you when you consume too much fructose, aside 272 00:16:47,960 --> 00:16:50,480 Speaker 3: from getting fat. Oh, by the way, interesting story if 273 00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:53,920 Speaker 3: you go back then and look at the earlier studies about. 274 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:56,560 Speaker 1: Not allowed us say that anymore, David, I'm sorry. 275 00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:59,440 Speaker 3: Allowed us say people get that. 276 00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:02,720 Speaker 1: That's I'll be hearing from someone very soon. 277 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 3: Under height, not overweight. 278 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:09,000 Speaker 1: There you go much better. Glad you tided that up. 279 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:14,240 Speaker 3: That's right. Yeah, So if people get underhyight, if you 280 00:17:14,359 --> 00:17:18,200 Speaker 3: go back and compare England in the mid eighteen hundreds 281 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,280 Speaker 3: and when they were looking at this and worrying about it, 282 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:23,199 Speaker 3: and look at the sugar consumption, and look at the 283 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,960 Speaker 3: incidents of gout, and compare England to France. Now, England 284 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:30,320 Speaker 3: had control of all of the colonies that were producing sugar, 285 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:33,040 Speaker 3: the Caribbean, et cetera, et cetera. They had a lot 286 00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:35,199 Speaker 3: more sugar in their diet than the French did, who 287 00:17:35,280 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 3: had no access to any of this. The French also 288 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:41,920 Speaker 3: had no gout. Yeah, so that's an interesting They didn't 289 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 3: notice that at the time. But now that we know 290 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:45,080 Speaker 3: the answer, we can go back and look at some 291 00:17:45,119 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 3: of that data. But the important thing from the perspective 292 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:51,360 Speaker 3: here is, I mean, yes, gout is horrible and painful, 293 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:55,840 Speaker 3: but it's not going to kill you. The important thing 294 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 3: here is it's a warning if you if your body 295 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:01,920 Speaker 3: is in a position where it is producing too much 296 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:06,920 Speaker 3: uric acid by consuming fractos, then it is also destroying 297 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:11,159 Speaker 3: your liver. It is also destroying your kidney. It is 298 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:14,000 Speaker 3: also likely making you overweight, sorry, under. 299 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,359 Speaker 1: Height and much better. 300 00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:23,680 Speaker 3: Yes, so that's the warning. You know, pay attention if 301 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:26,440 Speaker 3: you've got gout, because gout is not the real problem. 302 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 3: It's just the symptom. 303 00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:34,080 Speaker 1: Wow wow, And you think about like, isn't it interesting 304 00:18:34,119 --> 00:18:37,119 Speaker 1: that And again this is not a slam on doctors, 305 00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:39,960 Speaker 1: because there are great doctors and not so great doctors, 306 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:43,639 Speaker 1: but that there are probably still you know, doctors getting 307 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:48,040 Speaker 1: around and other medical professionals or health professionals telling people 308 00:18:48,080 --> 00:18:52,160 Speaker 1: that that their gout is about excessive meat. 309 00:18:52,359 --> 00:18:55,000 Speaker 3: Still, well, if they went to medical school before two 310 00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:59,239 Speaker 3: thousand and eight, they wouldn't have learnt anything else. And 311 00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:01,960 Speaker 3: if they haven't been keeping up with their eating and 312 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:05,520 Speaker 3: which most doctors don't have the time to do that, 313 00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:08,520 Speaker 3: they're not going to hear a different story. So you know, 314 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,880 Speaker 3: if your doctor was trained before two thousand and eight, 315 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:16,360 Speaker 3: he thinks get out is caused by meat consumption. And 316 00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:19,800 Speaker 3: I guess that leads us to the other question, which 317 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:25,439 Speaker 3: is the stopping eating sugar cure it? And the answer 318 00:19:25,480 --> 00:19:30,199 Speaker 3: is yes, it does. But and this is always the 319 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:33,240 Speaker 3: butt with sugar. It depends how badly you've wrecked things 320 00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:40,240 Speaker 3: in the meantime, So doubt causes damage to structures in 321 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:44,800 Speaker 3: tendon's muscles, et cetera, in the foot, if they've been 322 00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 3: irreparably damaged, then even though cutting back on the sugar, well, 323 00:19:50,359 --> 00:19:54,399 Speaker 3: removing the sugar will certainly help and ensure that you 324 00:19:54,480 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 3: are significantly reducing uric acid production, it isn't going to 325 00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 3: rep the damage for that something. You know, something else 326 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:05,800 Speaker 3: might be required, some other forms of medication, et cetera. So, 327 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:09,480 Speaker 3: and that's the answer you get in pretty much everything 328 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:12,280 Speaker 3: to do with sugar, which is will this cure my 329 00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:14,840 Speaker 3: fati liver? Well, yes it will, but it depends how 330 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:17,040 Speaker 3: much damage has been done to the liver, like has 331 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:21,760 Speaker 3: scar tissued been created or not, Because stopping sugar will 332 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:23,920 Speaker 3: stop more being formed, but it's not going to fix 333 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:26,080 Speaker 3: the stuff that's already been scarred. 334 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,639 Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, and I think it's still still people still 335 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:37,439 Speaker 4: hold like dried fruit and fruit juice up as healthy foods. 336 00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:39,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, which they're not. 337 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:43,960 Speaker 1: My dad's a diabetic and you know, not a visit 338 00:20:44,080 --> 00:20:45,440 Speaker 1: or two ago when I was up there, he is 339 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:51,600 Speaker 1: eating fruit. What are you doing? You know? Like that 340 00:20:51,720 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: is just the worst thing that you can eat. 341 00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:57,639 Speaker 3: Well, you go. Standard dietetic practice at the moment is 342 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:00,680 Speaker 3: still to give people fruit juice even though they're diabetic. 343 00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:04,440 Speaker 3: So you go into a hospital ward where there are 344 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,440 Speaker 3: diabetic patients, they'll be being fed food that's you know, 345 00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:10,320 Speaker 3: fruit juice and fruit and dried fruit. And I'm not 346 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:13,280 Speaker 3: saying exclusively that, but there's no account taken of the 347 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:15,600 Speaker 3: fact that the cause of this disease is over consumption 348 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:21,040 Speaker 3: of fractose. And that's a problem because, as I said, 349 00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:25,000 Speaker 3: gout is at epidemic proportions. But it's just the effect 350 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:28,679 Speaker 3: we can see, you know, we can't see the kidney disease. 351 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:31,120 Speaker 3: We can't see the fatty liver disease until it gets 352 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:34,720 Speaker 3: to a point where it is really really dangerous. 353 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:38,840 Speaker 1: Have you ever I'm going to digress for a moment, 354 00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:42,120 Speaker 1: But I've watched alone, like the American version a bit. 355 00:21:42,320 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: I think I watched some of the Swedish version last week, 356 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:49,840 Speaker 1: some of the Australian I just look at those people. 357 00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 1: I feel like, whatever it is that they might win, 358 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:55,240 Speaker 1: it's not worth it. They're just killing their health. 359 00:21:55,720 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 3: It's just I'm like, but I know some of them 360 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:01,159 Speaker 3: are losing a fair bit of Wait, you know, it 361 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,320 Speaker 3: could be a fairly extreme diet. 362 00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:08,040 Speaker 1: Starting point. I guess if you go in there and 363 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:10,320 Speaker 1: you're in relatively good shape, as. 364 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:11,719 Speaker 3: In oh no, then you toast. 365 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:15,880 Speaker 1: No, you're fucked, You're fucked. I was talking to well, 366 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:18,000 Speaker 1: Tiff and I were talking to Tammy van Whistler. You 367 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:21,360 Speaker 1: may not know who she is, but she's arguably well, 368 00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:24,320 Speaker 1: she's definitely one of Australia's best ever ultra endurance swimmers. 369 00:22:24,359 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 1: She swam, you know, she's won a million things and 370 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:31,920 Speaker 1: world records and she swum, among other things, she swum lockness. 371 00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:37,520 Speaker 1: And I wouldn't believe this, but this was recorded. So 372 00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:42,439 Speaker 1: in a nine hour and six minute swim she lost 373 00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:45,000 Speaker 1: ten kilograms swimming in lockness. 374 00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:48,920 Speaker 3: Well, it is cold, it is like, so. 375 00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 1: That was the coldest swim she's ever done. And I'm 376 00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 1: not lying, am I? Tif ten K's right. 377 00:22:54,960 --> 00:23:00,240 Speaker 3: Yeah yeah, And the is a zempi. 378 00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:04,320 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, zeb's gone. Well at the moment, isn't 379 00:23:04,359 --> 00:23:06,200 Speaker 1: it no better there at all? 380 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:09,439 Speaker 3: It'll well except for the blindness thing, and yeah, but 381 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:13,200 Speaker 3: you know, we can probably talk about that another time. 382 00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:18,960 Speaker 3: But look, the problem with the way we work as 383 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,600 Speaker 3: a society here. I'm just getting my just pulling my 384 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:23,200 Speaker 3: soap box out here to get here. 385 00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:25,640 Speaker 1: Just stand right up and talk up. Yep. 386 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:30,399 Speaker 3: That's is that we are always looking for the quick fix, 387 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:36,720 Speaker 3: and a zeenpeic provides the quick fix. And there's nothing 388 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,480 Speaker 3: quick or painless about swimming. How far did you say 389 00:23:39,560 --> 00:23:43,280 Speaker 3: you sweb ten k's no, it's actually forty k's forty 390 00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:44,200 Speaker 3: ks to lose. 391 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:47,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. 392 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:51,640 Speaker 3: So it's yeah, And no one's interested in that, And 393 00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:55,320 Speaker 3: even less people are interested in not eating sugar for 394 00:23:55,359 --> 00:23:57,119 Speaker 3: the rest of their lives, which to a lot of 395 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:01,880 Speaker 3: people sounds like a death sentence because sugar's addict and 396 00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,840 Speaker 3: people if you say to people, I want you to 397 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,200 Speaker 3: stop doing something that you're addicted to for the rest 398 00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:10,480 Speaker 3: of your life, most people will say sure, I could 399 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:12,040 Speaker 3: do that, and then find they can't. 400 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,680 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, well yeah, And I mean a lot of 401 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:19,040 Speaker 1: things that would be good for us, would be optimal 402 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:23,680 Speaker 1: for our health, are hard, and people don't like hard 403 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,920 Speaker 1: like people like easy, people like quick fixes, people like convenient. 404 00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 3: You know, this is not the interesting thing about the 405 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:33,680 Speaker 3: sugar thing. There's nothing easy about going to the gym 406 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 3: for the rest of your life. But with the sugar thing, 407 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:41,119 Speaker 3: there is actually once you break the addiction, it is 408 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:45,480 Speaker 3: deadly easy to do. You don't have to do anything, 409 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,520 Speaker 3: You just have to not eat anything that tastes sweet 410 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:52,159 Speaker 3: and people. The only reason people find that hard is 411 00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:56,879 Speaker 3: because it is addictive. But like any addictive substance, once 412 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,439 Speaker 3: you get through that. And I think I wrote an 413 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:01,680 Speaker 3: article of few weeks ago that we haven't talked about 414 00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:03,400 Speaker 3: at all, but you wanted to talk about last time, 415 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,840 Speaker 3: about what happens in your brain and how do you 416 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:09,320 Speaker 3: change that when you quit? 417 00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:13,800 Speaker 1: Well maybe it we'll do that next week. Yeah. I 418 00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:21,119 Speaker 1: was just reminded of the very current Australian sprint champion Gout. Gout. 419 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:28,119 Speaker 1: He's getting good pun intended, pun intended, always good chatting 420 00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:29,600 Speaker 1: to you? How do you reckon? You'd go on a 421 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:33,360 Speaker 1: loan mate? Would you? How are your survival skills? 422 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:37,159 Speaker 3: I think i'd probably last or ten fifteen minutes? 423 00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:38,160 Speaker 1: Yeah? 424 00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:43,720 Speaker 3: Yeah, I can't see the point of it honestly, other 425 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,080 Speaker 3: than to entertain people on television. 426 00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:49,760 Speaker 1: To undergrand that's the point or whatever it is. 427 00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:54,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, But to do that, you've got to be prepared 428 00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:59,520 Speaker 3: to not eat what do they normally take sixty seventy 429 00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:05,800 Speaker 3: days it and survive in a subsistence environment. And the 430 00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:08,560 Speaker 3: bit that I always find ironic is they usually chuck 431 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 3: a few vegetarians in there as well, who instantly ceased 432 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 3: becoming being vegetarians when it gets down to I've just 433 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:21,840 Speaker 3: got to eat, And I guess from that perspective, it's 434 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:26,680 Speaker 3: a it's an interesting insight into how man behaves when 435 00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 3: there really are no choices and you really just need 436 00:26:31,119 --> 00:26:33,720 Speaker 3: calories the fastest way you can get them. 437 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:36,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, Well, I think when it comes 438 00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,760 Speaker 1: down to you know, life and death, people like you know, 439 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: I know that this is this is my ethical kind 440 00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:47,360 Speaker 1: of you know, value system. But fuck, I'm hungry. Give 441 00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:48,280 Speaker 1: me a fish. 442 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, when you haven't eaten for six days and you 443 00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,320 Speaker 3: catch a fish, you're suddenly not so worried about it. 444 00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:56,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, like, sorry mate, but I'm going to hitch on 445 00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: the head nature. 446 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:02,680 Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, we've just once again offended a fair chunk 447 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:06,520 Speaker 3: of your audience, who probably are vegetarian. But that's the way. 448 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:10,120 Speaker 1: Well, you know, I think people are going to eat 449 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: whatever they're going to eat if it's that's right, you know, 450 00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:17,040 Speaker 1: it just happens. Make we appreciate you. Thank you as always. Well, 451 00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: we'll see you in a. 452 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,560 Speaker 3: Week, yeah, well or two weeks, even a week. You're 453 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:23,520 Speaker 3: not paying me enough to come back in a week. 454 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: We'll see you. I want to talk to you off 455 00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 1: there for a moment, but for now mate. 456 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 3: Thanks, thank you,