1 00:00:00,520 --> 00:00:01,760 Speaker 1: Good a team. 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:05,480 Speaker 2: So today we're talking about something that everyone experiences, but 3 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:08,800 Speaker 2: very few people really understand. 4 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:10,720 Speaker 1: We talk about it on this show quite a bit. 5 00:00:10,800 --> 00:00:12,960 Speaker 2: I talk about it quite a bit, but I wanted 6 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,600 Speaker 2: to do a different kind of a deep dive into 7 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:19,560 Speaker 2: the topic. And we're talking about thoughts, specifically, we're talking 8 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 2: about the potential ramifications and consequences good and bad of thinking. 9 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:29,520 Speaker 2: You know me, I'm fucking obsessed with the mind. I'm 10 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:33,320 Speaker 2: obsessed with thinking. I'm obsessed with what we can do 11 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:37,440 Speaker 2: with our mind. I think it is the most misunderstood 12 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:43,240 Speaker 2: yet powerful component of the human experience. I don't think 13 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 2: we know how to use our mind properly. I don't 14 00:00:47,479 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 2: know that we ever will. I think, you know, this 15 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:52,919 Speaker 2: is something I think about a lot. It's something I 16 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:55,160 Speaker 2: study a lot. I'm doing a PhD in it, blah 17 00:00:55,200 --> 00:00:59,960 Speaker 2: blah blah blah, and I'm still I'm still baby stepping it, Nonetheles. 18 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: So I think it's really good to talk about. That's 19 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: what we're going to do. 20 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:06,280 Speaker 2: So we're talking about thoughts, and they're not just ideas floating. 21 00:01:05,959 --> 00:01:09,440 Speaker 1: Around in your head, but they are a. 22 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:12,839 Speaker 2: Physiological reality, or they can have a physiological consequence that's 23 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 2: for sure. The truth that a single thought can change 24 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:19,279 Speaker 2: what's going on in your body. 25 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:21,440 Speaker 1: How amazing is that. 26 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:24,440 Speaker 2: So your body's not responding to an event or a situation, 27 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:28,000 Speaker 2: or some change in some kind of external stimuli, but 28 00:01:28,120 --> 00:01:32,040 Speaker 2: rather your thoughts. A single thought can change your blood 29 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 2: pressure or what's happening with your hormones and your breathing 30 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 2: and your muscle tension, and your immune system and your 31 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:38,040 Speaker 2: nervous system. 32 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:41,360 Speaker 1: I think most people think of thoughts. 33 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 2: As kind of intangible, harmless, weightless, just kind of mental activity, 34 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 2: something that happens in the background, something that's kind of 35 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,960 Speaker 2: separate to the body, something that has no real consequence 36 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,880 Speaker 2: unless we act on the thought. But that's actually wrong, 37 00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 2: it's completely wrong. So your body is not responding to 38 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:09,360 Speaker 2: the world. I'm going to say that again. Your body 39 00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:11,800 Speaker 2: is not responding to the world. Your body is responding 40 00:02:11,840 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 2: to your interpretation of the world. Your body is responding 41 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 2: to the meaning that you create through that window through 42 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 2: which you observe and process and understand and dissect and 43 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:29,680 Speaker 2: tell stories about the world. Your body is responding to 44 00:02:29,720 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 2: the story that your mind is telling you about what 45 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:37,320 Speaker 2: is going on. Your brain is running your physiology moment 46 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:42,120 Speaker 2: to moment based on what it believes is happening. 47 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:45,200 Speaker 1: I'm going to say that again. Your brain. 48 00:02:46,639 --> 00:02:50,839 Speaker 2: Is running your physiology moment to moment based on what 49 00:02:50,919 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 2: your brain thinks. 50 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: Is happening, not what's happening. 51 00:02:57,639 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 2: If you're in the middle of a shitty situation, but 52 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:02,680 Speaker 2: you think it's a shitty situation, guess what's happening in 53 00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 2: your body not bad stuff, good stuff. 54 00:03:06,919 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: If you're in a what. 55 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 2: For other people would be a chaotic circumstance or environment 56 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 2: or environment, but in the middle of that outward kind 57 00:03:15,639 --> 00:03:20,440 Speaker 2: of chaos, you are calm. Guess what's happening with your 58 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:25,160 Speaker 2: nervous system. It's calm, it's parasympathetic, not sympathetic. Guess what's 59 00:03:25,200 --> 00:03:26,840 Speaker 2: going on with your heart rate. It's low, not high, 60 00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:29,680 Speaker 2: your blood pressure low, not high. Not because you're in 61 00:03:29,720 --> 00:03:36,560 Speaker 2: a calm situation, but because you interpret that thing as calm, 62 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 2: as not a problem, as not chaotic, as not a catastrophe, 63 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:46,720 Speaker 2: and as a result, your physiology is reflective of the story, not. 64 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: The situation or circumstance. 65 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:55,240 Speaker 2: This is why a stressful thought can increase our heart 66 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 2: rate without anything happening. 67 00:03:57,560 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: It's why embarrassment can make your face go red. 68 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 2: It's why fear can make your stomach drop in inverted commas, 69 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 2: It's why worry can literally make you feel sick. It's 70 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 2: why anticipation of something can give you goose bumps. The 71 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:17,640 Speaker 2: thought is the trigger. The body is the response to 72 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:24,479 Speaker 2: the trigger the thought. The body just does what it's 73 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,640 Speaker 2: told to do, essentially, or the body just does what 74 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 2: makes sense to the body in accordance with the information 75 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:41,919 Speaker 2: in inverted commas, information I should really say interpretation that 76 00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 2: it's getting. 77 00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: So today we're going to explore all that. 78 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:49,840 Speaker 2: You know that I've been fascinated with place ebos and 79 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:53,280 Speaker 2: no cibos and you're not sure exactly what that means. 80 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:56,480 Speaker 2: We're going to have a look at how belief can 81 00:04:56,520 --> 00:05:00,480 Speaker 2: reduce pain, change movement, alter healing, and influence the very 82 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:03,040 Speaker 2: chemicals that your brain produces. We're going to look at 83 00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 2: the place Ebo and no Cibo effect and what happens 84 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:09,920 Speaker 2: when your brain decides that something is safe or dangerous, 85 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:15,680 Speaker 2: or possible or hopeless or already improving. Because when you 86 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:18,280 Speaker 2: understand that a thought can change your chemistry, I mean 87 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:22,480 Speaker 2: really understand it and understand that an expectation can change 88 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 2: your nervous system and understand that your belief can change 89 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:31,159 Speaker 2: your biology. You start to realize that your mind is 90 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:37,280 Speaker 2: not just observing life, it's shaping it literally physically in 91 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 2: real time. And this is the consequence of thought. So 92 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 2: let's start here. I want to share some stories with 93 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 2: you today, which I fucking love. So today's quite it's 94 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:53,360 Speaker 2: almost like a storytelling episode. 95 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:55,200 Speaker 1: I hope you enjoy it. Let me know what you think. 96 00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:58,039 Speaker 2: But I want to tell you so story one I 97 00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:01,120 Speaker 2: want to share with you I'm calling the knee surgery 98 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:05,240 Speaker 2: that wasn't the knee surgery that wasn't. So in the 99 00:06:05,279 --> 00:06:09,960 Speaker 2: nine nineties, there was a surgeon named doctor Bruce Moseley. 100 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,839 Speaker 2: He worked out of primarily out of Houston. He worked 101 00:06:13,839 --> 00:06:17,080 Speaker 2: with NBA teams, he worked with elite athletes, and he 102 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 2: kept seeing the same thing, and that was arthroscopic knee 103 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:26,840 Speaker 2: surgery for osteos for osteoarthritis. And it often didn't seem 104 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:31,160 Speaker 2: really to do much clinically or medically or physiologically, but somehow, 105 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:35,279 Speaker 2: for some reason, patients swore by it, they swore that 106 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 2: it helped. But him from a clinical and an observational perspective, 107 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 2: he didn't really think it did much. But what he 108 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:44,279 Speaker 2: did observe was that the people who had the operation 109 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 2: really believed right despite what he saw physically, clinically, medically, 110 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 2: what he observed was that those people really believed that 111 00:06:54,839 --> 00:07:01,000 Speaker 2: the operation did something. So he did something really a 112 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:03,760 Speaker 2: little bit fucking sneaky. Well not that sneaky because it 113 00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:06,280 Speaker 2: was a controlled study, but he ran a controlled study 114 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:11,040 Speaker 2: with three groups and he did surgery in inverted commas 115 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:14,960 Speaker 2: on these three groups. So group one that had the surgery, 116 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:18,600 Speaker 2: they had the proper surgery. They had the full arthroscopic surgery, 117 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 2: that cleaning out of the old you know people going, no, 118 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:23,000 Speaker 2: I'm just going in to get the knee cleaned out. 119 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:26,560 Speaker 2: Well that's that's generally, this is arthroscopic surgery. That's what 120 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:27,239 Speaker 2: they're talking about. 121 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:28,640 Speaker 1: So Group one. 122 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 2: Had the cleaning out of the knee, they had the 123 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:34,080 Speaker 2: actual operation. Group two, I don't actually know exactly what 124 00:07:34,480 --> 00:07:36,880 Speaker 2: this is. I couldn't find it in the research specifically, 125 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:39,559 Speaker 2: but they had a partial procedure, they had something done, 126 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:43,559 Speaker 2: but not the full surgery. And Group three they had 127 00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 2: placebo surgery. They had fuck all done. So they the 128 00:07:47,560 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 2: patients were wheeled into the theater, they were put under anesthesia. 129 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:58,000 Speaker 2: There were three small incisions made in the knee, so 130 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 2: they thought they were having like it replicated the actual surgery, 131 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 2: but there was no surgery done. There was no actual 132 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 2: surgical repair, so they took them into theater, they put 133 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 2: them under anesthetic. I don't think i'd want that done anyway. 134 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:15,640 Speaker 2: They made some small cuts in their knee, the same 135 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 2: cuts as the people who had the actual surgery would have, 136 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:21,360 Speaker 2: so when they came out of surgery looked like that 137 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:24,400 Speaker 2: had surgery, but nothing was actually done. There was nothing 138 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:28,840 Speaker 2: invasive in their knee at all. So they stitched them 139 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 2: back up, not having had an operation, and sent them. 140 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: Back to rehab as normal. 141 00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:37,200 Speaker 2: Now, the patients did not know which group they are in, 142 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 2: which of the three groups are in. Also, interestingly, the 143 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 2: surgeons performing the follow up assessments and the treatment team, 144 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:47,920 Speaker 2: the clinicians, they didn't know. 145 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:52,280 Speaker 1: Even And so what was the result. 146 00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 2: Well, the placebo surgery patients improved just as much, just 147 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:00,600 Speaker 2: as much as those who had the actual surgery surgery. 148 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 2: In fact, in some measures, they improved more patients who 149 00:09:04,920 --> 00:09:09,000 Speaker 2: had nothing done. In fact, so there was nothing invasive 150 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:12,800 Speaker 2: done inside the knee, They reported less pain, They reported 151 00:09:12,840 --> 00:09:16,480 Speaker 2: better mobility and greater confidence walking and climbing the stairs. 152 00:09:17,920 --> 00:09:19,920 Speaker 2: One of the patients in the plus C bow group, 153 00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:23,679 Speaker 2: who had lots of trouble, actually returned to playing professional basketball, 154 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:28,920 Speaker 2: having no idea that nothing had actually been done inside 155 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:31,719 Speaker 2: his knee. Yes, he had three superficial cuts, but there 156 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:37,000 Speaker 2: was no real surgery. So why does this matter. Why 157 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 2: does this matter? Well, the surgery had been working for 158 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,360 Speaker 2: years and the good doc believes and evidence would suggest 159 00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:46,640 Speaker 2: that it was working not because of any kind of 160 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:52,959 Speaker 2: physiological or mechanical fix, but rather because the patients believed 161 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:57,679 Speaker 2: that something had been repaired. Doctors believed that they were 162 00:09:57,760 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 2: helping everyone doc does, patients, family, Everyone expected improvement and 163 00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 2: the brain delivered the change. So this study really blew 164 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 2: up the orthopedics world when it was published in the 165 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 2: New England Journal of Medicine in the early two thousands. 166 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:17,439 Speaker 2: So if you want to look it up, I think 167 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:21,640 Speaker 2: it was two thousand and two. And it forced healthcare 168 00:10:21,679 --> 00:10:25,560 Speaker 2: to confront something that was like an uncomfortable or an 169 00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:31,160 Speaker 2: inconvenient truth, and that is that belief can trigger physical 170 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:38,640 Speaker 2: recovery pathways that looked like the result of surgery. And 171 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:41,280 Speaker 2: one of the ever present questions for me around this 172 00:10:41,559 --> 00:10:48,920 Speaker 2: is why, why is this stuff? Why is understanding place ebos, 173 00:10:49,080 --> 00:10:52,840 Speaker 2: understanding how the mind can heal the body, Understanding the 174 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:57,200 Speaker 2: potential and the power of this mind body connection, this 175 00:10:57,280 --> 00:11:01,640 Speaker 2: psychology physiology link. I know the answer, by the way, 176 00:11:01,679 --> 00:11:02,840 Speaker 2: but I'm going to ask the question. 177 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:05,120 Speaker 1: The question is why the fuck are we not studying this? 178 00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:10,680 Speaker 2: Why is this not the most important question being asked 179 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:18,599 Speaker 2: and answered in health, in recovery, in medicine, in wellness, 180 00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 2: and of course the question is because if all of 181 00:11:24,559 --> 00:11:27,520 Speaker 2: a sudden we could heal ourselves. Imagine if we learned 182 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:32,480 Speaker 2: how to actually heal ourselves from nearly everything and anything. 183 00:11:32,559 --> 00:11:35,600 Speaker 2: Imagine if we could figure out that I can actually 184 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:39,560 Speaker 2: lower my blood pressure by doing this or doing without medication. 185 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 2: I'm not suggesting you stop any medication, by the way, 186 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:45,360 Speaker 2: This is not what today is about. I'm just opening 187 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:50,920 Speaker 2: the door on this fascinating reality that there are things 188 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:54,959 Speaker 2: that happen in medicine and outside of medicine, in healing 189 00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:59,480 Speaker 2: and in health that make in inverted commas no sense. 190 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,000 Speaker 2: There would be lots of organizations and companies and sellers 191 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:05,720 Speaker 2: of pills and powders and potions and surgeries. Of course, 192 00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:11,800 Speaker 2: who would suffer incredibly financially if we all figured out 193 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:14,680 Speaker 2: that we didn't need all of the things we think 194 00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:19,559 Speaker 2: we do. Again, don't confuse what I'm saying. I definitely 195 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:23,040 Speaker 2: think medicine and clinical treatment and doctors and nurses and 196 00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 2: all of that. You know, of course, there's a place, 197 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,959 Speaker 2: there's a place. But this is also a really fucking 198 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 2: door to open. 199 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:35,240 Speaker 1: All right. Story number two, I love this one. 200 00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:44,160 Speaker 2: So I'm calling this the Parkinson's dopamine that wasn't so 201 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:50,840 Speaker 2: let me explain that. So Parkinston Parkinson's disease involves the 202 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:57,199 Speaker 2: loss of dopamine producing neurons, those feel good neurons, and 203 00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 2: that causes tremors because a whole lot of neurological issues. 204 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:05,720 Speaker 2: It causes difficulty with movement, with walking, with mobility, with balance, 205 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:07,680 Speaker 2: with control, with all of those things. 206 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:09,520 Speaker 1: So one of. 207 00:13:09,280 --> 00:13:15,040 Speaker 2: The things that happens with Parkinson's is that these neurons are. 208 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:15,600 Speaker 1: Destroyed or lost. 209 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 2: And in the early two thousands, researchers ran a trial 210 00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:24,360 Speaker 2: to test a new drug, which researchers are always doing. 211 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:29,600 Speaker 2: And of course these need to be double blind studies, 212 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:31,960 Speaker 2: where some people are getting a medication, some people are not. 213 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:35,920 Speaker 2: And of course, as as is commonplace in this kind 214 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 2: of research, some participants got the actual medication and some 215 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 2: got a place ebo. 216 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:43,360 Speaker 1: Of course, nobody knows what they're on. 217 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,120 Speaker 2: People don't know whether or not they're getting the real 218 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:52,240 Speaker 2: medication or a pill full of nothing. And what happened, 219 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:54,760 Speaker 2: and again you know it's coming, but I'm going to 220 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 2: tell you anyway, what happens shocked everybody because the placebo group, 221 00:13:58,559 --> 00:14:00,760 Speaker 2: so the people who've got no drug, they thought they 222 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:02,679 Speaker 2: were getting a drug, or the thought they might have 223 00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 2: been getting a drug. 224 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:05,480 Speaker 1: And time and time. 225 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:08,480 Speaker 2: Again, it seems that people who do this kind of research, 226 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 2: whether or not whatever group they're in, most people seem 227 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:14,040 Speaker 2: to think that they're getting the drug. 228 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:16,480 Speaker 1: I don't know what that is about. That's another episode. 229 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:19,320 Speaker 2: But anyway, the placebo groups, so the group that were 230 00:14:19,360 --> 00:14:24,320 Speaker 2: taking nothing, nothing with any therapeutic, I think their starch 231 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,400 Speaker 2: I think it's just starched the tablets. Anyway, So they 232 00:14:27,440 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 2: showed reduced tremors, smoother movement, improved walking, better facial control. 233 00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:38,360 Speaker 2: But like the really fucking astonishing bit of this research 234 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,640 Speaker 2: in their study in particular, was what happened with the 235 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:45,560 Speaker 2: brain scans. So the placebo patients, the people that were 236 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:49,680 Speaker 2: getting nothing, they thought they were getting something, and there 237 00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:53,360 Speaker 2: was a huge surge of dopamine. Remember they're neurons that 238 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:56,840 Speaker 2: produced dopamine are badly affected. But for some reason the 239 00:14:56,920 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 2: patient's taking nothing, all of a sudden, who couldn't generally 240 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 2: produce dopamine at any significant level, all of a sudden, 241 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 2: dopamine was flooding their brain. Not pretend dopamine, but actual, real, 242 00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 2: measurable dopamine. The brain produced the chemical because the person 243 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:16,160 Speaker 2: believed they. 244 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,520 Speaker 1: Were beating treatment. They were being treated, I'm. 245 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:22,600 Speaker 2: Going to say that again, So they when they looked 246 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 2: at their brain, their brain was flooded with dopamine. Even 247 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:28,600 Speaker 2: though these people who couldn't generally produce any real level 248 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,720 Speaker 2: of dopamine were not getting any drug to help them 249 00:15:31,760 --> 00:15:35,200 Speaker 2: do so. But because they thought they were being treated, 250 00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:42,320 Speaker 2: and this wasn't imagination, this was neurochemical reality. So their 251 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,720 Speaker 2: expectation activated part of the brain called the nuclear circumbence, 252 00:15:45,920 --> 00:15:49,680 Speaker 2: and that triggers dopamine release and temporarily restored for them 253 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:56,160 Speaker 2: movement function, balance, coordination, control, smooth out tremors, all of 254 00:15:56,200 --> 00:16:01,640 Speaker 2: these things that were considered to be phiz ieologically impossible 255 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:09,760 Speaker 2: without medication, but they I guess they medicated themselves with 256 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:10,320 Speaker 2: their mind. 257 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:14,520 Speaker 1: So why does this matter? Well, Parkinson's is. 258 00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:24,360 Speaker 2: A neurological disease, hard physical neurodegeneration, real biological physiological. 259 00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: Damage. 260 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:29,880 Speaker 2: Yet belief alone for these people change their neurochemistry and behavior. 261 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:35,840 Speaker 2: So the placebo didn't just change how they felt. It 262 00:16:35,880 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 2: wasn't just a psychological shift or an emotional shift. So 263 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,040 Speaker 2: it didn't just change how they felt. It literally changed 264 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:45,600 Speaker 2: how their brain worked. And then as a byproduct of that, 265 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:48,200 Speaker 2: what was happening in their brain, then what was happening 266 00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:52,040 Speaker 2: in their nervous system. More broadly, what was happening you know, 267 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,720 Speaker 2: in their muscular system, neuromuscular combination and so on. 268 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:57,400 Speaker 1: So this forced neuroscience to. 269 00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 2: Rethink this particular study for neuroscience to rethink the mind 270 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:07,879 Speaker 2: body boundary, the role of expectation in motor symptoms, and 271 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:12,280 Speaker 2: how belief interacts with the basil ganglia also a crucial. 272 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:14,359 Speaker 1: Part of the brain with this and dopamine pathways. 273 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:18,159 Speaker 2: And as a consequent this research became one of the 274 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:21,760 Speaker 2: strongest demonstrations that the brain is not a passenger, it's 275 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:26,119 Speaker 2: the driver and So what's the takeaway. 276 00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:28,600 Speaker 1: I guess the takeaway is that your. 277 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:34,960 Speaker 2: Brain isn't reacting to reality, it's reacting to what it 278 00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:36,920 Speaker 2: thinks reality is. 279 00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:41,400 Speaker 1: Alright, I've got a few more. This one's a belter. 280 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:46,680 Speaker 2: So story three is called the hotel housekeepers who lost 281 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 2: weight by changing their thinking. So Harvard psychologist Ellen Langer 282 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:55,600 Speaker 2: Ellen el En a lady ran a study in the 283 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 2: middle of the two thousands. In the mid two thousands 284 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:03,280 Speaker 2: with hotel room at tenant. So these ladies, they work 285 00:18:03,359 --> 00:18:07,000 Speaker 2: for hotels. They cleaned rooms all day, They changed lenin, 286 00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:11,840 Speaker 2: they vacuumed, they scrub bathways, They walked miles and miles 287 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:15,640 Speaker 2: or kilometers and kilometers of hallways. I would think, I mean, 288 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 2: I don't know, but I would guess somebody's step count 289 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:21,640 Speaker 2: who does this kind of job would have to be well, 290 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:25,160 Speaker 2: well over fifteen to twenty thousand steps a day, maybe 291 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,680 Speaker 2: heading towards thirty but anyway, so they were moving a lot, 292 00:18:28,960 --> 00:18:31,600 Speaker 2: a lot. In other words, they were doing the equivalent 293 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:37,440 Speaker 2: of moderate to vigorous exercise every day. But when they 294 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:41,320 Speaker 2: interviewed all of these women, most of them didn't think 295 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 2: of their work as exercise. In fact, most of them 296 00:18:45,119 --> 00:18:49,679 Speaker 2: considered themselves as being somewhat inactive. So I'm going to 297 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:51,879 Speaker 2: say that again, they didn't really think of their work 298 00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:56,119 Speaker 2: as exercise or working out. They believed that they weren't 299 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:59,240 Speaker 2: active at all and described most of them described themselves 300 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,080 Speaker 2: as not really exercising, and as a result, their bodies 301 00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:05,440 Speaker 2: matched their beliefs. 302 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:06,760 Speaker 1: Most of them had. 303 00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:12,360 Speaker 2: Higher blood pressure, higher body fat, and lower perceived fitness. 304 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:17,480 Speaker 2: So the researcher Ellen Langer taught one group, actually educated them, 305 00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 2: taught them that they were already doing what counted as exercise. 306 00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:28,280 Speaker 2: She educated them about energy expenditure, heart rate elevation, calorie burning, 307 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 2: muscle conditioning, and that was it. 308 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:33,920 Speaker 1: Like there was She just ed. 309 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:39,520 Speaker 2: She actually explained to them quite clearly, succinctly in Layman's terms, 310 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:40,200 Speaker 2: that what they. 311 00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:41,360 Speaker 1: Were doing was already. 312 00:19:41,359 --> 00:19:45,040 Speaker 2: They were working out, they were exercising, they were moving 313 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:48,479 Speaker 2: a lot, and that their job was the equivalent of 314 00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:52,720 Speaker 2: a daily moderate to vigorous exercise program. They were already 315 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 2: doing it, so nothing else changed. They just told them this. 316 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,240 Speaker 2: They just informed this them of this. They just gave 317 00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:04,800 Speaker 2: them new information. So now the women were doing the 318 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:07,480 Speaker 2: exact same thing, but they had a new story. They 319 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:09,919 Speaker 2: had a new belief, They had new awareness, they had 320 00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:15,040 Speaker 2: new understanding, they had new thinking. So nothing else changed, 321 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:18,639 Speaker 2: no dietary change. They didn't walk anymore steps. There was 322 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:22,560 Speaker 2: no adjustment or change to their routine. The other group, 323 00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 2: there were two groups, the other group, they didn't get that. 324 00:20:26,119 --> 00:20:29,920 Speaker 2: They got no information, and then they tracked Both groups 325 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 2: over the next four were hicks. This is fucking hilarious anyway, 326 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:39,000 Speaker 2: And what happened after four weeks. The group who now 327 00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:44,720 Speaker 2: believed and understood that they were exercising, lost body fat, 328 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:49,959 Speaker 2: lost weight across the board, saw lower blood pressure, and 329 00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:55,040 Speaker 2: improved waste to hip ratios, so reduction in waste and 330 00:20:55,160 --> 00:21:01,680 Speaker 2: hip measurements. And again, they didn't change anything about their behavior. 331 00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:06,880 Speaker 2: The only change was how they thought about what they 332 00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:10,960 Speaker 2: were already doing. Their physiology shifted to match their new 333 00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:12,120 Speaker 2: self perception. 334 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:14,919 Speaker 1: I'm going to say it again. The only change was 335 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: not what they were doing. 336 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:18,880 Speaker 2: They didn't eat less, they didn't move more, they didn't 337 00:21:18,920 --> 00:21:22,520 Speaker 2: have some new strategy. Everything was groundhog day. It was 338 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,960 Speaker 2: exactly as it was before. They were doing the same thing, 339 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:27,960 Speaker 2: the same way, the same job, in the same environment, 340 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:30,520 Speaker 2: but all of a sudden they had a new understanding 341 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:34,800 Speaker 2: and new awareness. They were thinking differently and their physiology, 342 00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:37,359 Speaker 2: that is, their body changed and what was happening in 343 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 2: their body changed to match their new thinking or to 344 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:45,080 Speaker 2: match their new self perception. And the other group nothing, 345 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:52,760 Speaker 2: no changes status quo. So so why does this matter so. 346 00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:54,720 Speaker 1: Well? 347 00:21:54,840 --> 00:22:01,400 Speaker 2: It wasn't positive thinking or motivational quotes. It was cognitive reframing. 348 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:04,520 Speaker 2: It was cognitive. 349 00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:05,880 Speaker 1: It was a different story. 350 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:10,320 Speaker 2: And as a result of that, we saw measurable metabolic change, 351 00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:16,199 Speaker 2: cardiovascular change, health change. And it suggests that your body 352 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:22,080 Speaker 2: doesn't respond to just what you do, but it also 353 00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:25,840 Speaker 2: responds to your understanding of what you're doing or what 354 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:32,480 Speaker 2: you believe you're doing. So expectation shapes hormone signaling, a 355 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:37,399 Speaker 2: sympathetic tone, which is your level of sympathetic nervous system activation, 356 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:46,000 Speaker 2: metabolic efficiency, how well your body metabolizes calories, energy, motivation. 357 00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:49,560 Speaker 1: And effort and recovery. 358 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:53,639 Speaker 2: So in a snapshot, with this study, especially, I guess, 359 00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:59,239 Speaker 2: meaning Alter's biology, I've got all the references for all 360 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,840 Speaker 2: of these if you ever want. But yeah, that was 361 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:06,000 Speaker 2: done across that study that was Crumb and Langer two 362 00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:12,040 Speaker 2: thousand and seven. It was eighty four participants So the 363 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:15,520 Speaker 2: control group was forty and the participants were forty four, 364 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:19,720 Speaker 2: so it's not a massive study, but it was very 365 00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 2: controlled and if nothing else, you know, it's fascinating. No 366 00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:30,960 Speaker 2: behavior or activity level or dietary changes happened. Only the 367 00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:35,119 Speaker 2: meaning of their existing work was reframed, and as a 368 00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:40,959 Speaker 2: result they saw measurable, observable, real actual changes in their body. 369 00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:46,840 Speaker 2: So the next one's interesting too. This is almost the 370 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 2: well it's not almost, it's the reverse. So this time, 371 00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:53,879 Speaker 2: rather than plus cebo, where we think something good or 372 00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:57,239 Speaker 2: we take an inert thing thinking it's not inert, it's 373 00:23:57,359 --> 00:23:59,560 Speaker 2: rather powerful and as a result we get a powerful 374 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:02,719 Speaker 2: outcome despite the fact that there was no power in 375 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:07,720 Speaker 2: the thing, the drug, the medicine, the whatever. No cibo 376 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:15,520 Speaker 2: is talking about when a negative expectation or belief causes 377 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:19,560 Speaker 2: a negative physical or psychological response, even though the treatment 378 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 2: or the situation itself is harmless. 379 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:25,320 Speaker 1: So in other words, if. 380 00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:28,199 Speaker 2: A place ebo makes you feel better because you believe it, 381 00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:32,399 Speaker 2: and no cibo spell noc ebo makes you feel worse, 382 00:24:33,359 --> 00:24:38,600 Speaker 2: like literally worse and also physically worse, with negative physical consequences. 383 00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 2: Quite often, as you'll hear in a moment because you 384 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:44,240 Speaker 2: expect something bad has happened. 385 00:24:44,280 --> 00:24:45,280 Speaker 1: So I'm going to say that again. 386 00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:48,720 Speaker 2: If a placebo makes you better, like literally makes you 387 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 2: better because you believe it, and no CIBO will make 388 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:52,359 Speaker 2: you worse. 389 00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:54,560 Speaker 1: Because you expect something to happen. 390 00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:58,320 Speaker 2: So, for example, someone who's told a medication has strong 391 00:24:58,359 --> 00:25:01,879 Speaker 2: side effects, they start experiencing those side effects even if 392 00:25:01,920 --> 00:25:07,000 Speaker 2: they're given a sugar pill. And again there's not psychosmatic. 393 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:07,560 Speaker 1: These are real. 394 00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 2: These are real physical side effects. A person believes the 395 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:16,479 Speaker 2: harmless smell is toxic, so they smell something another example 396 00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:21,960 Speaker 2: of a nose. They smell something and they think that 397 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:25,320 Speaker 2: that is a toxic thing despite the fact that it's harmless. 398 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:30,480 Speaker 2: There's there's no danger. Nonetheless, they develop headaches and nauseas, nausea, 399 00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:35,360 Speaker 2: and they start to panic. Being told you're back, for example, 400 00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:39,200 Speaker 2: is damaged when it's not really damaged. Maybe you've got 401 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,280 Speaker 2: something minor, but all of a sudden, we've got increased pain, 402 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,159 Speaker 2: fear and muscle tension, restricted movement, and a level of 403 00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:50,520 Speaker 2: disability that's associated more to the story than it is 404 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:57,719 Speaker 2: what's actually happening with the back. So the key idea 405 00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:01,720 Speaker 2: with a no c B is that the expectation of 406 00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 2: harm can create real harm, actual harm. All right, So 407 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,240 Speaker 2: the next story that I want to share with you 408 00:26:11,440 --> 00:26:14,919 Speaker 2: is I'm finding my space. Okay, So here it is. 409 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 2: It's called the plus Ebo overdose, or we can call 410 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,360 Speaker 2: it the no Siebo effect. So in the late nine nineties, 411 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:27,000 Speaker 2: a bloke enrolled in a clinical trial for an antidepressant. 412 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:31,040 Speaker 2: Half the participants were receiving the actual medical medication and 413 00:26:31,119 --> 00:26:35,840 Speaker 2: half were plus were receiving plus ebos so sugar tablets. 414 00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:37,840 Speaker 1: They looked exactly the same. 415 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:41,800 Speaker 2: They're identical, so you couldn't even the team couldn't discern 416 00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 2: them what was what unless they knew, of course, but 417 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 2: to look at they're identical. So one was the drug, 418 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 2: the other had no active ingredient, no drugs, So he 419 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:54,720 Speaker 2: didn't know which group he was in. He was in 420 00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:56,880 Speaker 2: this trial, and one day, during a moment of acute 421 00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:02,520 Speaker 2: emotional distress, we'll call it that, he decided to overdose. 422 00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:04,680 Speaker 2: So he got all of the pills that he had remaining, 423 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,320 Speaker 2: which was twenty nine pills, believing that he was sure 424 00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:11,200 Speaker 2: that he was on the real drug. As I said 425 00:27:11,240 --> 00:27:13,919 Speaker 2: to you before, most people think, even when they know 426 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:16,680 Speaker 2: there's a fifty to fifty chance. For whatever reason, people 427 00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:19,359 Speaker 2: who are in these trials, most if there's one hundred 428 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:21,040 Speaker 2: people in the trial and fifty are on the drug 429 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:24,359 Speaker 2: and fifty and not the majority of people for whatever 430 00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,440 Speaker 2: reason feel like they are on the drug. And probably 431 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:31,360 Speaker 2: it's because they're having very real physical changes, but they're 432 00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,800 Speaker 2: unaware of the fact that they're actually creating the changes, 433 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:37,280 Speaker 2: not the drug. Anyway, back to the dude, So one 434 00:27:37,359 --> 00:27:40,119 Speaker 2: day he was having a let's just go with him, 435 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,120 Speaker 2: was having a horrendous day. He was having a terrible day, 436 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:47,639 Speaker 2: and he decided to overdose. He swallowed twenty nine pills 437 00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:53,520 Speaker 2: from his bottle, believing that they were real, and within minutes, 438 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:57,640 Speaker 2: his blood pressure crashed, his heart rate spiked, he became faint, shaky, 439 00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:02,320 Speaker 2: and physically un stable. He was rushed to hospital, to 440 00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:04,840 Speaker 2: the emergency department, and by the time he got there 441 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:09,600 Speaker 2: he was in a critical condition. And doctors tried quite 442 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:14,520 Speaker 2: they tried IV fluids, cardiac monitoring, stabilization protocols, but nothing 443 00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:20,400 Speaker 2: was helping. Was he was getting worse, slightly worse. His 444 00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:23,280 Speaker 2: body was responding as if he was dying from a 445 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,600 Speaker 2: toxic overdose. So I'm just going to say that his 446 00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:31,040 Speaker 2: body was responding, so all the physiological signs that he 447 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:35,760 Speaker 2: had actually taken a toxic level of a drug. His 448 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:39,360 Speaker 2: body was demonstrating that that was real. That the and 449 00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:41,920 Speaker 2: that the team did not know. They did not know, 450 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:45,400 Speaker 2: so that the medical team that I'm talking about in 451 00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:48,240 Speaker 2: the hospital, they didn't know that he hadn't actually taken 452 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 2: a drug. Then the coordinator of the trial arrived at 453 00:28:53,080 --> 00:28:56,320 Speaker 2: the hospital with all of the lab records. As it 454 00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:58,440 Speaker 2: turns out, you know, I'm going to tell you this already, 455 00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:01,560 Speaker 2: but the dude, so the guy who'd taken the twenty 456 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:05,480 Speaker 2: nine pills, he'd taken a placebo twenty nine times. He 457 00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,440 Speaker 2: wasn't in the medicated group, he wasn't using the actual 458 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,600 Speaker 2: drug that was being tried. He'd been taking a placebo 459 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:16,240 Speaker 2: the whole time. So no active drug, no biochemical agent, 460 00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 2: nothing real about that at all, just pills made of starch. 461 00:29:24,680 --> 00:29:27,840 Speaker 2: So when the doctor informed him, you didn't overdose on anything. 462 00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 2: These pills contain no actual medication, almost instantly, within three minutes, 463 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:36,240 Speaker 2: his blood pressure returned to normal, his heart rates stabilized, 464 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:41,760 Speaker 2: his symptoms disappeared, and he recovered very quickly. So why 465 00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:46,040 Speaker 2: does this matter? Well, this is the no cebo effect 466 00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:53,440 Speaker 2: in its purest form. So a belief caused the physiological crisis. 467 00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:58,719 Speaker 2: So the problem the very real. Now, remember the medical 468 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:04,000 Speaker 2: emergency was real, right, the belief was flawed, His thought 469 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 2: was flawed. But your body can't tell the difference between 470 00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:11,959 Speaker 2: what is real and what you think is real, So 471 00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:15,120 Speaker 2: your body doesn't respond to what is real. Your body 472 00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:17,880 Speaker 2: responds to what you think is real. Because what was 473 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:23,480 Speaker 2: real was he had taken twenty nine harmless pills, which 474 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:28,840 Speaker 2: normally would do absolutely nothing to a body, maybe give 475 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:30,960 Speaker 2: you a gut ache because you've just taken twenty nine 476 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:35,600 Speaker 2: starch pills. Who knows, But what it actually did as 477 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:39,480 Speaker 2: a consequence of his thinking about what he'd done, it 478 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:45,960 Speaker 2: put him into a death spiral, like a severe medical crisis. 479 00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,840 Speaker 2: So a belief caused the physiological drama. And guess what 480 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:55,880 Speaker 2: a belief A belief reversal ended it. There was no 481 00:30:56,240 --> 00:31:05,120 Speaker 2: chemical explanation interpreted, I'm in danger, I've poisoned myself, and 482 00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:09,520 Speaker 2: it triggered an adrenaline shock response, vascular collapse, sympathetic nervous 483 00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,600 Speaker 2: system upheaval, and then the brain. Then the moment that 484 00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:16,280 Speaker 2: the brain learned there was no danger. Oh, that story 485 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:20,920 Speaker 2: I told myself is bullshit. It isn't real. I haven't 486 00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:25,080 Speaker 2: taken a shitload of drugs. The moment that he realized 487 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:28,160 Speaker 2: that that there was no danger, the body reversed the 488 00:31:28,360 --> 00:31:33,600 Speaker 2: entire process instantly. And that's from a paper called no 489 00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:40,400 Speaker 2: Cebo Effects with Placebo Treatment and Clinical Trials, and the authors. 490 00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:41,720 Speaker 1: Of that were Reeves. 491 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:45,000 Speaker 2: And Ladner in two thousand and three. I love that 492 00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:50,160 Speaker 2: one so interesting. So, I mean, what's the key message. Well, 493 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:53,960 Speaker 2: if the mind can cause a problem, the mind can 494 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,480 Speaker 2: help solve the problem. That's that's part of it. Because 495 00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:01,960 Speaker 2: your brain isn't reacting to reality. Your brain is reacting 496 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:06,040 Speaker 2: to what you think is real. Your brain is reacting 497 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:14,200 Speaker 2: to what you think or it thinks reality is alrighty, 498 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:17,800 Speaker 2: this is my last one. This is my favorite one 499 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:22,000 Speaker 2: because I'm a dude, and I've been lifting weights forever. 500 00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,080 Speaker 2: I'm an exercise scientist, and I'm into all this shit 501 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:27,480 Speaker 2: that I'm about to share with you. But whether or 502 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:30,360 Speaker 2: not you're dude, and whether or not you're lifted weights 503 00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:33,680 Speaker 2: or never lifted weights, I think you'll find this interesting 504 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:38,360 Speaker 2: because it's not so much about strength training as it 505 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:45,040 Speaker 2: is about the incredible things that can happen with belief. 506 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:50,080 Speaker 1: So this story is called the Steroids that Weren't So 507 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:52,600 Speaker 1: back in the. 508 00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:54,600 Speaker 2: Early nineteen seventies, there was a guy called research called 509 00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:58,360 Speaker 2: Dr Robert Ariol and he was studying strength training performance 510 00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:04,680 Speaker 2: in college athletes. Time this is pre like this is 511 00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:10,400 Speaker 2: pre all the drug cheating, like the more common era stuff. 512 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:13,400 Speaker 2: But at the time, anabolic steroids were starting to become 513 00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:18,240 Speaker 2: popular in competitive sport. I remember a time when they 514 00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:22,240 Speaker 2: weren't even illegal. Can you believe that anyway? And there 515 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:26,320 Speaker 2: was a growing belief that steroids were depending on what 516 00:33:26,360 --> 00:33:29,320 Speaker 2: you're trying to get, you know, strength, power, speed, they 517 00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:31,800 Speaker 2: were almost magical and if you took them that your 518 00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:35,320 Speaker 2: strength and your power and your speed and your performance 519 00:33:35,520 --> 00:33:38,400 Speaker 2: and your body in general would go through the roof, 520 00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:42,920 Speaker 2: like all of this amazing shit would happen. So doctor 521 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,239 Speaker 2: Ariel designed a study to test something slightly different. So 522 00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:52,680 Speaker 2: the question was not do steroids work? That wasn't the question, 523 00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:57,280 Speaker 2: but the question was what happens when someone believes they're 524 00:33:57,320 --> 00:33:59,480 Speaker 2: taking steroids? 525 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: I love that. 526 00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:06,800 Speaker 2: So he recruited a group of male varsity weightlifters. So, 527 00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:08,880 Speaker 2: by the way, when they believe they're taking steroids, but 528 00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:11,440 Speaker 2: they're not, of course. So anyway, he recruited a bunch 529 00:34:11,480 --> 00:34:18,960 Speaker 2: of blokesome weightlifters, university weightlifters, strong dudes, already training quite 530 00:34:18,960 --> 00:34:23,000 Speaker 2: a background, already been lifting for quite a long time, 531 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:25,799 Speaker 2: already quite elite. So we're not talking about novices or 532 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,920 Speaker 2: beginners or even intermediates. We're talking about people who are 533 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:33,720 Speaker 2: reasonably down the road in terms of their own training 534 00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:39,480 Speaker 2: journey and their own competitive journey. So strong, committed, high performing, 535 00:34:39,719 --> 00:34:44,239 Speaker 2: motivated dudes, the kind of blokes who were obsessed with 536 00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:48,240 Speaker 2: their numbers, with you know, what they lifted, what they squaded, 537 00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:50,840 Speaker 2: what they benched, what they cleaned, all of those things, 538 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,800 Speaker 2: so all of their numbers. And for the first seven weeks, 539 00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:57,760 Speaker 2: the athletes trained, So it happened in two parts. Happened 540 00:34:57,800 --> 00:34:59,680 Speaker 2: in a seven week block, then a four week block. 541 00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:03,080 Speaker 2: So for the first four weeks the athletes trained normally, 542 00:35:03,239 --> 00:35:08,120 Speaker 2: they trained hard, they trained consistently, nothing changed. But they're 543 00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:10,719 Speaker 2: all in the gym busting their ass, trying to eat well, 544 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:13,719 Speaker 2: sleep well, lift well, recover well, do all the things 545 00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:18,440 Speaker 2: that elite athletes want to do. And their gains were 546 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:21,880 Speaker 2: obviously because they've been training for quite a long time. 547 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 2: So over the seven weeks of being monitored, there were 548 00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:30,320 Speaker 2: minor changes, but nothing traumatic, which is to be expected 549 00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:32,680 Speaker 2: because they've already got years of training under their belt 550 00:35:33,120 --> 00:35:35,880 Speaker 2: and now we're just monitoring and observing and tracking a 551 00:35:36,160 --> 00:35:40,200 Speaker 2: seven week period with no real change in. 552 00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,600 Speaker 1: The protocol or the variables. And then so then came 553 00:35:42,640 --> 00:35:44,160 Speaker 1: a twist. 554 00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:48,360 Speaker 2: The doctor told about half of the group at the 555 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:50,160 Speaker 2: seven week mark that they were about to go on 556 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:55,800 Speaker 2: a cycle of a really powerful steroid called dianabol, which 557 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,799 Speaker 2: is an oral steroid, so in other words, it's taken 558 00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 2: as a tablet. So they were told half the group 559 00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:04,839 Speaker 2: were told they were about to begin a cycle of 560 00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:12,759 Speaker 2: an anambolic steroid. Now, remember, all of these guys understand 561 00:36:12,760 --> 00:36:15,839 Speaker 2: what steroids is, they are are They all believe that 562 00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,759 Speaker 2: these are these essentially these magic pills and so on. 563 00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:20,880 Speaker 2: So but of course, you know, I'm going to tell 564 00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,760 Speaker 2: you in reality, they were given place ebos completely inert, 565 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:26,080 Speaker 2: no active ingredient, just filler. 566 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:30,600 Speaker 1: So all of the athletes in this group believed that 567 00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:32,520 Speaker 1: they were now on the gear. 568 00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:36,240 Speaker 2: I'm going to give you the specifics in a moment, 569 00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:39,640 Speaker 2: but I'll just start by telling you, so seven weeks 570 00:36:39,719 --> 00:36:44,279 Speaker 2: remember a kind of minimal change. But over the four 571 00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:46,960 Speaker 2: weeks where they were nudge nudge wink wink in inverted 572 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,359 Speaker 2: commas on the gear, the athletes who believed they were 573 00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:56,120 Speaker 2: taking steroids saw crazy strength gains, heavy lifts, more explosive 574 00:36:56,160 --> 00:37:02,120 Speaker 2: training intensity, better confidence, more aggressive, better recovery, less hesitation 575 00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:10,239 Speaker 2: under the bar. And so while nothing changed in their 576 00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:20,799 Speaker 2: physiology from a chemical from including chemicals or drugs, there 577 00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:24,920 Speaker 2: were no hormones added, nothing. There were no anabolic pathways 578 00:37:24,920 --> 00:37:29,880 Speaker 2: that were artificially boosted, so no actual chemical enhancement is 579 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,120 Speaker 2: the clumsy thing that I'm trying to get out of 580 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:35,080 Speaker 2: my mouth. But the only thing that really changed was 581 00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:38,080 Speaker 2: their belief. They expected to get stronger, so they trained 582 00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:42,280 Speaker 2: like men who were getting stronger, So they pushed harder, 583 00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:45,960 Speaker 2: They recovered with more purpose, They approached the bar with 584 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:50,000 Speaker 2: more confidence and certainty, and the body followed the mind. 585 00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:53,239 Speaker 1: So when the. 586 00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:57,280 Speaker 2: Athletes finally were told that the pills had been taking 587 00:37:57,320 --> 00:38:00,439 Speaker 2: were placebos, they didn't even know that that was an option. 588 00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:04,960 Speaker 2: They unequivocally absolutely thought they were on steroids. They were 589 00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:07,719 Speaker 2: shocked and some didn't believe it. Some felt embarrassed, and 590 00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:13,080 Speaker 2: some were amazed. Now let me just go to I've 591 00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:15,640 Speaker 2: just got to find it because I've got this written here. 592 00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:21,520 Speaker 2: So the actual bart here we go, all right, So 593 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:27,920 Speaker 2: vastly level male athletes during all right, So here are 594 00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:31,880 Speaker 2: the actual strength improvements. For those of you who train, 595 00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,480 Speaker 2: this will blow your head off. For those of you 596 00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:41,400 Speaker 2: who don't, just trust me. He says, that sounds dodgy, 597 00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:44,799 Speaker 2: doesn't it. So bench press one RM, which is one 598 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:46,759 Speaker 2: rep max. So in other words, how much they could 599 00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:51,080 Speaker 2: bench press for one repetition absolute maximum effort. So over 600 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:54,680 Speaker 2: the seven weeks, the first seven weeks where they were 601 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:59,840 Speaker 2: in inverted Comma's no chemical assistance, the average gain was 602 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:05,759 Speaker 2: four point three five kilograms. Four point three five kilograms 603 00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:10,680 Speaker 2: across the totality of all of the athletes. Now in 604 00:39:10,760 --> 00:39:15,480 Speaker 2: seven weeks, considering they already have a big background, four 605 00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:21,360 Speaker 2: point three five kilos is modest. It's not nothing, it's something. 606 00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:25,040 Speaker 2: And they'd all improved over seven weeks. So that's good. 607 00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:30,440 Speaker 2: But what we saw over the subsequent four weeks, so 608 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:34,319 Speaker 2: remember seven weeks four point three five kilo game, and 609 00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:38,000 Speaker 2: then the subsequent four weeks where they are on steroids. 610 00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:41,680 Speaker 2: Nudge nudge, wink wink, we saw a thirteen point five 611 00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:47,880 Speaker 2: kilogram increase, so just over half the time, still with 612 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,759 Speaker 2: no drugs, but they think they've got drugs, and we 613 00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:55,360 Speaker 2: saw three times the level of improvement. Then we go 614 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:58,480 Speaker 2: to squatting a one rep back squad where you've got 615 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:01,520 Speaker 2: the bar sitting on your shoulders, on your traps behind 616 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:06,600 Speaker 2: your head. So in the first seven weeks the average 617 00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:12,920 Speaker 2: improvement without drugs six point eight kilo gain in strength 618 00:40:13,239 --> 00:40:16,960 Speaker 2: or in terms of best lift best one RM score 619 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:20,840 Speaker 2: for a squad six point eight kilo improvement in seven weeks, 620 00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:25,120 Speaker 2: and then in the subsequent four weeks when they thought 621 00:40:25,239 --> 00:40:28,440 Speaker 2: they were on steroids but weren't, the improvement was eighteen 622 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:33,760 Speaker 2: to twenty two kilograms on average compared to over seven 623 00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,840 Speaker 2: weeks six point eight. Now in four weeks we've got 624 00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:40,920 Speaker 2: somewhere around three to three and a half times the 625 00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:46,279 Speaker 2: improvement in about half the time without drugs, just but 626 00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:50,239 Speaker 2: believing they had drugs. Deadlift there was first first seven 627 00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:56,399 Speaker 2: weeks seven kilo gain, subsequent four weeks over twenty kilo gain. 628 00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:01,880 Speaker 2: Military press, which is pressing basic from your shoulders straight 629 00:41:01,960 --> 00:41:05,359 Speaker 2: up in the air like a vertical press with a weight. 630 00:41:05,480 --> 00:41:08,120 Speaker 2: In the first seven weeks there was pretty much no change, 631 00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:13,560 Speaker 2: so minimal kind of somewhere less than half a kilogram change, 632 00:41:14,239 --> 00:41:17,840 Speaker 2: and during the four week placebo phase of the trial, 633 00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:25,759 Speaker 2: the average was five to seven versus zero. So the 634 00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:31,400 Speaker 2: bottom line is that they really got stronger. They really 635 00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,040 Speaker 2: got stronger. There. It wasn't just psychology. It was a 636 00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:41,839 Speaker 2: physiological change, and it was psychology driving physiology. So when 637 00:41:41,840 --> 00:41:46,960 Speaker 2: they believed they were taking steroids, their body performed as 638 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,880 Speaker 2: though they were. Their strength gains tripled on average without 639 00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:55,360 Speaker 2: a single molecule of testosterone or any other steroid entering 640 00:41:55,680 --> 00:42:01,360 Speaker 2: their system. So that's the deal. Well, that's the deal kids. 641 00:42:01,520 --> 00:42:03,440 Speaker 2: A thought is not just a thought. A belief is 642 00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:05,680 Speaker 2: not just a belief. Your mind is not just sitting 643 00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:09,480 Speaker 2: in your skull watching your life go by. It's running 644 00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:13,880 Speaker 2: the show. It's influencing your chemistry. It's affecting your recovery, 645 00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:17,120 Speaker 2: your strength, your pain, your immune system, your immune function, 646 00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:21,480 Speaker 2: your energy, your stress responses, and your overall state and 647 00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:24,800 Speaker 2: your overall experience of life and your ability to heal 648 00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:28,879 Speaker 2: and recover. We saw a guy recover from knee pain 649 00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:32,120 Speaker 2: and return to sport because he believed his need been repaired. 650 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:36,760 Speaker 2: We saw Parkinson symptoms improve because the brain believed medication 651 00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:40,279 Speaker 2: had been given. We saw hotel workers lose weight and 652 00:42:40,320 --> 00:42:46,400 Speaker 2: improve cardiovascular health just because they understood their work differently. 653 00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:50,960 Speaker 2: And we saw athletes get considerably stronger because they will 654 00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:54,360 Speaker 2: believe they were on a drug that they weren't actually on. 655 00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:57,080 Speaker 2: And none of those changes came from magic or hype 656 00:42:57,160 --> 00:43:01,120 Speaker 2: or superstition. They came from the expectation of change. They 657 00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:05,320 Speaker 2: came from the thinking. They came from meaning, from interpretation, 658 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:10,680 Speaker 2: from what the brain decided was true, what the brain 659 00:43:11,320 --> 00:43:15,000 Speaker 2: thought was true. The brain was responding to what it 660 00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:19,280 Speaker 2: thought was real, not was not what was actually happening 661 00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:20,040 Speaker 2: in the real world. 662 00:43:20,120 --> 00:43:22,080 Speaker 1: So the question. 663 00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:28,000 Speaker 2: Becomes, what are you telling your brain? What story are 664 00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:34,680 Speaker 2: you running, What assumptions are you reinforcing, What expectations are 665 00:43:34,719 --> 00:43:38,200 Speaker 2: you living inside? What's the internal language that's shaping your body, 666 00:43:38,239 --> 00:43:43,799 Speaker 2: behavior and experiences. Because the consequences of your thoughts are 667 00:43:43,840 --> 00:43:47,560 Speaker 2: not just philosophical, in fact, not at all, they're physiological. 668 00:43:47,640 --> 00:43:51,560 Speaker 2: They show up in blood chemistry, in muscle activation and inflammation, 669 00:43:51,640 --> 00:43:56,000 Speaker 2: in digestion, in movement, in mobility, and heart rate, in mood, 670 00:43:56,160 --> 00:44:00,799 Speaker 2: in recovery, in performance. And it's not just like here's 671 00:44:00,840 --> 00:44:05,000 Speaker 2: the thing. This is not positive thinking. This is not 672 00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:08,080 Speaker 2: be all you can be, you know, unicorns and puppies. 673 00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:11,080 Speaker 1: This is about accurate. 674 00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:16,799 Speaker 2: Thinking, helpful thinking, constructive narratives, and self awareness. So the 675 00:44:16,880 --> 00:44:21,920 Speaker 2: takeaway for this episode is it's kind of simple, like, 676 00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:23,319 Speaker 2: your thoughts are not everything, but. 677 00:44:23,239 --> 00:44:27,120 Speaker 1: They're not nothing. They matter a lot, So learn to 678 00:44:27,200 --> 00:44:30,600 Speaker 2: Notice them, question them, Choose the ones that move you forward, 679 00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:33,719 Speaker 2: interrupt the ones that hold you back, that fuck you up, 680 00:44:33,760 --> 00:44:36,040 Speaker 2: that cost you because your mind is not a passenger 681 00:44:36,680 --> 00:44:38,760 Speaker 2: in your life, it's the driver.