1 00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:04,640 Speaker 1: From the newsroom a newstick com today. 2 00:00:06,440 --> 00:00:08,840 Speaker 2: Hi, I'm Emily Watterson and I'm back in the Bucky 3 00:00:08,840 --> 00:00:11,960 Speaker 2: Boo until someone finds me. Now, there's a lot of 4 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 2: interesting stories whirling around the news dot com dot a 5 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 2: U newsroom today. The Australian woman that accused Prince Andrew 6 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:21,400 Speaker 2: of sex trafficking has announced she has days to live 7 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:24,960 Speaker 2: after being involved in a car crash. Justin Bieber has 8 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 2: posted a worrying Instagram video before his wife, Hayley Bieber, 9 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,839 Speaker 2: seemingly unfollowed him. And there's a new dating app that 10 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:36,080 Speaker 2: blurs profile pitches to challenge its users to look beyond 11 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 2: physical appearances. 12 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 1: Lucky for me. 13 00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:40,880 Speaker 2: But what really caught my eye today was a story 14 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 2: on news dot com dot AU about the astronauts that 15 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:47,160 Speaker 2: were stuck in space for over nine months. In case 16 00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:50,479 Speaker 2: you missed it, mid last year, NASA astronauts Sunny Williams 17 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 2: and Butch Wilmore set off to the International Space Station 18 00:00:53,440 --> 00:00:55,520 Speaker 2: for what they thought would be a week long mission, 19 00:00:55,800 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 2: but when their spacecraft encountered problems during the docking process, 20 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:02,000 Speaker 2: they were full to remain in orbit for two hundred 21 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:05,160 Speaker 2: and eighty six days or for people who can't do 22 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,800 Speaker 2: quick maths like me, that's almost ten months. So this 23 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:11,959 Speaker 2: got me wondering just how the human body copes after 24 00:01:12,160 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 2: such a long time in space. And today I am 25 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:18,759 Speaker 2: joined by co directors of Swinburn's Space Technology and Industry Institute, 26 00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:21,479 Speaker 2: doctor Rebecca Allen and doctor Andrew Ang to talk about 27 00:01:21,520 --> 00:01:28,560 Speaker 2: astronauts and their recovery post mission. Doctor Rebecca Allen and 28 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:31,319 Speaker 2: doctor Andrew Ang, thank you so much for joining me today. 29 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:35,160 Speaker 2: So astronauts Sunny Williams and Butch Wilmore have come home 30 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 2: after nearly ten months stuck in space, and there's been 31 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:40,039 Speaker 2: talk of how this time has changed them physically. 32 00:01:40,319 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 1: To start us. 33 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 2: Off, can you tell me a little bit about the 34 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:45,119 Speaker 2: effects that zero gravity has on the body over time. 35 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:49,280 Speaker 3: So really, to answer this, we have to think that 36 00:01:49,440 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 3: fundamentally humans are mostly made up of water, and we're 37 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 3: also mostly made up of all these tiny cells which 38 00:01:57,280 --> 00:01:59,960 Speaker 3: are mostly water. So when we think about the fat 39 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:03,880 Speaker 3: of reduced gravity and the space environment, so it's not 40 00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 3: just the lack of gravity as well, we also have 41 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:10,560 Speaker 3: things like radiation and other harmful environments we're in. But 42 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:12,480 Speaker 3: you have to really think about that when we don't 43 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:17,280 Speaker 3: have gravity, then fluids don't flow, So every biological process 44 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:21,320 Speaker 3: that is dependent on gravity pulling fluids somewhere in our 45 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,359 Speaker 3: body changes and that affects ourselves as well because they 46 00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:29,639 Speaker 3: become very stressed in that environment. So they then produce 47 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 3: chemical signals that tell our body, Ooh, something's not right here, 48 00:02:33,919 --> 00:02:38,080 Speaker 3: which then we see as effects like our bone density 49 00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:41,359 Speaker 3: and our muscles become atrophied because they're not used to 50 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:44,480 Speaker 3: the weight of gravity pulling them down. Our blood doesn't 51 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:47,160 Speaker 3: flow in the same way, so it pools in one 52 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 3: part of our body, and our heart rate has to 53 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:52,800 Speaker 3: change because it slowly will pump less blood. So you 54 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,600 Speaker 3: have all this fluid pooling that happens. You have things 55 00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 3: that happens to your eyes, which isn't really fun because 56 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 3: the entcranial pressure changes. So that's actually one of the 57 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:06,079 Speaker 3: more serious ones because it's not exactly understood what triggers that. 58 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 3: But again you're in a stressful environment, but that could 59 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 3: have long term effects on astronauts' eyesight, which we know 60 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:16,239 Speaker 3: is vital. And then things like our immune response, again 61 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:21,200 Speaker 3: triggered by the stress signals from cells, Things like our gut, microbiome, 62 00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 3: even our very genes change when we're in our space. 63 00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: Like as in your DNA changes. That's right. 64 00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 3: Your DNA, if you think about it, is made up 65 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:34,600 Speaker 3: of proteins, and so these things they change, the structure 66 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:36,640 Speaker 3: changes when they're in reduced gravity. 67 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:40,280 Speaker 4: Yeah, and also space radiation the exposed to that, And 68 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 4: that's where I was very happy to see them doing 69 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,720 Speaker 4: the press interview this morning. I think one of them 70 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 4: was boasting about doing a three mile run. I wish 71 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:51,200 Speaker 4: I could run three miles, but anyway, that's another story. 72 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 4: But I think certainly was saying that she did the 73 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 4: three mile run, so good on her because, like like 74 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:01,480 Speaker 4: what Rebecca mentioned, some of the world effects of being 75 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:05,160 Speaker 4: in space in zero gravity, you know, your bone density 76 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 4: drops and all that that that when you come back 77 00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 4: to that takes some time to get back the custom. 78 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 4: But obviously she's dot these flights before and and she's 79 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:19,400 Speaker 4: back on the ground and doing her exercises. 80 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: Wow, that's incredible. 81 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:24,600 Speaker 2: So pretty much everything it takes to run essentially has 82 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:27,720 Speaker 2: been affected by this trip for her. How do you 83 00:04:27,839 --> 00:04:31,280 Speaker 2: think she's able to do any physical activity so soon 84 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:33,839 Speaker 2: after coming back? Do they drink a lot of milk 85 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:36,000 Speaker 2: in the lead up? Is that kind of what we're talking. 86 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,640 Speaker 3: Well, there's there's pre flight training that they do, and 87 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:43,120 Speaker 3: again they were thinking about this is just going to 88 00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:46,160 Speaker 3: be a short flight ended up being longer, which that's 89 00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 3: kind of really what's more worrying is how do you 90 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:51,640 Speaker 3: prepare astronauts when they are thinking they're going to be 91 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:54,160 Speaker 3: on a ten day mission and it ends up being 92 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 3: you know, almost a year the majority of the year, 93 00:04:57,480 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 3: and so there's a pre flight training. But then when 94 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 3: they're in space, astronauts, you know, the majority of their 95 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 3: time they're doing science research, maintenance, and hours of their 96 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:11,920 Speaker 3: day is actually spent on exercise, stretching and training, and 97 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:15,039 Speaker 3: there's new types of technology. On this last flight, there 98 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:18,679 Speaker 3: was a piece of exercise equipment that combines three really 99 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:22,160 Speaker 3: important things like cycling and rowing. So it's kind of 100 00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:26,280 Speaker 3: pulling and putting that strain and stress on the muscles 101 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:30,400 Speaker 3: to help them hopefully not atrophy as much. But we 102 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:34,520 Speaker 3: know with women especially there would be supplements taken because 103 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:38,600 Speaker 3: the bone density decreases like that of a menopausal woman 104 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:42,360 Speaker 3: who's not taking hormones, not taking estrogen, So it is 105 00:05:42,680 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 3: very extreme, even over a few months, that deterioration of 106 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:47,800 Speaker 3: our body. 107 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:48,839 Speaker 1: Wow. 108 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:51,719 Speaker 2: I read somewhere that it said that the bone density 109 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:54,000 Speaker 2: deteriorates about one to two percent a month, so that 110 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,080 Speaker 2: if they've been there for about nine months or so, 111 00:05:57,800 --> 00:05:59,600 Speaker 2: that and I'm not going to do the maths. 112 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: This is not moths, but that the bones have aged 113 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:05,560 Speaker 1: essentially about twenty years or more. Is that true? 114 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:08,479 Speaker 3: So it's it can be true, but you have to 115 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:11,760 Speaker 3: look at the astronauts and think about they're all you know, 116 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 3: every human is their own individual body, and so that 117 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:20,120 Speaker 3: can really vary in which is why it's so important 118 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:23,600 Speaker 3: now that post light, the research, the data that will 119 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 3: be taken will will help us really understand that. But yes, 120 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:30,480 Speaker 3: they do age quite a bit. But the thing about 121 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 3: bones and muscles is that you can get that bone density. 122 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 1: Back, you can get those muscles back. 123 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:38,599 Speaker 3: It's and even the genetics what we're seeing from like 124 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:41,200 Speaker 3: the Mark of the Twin study that was done with 125 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:44,840 Speaker 3: Mark Kelly and his twin is even the genetic changes 126 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:47,920 Speaker 3: seem to kind of reset once you're back on Earth. 127 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:51,159 Speaker 3: It's the things that don't change back which we're really 128 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:54,280 Speaker 3: concerned about. And that's why the eyesight one is so important, 129 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 3: because once you change the lens of your eye, you 130 00:06:57,480 --> 00:07:00,320 Speaker 3: then have to have surgery for that, it's that defation 131 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 3: is not just going to spring back. So those are 132 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 3: the things that we're really trying to understand is a 133 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:08,360 Speaker 3: how do we mitigate the effects which we know back 134 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:10,800 Speaker 3: on our gravity will hopefully reset, But how do we 135 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:13,880 Speaker 3: just make astronauts more comfortable to begin with, but then 136 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 3: unlocking what causes those changes in the first place, and 137 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 3: then the ones that don't change back. How do we 138 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:21,000 Speaker 3: really understand that? 139 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, especially like things like the effects of space 140 00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:26,960 Speaker 4: radiation or astronaut as we go you know, yeah, longer 141 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 4: and longer, and also further and further away out from 142 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 4: the band Ellen belt. You know that we do not 143 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 4: get those kind of protection from space radiation. How does 144 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 4: that change the cell? Does it you know, make us 145 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 4: more vulnerable to the effects of radiation? And so these 146 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 4: are the fundamental questions that I believe are being being 147 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 4: looked upon and hopefully there will be some good studies. 148 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 4: But yeah, I think the exercise piece and also a 149 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:58,000 Speaker 4: supplement piece does help to prevent and both of them 150 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 4: have been into space, so they actually all the effects 151 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 4: of space and overab you know, how to condition the 152 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:08,040 Speaker 4: body a lot better according to me, to do their training. 153 00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: Wow. 154 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 2: So so are there many astronauts that return from space 155 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:16,080 Speaker 2: unable to ever go back because of the damage that's 156 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 2: happened while they've been up there. 157 00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:19,320 Speaker 1: Well, you have to think about that. 158 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 3: Astronauts are pre selected, and especially if we look at 159 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:25,440 Speaker 3: the the crew that's up there now. One of the 160 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 3: astronauts and McLane or I think it's actually I can't 161 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 3: remember if it's Anna or Nicole, one of them is. 162 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 3: She's quite young the surfirst trip. And so astronauts are 163 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 3: really selected to be you know there there. 164 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 4: They've got like. 165 00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,360 Speaker 3: Multiple degrees, they're usually really fit. They've been in the 166 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 3: army or in the Air Force, and so they're really 167 00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:47,480 Speaker 3: the best conditioned humans that we can send to space. 168 00:08:47,559 --> 00:08:50,319 Speaker 3: And so that's on purpose because we know it's such 169 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:54,080 Speaker 3: a critical, stressful thing that they're undergoing, and so when 170 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 3: they come back, you know that's they're on the not 171 00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:00,959 Speaker 3: this return flight, but the one previously there was undisclosed 172 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 3: kind of medical emergency. But we haven't seen anything where 173 00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 3: it's like long term they're never going back, kind of 174 00:09:07,240 --> 00:09:10,839 Speaker 3: what we see on some of the television sci fi programs. 175 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:14,440 Speaker 3: But as we look to space tourism, as we look 176 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 3: to having more private astronauts through SpaceX. This is where 177 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:21,160 Speaker 3: we have to kind of look in this gray area 178 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,400 Speaker 3: because you're not seeing the same Potentially. Right now we 179 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:28,840 Speaker 3: are seeing the same level of these elite human beings, 180 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:32,280 Speaker 3: but in the future, especially more space tourism and private 181 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 3: space flights, that will change, and so it's really important 182 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 3: for us to understand what the risk is there and 183 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:40,600 Speaker 3: for people to fully appreciate that if they are going 184 00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 3: to space and that they might have some underlying health condition, 185 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:48,640 Speaker 3: how that could be exacerbated due to longer exposure. Especially 186 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:51,439 Speaker 3: the radiation piece. I think this is people get fixated 187 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:55,079 Speaker 3: on the lack of gravity because it's it's we don't 188 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:58,440 Speaker 3: really understand what triggers a lot of these changes, but 189 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 3: radiation we do know as super harmful. So thinking about 190 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,040 Speaker 3: that piece especially, and that's damage that you cannot undo. 191 00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:16,680 Speaker 1: Stick around. We'll be back in a moment. Welcome back. 192 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:19,760 Speaker 2: I'm chatting with doctor Rebecca Allen and doctor Andrew Ang 193 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:23,760 Speaker 2: from Swinburn Space Technology and Industry Institute about the effects 194 00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,599 Speaker 2: on the human body after being in space. Can you 195 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:29,199 Speaker 2: guys tell me how long can an astronaut stay in 196 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 2: space amongst this radiation and microgravity. 197 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:35,200 Speaker 3: So the longest duration is over a year, and it 198 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:39,880 Speaker 3: was one of the Russian cosmonauts. But then again you 199 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:43,120 Speaker 3: have to think about where they're located. Is still within 200 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:47,520 Speaker 3: the protective you know, underneath the Earth's magnetic field which 201 00:10:47,559 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 3: shields you from the really nasty stuff. But when we 202 00:10:50,679 --> 00:10:53,280 Speaker 3: look at astronauts, they go to the men and then 203 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:56,480 Speaker 3: you are going to potentially go beyond to Mars. Then 204 00:10:56,559 --> 00:10:59,679 Speaker 3: you're in an environment where I think the rate you 205 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:03,720 Speaker 3: know quoted basically like getting multiple chest X rays a day. 206 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 4: All working near to a nuclear plug. Right, So so 207 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:11,440 Speaker 4: it's applaudability of the risk of what happens when you 208 00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:15,880 Speaker 4: get exposed to those proton neutrons and and and and 209 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 4: the effect of radiation has uh Rebecca has mentioned it 210 00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:22,280 Speaker 4: really affects the cells a lot and one sells Nell 211 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 4: take that that triggers a lot of issues like cancers 212 00:11:26,840 --> 00:11:30,360 Speaker 4: and all that. And and that's where a lot of 213 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 4: studies is actually going on to if we do want 214 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 4: to build a space station above where the current uh 215 00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:40,800 Speaker 4: ISS is, you know, what is the what is the 216 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:43,360 Speaker 4: effects of space radiation? And if we do go to 217 00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:46,600 Speaker 4: the Moon of mass and beyond, how do we actually 218 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:50,200 Speaker 4: protect astronauts and and the humans that are up there 219 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:52,359 Speaker 4: from these these effects. 220 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:52,960 Speaker 1: Yeah. 221 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,120 Speaker 2: Wow, there's a lot more kind of going on up 222 00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:57,760 Speaker 2: there than just floating around and not being able to 223 00:11:57,800 --> 00:11:59,599 Speaker 2: sort of go to the toilet as easy as you 224 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 2: would think. 225 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, absolutely, I mean those are the things we can 226 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:04,920 Speaker 3: relate to. Is like, you know, hey, you know we 227 00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:06,800 Speaker 3: need to eat, I need to brush my teeth, I 228 00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 3: need to even sleeping, I think is really interesting. People 229 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:11,800 Speaker 3: don't realize when you're on the space station. You know 230 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:14,680 Speaker 3: you're going, you know, going at this orbital velocity where 231 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:17,120 Speaker 3: you see a sunrise in a sunset every hour and 232 00:12:17,120 --> 00:12:20,640 Speaker 3: a half, so your circadian rhythm, see your sleep side 233 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:24,600 Speaker 3: cycle is affected. And then you know there's the physiological changes, 234 00:12:24,640 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 3: but there's also our mental health and so there's a lot. 235 00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:28,760 Speaker 1: There's really a lot of. 236 00:12:28,679 --> 00:12:32,080 Speaker 3: Complexity there, which is why when we think about something 237 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:36,480 Speaker 3: as amazing as putting humans on Mars, or even going 238 00:12:36,559 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 3: further than we have with the Moon exploration, there's still 239 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 3: real things, challenges that have not been overcome. Because there's 240 00:12:43,640 --> 00:12:46,559 Speaker 3: such complex, complex challenges. 241 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:49,720 Speaker 2: It's incredible that people are going up at all. The 242 00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:52,280 Speaker 2: more I learn about it. My final question is, and 243 00:12:52,320 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 2: it's a bit of a silly one. Would either of 244 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:54,920 Speaker 2: you ever go up to space. 245 00:12:55,280 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 4: I'm actually catched ben An. I'll peck last week. If 246 00:13:00,840 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 4: anyone should have a flight, it will be her. Yeah, 247 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 4: before me. I think we need representation from Australia up 248 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:12,560 Speaker 4: in the space, you know, bond train tear. I think 249 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:16,160 Speaker 4: that's a big passion of ours, of all Australians to 250 00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:20,320 Speaker 4: see our own astronauts out there. So my short answer 251 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:23,079 Speaker 4: is yes, send her up, get her right. 252 00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 3: I was going to say she she definitely gets our 253 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 3: gets our preference, and I'm I'm more of like I 254 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:30,360 Speaker 3: would like to be the support crew rather than having 255 00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,920 Speaker 3: a place on the rocket. So we're here. We're here 256 00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:36,040 Speaker 3: to support you know, her going up first and then 257 00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:38,840 Speaker 3: and then we'll go from there. So short answer is no, 258 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,000 Speaker 3: we'll send capturing that she's ready. 259 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:44,560 Speaker 2: To go while your feet are firmly planted on the ground. 260 00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:47,079 Speaker 1: Yes, yeah, absolutely amazing. 261 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,679 Speaker 2: Well, unless you guys have anything, any cool facts or 262 00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 2: anything that you think I should know that I have 263 00:13:52,040 --> 00:13:54,079 Speaker 2: not found in my quick research. 264 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:55,560 Speaker 1: Oh you know, and I'll tell you this. 265 00:13:55,559 --> 00:13:57,400 Speaker 3: This is one piece I like to add in. Always 266 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 3: people look at this and they say, why are we 267 00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:04,280 Speaker 3: investing billions to have private space flight, to go back 268 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 3: to the Moon, to even think about going to Mars 269 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 3: when we have real problems on Earth. And I just 270 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:12,319 Speaker 3: want to say, you know, this is one thing we 271 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:14,600 Speaker 3: should really champion. Just as much as the cool stuff 272 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,880 Speaker 3: that happens in microgravity is the translations that come from 273 00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:20,840 Speaker 3: human space flight. So if we can solve things like 274 00:14:20,880 --> 00:14:24,920 Speaker 3: protecting humans from radiation on long term human spaceflight, that 275 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,320 Speaker 3: technology can be used to help us on Earth when 276 00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:31,280 Speaker 3: we think about, you know, the extreme radiation that we 277 00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 3: have here, even ub radiation. But things really things have 278 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 3: come from the space program, like water filtration, you know, 279 00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:43,000 Speaker 3: iodine that is from the space program. So things that 280 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,320 Speaker 3: we don't realize that we use every day Wi Fi 281 00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 3: that was created for space. And so there really is 282 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:54,400 Speaker 3: a lot that we don't know exactly what treasures are 283 00:14:54,440 --> 00:14:57,080 Speaker 3: there that can really relate back to help us on Earth. 284 00:14:57,120 --> 00:15:00,440 Speaker 3: But there are things that really come that now we 285 00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 3: take completely for granted, but are our result of the 286 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:05,840 Speaker 3: human space flight programs. 287 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:09,360 Speaker 2: I think that is a really beautiful reminder. Thank you 288 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 2: so much, You're welcome. 289 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:13,720 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. We'll be back in your ears tomorrow 290 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:18,120 Speaker 3: Follow us, subscribe to from the newsroom, wherever you get 291 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:19,920 Speaker 3: your podcasts.