WEBVTT - The Odyssey: The Cyclops 0:00:08.039 --> 0:00:11.559 Welcome to the Hillsdale College Online Courses podcast. I'm Jeremiah Regan. 0:00:11.760 --> 0:00:14.440 And I'm Juan Davalos. We're back with the Odyssey lecture 0:00:14.440 --> 0:00:16.080 number five, the Cyclops. 0:00:16.120 --> 0:00:18.560 Yeah, this is a fun one. And everybody knows the 0:00:18.560 --> 0:00:19.800 story of the Cyclops, right? 0:00:19.840 --> 0:00:22.600 Everybody's heard at least of a Cyclops. Well, this is 0:00:22.600 --> 0:00:23.240 where it's from. 0:00:23.239 --> 0:00:25.920 But there's a lot to this story. There's quite an 0:00:25.920 --> 0:00:29.360 interesting character arc within this one book. 0:00:29.640 --> 0:00:32.480 I like to refer to this lecture as Pride Comes 0:00:32.479 --> 0:00:36.200 Before the Fall, because we have Odysseus having this amazing moment, 0:00:36.200 --> 0:00:38.920 and he's so proud of it. And then he commits 0:00:38.960 --> 0:00:40.160 terrible blunder, right? 0:00:40.159 --> 0:00:42.880 We see a real moment of triumph. We see this 0:00:42.880 --> 0:00:45.960 man of twists and turns, this witty man who uses prudence. 0:00:45.960 --> 0:00:48.839 That's that's seeking the good based on the circumstances around 0:00:48.840 --> 0:00:53.960 you escape from grave peril. That's a triumph, no question 0:00:53.960 --> 0:00:56.720 about it. But he kind of spoils it at the end. 0:00:56.760 --> 0:00:59.320 Yeah. And so in the last lecture, we saw the, 0:00:59.320 --> 0:01:03.640 the juxtaposition of of chaos or that this seeking for 0:01:03.640 --> 0:01:08.720 glory and pity. And now we're seeing between chaos again, 0:01:08.760 --> 0:01:12.560 this seeking for glory and prudence. You can't have this 0:01:12.560 --> 0:01:15.200 pursuit of glory without being prudent about it. 0:01:15.240 --> 0:01:18.720 I mean, Aristotle talks about moderation, being wanting the right 0:01:18.720 --> 0:01:20.759 things in the right amount at the right time for 0:01:20.760 --> 0:01:24.399 the right reason. And Homer is not critiquing Kleos. He's 0:01:24.400 --> 0:01:27.959 not critiquing proper glory. I mean, Aristotle talks about this. 0:01:27.959 --> 0:01:31.280 Hobbes talks about this. There are circumstances in which glory 0:01:31.280 --> 0:01:34.800 is earned and it should be appreciated and enjoyed, and 0:01:34.800 --> 0:01:37.160 yet it has to be within moderation. And that is 0:01:37.160 --> 0:01:41.000 a lesson that Odysseus here learns quite dearly. 0:01:41.200 --> 0:01:45.880 Something that I really appreciated of how Doctor Whalen frames 0:01:45.880 --> 0:01:50.000 this whole lecture, is how there's two ways in which 0:01:50.200 --> 0:01:54.040 Odysseus presents himself, and he's proud of his accomplishments. The 0:01:54.040 --> 0:01:56.560 first one is with Ephesians, in which he does it 0:01:56.560 --> 0:01:59.880 in the right way. That is, he first finds the 0:01:59.880 --> 0:02:02.800 favor of the Ephesians by telling his stories and everything, 0:02:03.080 --> 0:02:06.520 and then he reveals his name in a more appropriate way. 0:02:06.760 --> 0:02:09.320 And then with the Cyclops is the opposite. He does 0:02:09.320 --> 0:02:12.480 it poorly, and that leads to his, you know. 0:02:12.560 --> 0:02:15.880 And of course, Homer is messing with time. And so 0:02:16.160 --> 0:02:19.360 we learn why he was careful with his identity with 0:02:19.360 --> 0:02:22.399 the Phaeacians. Because earlier, even though it comes later in 0:02:22.400 --> 0:02:26.320 the poem, the event happens earlier, he was prideful and 0:02:26.320 --> 0:02:28.919 revealed his name in an imprudent way with the Cyclops. 0:02:28.919 --> 0:02:31.520 He's learned that lesson and he doesn't repeat that error. 0:02:31.960 --> 0:02:34.560 And to really appreciate this poem, as we've said before, 0:02:34.560 --> 0:02:37.200 you need to read it. Professor Whalen uses the same 0:02:37.200 --> 0:02:41.000 translation that our undergraduate students use when they're learning about 0:02:41.000 --> 0:02:44.200 the Odyssey here on campus. And that's the Robert Fagles translation. 0:02:44.200 --> 0:02:47.240 It's a very good translation, very vivid. I don't have Greek, 0:02:47.240 --> 0:02:49.920 but my friends who do say it's quite accurate as well. 0:02:50.240 --> 0:02:52.720 And while there's many good translations, this is the one 0:02:52.720 --> 0:02:55.680 we use. So you should pick that up and read 0:02:55.680 --> 0:02:57.840 the words in their entirety for yourselves. 0:02:58.280 --> 0:03:01.560 I think I've mentioned before that last time I probably 0:03:01.560 --> 0:03:03.119 read this book was in high school, and it was 0:03:03.120 --> 0:03:06.959 a terrible it was a terrible translation, which is why 0:03:06.960 --> 0:03:10.200 I probably had a terrible time learning the book as 0:03:10.200 --> 0:03:14.760 I'm rereading it now with this translation. It's very accessible. 0:03:14.760 --> 0:03:17.560 It's a delightful story, and I encourage everybody to go 0:03:17.560 --> 0:03:25.120 to hillsdale.edu/course. That's hillsdale.edu/course. At the top of the page, 0:03:25.120 --> 0:03:27.840 you'll see the book's button and you can purchase the 0:03:28.120 --> 0:03:29.079 book for yourself. 0:03:29.639 --> 0:03:32.400 Now let's turn back to Professor Whalen for lecture five 0:03:32.400 --> 0:03:34.560 of the Odyssey, the Cyclops. 0:03:40.240 --> 0:03:43.280 In our last lecture, we reached the conclusion of book 0:03:43.280 --> 0:03:46.880 eight of the Odyssey, where Alcinous, the King of the Phaeacians, 0:03:46.920 --> 0:03:50.160 notices Odysseus weeping as he hears the story of the 0:03:50.160 --> 0:03:53.640 fall of Troy. In this lecture we will cover book 0:03:53.640 --> 0:03:57.840 nine of the Odyssey, in which Odysseus responds to Alcinous question, 0:03:57.840 --> 0:04:01.400 who are you? By revealing his identity and beginning to 0:04:01.400 --> 0:04:05.960 tell his story of his adventures after the fall of Troy? Indeed, 0:04:06.000 --> 0:04:09.520 the next four books of the Odyssey books nine through 12, 0:04:09.800 --> 0:04:13.840 all are told to us by Odysseus himself. Odysseus here 0:04:13.840 --> 0:04:18.640 becomes the storyteller. Odysseus becomes something of a bard. He 0:04:18.640 --> 0:04:21.679 gives a narration of his adventures since the fall of Troy. 0:04:22.000 --> 0:04:25.120 This section, these four books, constitute something of a. Of 0:04:25.160 --> 0:04:28.800 a mini epic, a tale within a tale. And they 0:04:28.800 --> 0:04:32.560 give us the backstory for the. In media res beginning 0:04:32.560 --> 0:04:35.960 of the epic. The epic began in the middle of things, 0:04:36.000 --> 0:04:38.440 and Odysseus, now in his own voice, is going to 0:04:38.440 --> 0:04:43.440 give us the backstory. It's in these books that Odysseus 0:04:43.440 --> 0:04:46.760 tells us some of the most famous or infamous elements 0:04:46.760 --> 0:04:50.240 of the Odyssey as a whole Odysseus's journey to the 0:04:50.240 --> 0:04:53.640 land of the Lotus eaters, his encounter with the Cyclops, 0:04:53.640 --> 0:04:58.279 his encounter with the sirens. And finally, and most importantly, 0:04:58.320 --> 0:05:04.000 his journey to the underworld. This narration sits at the 0:05:04.000 --> 0:05:06.800 end of the first half of the Odyssey as a whole. 0:05:07.080 --> 0:05:10.320 The Odyssey is comprised of 24 books, and these books, 0:05:10.320 --> 0:05:12.920 books nine through 12 bring us to the end of 0:05:12.920 --> 0:05:17.400 the first half. Indeed, book 13 will begin with Odysseus 0:05:17.400 --> 0:05:20.360 finally reaching Ithaca, so we can see the whole of 0:05:20.360 --> 0:05:23.440 the narrative of the Odyssey broken between these two halves. 0:05:23.640 --> 0:05:26.400 Everything that's happened to Odysseus since the fall of Troy, 0:05:26.680 --> 0:05:29.760 up to getting home, and then everything that Odysseus must 0:05:29.760 --> 0:05:35.200 do once he gets home, encountering the suitors and his wife, Penelope. Now, 0:05:35.200 --> 0:05:39.479 book nine begins with Homer emphasizing Odysseus role as a 0:05:39.480 --> 0:05:42.800 storyteller himself. And in fact, we might even read Odysseus 0:05:42.800 --> 0:05:46.919 as a sort of poet. Here Odysseus, the great teller 0:05:46.920 --> 0:05:52.000 of tales, launched out on his story Alcinous, Majesty shining 0:05:52.040 --> 0:05:55.010 among your island people. What a fine thing it is 0:05:55.010 --> 0:05:57.290 to listen to such a bard as we have here. 0:05:57.650 --> 0:06:00.770 The man sings like a god. The crown of life, 0:06:00.770 --> 0:06:04.170 I'd say. There's nothing better than when deep joy holds 0:06:04.170 --> 0:06:07.849 sway throughout the realm. And banqueters up and down the palace. 0:06:07.850 --> 0:06:11.609 Sit in ranks. Enthralled to hear the bard. And before 0:06:11.610 --> 0:06:14.849 them all the tables heaped with bread and meats. And 0:06:14.850 --> 0:06:18.010 drawing wine from a mixing bowl. The steward makes his 0:06:18.010 --> 0:06:21.610 rounds and keeps the wine cups flowing. This, to my mind, 0:06:21.770 --> 0:06:24.730 is the best that life can offer. This is an 0:06:24.730 --> 0:06:29.290 interesting way to begin his narration. Odysseus making an assertion 0:06:29.290 --> 0:06:32.210 about the summum bonum, the highest good, the best that 0:06:32.210 --> 0:06:35.450 life can offer. It's an idealized vision, but it's also 0:06:35.450 --> 0:06:40.050 a vision of what Alcinous enjoys. This informs Odysseus, his ends, 0:06:40.050 --> 0:06:43.210 his aims, what he is striving for. This is what 0:06:43.250 --> 0:06:48.130 Odysseus wants to establish on Ithaca when he returns, Odysseus continues. 0:06:48.529 --> 0:06:51.650 But now you're set on probing the bitter pains I've borne, 0:06:51.690 --> 0:06:55.409 So I'm to weep and grieve. It seems still more. Well, then, 0:06:55.410 --> 0:06:58.090 what shall I go through first? What shall I save 0:06:58.089 --> 0:07:02.370 for last. What pains the gods have given me my share. 0:07:03.010 --> 0:07:06.730 Now let me begin by telling you my name. So 0:07:06.730 --> 0:07:09.610 you may know it well, and I in times to come. 0:07:09.810 --> 0:07:13.010 If I can escape the fatal day will be your host, 0:07:13.010 --> 0:07:16.530 your sworn friend. Though my home is far from here. 0:07:17.410 --> 0:07:22.450 I am Odysseus, son of Laertes, known to the world 0:07:22.450 --> 0:07:26.650 for every kind of craft. My fame has reached the skies. 0:07:27.050 --> 0:07:32.410 Sunny Ithaca is my home now. Odysseus statement of his 0:07:32.410 --> 0:07:36.410 name and the island where he's from establishing his identity 0:07:36.410 --> 0:07:39.810 is a deeply significant moment in the story as a whole. 0:07:40.290 --> 0:07:44.770 As we've covered in previous lectures, both Nausicaa and Alcinous 0:07:45.210 --> 0:07:48.890 had intimated that they would be interested in having Odysseus 0:07:49.010 --> 0:07:53.970 as Nausicaa's husband. So Odysseus, declaring himself as Odysseus from 0:07:53.970 --> 0:07:58.170 sunny Ithaca is in fact closing the door to that option. 0:07:58.170 --> 0:08:02.210 Or perhaps we should even call it that temptation that is, 0:08:02.210 --> 0:08:06.130 in asserting his identity and establishing who he is, Odysseus 0:08:06.170 --> 0:08:09.010 is saying, I will not stay here and marry Nausicaa. 0:08:09.050 --> 0:08:11.170 I will return to my home and to my wife 0:08:11.170 --> 0:08:14.450 and family. All Odysseus would need to do to live 0:08:14.450 --> 0:08:17.970 on Scheria with Nausicaa as his wife, in ease and 0:08:17.970 --> 0:08:20.890 wealth and splendor for the rest of his life, would 0:08:20.890 --> 0:08:23.210 be to change his identity, to make up a story, 0:08:23.210 --> 0:08:26.090 to tell some sort of tale about who he is. 0:08:26.610 --> 0:08:30.570 In declaring himself as Odysseus, Odysseus is turning from that. 0:08:30.610 --> 0:08:34.130 He is embracing Ithaca and his wife Penelope, and he 0:08:34.170 --> 0:08:38.330 is embracing the hardships that are entailed in that, Odysseus 0:08:38.330 --> 0:08:41.370 continues on and narrates the adventures that he and his 0:08:41.370 --> 0:08:44.970 men went through after the fall of Troy. The first 0:08:44.970 --> 0:08:49.530 place they came to were the Cicones. He says, The 0:08:49.530 --> 0:08:52.730 wind drove me out of ilium on to Ismarus, the 0:08:52.770 --> 0:08:56.850 Cicones stronghold. There I sacked the city, killed the men. 0:08:57.050 --> 0:08:59.810 But as for the wives and plunder, that rich haul 0:08:59.809 --> 0:09:02.690 we dragged away from the place, we shared it round. 0:09:02.690 --> 0:09:05.329 So no one not on my account would go. Deprived 0:09:05.330 --> 0:09:08.450 of his fair share of spoils. Then I urged them 0:09:08.450 --> 0:09:11.650 to cut and run. Set sail. But would they listen? 0:09:12.010 --> 0:09:15.809 Not those mutinous fools. There is too much wine to swill. 0:09:15.970 --> 0:09:19.370 Too many sheep to slaughter. Down along the beach and 0:09:19.370 --> 0:09:23.330 shambling longhorn cattle. And all the while the Cicones sought 0:09:23.330 --> 0:09:27.290 out other cicones called for help from their neighbours living inland. 0:09:27.490 --> 0:09:31.210 A larger force and stronger soldiers. Two skilled hands at 0:09:31.210 --> 0:09:35.010 fighting men from chariots skilled. When a crisis broke to 0:09:35.050 --> 0:09:38.010 fight on foot out of the morning mist. They came 0:09:38.010 --> 0:09:41.530 against us. Packed as the leaves and spears that flower 0:09:41.530 --> 0:09:45.410 forth in spring. And Zeus presented us with disaster. Me 0:09:45.410 --> 0:09:48.809 and my comrades doomed to suffer. Blow on mortal blow. 0:09:49.490 --> 0:09:53.490 Lining up both armies. Battled it out against our swift ships. 0:09:53.490 --> 0:09:57.490 Both raked each other with hurtling bronze lances. Long as 0:09:57.490 --> 0:10:00.530 mourning rose. And the blessed day grew stronger. We stood 0:10:00.530 --> 0:10:04.090 and fought them off, masked as they were. But then 0:10:04.250 --> 0:10:07.290 when the sun wheeled past the hour for un yoking oxen, 0:10:07.610 --> 0:10:11.250 the cicones broke our lines and beat us down. At last, 0:10:11.850 --> 0:10:14.849 out of each ship six men at arms were killed. 0:10:15.370 --> 0:10:18.530 The rest of us rode away from certain doom. Now, 0:10:18.530 --> 0:10:21.730 this is an interesting beginning. To Odysseus's adventures. They have 0:10:21.730 --> 0:10:24.450 sailed away from Troy. They've just sacked the city, and 0:10:24.450 --> 0:10:27.650 instead of making straight home for Ithaca, they stop at 0:10:27.650 --> 0:10:29.969 the Cicones and we hear no more details in this 0:10:29.970 --> 0:10:33.290 narrative about them than simply that they're another city and 0:10:33.290 --> 0:10:36.970 they sack that city and wage further war. This does 0:10:36.970 --> 0:10:39.970 not seem like the behaviour of a man who really 0:10:39.970 --> 0:10:42.570 is determined to get home, who really wants to return 0:10:42.570 --> 0:10:46.650 to Ithaca. Instead, Odysseus and his men here read much 0:10:46.650 --> 0:10:51.170 more like pirates, like buccaneers, like wandering adventurers who are 0:10:51.170 --> 0:10:55.050 simply seeking violence and plunder. This is something that will 0:10:55.050 --> 0:10:58.650 have to be corrected in Odysseus character. Here he is 0:10:58.650 --> 0:11:02.250 still very much the man of war, the man of violence, 0:11:02.290 --> 0:11:06.890 a lawless man. As Odysseus adventures continue in books nine 0:11:06.929 --> 0:11:10.010 through 12, we'll see him come to appreciate and desire 0:11:10.050 --> 0:11:13.569 home more such that he will turn from this behavior 0:11:13.570 --> 0:11:27.010 and seek finally his own family. After their defeat with 0:11:27.010 --> 0:11:30.010 the Cicones, Odysseus and his fleet come to the island 0:11:30.050 --> 0:11:33.210 of the Lotus Eaters. The island of the Lotus Eaters 0:11:33.210 --> 0:11:37.010 is a strange sort of mystical or magical island, where 0:11:37.010 --> 0:11:41.330 there's this strange substance, lotus, that makes sailors and people 0:11:41.330 --> 0:11:45.490 forget where they are from, forget their names, forget their identities. 0:11:45.490 --> 0:11:49.689 Forget any desire for homecoming, for return, for Nostos that 0:11:49.690 --> 0:11:53.010 they might have. And this is the first of what 0:11:53.010 --> 0:11:57.250 will be a sustained part of Odysseus narrative, where he 0:11:57.250 --> 0:12:02.290 enters a sort of magical fairy tale or fable like realm. 0:12:02.570 --> 0:12:06.530 Odysseus will begin to come to different islands, where kings 0:12:06.530 --> 0:12:11.449 have sacks of winds and monsters like Cyclops Live, or 0:12:11.450 --> 0:12:17.690 giant sea monsters live or witches live. It's a magical, strange, 0:12:17.809 --> 0:12:23.210 fable like place. Our squadron reached the land of the 0:12:23.210 --> 0:12:28.209 Lotus Eaters, people who eat the lotus mellow fruit and flower. 0:12:28.690 --> 0:12:32.170 We disembarked on the coast, drew water there, and crewmen 0:12:32.170 --> 0:12:35.330 snatched a meal by the swift ships. Once we'd had 0:12:35.330 --> 0:12:37.810 our fill of food and drink, I sent a detail ahead. 0:12:38.090 --> 0:12:41.329 Two picked men and a third a runner to scout 0:12:41.330 --> 0:12:44.530 out who might live there. Men like us, perhaps, who 0:12:44.530 --> 0:12:47.890 live on bread. So off they went, and soon enough 0:12:47.890 --> 0:12:51.969 they mingled among the natives. Lotus eaters, Lotus eaters, who 0:12:51.970 --> 0:12:55.730 had no notion of killing my companions? Not at all. 0:12:56.050 --> 0:12:59.890 They simply gave them the lotus to taste instead. Any 0:12:59.890 --> 0:13:03.690 crewmen who ate the lotus. The honey sweet fruit lost 0:13:03.690 --> 0:13:07.850 all desire to send a message back, much less return 0:13:08.210 --> 0:13:10.970 their only wish to linger there with the lotus eaters 0:13:11.090 --> 0:13:15.290 grazing on lotus. All memory of the journey home dissolved forever. 0:13:15.610 --> 0:13:18.650 But I brought them back. Back to the hollow ships 0:13:18.650 --> 0:13:22.170 and streaming tears. I forced them, hauled them under the 0:13:22.170 --> 0:13:25.530 rowing benches, lashed them fast, and shouted out commands to 0:13:25.570 --> 0:13:29.650 my other steady comrades. Quick! No time to lose. Embark 0:13:29.650 --> 0:13:32.970 in the racing ships so none could eat the lotus. 0:13:32.970 --> 0:13:36.850 Forget the voyage home. Here we see a different sort 0:13:36.850 --> 0:13:41.570 of threat to Odysseus's homecoming, to his nostos. If, on 0:13:41.570 --> 0:13:44.330 the one hand, one sort of threat might be Cicones 0:13:44.450 --> 0:13:47.730 who could kill them. On the other hand, something like 0:13:47.730 --> 0:13:51.850 the lotus eaters constitute a threat to one's memory and 0:13:51.850 --> 0:13:56.170 one's desire to return home. The lotus eaters change or 0:13:56.170 --> 0:13:59.610 make one forget one's very identity, who one is and 0:13:59.610 --> 0:14:02.690 where one should return to. We will see a recurrence 0:14:02.690 --> 0:14:08.370 of this sort of threat as Odysseus continues his adventures. Now, 0:14:08.370 --> 0:14:11.850 after Odysseus saves his men from the lotus eaters by 0:14:11.890 --> 0:14:14.930 tying them to the ship and forcing them to sail away, 0:14:15.130 --> 0:14:17.450 they come to the land of the Cyclops. And this 0:14:17.450 --> 0:14:20.010 is one of the one of the most infamous episodes 0:14:20.010 --> 0:14:24.130 in all of the Odyssey. Homer tells us. From there 0:14:24.130 --> 0:14:27.410 we sailed on our spirits now at low ebb, and 0:14:27.410 --> 0:14:31.410 reached the land of the high and mighty Cyclops, lawless 0:14:31.410 --> 0:14:35.170 brutes who trust so to the everlasting gods. They never 0:14:35.170 --> 0:14:40.410 plant with their own hands or plow the soil. Unsown Unplowed. 0:14:40.410 --> 0:14:43.970 The earth teems with all they need. Wheat, barley, and 0:14:43.970 --> 0:14:47.890 vines swelled by the rains of Zeus to yield a big, 0:14:47.890 --> 0:14:51.570 full bodied wine from clustered grapes. They have no meeting 0:14:51.570 --> 0:14:56.170 place for counsel. No laws either. No. Up on the 0:14:56.170 --> 0:15:00.050 mountain peaks they live in arching caverns, each a law 0:15:00.050 --> 0:15:04.170 to himself, ruling his wives and children. Not a care 0:15:04.170 --> 0:15:07.730 in the world for any neighbor. It's interesting here that 0:15:07.730 --> 0:15:12.890 Odysseus is attentive to the lawless nature of these Cyclopes. This. 0:15:12.890 --> 0:15:16.930 The Cyclopes do not constitute a political community. Instead, they 0:15:16.970 --> 0:15:21.090 are lawless and part of being lawless is having no 0:15:21.090 --> 0:15:25.130 care for one's neighbor. And as we can already anticipate, 0:15:25.130 --> 0:15:29.290 no care for guests. That is lawful. Men are men 0:15:29.330 --> 0:15:33.010 who fear the gods and who are hospitable. They exercise 0:15:33.010 --> 0:15:36.690 the virtues that Zeus demands. Here the Cyclopes will not 0:15:36.690 --> 0:15:39.570 be that they don't, in fact, fear the gods, and 0:15:39.570 --> 0:15:42.490 they don't care for their neighbor or for their guests. 0:15:43.050 --> 0:15:45.970 Now Odysseus leaves most of his fleet anchored by a 0:15:45.970 --> 0:15:49.810 neighboring island, but he takes his ship into the Cyclops island, 0:15:49.810 --> 0:15:52.850 and he takes his crew into the cave of one 0:15:52.850 --> 0:15:57.250 particular Cyclops, he tells us. Our party quickly made its 0:15:57.290 --> 0:15:59.890 way to his cave, but we failed to find our 0:15:59.890 --> 0:16:03.490 host himself inside. He was off in his pasture, ranging 0:16:03.490 --> 0:16:08.010 his sleek flocks. So he explored his den, gazing wide 0:16:08.050 --> 0:16:11.650 eyed at it all, the large flat racks loaded with 0:16:11.650 --> 0:16:16.290 drying cheeses, the folds crowded with young lambs and kids, 0:16:16.290 --> 0:16:21.810 split into three groups. Here the spring. Born here, mid yearlings. Here, 0:16:21.810 --> 0:16:25.210 the fresh sucklings off to the side. Each sort was 0:16:25.210 --> 0:16:29.650 penned apart and all his vessels, pails and hammered. Buckets 0:16:29.650 --> 0:16:33.970 he used for milking were brimming full with whey. From 0:16:33.970 --> 0:16:36.730 the start my comrades pressed me, pleading hard. Let's make 0:16:36.730 --> 0:16:39.690 away with the cheeses. Then come back. Hurry! Drive the 0:16:39.690 --> 0:16:42.290 lambs and kids from the pens to our swift ship 0:16:42.450 --> 0:16:45.090 put out to sea at once. But I would not 0:16:45.090 --> 0:16:48.170 give way. And how much better it would have been! 0:16:48.730 --> 0:16:51.770 Not till I saw him. Saw what gifts he'd give. 0:16:52.250 --> 0:16:55.850 But he proved no lovely sight to my companions. There 0:16:55.850 --> 0:16:58.770 we built a fire, set our hands on the cheeses, 0:16:58.810 --> 0:17:01.370 offered some to the gods, and ate the bulk ourselves, 0:17:01.370 --> 0:17:05.330 and settled down inside, awaiting his return. And back he 0:17:05.330 --> 0:17:08.889 came from pasture late in the day, herding his flocks 0:17:08.890 --> 0:17:12.130 home and lugging a huge load of good dry logs 0:17:12.130 --> 0:17:15.130 to fuel his fire. At supper he flung them down 0:17:15.130 --> 0:17:18.690 in the cave, a jolting crash. We scuttled in panic 0:17:18.690 --> 0:17:23.570 into the deepest dark recess. So this one eyed giant 0:17:23.570 --> 0:17:26.850 comes into the cave, throws the logs down, and then 0:17:26.850 --> 0:17:29.489 he rolls a big boulder over the mouth of the 0:17:29.490 --> 0:17:31.930 cave so that Odysseus and his men, who have retreated 0:17:31.930 --> 0:17:35.890 to the back, are trapped within the cave. With this Cyclops. 0:17:36.369 --> 0:17:39.500 The Cyclops then tends to his sheep. He milks them 0:17:39.500 --> 0:17:42.820 and he settles down, and then finally he notices Odysseus 0:17:42.820 --> 0:17:47.020 and his men. He asks Odysseus, who are you? And 0:17:47.020 --> 0:17:50.139 are there others of you? And Odysseus is intelligent enough 0:17:50.140 --> 0:17:52.500 to know that he shouldn't reveal the presence of his 0:17:52.500 --> 0:17:56.419 entire fleet sitting by the neighboring island? Instead, he says, 0:17:57.100 --> 0:17:59.980 so he laid his trap. But he never caught me. 0:18:00.020 --> 0:18:02.899 No wise to the world, I shot back in my 0:18:02.900 --> 0:18:07.220 crafty way. My ship Poseidon, God of the earthquake, smashed 0:18:07.220 --> 0:18:09.700 my ship. He drove it against the rocks at your 0:18:09.700 --> 0:18:12.740 island's far cape. He dashed it off against a cliff 0:18:12.740 --> 0:18:15.340 as the winds rowed us in. I and the men, 0:18:15.380 --> 0:18:18.660 you see, escaped a sudden death. Not a word in 0:18:18.660 --> 0:18:23.459 reply to that, the ruthless brute lurching up. He lunged 0:18:23.460 --> 0:18:26.220 out with his hands toward my men, and snatching two 0:18:26.220 --> 0:18:29.220 at once, wrapping them on the ground, he knocked them 0:18:29.220 --> 0:18:34.020 dead like pups. Their brains gushed out all over, soaked 0:18:34.020 --> 0:18:37.100 the floor and ripping them limb from limb to fix 0:18:37.100 --> 0:18:39.940 his meal. He bolted them down like a mountain lion, 0:18:39.940 --> 0:18:45.340 left no scrap, devoured entrails, flesh and bones, marrow and all. 0:18:45.940 --> 0:18:49.420 We flung our arms to Zeus. We wept and cried aloud, 0:18:49.420 --> 0:18:54.460 looking on at his grisly work, paralyzed, appalled. But once 0:18:54.460 --> 0:18:57.740 the Cyclops had stuffed his enormous gut with human flesh, 0:18:57.780 --> 0:19:00.700 washing it down with raw milk, he slept in his cave, 0:19:01.060 --> 0:19:06.620 stretched out along his flocks. Now Odysseus first response, as 0:19:06.619 --> 0:19:09.020 he sees a Cyclops lie down, is to pull his 0:19:09.020 --> 0:19:12.100 sword out and kill the Cyclops, but he catches himself. 0:19:12.100 --> 0:19:15.859 He controls himself, understanding that with this massive boulder rolled 0:19:15.859 --> 0:19:17.619 in front of the mouth of the cave. If they 0:19:17.660 --> 0:19:19.780 kill the Cyclops, then they'd all be trapped in the 0:19:19.780 --> 0:19:22.780 cave with no way to get out. So Odysseus wonders 0:19:22.780 --> 0:19:27.260 what to do. The next day, the Cyclops wakes up. 0:19:27.260 --> 0:19:29.620 He takes his herd of sheep out. He does not 0:19:29.619 --> 0:19:31.859 let Odysseus and his men escape, and he rolls the 0:19:31.859 --> 0:19:34.380 boulder back in front of the cave so that Odysseus 0:19:34.380 --> 0:19:37.859 and his men are trapped there. Now, Odysseus knows they're 0:19:37.859 --> 0:19:41.379 simply going to be consumed over the next several days 0:19:41.380 --> 0:19:45.220 by this flesh eating giant monster. And so Odysseus comes 0:19:45.220 --> 0:19:49.700 up with his clever plan. Odysseus takes the club of 0:19:49.700 --> 0:19:53.260 the Cyclopes, a giant piece of wood, and he sharpens 0:19:53.260 --> 0:19:55.940 one end of it, and he hardens that end in 0:19:55.940 --> 0:19:59.180 a fire. It's the weapon that Odysseus is fashioning for 0:19:59.180 --> 0:20:03.540 the Cyclopes. Then when the Cyclops comes back in the evening, Odysseus, 0:20:03.540 --> 0:20:06.820 who had fortunately taken a sack of very strong wine 0:20:06.820 --> 0:20:09.740 with him, offers it to the Cyclops, and he determines 0:20:09.740 --> 0:20:14.020 to get the Cyclops drunk, as Odysseus tells us. I 0:20:14.060 --> 0:20:17.820 poured him another fiery bowl. Three bowls I brimmed, and three. 0:20:17.859 --> 0:20:21.260 He drank to the last drop. The fool. And then, 0:20:21.260 --> 0:20:23.860 when the wine was swirling round his brain, I approached 0:20:23.859 --> 0:20:27.940 my host with a cordial, winning word. So you ask 0:20:27.940 --> 0:20:31.379 me the name. I'm known by Cyclops. I will tell you. 0:20:31.700 --> 0:20:36.180 But you must give me a guest gift. As you've promised. Nobody. 0:20:36.660 --> 0:20:40.940 That's my name. Nobody. So my mother and father call 0:20:40.980 --> 0:20:44.859 me all my friends. But he boomed back at me 0:20:44.900 --> 0:20:50.140 from his ruthless heart. Nobody. I'll eat nobody. Last of all, 0:20:50.140 --> 0:20:53.859 his friends. I'll eat the others first. That's my gift 0:20:53.859 --> 0:20:58.619 to you. With that, he toppled over, sprawled full length 0:20:58.660 --> 0:21:02.020 flat on his back and lay there, his massive neck 0:21:02.020 --> 0:21:06.140 slumping to one side, and sleep that conquers all overwhelmed 0:21:06.140 --> 0:21:10.020 him now as wine came spurting, flooding up from his 0:21:10.020 --> 0:21:14.500 gullet with chunks of human flesh. He vomited blind drunk. 0:21:16.020 --> 0:21:19.500 These are some of the visceral details in Odysseus narrative, 0:21:19.500 --> 0:21:23.940 in Homer's narrative, that give it such colour and and vivacity. Now, 0:21:23.940 --> 0:21:27.420 this detail about Odysseus name that Odysseus comes up with 0:21:27.420 --> 0:21:31.340 this ploy of calling himself nobody is quite significant, but 0:21:31.340 --> 0:21:35.020 we have to read on to find out why Odysseus 0:21:35.020 --> 0:21:38.700 and his men take up the huge pointed club that 0:21:38.700 --> 0:21:43.340 they've prepared. And Odysseus tells us, hoisting high that olive 0:21:43.340 --> 0:21:46.820 stake with its stabbing point straight into the monster's eye. 0:21:46.859 --> 0:21:49.859 They rammed it hard. I drove my weight on it 0:21:49.859 --> 0:21:53.300 from above and bored at home as a shipwright bores 0:21:53.300 --> 0:21:57.020 his beam with a shipwright's drill that men below whipping 0:21:57.020 --> 0:21:59.699 the strap back and forth whirl. And the drill keeps 0:21:59.700 --> 0:22:03.580 twisting faster, never stopping. So we seized our stake with 0:22:03.580 --> 0:22:06.380 its fiery tip. And bored it round and round in 0:22:06.380 --> 0:22:10.020 the giant's eye. Till blood came boiling up around that 0:22:10.020 --> 0:22:14.020 smoking shaft. And the hot blast singed his brow and 0:22:14.020 --> 0:22:19.300 eyelids round the core and the broiling eyeball burst. This 0:22:19.300 --> 0:22:22.700 is the first step of Odysseus plan. He needs to 0:22:22.740 --> 0:22:25.859 blind the Cyclops. The only way they're going to escape 0:22:25.859 --> 0:22:29.460 from the cave is by removing the Cyclops single eye. 0:22:30.460 --> 0:22:34.340 It's also an interesting detail, though the simile that Odysseus 0:22:34.340 --> 0:22:36.939 tells us is that they drive the stake into the 0:22:36.940 --> 0:22:41.179 Cyclops eye as a shipwright bores his beam with a 0:22:41.180 --> 0:22:46.460 shipwright's drill. That is, Odysseus is using this club, using 0:22:46.460 --> 0:22:49.380 this weapon in a way that's familiar to himself and 0:22:49.380 --> 0:22:53.820 his comrades as naval voyagers, as people who have the 0:22:53.820 --> 0:22:57.500 craft of shipwrights. This is something the Cyclops don't have. 0:22:57.540 --> 0:23:01.300 They don't have cultivation. They don't have technology. They simply 0:23:01.300 --> 0:23:04.220 live as lawless brutes in a cave. And so the 0:23:04.220 --> 0:23:07.660 fact that Odysseus is using the club like a shipwright 0:23:07.700 --> 0:23:11.859 might construct a ship is a suggestion that the way 0:23:11.900 --> 0:23:15.659 Odysseus is defeating the Cyclops is not through brute force. 0:23:15.660 --> 0:23:20.740 The Cyclops has that, but instead through intelligence and through. 0:23:20.780 --> 0:23:24.460 In a sense, technology in techne, his knowledge of how 0:23:24.460 --> 0:23:28.460 things work. So this is a triumph of Odysseus. Mattis, 0:23:28.460 --> 0:23:32.100 of his cunning and practical intelligence. This is a triumph 0:23:32.100 --> 0:23:35.699 of Odysseus as a man of cultivation, of culture and 0:23:35.740 --> 0:23:40.139 of technology rather than simply brute force. Now, once they've 0:23:40.140 --> 0:23:44.700 punctured the Cyclops eye, Odysseus tells us, the monster wrenched 0:23:44.700 --> 0:23:47.060 the spike from his eye, and out it came with 0:23:47.060 --> 0:23:49.859 a red geyser of blood. He flung it aside with 0:23:49.859 --> 0:23:53.220 frantic hands and mad with pain, he bellowed out for 0:23:53.220 --> 0:23:56.859 help from his neighbor Cyclops, living round about in caves, 0:23:56.859 --> 0:24:00.740 on windswept crags. Hearing his cries, they lumbered up from 0:24:00.740 --> 0:24:06.180 every side and hulking round his cavern. Asked what ailed him, what, Polyphemus, 0:24:06.180 --> 0:24:08.820 what in the world's the trouble roaring out in the 0:24:08.859 --> 0:24:12.140 godsent night to rob us of our sleep? Surely no 0:24:12.140 --> 0:24:15.460 one's rustling your flocks against your will. Surely no one's 0:24:15.460 --> 0:24:20.220 trying to kill you now by fraud or force. Nobody. Friends! 0:24:20.220 --> 0:24:24.580 Polyphemus bellowed back from his cave. Nobody's killing me now 0:24:24.580 --> 0:24:27.940 by fraud and not by force. If you're alone, his 0:24:28.020 --> 0:24:31.300 friends boomed back at once. And nobody's trying to overpower 0:24:31.300 --> 0:24:34.500 you now. Look, it must be a plague sent here 0:24:34.500 --> 0:24:37.899 by mighty Zeus, and there's no escape from that. You'd 0:24:37.900 --> 0:24:40.899 better pray to your father, Lord Poseidon. Now, there are 0:24:40.900 --> 0:24:44.340 several things going on here in this passage. This is 0:24:44.340 --> 0:24:48.699 the first time we actually learn the Cyclops name Polyphemus. Now, 0:24:48.700 --> 0:24:53.260 Polyphemus can mean making a lot of noise, which clearly 0:24:53.260 --> 0:24:56.020 fits the bill here as he's bellowing in the Cyclops. 0:24:56.060 --> 0:24:59.020 The other Cyclops are bellowing back at him, but the 0:24:59.020 --> 0:25:02.100 name Polyphemus can also mean in the Greek he who 0:25:02.100 --> 0:25:07.580 gives great fame or great renown, or also having several 0:25:07.580 --> 0:25:11.540 sorts of prophetic speech. And this is interesting, since we 0:25:11.540 --> 0:25:15.179 already know from book one and Zeus's conversation that it 0:25:15.180 --> 0:25:19.740 is this action of Odysseus, the blinding of Polyphemus that 0:25:19.740 --> 0:25:22.780 so angers Poseidon and turns the great god of the 0:25:22.820 --> 0:25:26.500 sea against Odysseus. So it's this action, in fact, that 0:25:26.500 --> 0:25:29.980 is both the source of Odysseus's great suffering and his 0:25:29.980 --> 0:25:33.540 long journey, and also the source of his triumph and 0:25:33.540 --> 0:25:36.500 fame as well. And in fact, that fame, that great 0:25:36.500 --> 0:25:40.020 renown that Odysseus gets from Polyphemus, lives on to today. 0:25:40.020 --> 0:25:43.100 This is one of the most famous episodes in all 0:25:43.140 --> 0:25:46.459 of Homer's works. But it is also here that we 0:25:46.460 --> 0:25:49.820 can appreciate the cunning of Odysseus in telling Polyphemus that 0:25:49.820 --> 0:25:53.940 his name is nobody. Now, this is actually a difficult 0:25:53.940 --> 0:25:57.139 thing for English speakers to appreciate in Homer's work, because 0:25:57.140 --> 0:26:00.139 Homer is working off of a pun that works in 0:26:00.140 --> 0:26:04.340 Greek but doesn't translate easily to English. As our translator 0:26:04.340 --> 0:26:07.219 Robert Fagles states in his notes at the end of 0:26:07.220 --> 0:26:12.980 this volume, the Greek word Otis, the name Odysseus gives himself, 0:26:13.340 --> 0:26:17.899 is formed from the normal Greek locution for nobody. Ooh, 0:26:18.060 --> 0:26:23.379 tis not anybody. This enables Homer to make brilliant use 0:26:23.380 --> 0:26:27.540 of wordplay that cannot be adequately reproduced in English. When 0:26:27.540 --> 0:26:31.100 his fellow Cyclops asked Polyphemus why he is making such 0:26:31.140 --> 0:26:34.820 an uproar and he tells them, nobody's killing me now 0:26:34.820 --> 0:26:40.100 by fraud and not by force, they naturally misunderstand it 0:26:40.100 --> 0:26:45.780 and reply, if nobody's trying to overpower you. But in Greek, 0:26:45.820 --> 0:26:50.940 their reply has a different form for no one not UTIs, 0:26:51.220 --> 0:26:56.820 but Matis, the usual form for use after the word if. 0:26:57.820 --> 0:27:03.980 But Matis, not anyone sounds exactly the same as Matis. 0:27:04.340 --> 0:27:08.060 A key word of the Odyssey. The main characteristic of 0:27:08.060 --> 0:27:13.100 its hero craft or cunning, and Polyphemus is in fact 0:27:13.100 --> 0:27:18.140 being overpowered by the Matis. The craft and cunning of Odysseus. 0:27:19.020 --> 0:27:23.180 So we see here in Odysseus plan his cunning, his cleverness, 0:27:23.180 --> 0:27:26.580 to tell Polyphemus that his name is Otis, that his 0:27:26.580 --> 0:27:29.300 name is nobody. He not only saves his men from 0:27:29.300 --> 0:27:32.580 interference with the other Cyclops, but he, in fact forces 0:27:32.580 --> 0:27:38.699 Polyphemus to state unconsciously the way in which he's being defeated. 0:27:39.020 --> 0:27:42.900 He is being defeated by Odysseus cunning. It's not force 0:27:42.900 --> 0:27:47.500 that leads to Odysseus triumph. It is fraud. It's practical intelligence. 0:27:47.500 --> 0:27:52.780 It's Metis. After having blinded Polyphemus, Odysseus completes his plan 0:27:52.780 --> 0:27:56.140 for escape. He knows that in the morning, Polyphemus will 0:27:56.140 --> 0:27:58.780 need to let his sheep out to graze. And so 0:27:58.780 --> 0:28:02.060 he takes his rams by sets of three and ties 0:28:02.060 --> 0:28:05.459 them together, and then lashes one of his men underneath 0:28:05.460 --> 0:28:08.700 each set of rams. Then in the morning, when Polyphemus 0:28:08.700 --> 0:28:12.020 does roll the stone back, he feels the Rams feeling 0:28:12.020 --> 0:28:14.700 their tops to make sure they're not men escaping but 0:28:14.700 --> 0:28:20.460 doesn't detect Odysseus's men lashed underneath them. Odysseus himself escapes 0:28:20.460 --> 0:28:24.700 by taking the biggest, oldest ram that Polyphemus has, and 0:28:24.740 --> 0:28:28.979 hanging on to the wool underneath its belly, Polyphemus knows 0:28:28.980 --> 0:28:32.020 this ram. He feels it. He even speaks to it fondly. 0:28:32.020 --> 0:28:35.860 But he doesn't detect Odysseus hanging on for dear life underneath. 0:28:36.300 --> 0:28:40.100 And so Odysseus and his men escape from Polyphemus Cave, 0:28:40.100 --> 0:28:43.380 and they make their way to the ship. Emboldened by 0:28:43.380 --> 0:28:47.740 his success embracing his triumph, Odysseus, as his men are 0:28:47.780 --> 0:28:52.380 sailing away from the shore, shouts out taunts at the Cyclops. 0:28:52.380 --> 0:28:57.820 He's boasting, he's bragging, and he shouts so Cyclops! No 0:28:57.820 --> 0:29:00.500 weak coward it was whose crew you bent to devour. 0:29:00.500 --> 0:29:04.420 There in your vaulted cave with your brute force, your 0:29:04.420 --> 0:29:08.340 filthy crimes came down on your own head, you shameless cannibal, 0:29:08.540 --> 0:29:11.500 daring to eat your guests in your own house. So 0:29:11.540 --> 0:29:15.020 Zeus and the other gods have paid you back. This 0:29:15.020 --> 0:29:19.180 is an interesting taunt on Odysseus's part. In part he's 0:29:19.180 --> 0:29:25.710 exuberant in his triumph. He's also asserting that Polyphemus. Violation 0:29:25.710 --> 0:29:30.230 of the guest host relationship of Xenia, of the obligation 0:29:30.230 --> 0:29:34.630 to be hospitable, is being punished by the gods. Odysseus 0:29:34.670 --> 0:29:38.270 is presenting himself here as an agent of the gods, 0:29:38.270 --> 0:29:43.590 bringing justice to Polyphemus by punishing him, by blinding him 0:29:43.590 --> 0:29:48.230 for being inhospitable. Polyphemus can't see Odysseus and his men, 0:29:48.230 --> 0:29:51.750 but Odysseus starts shouting at Polyphemus about how he was 0:29:51.750 --> 0:29:56.470 fooled and bested by nobody. And Polyphemus takes huge boulders 0:29:56.470 --> 0:29:59.470 and crags and starts hurling them into the ocean, and 0:29:59.470 --> 0:30:02.790 the waves, in fact, drive Odysseus's ship back towards the 0:30:02.790 --> 0:30:07.750 Cyclops island. Odysseus's men are begging Odysseus to stop taunting 0:30:07.750 --> 0:30:12.150 and stop provoking the Cyclops. But Odysseus continues nevertheless, and 0:30:12.150 --> 0:30:16.670 it's here that Odysseus reveals who he is. So they begged, 0:30:16.670 --> 0:30:19.630 but they could not bring my fighting spirit round. I 0:30:19.670 --> 0:30:23.670 called back with another burst of anger. Cyclops. If any 0:30:23.670 --> 0:30:25.670 man on the face of the earth should ask you, 0:30:25.670 --> 0:30:31.550 who blinded you? Shamed you? So say Odysseus, raider of cities. 0:30:31.830 --> 0:30:35.590 He gouged out your eye, Laertes son, who makes his 0:30:35.590 --> 0:30:41.510 home in Ithaca. It's this revelation of his name and 0:30:41.510 --> 0:30:45.110 his identity that allows Polyphemus to offer up a prayer 0:30:45.110 --> 0:30:48.310 to his father, Poseidon, the god of the sea. Otherwise, 0:30:48.310 --> 0:30:51.830 if Odysseus had not boasted in this way, Polyphemus would 0:30:51.830 --> 0:30:54.350 not know who it was who blinded him. And so 0:30:54.350 --> 0:30:57.550 Poseidon would not then have been angered at Odysseus. So 0:30:57.550 --> 0:31:02.190 this is a disastrous, proud, hubristic moment on Odysseus's part 0:31:02.350 --> 0:31:05.830 in revealing who he is here. In this boasting taunt, 0:31:05.870 --> 0:31:08.709 he brings down the God of the sea's anger upon him. 0:31:09.190 --> 0:31:13.590 We also see, interestingly, in this moment how quickly Odysseus 0:31:13.590 --> 0:31:19.150 has moved from. Nobody rushes to Odysseus himself. We see 0:31:19.150 --> 0:31:23.350 this movement is part of Odysseus's desire for kleos. The 0:31:23.390 --> 0:31:25.790 boasting about who he is and where he's from is 0:31:25.790 --> 0:31:30.110 establishing his greatness as a warrior. I am Odysseus raider 0:31:30.110 --> 0:31:34.030 of cities from Ithaca. But it's this desire for glory, 0:31:34.070 --> 0:31:38.230 unfettered from prudence, that leads to the disastrous consequences of 0:31:38.230 --> 0:31:42.910 Poseidon's anger. Now, interestingly, in terms of the larger narration, 0:31:42.910 --> 0:31:48.230 we can note that Odysseus here with Polyphemus, proudly, boastfully 0:31:48.230 --> 0:31:51.990 reveals who he is, and so endures Poseidon's anger and 0:31:51.990 --> 0:31:57.070 has great suffering, terrible consequences. But Odysseus, in the present tense, 0:31:57.070 --> 0:32:00.710 with the Phaeacians and with Alcinous, was very reticent to 0:32:00.750 --> 0:32:04.070 reveal who he was. We can see in this that Odysseus, 0:32:04.070 --> 0:32:08.310 in fact, has learned something. Odysseus great error is the 0:32:08.350 --> 0:32:12.070 boastful revelation and statement of his name. After many years 0:32:12.070 --> 0:32:16.350 of suffering and many persecutions of Poseidon, Odysseus much more 0:32:16.350 --> 0:32:21.230 carefully reveals who he is to Alcinous. In fact, we 0:32:21.230 --> 0:32:24.790 can see now that all of book nine is sandwiched 0:32:24.790 --> 0:32:29.469 between two revelations of Odysseus's name. The first to the 0:32:29.470 --> 0:32:34.510 Phaeacians into. Alcinous comes only after Odysseus has won their goodwill, 0:32:34.670 --> 0:32:37.070 and is a humbled man who is a beggar and 0:32:37.070 --> 0:32:42.070 a suppliant, asking for passage home. The second one to Polyphemus, 0:32:42.230 --> 0:32:45.709 boastfully shouted as his marker of triumph, and as his 0:32:45.750 --> 0:32:50.390 assertion and grasping of Kleos leads to his suffering and punishment. 0:32:50.710 --> 0:32:53.510 We can see in this which is the more proper way, 0:32:53.750 --> 0:32:56.430 which is the more prudent, the more virtuous way to 0:32:56.470 --> 0:32:59.470 reveal one's name, and what it is that Odysseus has 0:32:59.470 --> 0:33:02.910 learned over the years of his captivity on Calypso's Island. 0:33:03.430 --> 0:33:07.830 Now book nine ends with Odysseus escape from Polyphemus in 0:33:07.830 --> 0:33:11.150 the Cyclops island, but it does not end his adventures 0:33:11.150 --> 0:33:14.070 and will follow where Odysseus goes in our next lecture. 0:33:19.990 --> 0:33:22.710 Thank you for listening to this episode of the Hillsdale 0:33:22.710 --> 0:33:26.310 College Online Courses Podcast. 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